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Analysis of private returns to vocational education and training: Support document

WANG-SHENG LEEMICHAEL COELLI

MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF APPLIED ECONOMICAND SOCIAL RESEARCH

This document was produced by the author(s) based on their research for the report Analysis of private returns to vocational education and training, and is an added resource for further information. The report is available on NCVER’s website: <http://www.ncver.edu.au>

The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Australian Government, state and territory governments or NCVER. Any errors and omissions are the responsibility of the author(s).

© Commonwealth of Australia, 2010

This work has been produced by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) on behalf of the Australian Government and state and territory governments with funding provided through the Australian Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Apart from any use permitted

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under the CopyrightAct 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Requests should be made to NCVER.

Contents:Section A: Using Year 12 Completers as the Comparison Group, Males 4

Section B: Using Less than Year 12 as the Comparison Group, Males 70

Section C: Using Year 12 Completers as the Comparison Group, Females 136

Section D: Using Less than Year 12 as the Comparison Group, Females 202

Section E: Using Year 12 Completers in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Males 269

Section F: Using Less than Year 12 in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Males 285

Section G: Using Year 12 Completers in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Females 302

Section H: Using Less than Year 12 in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Females 319

This document is an appendix that is meant to accompany the main report, Analysis of private returns to vocational education and training. We include here the detailed regression results that correspond to Tables 4 to 59 of the main report.

This document is over 330 pages long. Please consider the environment before printing.The regression results presented in this appendix are based on weighted Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) obtained in a two-step approach.

First, use a probit model to estimate the probability of being in the treatment group:

where is a vector of characteristics. Next, estimate the predicted probabilities from the model and define these probabilities as propensity scores. Let the propensity score for treatment group member i be denoted by . For a neighborhood for each individual i with propensity score

in the treatment group, nearest-neighbours are comparison group members j who have propensity scores where:

That is, the comparison group member with the value of that is closest to is selected as the match. As matching is done with replacement, each comparison group observation can serve as the match for more than one treatment group observation.

In the second step, weighted OLS is used to estimate the treatment effect on the treated:

where is the outcome of interest, denotes treatment group status, is a vector of characteristics, and the average treatment effect on the treated is denoted by . Treatment group observations are each given a weight of one, while comparison group observations are given a weight

of , depending on how many times they are matched on in the first stage.

There are eight sections to this document. Section A presents the regression results for males using Year 12 completers as the comparison group. Section B presents the regression results for males using less than Year 12 completers as the comparison group. Section C presents the regression results for females using Year 12 completers as the comparison group. Section D presents the regression results for females using less than Year 12 completers as the comparison group. There are 65 tables in each of the first four sections.

Sections E to H present the analogous regression results that condition on school completion status (see Section 7.3 of the report). There are 16 tables in each of these sections.

For all regressions, estimates of are given in the first row of each table. Omitted groups in the covariates are ‘age 15 to 19’, ‘ACT, NT and TAS’, and ‘have no children’.

Certain variables are “dropped” if the sample used to estimate the regression has no observations in some categories. For example, in the first column of Table 1a, age 50 to 54 is dropped because there are no observations in the default omitted age group (age 15 to 19) and age 50 to 54 is chosen as the new omitted group. Similarly, in the second to fourth columns of the same table, age 20 to 24 is dropped because there are no observations in the default omitted age group (age 15 to 19) and age 20 to 24 is chosen as the new reference group.

Section A: Using Year 12 Completers as the Comparison Group, Males

Table 1a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above

Employment Full-time/Part-time Employment

Permanent/Casual Employment

Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.036*** 0.006 0.032** 0.292***(0.002) (0.617) (0.046) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.071** (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.025) . . .

Age 25 to 29 -0.001 0.074** 0.126*** 0.138***(0.984) (0.018) (0.001) (0.008)

Age 30 to 34 0.050* 0.073** 0.218*** 0.301***(0.055) (0.013) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.047* 0.044 0.183*** 0.288***(0.066) (0.141) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.041 0.062** 0.152*** 0.357***(0.123) (0.048) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.025 0.063** 0.188*** 0.332***(0.351) (0.050) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 (dropped) 0.049 0.224*** 0.375***. (0.163) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.066** -0.056 0.035 0.195***(0.021) (0.108) (0.425) (0.003)

Capital City -0.002 0.010 0.029 0.150***(0.873) (0.500) (0.123) (0.000)

Non-English speaking country -0.013 -0.017 0.070 -0.066(0.687) (0.618) (0.137) (0.256)

