national defence university, professor hannu h. kari page 1/51 attacking (wireless) internet hannu...
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National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 1/51
Attacking (wireless) Internet
Hannu H. Kari
professor, research director
National Defence University
National Defence University, www.mpkk.fiprofessor Hannu H. Kari Page 2/51
... a short flashback ...
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Yksityisyys langattomissa verkoissa
Hannu H. KARI
07.01.2003
virkaanastujaisesitelmä
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Yksityisyys nykyaikana?
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Yksilö ja yksityisyys
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Yksityisyys ja sähkömagneettinen aura
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Esimerkki: Ketkä ovat kavereita?
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Esimerkki: Ketkä ovat kavereita?
Solu 1:
Solu 2:
Solu 3:
...
Samassasolussa
...
...
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Yksityisyyden viisi/kuusi luokkaa
• Informaatio (data privacy)
• Kohde/lähde (identity privacy)
• Tapahtumapaika (location privacy)
• Tapahtuma-aika (time privacy)
• Olemassaolo (privacy of existence)
+ Tapahtuma (transaction)
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Yksilö vs. yhteiskunta
Yksilön oikeus yksityisyyteen
Yhteiskunnan valvontatarve
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And now back to our original program ...
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History
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Technology enhancements
(www.daimler.co.uk) (decorateyourgarage.com)
(www.macarthurcoal.com.au)
~100+ years
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Technology enhancements
(www.route79.com) (www2.jsonline.com)
(www.openfire.us) (www.eia.doe.gov)
(www.pennways.com)
(en.wikipedia.org)
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Technology enhancements
The same thing has happened in Internet in 10…15 years!
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Need for privacy?
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Analogy for identification: Pets
(news.wisc.edu)
ID database
Owner
ID
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Human identification
today
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Human identification
some 60 years ago ... and ... today
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Need for privacy
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Need for privacy
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Need for privacy
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Need for privacy
++
remote readable passport
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Need for privacy
++
remote readable passport
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Need for privacy
++
remote readable passport
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Need for privacy
++
remote readable passport
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Wireless network eavesdroppingBlueTooth Sniper rifle: range 1500+ metersWiFi Sniper rifle: range 10+ km(http://www.tomsnetworking.com/2005/03/08/how_to_bluesniper_pt1original page deleted, found still from Internet archive:http://web.archive.org/web/20050309033208/www.tomsnetworking.com/Sections-article106.php)
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Privacy
• Definition of PrivacyPrivacy is the claim of individuals, groups, and institutions to determine for themselves, when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.
Alan Westin 1967
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Threats
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Holmlund: Verkkohyökkäys voi uhata rahaliikennettä
{10.11.2008: MPK 187:n avajaiset} • YETTS: yhteiskunnan elintärkeät toiminnot tulee
turvata kaikissa tilanteissa• Myyrmanni, Jokela & Kauhajoki:
* syrjäytyminen sisäisen turvallisuutemme suurin uhka * monia ei-toivottuja kehitystrendejä
• Tarkoituksellisin verkkohyökkäyksin saatetaan heikentää valtion päätöksentekojärjestelmien tai esimerkiksi rahaliikenteen toimivuutta
• Ikävät tapahtumat tulevat eteemme aina jossain määrin yllätyksenä* varautumisesta ja riskianalyyseista huolimatta.
Asymmetrinen maailma, asymmetriset arvot ja motiivit Kaikki uhkat eivät välttämättä tule ulkoa
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Main threats of Internet
1. We loose our confidence
2. Internet does not work
3. We loose data/money with Internet
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Scenario ”3/2011”
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Scenario “3/2011”
• Election in a small EU countrya country famous on ICT usage, including electronic voting
• During the election days, a massive DDoS attack is launched against the election system
Electronic voting system is unavailable for several hours
As a back up alternative, people will use ”traditional paper voting system”
No harm done????
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Scenario “3/2011”
• Report for the Council of Europe: Internet voting in the March 2007 Parliamentary Elections in Estonia
– Internet attacks, such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks, could have hampered the ability to run the e-voting application. An extension of the e-voting period could potentially make it more difficult to launch such attacks.
• ... But will anyone really seriously think electronic voting as a viable alternative for paper voting after this???
