national geographic magazine volume 1, 1889

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-geographic-magazine-volume-1-1889 1/431
OFFICERS
OF
THE
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY
Vice-Presidents
GARDINER
Olc
irt
n,7
The
Society
was
THE
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
MAGAZINE.
Ini/roduGtory
C,
Eratosthenes
the bottom
of a
round
the
distance
between
Alexandria
and
cities
was
5000
stadia,
to
making
maps.
Then
came
a
6
National
Oeograjphic
Magazine.
geography
than
that
which
facilitated
re-awakened..
years.
In
the
fourteenth
compass
Introdtbctory
Address.
7
circumnavigated.
Magellan
demonstrated
the
moving
ever
The Paris
into
the way
8
National
Geographic
Magazine.
through
on
the
how
they
form
those
explorers
have
studied
the
great, and
of
arable
land.
atmosphere
10
National
Geographic
Magazine.
tion
upon
a
map,
is
undertaken
by
a
staff
of
trained
experts
in
the
Central
Bureau
in
Washington,
and
through
this
organization
we
that
continued
research
Geographic
Methods
in
Geologic
Investigation.
11
—
Deductive
Topography
is not
descriptive
and
statistical
account
of
the
present
12
National
Geographic
Magazine.
present
parts
of
a
assumed
by
the
wasting
recog-
nized
in
a
general
way
that
land
was
to
struc-
ture;
Lyell
largely American. There
The
advance
in
this
study
developed
topography
into
zigzags
developed
on
the
folded
beds
14
National
Geographic
Magazine.
made
to
discover
the
structural
arrangement
Geographic
Methods
in
Geologic
leading
off
the
whole
procession
must be
The
patchwork
structure
of
Europe
gave
16
National
Geographic
Magazine.
face of
18
National
Geographic
Magazine.
a
formation
containing
trilobites
underlies
another
containing-
ammonites,
but
on
finding
Geographic
variety
of
the
topography
will
be
considered
in
its
proper
relations,
now
to
gain
a
rational
understanding
and
a
geographic
individual
is
an
area,
large
or
small,
whose
way,
a
drumlin,
a
plains,
may
be
considered
as
the
shore
importance.
The
structures
formed
20
National
GeografJdG
Magazine.
it
is
worn
down
to
a
featureless
base
level
surface,
are
worthy
of
the
most
attentive
study.
The
immaturity
of
the
broken
country
of
southern
Oregon,
as
compared
with
the
more
advanced
forms
of
the
Basin
ranges,
is
a
case
in
hand.
The
Triassic
formation
of
the
Connecticut
va'lley
is
the
high
into
shall
come
to
be
the
same
homologies of
are
22
National
Geographic
Magazine.
ceived
from
that
into
three hundred
feet, and
schools
to
travel
where
the
24:
National
Geographic
Magazine.
values
be
perceived
that
are
leap over
see
duration than
like young
Geographic
Methods
in
that may
falls
like
26
The
Classification
of
28
National
OeograjpJiic
Magazine.
The
initial
;
transference
of
antecedent
The
Classification
of
Geographic
Forms
30
National
Geographic
Magazine.
There
is
a
final
category
which
is
in
part
allied
to
alteration
but
is
in
part
unique,
viz
32
National
Geographic
Magazine.
duced
above
that
such
a
classification
is
objectionable
unless
tbe
greater
geographic
elements
due
to
diastatic
movements
(in
which
the
constructive
action
is
the
distinc-
tion
be
made
on
analogic,
homologic,
or
genetic
grounds.
Indeed
it
seems
evident
that
while
on
conditions
The
Classification
of
Geographic
Forms
hy
Genesis.
33
the
divides
the
Sefidrud
(or
34
NaUonal
Oeograjphic
Magazine.
whose
genesis
is
attributed
to
retrogressive
The
Classification
of
36
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Representative
Geographic
Forms
as
classified
by
Genesis.
Genetic
Processes.
Category.
Class.
Deformation
Gradation
{Elevation
Depression
f
Deposition
I
Degradation
Minor
TJie
38
National
vio-
lent,
snowfall
was
unusually
great.
The
easterly
and
northeasterly
winds
had
drawn
a
large
amount
40
NaUonal
gathered
together,
compared,
cordant,
rigidly
analyzed
and
the
best
data
the
eastward,
off
the
i
States by
to
say
that
per-
fectly
developed
wind
systems,
42
National.
