9B Fit and healthy

© Tony P. Thould

September 2000

FOOD GROUPS

There are SEVEN food groups :-

1 Carbohydrates

2 Fats

3 Proteins

4 Vitamins

5 Minerals

6 Water

7 Fibre

CARBOHYDRATES

FATS

PROTEINS

Potatoes Rice Pasta

BreadButter Cream

Fried Food Peanuts

Meat Fish Soya

Energy giving foods full of

StarchStored energy and insulation

For growth and repair

Vitamins Minerals Fibre

Fruit

Vegetables

Cereals

Fruit

Vegetables

Fruit

Vegetables

MilkTo prevent

deficiency diseases like Scurvy - lack

of Vitamin C

To prevent deficiency diseases

like anaemia - lack of iron

Helps to move food along the

system

HEALTHY OR NOT?

•What do we mean by healthy?

•What helps us to stay in good health?

•What makes us unhealthy?

ARE THESE HEALTHY OR NOT?

CigarettesOranges

Salmonella

Beer

Chips

Drugs

Medicines

Solvents

Water

AerobicsSugar

Coffee

Milk

Vaccinations

Cakes

Baked Potatoes

Salt

SwimmingSleep

N

What do some people take into

their bodies which makes them ill?

SmokeTar

Nicotine CarbonMonoxide

THE HARMFUL SUBATANCES

HeartAttacks

Breathing Problems

BlockedArteries

Cancer

SMOKING IS UNHEALTHY

THE LUNGS

Trachea

Left Bronchus

Ribs

Left Lung

DiaphragmAlveoli

Bronchioles

Cartilage Rings

IntercostalMuscles

Used the information on the next three slides to help you to explain why smoking affects your breathing and your fitness level.

Why does smoking affect your fitness and a breathing gradually over the years and does not noticeably harm you straight away?

The main job of the lungs is to get oxygen into the blood and remove, but Sun from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out.

To make sure that this happens quickly and easily, the tiny air sacs in the lungs have a very thin walls.

There are millions of Alveoli in each lung to ensure that the body absorbs enough oxygen and to get rid of in the build-up of waste carbon dioxide.

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE ALVEOLI

Waste carbon dioxide passes from the blood though the thin walled alveoli into the Lungs.

Oxygen passes easily into the blood through the thin walls of the Alveoli.

CO2 CO2

O2O2

Exhale the waste Carbon Dioxide

Inhale Air containing

Oxygen

WHICH ONE IS THE SMOKERS’ LUNG?

A B

Why do you think this? What has caused the differences in the way they look?

N

CocaineEcstasy

Cannabis Heroin

SOME COMMON DRUGS

DehydrationBrain

Damage

HIV / AidsOrganFailure

DRUGS ARE UNHEALTHY

GlueLighter

Fuel

PaintStripper

HairSpray

SOME COMMON SOLVENTS

BreathingProblems

FaceSores

ComaBrain

Damage

SOLNENT ABUSE IS UNHEALTHY

WhiskyBeer

Wine Gin

SOME COMMON DRINKS

Liver damage

Depressant

DestroysBrain Cells

AffectsJudgement

HOW ALCOHOL CAN BE UNHEALTHY

CAFFEINE

A chemical found in Coffee, Tea and Coke Cola.

Once in the blood and taken to the cells of the body it:-

•Speeds up your heart / pulse rate

•Makes you breathe more quickly

FASTER BREATHING FASTER

PULSE

Plan an Experiment

A shop keeper lost all of the labels from his stock of Coke Cola bottles in a flood.

How could he do an experiment that would give him measurable results to prove which bottles contained normal Coke and which ones contained Decaffeinated Coke?

Hint

Skeletons

Animals have skeletons for three reasons:-

1. Support - to give them shape and to hold everything together.

2. Protection- the bones protect lots of the important organs inside the body e.g. the skull protects the brain.

3. Movement - the muscles and bones work together to help the animal move.

Cranium

Rib Cage

Femur

Spine or Vertebral Column

Humerus

Pelvis

Some of the Main Bones of the Body

Radius

Ulna

Scapular

TibiaFibula

Patella

Some of the Main Bones of the Body

On The Move

To move our bodies we use our muscles.

These are joined to our bones.

Muscles can only Pull they cannot push.

This means that you have to have pairs of muscles - one pulls to move your body part one way but another muscle has to pull it back again. They are known as a pair of Antagonistic Muscles.

Moving Your Arm

Triceps Muscle

What would happen to your lower arm when this muscle pulls?

lower arm

Moving Your Arm

Triceps Muscle

When this muscle pulls it makes the lower arm move downwards. The whole arm is now straight.

lower armWhat do you notice about the size and shape of the muscle once it has pulled?

Moving Your Arm

Triceps Muscle

lower arm

You have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this?

Where in the arm would you find this muscle?

