National Park Planning and Management

Lecture Two

Xuan ZHU

Content

I. Concept and Classification of National Park

II. History and General Situation of National Parks in Different Countries

III. Resource Management in National Parks

IV. Visitor Management in National Parks

V. Interpretation Management in National Parks

II. History and General Situation What have we learnt from the text? (p251-274)

1. Evolution of the national parks in US, CA, GB, IE, EU mainland, AU, NZ, developing countries

(eg. origin: p 255, 267)

2. Definition

(eg. p 264 Netherlands)

3. Purpose of establishment

(eg. p 255 CA, 258 , 259 UK , 263 IE)

4. Classification and their characters

(eg. p 251 US, 266 AU)

5. Policies and statutory responsible authorities

(eg. p 258 UK, 262 IE, 265&266 AU)

II. History and General Situation 6. Main conflicts in the parks(1) p 252-253, wilderness preservation vs. visitor pressure(2) p256-257, p269, indigenous people vs. park management(3) p261, p267, military use (or other concentrated use, such

as oil exploration) vs. park value(4) p264 IE, conservation of endangered species/growth of

exotic species vs. regeneration of native species(5) p273,ecotourism development vs. improvement of local

people(6) p273, tourism development/local people’s habitation vs.

“tourist enclaves”(7) p274, economic benefits vs. ecological valuePlease think of the difference between conflict 1 and 7.

II. History and General Situation 7. Some solutions to the conflicts (eg. )(1) p253- 254, shuttle bus and min-trains instead of private vehicles,

speed restrictions, one-way traffic systems, limited parking facilities…► physical restrictions

(2) p257, “hunting by First Nations may be required to maintain appropriate herd sizes and ecological integrity”

(3) p 261-262, the designation of AONBs; p 268, “development of SRAs, state parks and regional parks. ► policy and legislation

(4) p271, a range of planning tools including ROS (Box 9.1). ► technical measures

(5) p273 “raising standards of living” of the locals. ► aim as well8. Scale, visitation and NP examples eg. p 251, 267, 270-271, 2729. Other features eg. p 272:- “…Africa…for most park visitors come from abroad.”- “Visitors attracted to those areas…are an essential feature of the

economic development of South Sinai.”- Part of the reason leading to “tourist enclaves”

Red Sea Resort, Hurghada,

Egypt

p 272:- “…Africa…for most park visitors come from abroad.”

Typical “Tourist Enclave”: - South Sinai

Difficult Points1. America: National parks as “outdoor museums” (p251)

2. Canada: Maintaining the rights of native peoples (p256)

3. Great Britain:

(1) Private ownership vs. productive/ military use (p257, 261)

(2) Designation of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Country Parks (p261, 262)

4. Mainland EU: National Landscape Park (p 265)

5. Australia: a “mature” phase of park development ( p268), but not short of difficulties (p269).

6. New Zealand: the network of huts (p271)

7. Difference between national park and wilderness area (p274-276)

Symbol of Sanqing Mt.

How could American national parks as “outdoor museums”?

Educating, leading and broadcasting knowledge.► Sparking imagination and acting as a tool to build a more

meaningful life for the visitors. BUT HOW? Could the knowledge be

broadcasted this way?

Tell the visitors:- How natural and cultural resources have influenced the way the region has evolved in an easy and acceptable way.

A Panoramic View Interpretation in Arches National Park, Utah

How will the Americans do?

How they interpret the geology of Huanglong?

More Contrast of Being or Not Being “an Outdoor Museum”

Life on top of the Devil’s Tower,

Devils Tower National Monument,

Wyoming

How is the column formed?

Interpretation of the Color of Yellow Dragon Pool ，

Huanglong, Sichuan, China

Interpretation for the color of Yellowstone Canyon

Yellowstone National Park

Isn’t the national park like a live textbook?

Difficult Points1. America: National parks as “outdoor museums” (p251)

2. Canada: Maintaining the rights of native peoples (p256)

3. Great Britain:

(1) Private ownership vs. productive/ military use (p257, 261)

(2) Designation of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Country Parks (p261, 262)

4. Mainland EU: National Landscape Park (p 265)

5. Australia: a “mature” phase of park development ( p268), but not short of difficulties (p269).

6. New Zealand: the network of huts (p271)

7. Dissimilarities between national park and wilderness area (p274-276)

Great Walks in NZNetwork of Huts & Back

Country Experience

Pros and Cons?