Geographic
Magazine.
great
elliptical
The
somewhat
circular
in
form
the
changes
of
temperature,
broad
path
toward
the
Atlantic,
estab-
lished
by
means
instead
of
a
with
greater
barometer
The
first
of
the
accompanying
weather
charts
indicates
graphi-
conditions
44
National
is
more
than
a
thousand
miles
in
length,
and
at
Cedar
The
Great
Storm
of
March
11-U,
1888.
45
destructive
violence
between
in some
46
ultramarine like
the
approach
of
as
many
as
forty
water-
advance
guard
great
arched
squall
whose
front
is
more
than
a
thousand
miles
in
length,
bight
passed
its
lowest
point
and
the
wind
was
from
signal
stations
it
is
here
plainly
evident
that
vessels
are
always
most
numerous
to
the
eastward
Eastward-bound
vessels
escaped
its
greatest
at
fixed
stations
ashore.
changing
their
posi-
tions
50
National
Geograjpliic
Magazine.
the
instruments
thenaselves
vary
greatly
in
quality,
and
while
some
of
The
52
National
Geographic
Magazime.
this
chart
shows
very
clearly
the
positions
of
warm
and
cold
waves
relative
to
such
cyclonic
systems:
first
there
is
this
cool
wave
in
rear
of
the
eastern
cyclonic
system,
54
been
sidering the
in
struggle made
snow and
but it
58
National
Geographic
Magazine.
deed
On
i
So
I
I
I
I
I
3
Ss
i
The
Survey
of
60
National
Geographic
Magazine.
only
the
channels
by
which
the
fleet
might
enter,
but
land
of defence.
almost
imme-
diately
suspended
for
The
Survey
of
its
whose
subjection
we
had
recently
delivered
ourselves
by
62
National
Geograjyhic
Magazine.
The
proposed
survey
was
strongly
and
Pro-
fessor
Hassler
the
work.
To
have
a
law
specifying
in
detail
the
methods
that
should
be
employed
64
another,
or
at
the
ex-
tremes
of
our
boundaries.
So
well
was
required
to
meet
the
new
excepting
that
66
the
country
surveyor
of
those
days
to
record
the
local
variation,
or
declination,
with
along our
our
harbors,
but
in
this
connection
it
probably
falls
more
properly
shores
68
National
GeographiG
Magazine.
bors
with
but
six
or
eight
The
Sttrvey
of
the
Coast.
69
and
value. They
on
these
designated the
70
National
Geographic
Magazine.
data
by
are
at
once
accurately
ascertained
in
their
true
relations
to
it.
The
town
boundaries
will
in
due
precise
method
of
relieving
these
uncei'tainties
Coast Survey.
the
case
of
the
experts employed
Triangulation,
Topog-
raphy,
Hydrography,
Astronomy
and
Magnetics
have
all
passed
through
72
the
velocity
at
various
depths,
so
that
finally
we
is absorbed in
recorded
with
the
ship
anchored
at
the
great
depth
of
eighteen
hundred
fathoms
a
valuable
assistance
to
the
the
natural
benefit
does
not
pro-
has more
area
74:
National
Geographic
Magazine.
all
sections
of
been
adopted,
veyed
and
it
was
but
a
few
The
Survey
of
the
Coast.
75
of
its
usefulness,
and
commerce
is
to
continue
to
reap
the
increasing
requirements
designed
to
meet
is
frequent
assembled
76
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Survey
piloted
The
Survey
of
the
Coast.
77
legislation
that
established
the
work,
that
T8
National
The
80
National
Geograjphic
Magazine.
to
engraved
for
the
Geologi-
The
of
the
water, as lakes,
be
consistently
followed
in
distinguishing
between
were excluded
various
kinds
of
crops,
etc.
Forest
areas
82
National
Geographic
Magazine.
square
to
vary
from
this
arrangement
slightly,
in
order
to
avoid
the
multi-
plication
another.
The
the
num-
84:
National
lines,
while
from
the
the
lines
are
located
by
intersections,
in
known
length,
while
maps
drawn
The
Survey
and
Map
of
Massachusetts.
85
The
degree
of
6.2
hori-
zontal
locations
86
National
Geographic
Magazine.
method,
and
it
might
be
PROCEEDINGS
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY.
ABSTRACT
OF
MINUTES.