Moving Your Arm

Triceps Muscle

lower armYou have to have another muscle to pull the lower arm back up - why is this?

Biceps Muscle

Moving Your Arm

Triceps Muscle

lower arm

Biceps Muscle

These are the two muscles that make your lower arm move up and down.

N

Muscle Cells

Long cells which pull when they get shorter ( contract) making different parts of our body move

How could running on a treadmill upset the balance

of our internal environment?

To run your muscles work harder and need more

energy to move your limbs.

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

O2

+ GLUCOSE

CO2

+

H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2

Aerobic respiration is the way your body makes energy available to your body.

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN = ENERGY + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

This process uses up Glucose and Oxygen and makes Water and Carbon Dioxide so the level of these begins to change in your

body as you exercise

O2

+

Sugar

CO2

+

H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = E + 6H2O + 6CO2

The Brain checks the body systems and picks up when the levels are too high or too low

In this case the blood Oxygen is falling and the blood Carbon Dioxide level is rising

The breathing rate will increase to take in more Oxygen and to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide

The heart beats faster to transport the Oxygen to the muscles and take away the Carbon Dioxide and Water

SYSTEMSFor the muscles to move they must be able to get energy. Energy is available in foods high in Carbohydrates - these can be digested and absorbed into the blood.

Oxygen is needed to react with the Glucose to release energy. The blood delivers these to the muscle cells. Blood takes away the waste water and carbon dioxide produced.

What are the three Systems involved in the release of Energy by muscle cells?

N

The Heart has the main function of acting as a PUMP.

It pumps the blood around the body in one direction - made sure with the help of VALVES.

The blood passes through the heart twice in order to complete one circuit of the body. This is known as a Double Circulation.

THE HEART

Pulmonary Artery Aorta

Pulmonary Vein

Vena Cava

Deoxygenated Blood

Oxygenated Blood

Semi Lunar Valve

Tricuspid Valve

Bicuspid Valve

Left Atrium

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

Tendons

Oxygenated Blood delivered to organs and tissues

Blood rich in Oxygen from Lungs

Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide picked up from Organs and Tissues

Deoxygenated blood rich in Carbon Dioxide back to the Lungs to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide

The Heart is a pump The blood passes through the heart twice to complete one cycle. This is called a Double Circulation

Thick Cardiac Muscles provide the power for the pump

THE BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

•This is the Transport System in our body

•The heart pumps the blood around the body

•Blood travels through tubes called Blood Vessels

•Blood carries food, oxygen, waste such as Urea and Carbon Dioxide, antibodies and heat.

legs

kidneys

Stomach

Liver

Lungs

Head

THE MAIN BLOOD VESSELS

Carotid Artery

Pulmonary Vein

Aorta

Hepatic Artery

Mesenteric Artery

Renal Artery

Iliac Artery

Pulmonary Artery

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Hepatic Vein

Hepatic Portal Vein

Renal Vein

Iliac Vein

DIGESTION

The breaking down

of complex foods into

simple soluble substances

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Salivary Glands

Oesophagus

Stomach

Pancreas

Colon

RectumAnus

Appendix

Ileum

Duodenum

Gall Bladder

Liver

RESPIRATION

Once the Glucose has been absorbed into the blood it is then available to the cells for use in providing Energy.

The release of energy from Glucose in the cells is by a process called

RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Energy is released in the cells for the body to use. The energy is in the Glucose sugar we eat and can be released by chemically reacting with Oxygen in our cells - Aerobic Respiration

Summary Equation

Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ENERGY + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Raw Materials Waste Products

THE LUNGS

Trachea

Left Bronchus

Ribs

Left Lung

DiaphragmAlveoli

Bronchioles

Cartilage Rings

Intercostal Muscles

INHALE / EXHALE

The whole point of Inhaling is to get air into the Alveoli so that the surrounding blood capillaries can pick up some Oxygen on the Red cells and carry it to every living cell in the body along with Glucose. The cells can then use the Oxygen and Glucose to release energy.

When the cells release Energy two waste products are made - Carbon Dioxide and Water.and carried back to the Alveoli in the blood Plasma and exhaled.

Summary Word Equation

Glucose + Oxygen = ENERGY + Carbon Dioxide + Water

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

When your muscles demand energy but the blood has little

oxygen left ( an Oxygen debt )e.g. in a marathon, the muscles use Anaerobic respiration to make

energy

Glucose Energy +Lactic Acid

YOU MUST LEARN THESE EQUATIONS

Glucose Oxygen = ENERGY Carbon Dioxide

+ + Water

C6H12O6 6O2 ENERGY 6CO2 6H2O+ + +

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid

+

=

GLUCOSE

+ OXYGEN

=

ENERGY

+

WATER

+

CARBON DIOXIDE

C6H12O6

+

6O2

=

E

+

6H2O

+

6CO2

Rearrange the rectangles below to form the word and symbol equations for Aerobic Respiration