Difficult Points in Chapter 91. America: National parks as “outdoor museums” (p251)

2. Canada: Maintaining the rights of native peoples (p256)

3. Great Britain:

(1) Private ownership vs. productive/ military use (p257, 261)

(2) Designation of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Country Parks (p261, 262)

4. Mainland EU: National Landscape Park (p 265)

5. Australia: a “mature” phase of park development ( p268), but not short of difficulties (p269).

6. New Zealand: the network of huts (p271)

7. Dissimilarities between national park and wilderness area (p274-276)

Wilderness- a closely related concept

• Ultimate in natural environments

1. Positive or negative?

2. Function

- “…wilderness is a selfish concept…”?

3. Qualification

- “… has as to be a compromise…”

“... is not a concept generally applicable in Europe”

4. Wilderness management

Wilderness Management Zoning

特殊管理或参考区域

莽原核心

莽原管理区

发展区

出入道路

保护流域

保护和其他管理政策的增减度。其宽度取决于环境条件和所要求的保护程度

河流

特殊管理或参考区域

莽原核心

莽原管理区

发展区

出入道路

保护流域

保护和其他管理政策的增减度。其宽度取决于环境条件和所要求的保护程度

河流

Special Ma. Area

Wilderness Ma. Zone

Wilderness Core

Access Rd.

Development Zone

Protected Catchment Area

Gradient of the protection & other ma. policies, depended

on degree of required protection and environmental

conditions.

Review and discussion questions

1. “In the early decision-making years, the attitude of park authorities was one of active encouragement of visitation by the public”. (p252, para. 1) How do you think is the current situation in China? What is the public attitude of Chinese toward national parks?

- Group 1

2. Make an investigation of “recreation facilities at sites like Banff and Lake Louise”. How did they become “major tourist attractions to complement the scenic grandeur in the surrounding park landscape”?

- Group 1

Review and discussion questions3. How to understand to conserve the national park

“in a living, in-use way rather than in a museum sense”? (p258, para. 3)

- Group 24. “ Contentious issues in this case were the question

of oil exploration on the reef, commercial and recreational fishing rights, and the clash between the Queensland State Government and Australian Federal Government over administration of the resources of the region”. (p267, para. 3) Do we have such clashes in China? Please give examples and explain their solutions.

- Group 2

Review and discussion questions

5. “Specific problems can occur in areas of prior human habitation, especially where land is in communal ownership and land use practices, such as shifting agriculture, timber getting and hunting, are destructive of the environment. Problems can be countered, in part, by raising standards of living above the subsistence levels that contribute to these rapacious forms of land use”. ” (P273, para. 2) How can we raise local’s living standards to a higher level through non-rapacious forms of land use? Please think of approaches and solutions.

- Group 3

Review and discussion questions

6. “ In the absence of sound appreciation of park values, emphasis may be misguidedly placed on maximising visitor numbers in the interests of economic returns, to the detriment of the park itself”. (p274, para. 1) In developing countries, is it correct or not to emphasize interests of economic returns? Why?

- Group 47. The original 3rd review question in the book. P277:

Select a national park or wilderness area. Do a specific case study to answer the questions on the textbook.

- Group 5

Notes

• Group members must have discussed all the designated topics upon investigation.

• Do the investigation after fully understand the text.

• Please organize and prepare your presentation based on the scoring criteria.

• Please do present your points on solid points with rich evidence (such as case studies).

• Neat and simple format is enough.

• The presentation has to be done in 20-25 minutes. Or else 10 points will be cut down.

Next class we will do…• Discussion

– Please send your ppt slides and word files to the Course Centre right after your presentation for us to review and grade.

– Criteria (Please check the “grading form” for details)

1) Material and investigation 30 ％，2) Ideas, structure and reasoning process 50 ％，3) Attitude and manner 10 ％，4) Interactive atmosphere 10 ％，