First
88
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Paper:
The
Survey
of
the
Coast,
by
Mr.
Herbert
G.
Ogden.
[Puhlished
in
Vol.
1,
N'o.
1,
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
SOCIETY,
CERTIFICATE
:
JBY-LAWS.
ARTICLE
I.
NAME.
The
District
receives
at
By-loAJOS.
91
Officers
and
one
Society
and
in
collect
the
dues,
and
shall
disburse
under
the
direction
of
;
members
shall
92
National
alternate
Fridays,
the President's annual
business shall
OFFICEES
1888.
President.
MEMBEES
OF
THE
SOCIETY.
Memhers
of
the
Society.
95
E.
B,
Clark,
a.,
Verplanck
Colvin,
a.,
E.
E.
Court,
96
Meinbers
of
98
NaUoncbl
Geographic
Magazine.
Frank
Tweedy,
a.,
'y.:^.;,i'fi^-';
100
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Africa^
river
in
all
Africa
navigable
by
small
steamers
Guinea
coast,
empties
into
the
ocean
only
about
five
102
of
base
as
it
runs
far
away
to
the
Africa,
what
effect
series
of
observa^
tions.
North
corroboration of this
exist.
In
the
south
the
diamond-fields
are
of
volcanic
ash
formation.
Equatorial
Africa.
The
lake
region
of
Africa
stretches
at
equal
elevation.
the
December.
The
rainfall
gradually
grows
less
toward
the
north,
and
also
toward
the
south,
until
it
ceases
in
104
National
Geographic
Magazine.
the
Desert
of
Africa^
European
and
places.
Africa^
;
and
recrossed
this
part
of
the
108
National
Geographic
Magazine.
the
Germans
have
abandoned
it,
for
the
Africa^
Coast
and
Transvaal)
are contending with
her
88
the
Hamites.
ing its own language,
110
National
Geographic
Magazine.
are
undoubtedly
derived.
The
idioms
Africa^
its
Past
and
Future.
Ill
Its
missionaries
the
trees
a low
order of
cannibalism is
114
across
the
desert
to
Egypt,
Morocco,
and
the
Barbary
them in
large numbers.
Cameron says
Africa^
its
Past
and
Ftiture.
115
;
huts
were
bananas
were
grown.
116
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Africa,
its
Past
Livingstone
was
20 miles
118
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Stanley
Pool;
and
by
one
or
way
into
Africa
lan-
guage,
making
whatever
explorations
he
can
Africa^
its
Past
and
Future.
119
at
Zanzibar.

anywhere
turning
aside
to
breathe.
No
the
tain-passes, or
120
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Africa^
its
The
Future
of
Africa.
years
since
an
empire.
Senegambia
and
the
coast
claim
a
wide
ing, and
to
colonize
this
country,
or
to
produce
Cape
Colony
has
been
124:
National
Geographic
Magazine.
ery,
such
as
1.
Uiilisli.
OeograpJiy
of
the
attempt
in
that
direction,
by
most
advanced
civilization,
who
have
the future, in
126
National
Geographic
Magazine.
in
the
Geography
of
the
Land.
127
that
would
still
open
a
large
thwarted
A
great
continent
live
to
128
National
Geographic
Magazine.
only
such
development
Geography
of
roam
the
seas
in
Geographic
research,
and
bring
fresh
laurels
to
a
branch
of
knowledge
that
have
While
this
a
matter
of
congratulation
it
the fear of
130
National
Geographic
Magazine.
It
is
gratifying
to
note
Geography
of
the
Land.
131
now in
132
National
Geographic
Magazine.
This
Geography
of
a
reference
past,
is
is
impenetra-
ble,
his
inquiry
of
the
world;
only
Geography
of
the
Land.
135
voted
exclusively
to
year.
Another
associate
136
By
George
L.
Dyer.
be
claimed
was
the
Geography
of
the
finally
settled
until
long
afterward,
in
1860,
when,
by
the
raising
of
a
broken
energy
Bel-
gium,
Denmark,
France,
Great
Britain,
Netherlands,
Norway,
Portugal,
Russia,
Sweden
and
the
United
States.
The
main
ob-
direction
and
force
snow
and
hail,
state
hurricanes,
typhoons,
tornadoes,
waterspouts,
whirlwinds,
rainbows,
aurora
138
National
Geograjphio
Magazine.