• NO! We have lost the game permanently
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Design flaws of Internet
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Security problems in Internet, samplesOctober 2002, Scientific American
”9 out of 13 root DNS –servers were
crippled by DDoS attack”
November 2004, Damages caused by
worms/viruses, Mikko Hyppönen/F-Secure
Slammer: Intranet of nuclear power plant in Ohio downBank of America ATM network down
Blaster:
Electric power network down in NY, USA
Several SCADA systems down
Sasser:
All train traffic halted in Australia
Two hospitals in Sweden infected
January 2005, FBI/Tsunami
”Net criminals used fake web pages of American
Red Cross to get credit card data”
September 2006, Scientific American
”Attack on DNS (Domain Name System)
allows cybercriminal to hijack ordinary
netbanking sessions”
January 2007, www.idg.se
”Almost 1 Million € stolen from a
Scandinavian bank by a Russian hacker
with a trojan distributed with spam mail”
”The biggest so far..”
January 2005, BBC News”Internet gambling hit hard by the attacks.Extortionists are targeting net-based bettingfirms and threatening to cripple their websiteswith deluges of data unless a ransom is paid.”
May 2007, IT-Viikko
”Attacks on Estonian governmental and commercial net sites”
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Security problems in Internet, samplesDDoS attacks
Design flawsDoS, DDoS attacksCriminal intentions
Viruses, worms, mallwareCriminal intentions
DNS attacks
Design flaws
DoS, DDoS attacks
Design flaws
Phishing
Users’ stupidity
Scams
Users’ stupidity
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Who and Why?
WHY
Motivations:1.Social behavior2.Vandalism3.Money4. Ideology5.Military strategic
interests
WHO
Amateurs are just tip of the iceberg• Hackers: Fun, can-I-do-it?,
show-up, ... (1, 2)
The real problem: Professionals• Mafia, organized crime (3)• Industrial espionage,
competitors (3)• Cyber terrorists (2, 4)• Terrorist-countries (4, 5)• Military (5)
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Internet design criterion• Primary goals
– Multiplexing of channel– Various network archtectures– Administrative boundaries– Packet switching– Gateways (routers) between networks
• Secondary goals– Robustness (loss of routers and links)– Multiple services (reliable or realtime data)– Usage of various networks– Distributed management– Cost efficient implementation– Simple attachement to network– Resource usage monitoring
Based on David D. Clark:”The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols”
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Implicit Internet design criterion
• Silent assumptions– Benevolence– Openness– Low level of dynamicity– No mobility– Limited computation capacity– High cost of crypto algorithms
– Limited bandwidth
AS
SU
MP
TIO
NS
NO
T
VA
LID
AN
Y M
OR
E !
!!
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Internet design flaws
• Original design principles: The enemy is out there!– ”Everybody can send anything to anybody”– Security measures are introduced afterwards
• The new design principles: The enemy is among us!– We must be prepared to pay for security/reliability
• in form of computation power, bandwidth, energy, etc.
– Strong security as the fundamental building block– Legal sanctions against malevolent entities
Every packet must have an owner!
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Security domains
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Four security domains
2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)
3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)
1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure
PGP, S/MIME
Restricted caller groups
IPsec, TLS
PLA, MPLS, Freq.hopping, Link encryption, Physical protection,...
4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)
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Four security domains
2. End-to-end secured communication(Data integrity and confidentiality)
3. Content integrity/authenticity/timelyness(information sharing)
1. Reliable operation of the critical network infrastructure
PGP, S/MIME
Restricted caller groups
IPsec, TLS
Partial solutions: MPLS, Physical protection
4. Virtual communities(Knowledge sharing)
GOOD
“BRAND”
MANAGEMENT
IS M
OST IMPORTANT
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Securing network infrastructure
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Traditional Internet usage
R
R
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Short term solution:Secured Infrastructure Router (SIR)
SIR
SIR
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Secured Infrastructure Router (SIR)
SIR
QoS control,duplication
SIR
QoS control,duplicateremoval
QoS reporting,management signaling
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Alternative SIR operation
SIRSIR
SIR
SIR
SIR
SIR
SIR
SIR
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Privacy in Internet is vital– Especially in wireless environment in all 5/6 categories
• Risks with Internet are imminent – ...due to original design flaws of Internet
• Architecture with several levels of security• Plan-B: ”What shall we do, when our network
doesn’t work?”• What is the minimum level of service?• How to handle ”Internet brand”
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NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY
”Do the work that has a meaning” Thank you for your Questions? attention!
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Good/Bad things of Internet
• Google.cn: ”tiananmen square” – 12 first image hits
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Good/Bad things of Internet
• Google.com: ”tiananmen square” – 12 first image hits