national knowledge commission recommendations on higher education 2007 * create more universities...
TRANSCRIPT
National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education
2007
* Create more Universities (1500 by 2015)
* New Regulatory Body (Oversee UGC, AICT, MCI, BAR Council ……..)
* Increase Public Spending (1.5 % GDP / 6 % )
* 50 National Universities
Expansion
HigherEducation
Education Sector
* Reform Existing Universities
* Restructure Undergraduate Colleges: Autonomous Clusters
* Promote Enhanced Quality: Student Choices, Teacher Evaluation
* Salary Differentials
National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education
2007
Excellence
Inclusion
* Ensure access for all deserving students: (Needs – Blind admission)
National Scholarship Scheme
Affirmative Action:
* Reservation* Use of Deprivation Index
Action* Reforms within Existing Systems
* Changes in Government Policies
* Amendments / New Statutes or Legislation
• Enabling role of Government• Organizational Imperatives• Role of Academic Leadership• Academic and Infrastructure Enablers to Identify and Foster Talent• Governing Mechanisms• Funding• Indian Experience
Higher Education : Public or private ? Research : Public
Funding
Challenges in Creating World Class Educational (Research) Institutions
Higher Education and Research in India
1857 Universities: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Training of graduates for government service
1876 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta Mahendralal Sircar (Father LaFont) 1913: C.V.Raman, 1928: Raman Effect
1896 J.N.Tata Endowment (Rs. 30, 00, 000)
Request to government: £ 5000 per year Curzon on the Tata Scheme (1901): “…..appears to have no relation either to charity, or to suffering or to the Queen or to 300 million of India.”
Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984)
1909 Vesting order for establishing Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institutes of Management (IIM)• Student Selection • Placement Performance• Alumni• Industry - Interface
Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)
• Student Selection • Undergraduate Engineering Education• Post-graduate Teaching / Research• Alumni ……. “ Brand Equity”• IIT Review 2004
Indian Institute of Science (IISc)• Post-graduate Teaching / Research• Science and Engineering• Faculty Research Emphasis / PhD degrees• Life Sciences
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) – Pune / Kolkata….
Undergraduate Science Education in a Research Ambience
Affiliated College: Undergraduate teaching
Autonomous College: Undergraduate and Postgraduate teaching
University: Affiliation centre Postgraduate teaching Research
Research Institutions: Postgraduate teaching Research
National Laboratories: Research(CSIR, DAE, ICMR, ICAR…)
Deemed Universities: Degree granting device
Deemed and Customized Universities: Dept. Atomic Energy (DAE), Dept. of Space, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
Research Universities
• Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, Cambridge, Oxford ………. Faculty and Student Scholarship
• Indian Models
Kolkata, Madras, Delhi, Banaras, Allahabad ……..
Pre-independence : Primarily Teaching
Post-independence : 1950s – 1960s ---- Surge of Research 1970s ---- Accelerating Decay of Research
• Specialist Institutions versus the Broad – Based Institutions
Small or Large ??
Models
• Governance - Institution Building - Consolidation - Expansion / Modernization
• Faculty / Student Performance - Evaluation - Carrot and Stick (Tenure and Rewards)
• Research Facilities - Funding - Development Corpus
• Promoting Scholarship - Academic Debate - Participatory Governance - Interdisciplinary Dialogue
Creating an Ambience
• Students Trained / Degrees Awarded Performance of Alumni • Research Papers Published Impact
• Intellectual Property Patents / Technology Transfer Licensing / Royalty Income
• Resources Generated Magnitude of Corpus
Parameters of Institutional Performance
The Role of Private PhilanthropyPublic – Private Partnership
“....Tata entirely owes it to me that he gets anything; and if he is not wise enough to accept it, I am ready to drop the whole
thing tomorrow.” Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984)
Tata’s request (1899)
£ 5000 per year
Curzon’s response (1901)
Research and Higher Education : Indian Challenges
Science
Engineering
Medicine
Scientific Research“Science”
Fragmentation Vs Integration
Humanities, Social Sciences, Economics and Management
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Scientists as Inventors
“Often considered distinct, engineering
and
science are frequently difficult to
distinguish”
Henry Petroski, American Scientist, 2008, Vol 96, 368.
“The scientist seeks to understand what
is :
the engineer seeks to create what never
was”
Theodore von Karman
Discovery : Penicillin
Invention: Light BulbRelativity
Innovation : Retail Store
Ideas
Translation
Development
Marketable Product
“ Success in the laboratory does not always translate into success in the market place “
1997
Pasteur's Quadrant
Bohr Pasteur
Use Inspired Research
Fu
nd
am
en
tal R
esearc
h
Edison
Average Academic
and Industrial
R & D
Administrative flexibility
Fin
an
cia
l R
esou
rces
IDEAL
Extending Stokes Diagram
“Restructuring Indian Universities: Renewed Focus on the Research”
or“Reforming Indian Universities:
Triad of Universities, Research Institutes and Industries”
Restructuring: “Perestroika” (“Glasnost”)
Reform: “Paradigm Shift”
Postgraduate
RESEARCH
Undergraduate
TEACHING
Segregating Disciplines
Humanities Social Sciences
Science Engineering
Medicine Agriculture Law
The diminishing core of universities
IDEALUNIVERSITIES
MOSTINSTITUTIONS
Academic Space
Teaching
Researc
h
Pathways for Directed Evolution
D
C
B
A
BARRIER
Rate of Transformation
Barrier height Constant~ e
_
Pathways for Reform
A D
Dangers of Reversibility
Transformation (Reform, Restructuring)
BARRIER
Factors contributing to barrier height : * Academic Faculty
* Administrative Structure
* Public Will / Political Ambience
Issues
Faculty / Students : Recruitment Regional / National
Resources : State / Central
Governance : Autonomy Academic
Responsibility
Those who can teach, shouldEditorial, Nature Chemical Biology, Dec 2007, 737
Universities : Teaching without Research
National Laboratories: Research without Teaching
Role of Research Projects in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education:
Writing and Communication Skills
“ He who can, does; and he who cannot, teaches”
George Bernard Shaw on creative work
“ Contrary to popular opinion, it is not usually
the equations which need to be understood for
the effective communication of science, it is
the words. Literacy is important as well as
being the door to the world of literature; why is
it not taught to graduate students ?”
George Batchelor, Research as a life style,
Applied Mechanics Reviews, 50, R11, 1997