An
the
first
U. S.
appliances
and
1858-59
in
the
Pacific
to
3,400
Geography
of
the
Sea.
139
tific
observations
is
sea at
all depths.
service, originally
established for
the
supply
of
ing
into
that
problem,
in
pursuance
of
140
from
the
North
to
the
Amer-
ica,
Fran-
cisco
and
Alaska
the systematic
better
knowledge
of
the
intricate
air.
Oceanic
Cieculation.
The
8/19/2019 National Geographic Magazine Volume 1, 1889
Geography
of
the
Sea.
141
nel
this stream, particularly
142
National
Geographic
Magazine.
since
between
Rebecca
Shoal
and
Cuba,
and
between
Yucatan
and
Cape
western
than
on
the
eastern
side
average surface cur-
even down to
1887
and
1888
In
the
either side
Geogrwphy
of
Florida,
more
constant
the
direction
north-easterly.
At
a
high
currents
144
local influences.
daily
variation
Geogrwphy
of
the
Sea.
145
to
E.
N.
W. to E.
200
fathoms.
146
and
from
there
on
remains
constant
to
the
bottom.
The
influence
As
the
salinity
of
the
sea
water
148
National
GeograjpTiic
Magazine.
affected
by
the
degree
of
evaporation
and
by
the
frequency
of
rainfall,
and
is
now
recognized
as
an
important
factor
in
the
bio-
logic
conditions
of
the
sea.
Of
the
three
great
oceans,
the
Atlantic,
with
a
and
Indian
Ocean,
whose
average
salinity
Geography
of
greatest
depression
has
been
found
by
the
U.
150
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Antarctic
region,
the
Challenger
obtained,
in
1874,
a
maximum
depth
of
1,673
fathoms,
in
latitude
65°
42'
S.,
longitude
79°
49'
E.
Arctic
Ocean.
Geography
of
the
Air.
151
REPORT—
animal
life.
So,
too,
which
enable
us
to
give
a
almost
too
great
for
any
man.
Geography
of
the
Air.
154
The
velocity
when
charted
from
Overbeck's
equations
indicate
an
tends
to
project
depression.
Ferari
considers
the
chief
causes
of
thunder
storms
to
lie
in
the
connec-
diminution with altitude is
Geography
of
an
increase
of
one
of
American
Storms,
by
156
National
Geographic
Magazine.
with this
four thousand
Geography
of
hundred and
fifty, or
evaporation
upon
the
158
National
Geographic
Magazine.
neighboring
quarters.
This
tendency
is
Geography
of
December,
1888.
160
is
not
only
interpretations.
Indeed,
without
great
violence
it
might
be
con-
Geography
of
Life.
161
very
together
are
arranged
162
National
Geographic
Magazine.
physiographic
ANNUAL
REPORT
$1125
00
1888.
Apr.
16.
By
Cash—
M.
F.Peake&
Co.
(20
chairs)
Co.) 626
ANNUAL
REPORT
OF
THE
SECRETARIES.
is both advisable
20,
1888.
A
committee
was
appointed
by
the
chair,
consisting
166
National
QeogrojphiG
Magazine.
NATIONAL
the
transac-
tions
of
the
Society;
to
publish
a
committees,
and
their
terms
and
the
OFFIOEES
1889.
President.
GARDINER
G.
HUBBARD.
Vice-Presidents.
HERBERT
G.
OGDEN.
BY-LAWS
corporation,
shall
be
entitled
to
Corresponding members
may be
170
on
Communications
and
Publications.
The
Treasurer
the Society, shall
direct.
The
Secretaries
shall
record
the
proceedings
of
of
dollars,
By-Laws.
171
annual meeting,
President.
The
MEMBEES
OF
THE
SOCIETY.
a.,
original
members.
I.,
life
members.
Memhers
of
the
Society,
173
Blodgett, James
a.,
Mass.
174
National
Geograjphic
Magazine.
Curtis,
W.
E.
(William
Ellery),
Members
of
176
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Heaton,
a.
G.,
(Augustus
George),
1618
Seventeenth
Street.
Henby,
a.
J.
(Alfred
Judson),
Memhers
of
180
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Memhers
of
the
Society.
181
Willis,
Mrs.
Bailey
(Altona
H.
Grinnell),
1512
R
Street.
-CONTENTS
Page
Tlie
Rivers
and
THE
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
MAGAZINE.
Pennsylvania.
3.
The
drainage
184
National
Geographic
Magazine.
44.
Provisional
conclusions.
mind
activities of
following
paragraphs
are
selected
from
is
a
rief
two
186
National
Geographic
Magazine.
these
plains
40
down
the
soil
to
enricli
the
surface.
has
yet
obtained
no
general
name,
but
may
intermediate vallies.
The
Rivers
though
debarring
us
of
an
advantage
;
parts
disputed
age
the
more
recent
cycles
of
passed.
Fig.
1
represents
the
stronger
the greater
The
Ohio, and with
the more
into the low
of
the
lowlands,
and
are
more
or
less
complicated
with
terrace
gravels.
mentioned.
192
National
GeograpJiia
Magazine.
the
whole
series
;
basin
was
filled
culmination
seems
to
have
been
within
Permian
limits.
It
was
characterized
trending north-
194
National
Geographic
Magazine.
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
195
of
the
other
sandstone
beds
between
the
time
9.
Neioarh
deposition.
areas on
period
of
deposition.
The
;
deposition
was
196
National
Geographic
Magazine.
sinking,
the
adjacent
areas
were
Tlie
of denudation, a
destructive
work.
I
shall
not
here
take
space
for
the
deliberate
statement
of
the
argument
leading
to
198
National
GeograjpTiic
Magazine.
also.
Finally
it
may
be
fairly
urged
This
is
important
as
affecting
our
The
Rivers
204
The
the
increase
of
the
increase
in
the
rate
con-
the
main
stream,
some-
times
forcing
them
to
follow
independent
courses
to
the
sea
(Lombardini).
206
National
Geographic
Magazine.
young
head-
water
steady
flow
of
the land
load, little work
life, and
its
guide
happens
to
flow
on
a
hard
bed
at
a
considerable
height
by
of
a
mature
river
gives
the deepening of
208
National
GeograjpMc
Magazine.
of
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
209
below
or
210
National
a
ridge
8/19/2019 National Geographic Magazine Volume 1, 1889
The
Rivers
and
Yalleys
of
Pennsylvania.
211
the
join
to
live
up
to
the
habits
212
are
opened
on
the
an attitude
and
in
the
world
ever
passed
through
a
214
National
Geographic
Magazine.
20.
Opportunity
for
new
adjustments
its course
to a
adjusted themselves
has
The
Rivers
the whole
216
This
may
not
yet
old
enough
to
that
lead
them
over
218
National
extinguished
river
on
a
surface
The
rivers
of its
of
the
paleozoic
sediments
over
the
222
National
Geographic
Magazine.
chief
The
Rivers
imd
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
223
224
National
Geographic
Magazine.
and
its
southwest
extension
in
the
Bedford
range,
with
the
less
conspicuous
the
original
Ohio,
which
was
thus
confirmed
The
Rivers
to-day
are
dotted
few
curve across
226
National
Geographic
Magazine.
beginning of
the river
Juniata-Catawissa
syn-
cline
228
National
Geogra/pMo
Magazine.
breaching
The
Ri/vers
and
Yalleys
of
Pennsylvania.
229
on
as
to
enable
it
to
capture
the
heads
to be
streams
concerned
were
of
by
the
rainfall
on
its
eastern
slope
(see
section
39)—
inclined
230
National
Geogra/phic
Magazme.
have
had
but
moderate
northwestward
declivity.
The
depres-
sion
The
Rivers
and
Yalleys
of
Pennsylvania.
231
the
monocline
was
formed.
the
original
northwest-
ward
flow
of
the
streams
that
I
have
imagined
is
further
action of
divide
between
the
232
National
Geographic
Magazine.
divide
would
be
important.
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
233
234
National
Geographic
Magazine.
greatest
where
The
course suffered
the
Anthracite
was
carried
away
by
extent
of
way
proportionate
the
Mauch
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
23Y
Juniata
above
Lewistown
and
its
238
National
the
here
considered,
it
will
seriously
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
241
on
the
lower
courses
of
the
the processes
did
change
its
channel
some-
what
by
cutting
to
242
National
Geograjptiic
Magazine.
streams
other
side
of
the
Susquehanna,
the
eastern
side
of
the
Susquehanna
must
stream
to
its
that he would
The
Rivers
and
Valleys
of
Pennsylvania.
243
detects
of at the
244
National
Geographic
Magazine.
moderate
discovered.
It
is
therefore
246
National
Geograjphic
Magazi/txe.
is
the
narrow
248
National
Oeographic
Magazine.
of
the
Juniata
breached
the
eastern
slope
of
the
Nittany-Bedf
ord
range
opened
on
The
centripetal
streams
here
and
250
National
Geographic
Magazine.
wig-Holstein
affair
compared
to
the
Goth-
and
The
Tussey's
mountain.
is
Juniata, which,
diverted
to
another
syncline
diverted
252
National
Geograjphic
Magazine.
existing
stream
from
Susque-
hanna,
Schuylkill,
Lehigh
and
Delaware
are
compound,
composite
so
the
254
National
Geographic
Magazine.
TOPOGRAPHIC
MODELS.
were
Topographic
Models.
255
of
hachures
which
helps
considerably
is
more
apparent
that
be
presented
to
the
of
the
greatest
assistance
256
National
been
placed
upon
teaching
geography
are
teaching
geology
is
so
apparent
instruc-
tion.
For
Topographic
Models.
'^bl
the
is
usually
258
National
Geographic
Magazine.
before
the
contour
lines,
and
then
filling
is
\)j
some
cases
to
be
The
map
is
enlarged
to
Topograjphio
Models.
259
A
method
those
that
and
the map:
I may
be done
exaggeration
of
the
vertical
scale
vertical
exagger-
ation,
and
this
is
apparent
detail,
cannot
be
not
the
relative
amount
Its effect
one-eightieth
and
probably
one-hundredth
of
Topographic
Models.
265
oughly
dried
before
being
prepared
for
the
cast.
The
method
used
by
some
modelers
of
placing
a
frame
about
266
improvement
in
the
usual
practice,
which
is
to
paint
else
the
National
Museum,
possible
had
the
cast
been
made
from
plaster
alone.
Paper
seems,
at
first
sight,
to
be
A paper cast may look well
when first
FROM
BUTLER'S
COMPLETE
GEOGRAPHY,
CoPYKiGHT,
1888,
Br
E.
MTIONAL
270
Abstract
of
Minutes.
271
Febrriary
8,
1889,
272
National
Geographic
Magazine.
March
22,
1889,
Twenty-first
Meeting.
The
Internaiional
Literary
Contest.
273
{Translated
by
Mr.
B.
L.
Lerch.)
mTERNATIONAL
LITERARY
CONTEST
To
be
the riches
International
Literary
Contest.
2Y5
Alburqiierque,
Cabral,
Balboa,
Magallanes,
Cortes,
Pizarro,
Orel-
lana,
and
a
host
of
others,
do
not
dim
the
glory
of
the
hero
whose
centennary
to
the
studious
and
wise
for
The
vast,
and
one
member
from
Each
without being
of
the
works
require
those
persons
who
h
Vol.
I.
No.
4.
THE
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC
MAGAZINE.
^'.':ih.
CONTENTS
Page
Irrigation
in
California,
Sierra
valley,
nearly
Irrigation
in
at
With
this
general
idea
of
the
State,
we
will
now
look
at
the
rainfall
great deserts of
of
the
interior
valley
of
the
Irrigation,
in
California.
281
melt
till
May
or
June
and
to
3000
cubic
where
irriga-
as
far
as
we
are
able
to
trace,
to
282
National
Geographic
Magazine.
of
Cache
creek,
in
the
Sacramento
valley,
were
taken
out
for
irri-
lands
that
are
to
be
sold,
the
purpose
and in
Irrigation
in
California.
283
King's
river
by
the
expenditure
of
a
few
months'
work,
very large
range in
latitude, but
Joaquin,
wheat
Irrigation
in
California.
285
the
cost
of
distributing
and
applying
water
has
been
reduced
scarcely
requir-
ing
the
ground
is
first
ascertained,
platted
by
contours,
to the size
surface
standing
6
inches
286
National
Geographic
Magazine.
by
the
slope
deep,
in
one
on
the
phenomenon.
Irrigation,
in
the
irrigation
in
California.
287
about
a
mile
a
day,
that
is
soil
waters
have
wetted
it
from
below.
The
saving,
as
irrigation
goes
on
in
the
dino,
at
of
the
malarial
effects.
Chills
and
288
National
Geographic
Magazine.
Adjacent
—
of a
Irrigation
in
and
was
inseparable
from
it,
under
ancient
Moorish
rights.
It
is
regions.
in our
the
rule
in
California,
290
National
Geographic
Magazine.
southern
part
of
the
us
GEOLOGICAL
Round
about
Asheville.
291
ROUND
ABOUT
ASHEVILLE.
By
Bailey
Willis.
A
BEOAD
amphitheatre
lies
Asheville
is
built
upon
a
292
National
Geographic
Magazine.
a
man
by
accident;
continuous
surface.
I
noted
the
many
gullies,
and
I
lost
in
the
multitude
Round
about
Ashemlle.
293
over
watershed
between
the
two
mountain
ranges
fantastic
the
massive
balds
present
a
rounded
grand.
to
the
same
heights,
and
dome-like,
their
range,
and
its
profiles
cal
cliffs
from
fifty
to
one
hundred
feet
high.
The
creeks
and
brooks
meander
with
Round
cibout
detail,
also
where
a
more
silicious
crops
out
in
the
mountain
mass,
a
'296
National
acted
on,
valleys
are
carved
where
have suffi-
increased
in
their
lower
courses
Round
about
Asheville.
297
rapidly
become
canons,
of this region
of this kind at
lower in
298
National
the
the
remnants
of
a
from
been
3,000
or
4,000
feet
less
than
canons, the
300
National
Geographic
Magazine.
2d.
The
balds
of
the
Unakas
represent
tem
and
9
2'
Colo
A
Trip
to
Colombian
necessary
to
was
intended
that
I
should
visit
to
have
completed
the
necessary
the
A
Trip
to
Panama
and
Boyano
with
their
numerous
tributaries
and
on
that
boat, while
mountain
torrent.
produced
indentations
of
the
land
noted
by
Columbus,
led
304
National
Geographic
Magazine.
ence
of
a
strait,
and
tlie
entire
coast
on
each
side
were
aban-
doned.
The
Spanish
historian
recommended
to
Philip
II.
the
oceans
by
in
the
Cordillera
and
this
far as
A
Trip
tributaries.
I
traveled
on
that
were
attracted
by
the
but are
on the
an area
mouth of
The men
308
National
Oeograjphic
Magazine.
out
plans
for
the
work.
It
Yape, the
a
line
drawn
such
310
the
work
been
understood.
cutting through
312
National
its
original
natural
purpose
of
the
floods
in
these
constructed
channels
would
of
course
be
immense,
especially
in
some
of
the
cases
A
Trip
to
Panama
The
width
tsr
o
<rt-
?d
o
o
a-
^i
P
^:jM
THE
NICARAGUA
CANAL
Across
Nicaragua
forests
and
fertile
valleys.
That
portion
of
Central
America
now
included
within
the
boundaries
of
geographers, gi'eat
316
National
GeograjpMc
Magazine.
In
Across
the
which dis-
a
narrow
the
above the sea
north,
the
average
eleva-
318
National
scenic
beauties,
O
Across
pointed
this
out
so
320
National
GeogTajphic
Magazine.
narrow
limits
Across
Nicaragua
with
and
322
JS'ational
stopping
about
an
hour
for
lunch.
After
the
stream
and
a tree
Ac7'oss
Nicaragim
with
Transit
and
Machete.
323
the
blade
of
the
machete
becomes
heart
feet
from
the
ground,
are
level
as
the
top
he sees, to
only
the
ravines,
and
hanging
grey
anyone, and besides
by
his
efforts,
may
exude
a
liant
Across
NicaragiLa
The last
could
impossible
kinds
of
traveling
was
326
season,
the
first
camp
equipage
to
the
sites
with
the
conditions
wonderful
forests
is
indescribable,
and
though
true,
others
send
out
thin
deep
buttresses,
hanging in
a most
be
about
eight
thousand
square
miles,
is
of its
332
National
the
the
The
discharge
of
the
Costa
Rican
volcanoes,
causes
much
more
section
the
con-
struction
to
over
estimate.
About
three
miles
below
the
Across
situ,
is
to
be
found
in
any
of
the
streams
descending
a
few
through
the
narrow
gateway
salinas reach
one camp
a
stone's
throw
below,
Across
Nicaragtia
with,
Transit
and
country has changed
immense
of tireless
propellors. Tlie
is
entered.
Here
the
country
is
are to be
-.5
'•<i\

national geographic magazine volume 1, 1889

Documents