English is first language -0.002 -0.000 0.123*** 0.077(0.951) (0.993) (0.004) (0.145)

NSW 0.017 -0.039** -0.053** 0.040(0.335) (0.048) (0.029) (0.204)

VIC -0.008 -0.001 -0.016 0.018(0.664) (0.971) (0.524) (0.592)

QLD -0.014 0.009 -0.040 -0.012(0.495) (0.682) (0.170) (0.749)

SA -0.030 0.002 -0.082*** -0.013(0.178) (0.945) (0.007) (0.727)

WA -0.002 0.009 -0.021 0.008(0.937) (0.687) (0.487) (0.840)

Married 0.061*** 0.067*** 0.031 0.162***(0.000) (0.000) (0.187) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.029 -0.003 0.024 -0.013(0.154) (0.883) (0.398) (0.702)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.030 -0.040 0.031 0.064(0.279) (0.164) (0.412) (0.167)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.019 -0.055** 0.043 0.005(0.399) (0.020) (0.169) (0.890)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.041* -0.014 0.018 0.063(0.092) (0.588) (0.588) (0.133)

Union member 0.085*** 0.046*** 0.131*** -0.021(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.310)

Constant 0.847*** 0.825*** 0.520*** 5.847***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,787 1,740 1,465 1,204R2 0.079 0.045 0.132 0.285Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 7

Table 2a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.032* 0.018 0.024 0.075***(0.051) (0.238) (0.263) (0.008)

Age 20 to 24 -0.064 0.131 0.151 0.299**(0.527) (0.168) (0.205) (0.038)

Age 25 to 29 -0.015 0.201** 0.251** 0.447***(0.875) (0.027) (0.028) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.052 0.215** 0.295*** 0.646***(0.596) (0.017) (0.009) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.068 0.202** 0.270** 0.662***(0.490) (0.026) (0.018) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.065 0.196** 0.241** 0.699***(0.505) (0.030) (0.035) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.023 0.209** 0.250** 0.742***(0.816) (0.022) (0.030) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.002 0.146 0.306*** 0.801***(0.982) (0.114) (0.009) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.085 0.050 0.159 0.609***(0.393) (0.587) (0.183) (0.000)

Capital City -0.008 -0.001 0.019 0.090***(0.673) (0.966) (0.443) (0.006)

Non-English speaking country 0.024 -0.015 -0.038 0.049(0.614) (0.728) (0.552) (0.580)

English is first language 0.048 -0.010 0.064 0.127(0.273) (0.791) (0.277) (0.119)

NSW 0.054** -0.031 -0.067* 0.085*(0.047) (0.229) (0.056) (0.067)

VIC 0.001 -0.035 -0.024 -0.004(0.970) (0.185) (0.499) (0.936)

QLD -0.009 0.012 -0.043 -0.045(0.753) (0.670) (0.260) (0.358)

SA -0.017 -0.007 -0.082* -0.043(0.598) (0.825) (0.068) (0.459)

WA 0.028 -0.042 -0.065 0.052(0.407) (0.186) (0.154) (0.377)

Married 0.066*** 0.037* 0.057* 0.100**(0.005) (0.095) (0.073) (0.019)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.026 0.021 -0.002 -0.018(0.377) (0.439) (0.960) (0.723)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.038 -0.039 0.005 0.048(0.317) (0.268) (0.919) (0.452)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.030 -0.040 0.037 0.089*(0.327) (0.155) (0.349) (0.084)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.095*** 0.008 0.042 0.004(0.002) (0.781) (0.289) (0.937)

Union member 0.105*** 0.061*** 0.153*** 0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.916)

Constant 0.770*** 0.732*** 0.485*** 5.510***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,085 1,044 812 664R2 0.091 0.072 0.115 0.225Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

8 Analysis of private returns to vocational education and training: Support document

Table 3a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications -0.005 0.016** 0.010 -0.028*

(0.547) (0.046) (0.421) (0.053)Age 20 to 24 -0.046 0.059 -0.004 0.329***

(0.551) (0.379) (0.969) (0.003)Age 25 to 29 -0.068 0.092 -0.000 0.497***

(0.372) (0.172) (0.996) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.010 0.090 0.097 0.592***

(0.899) (0.180) (0.298) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.001 0.098 0.032 0.612***

(0.988) (0.147) (0.735) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.014 0.090 0.026 0.633***

(0.860) (0.181) (0.779) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.028 0.090 0.060 0.675***

(0.719) (0.184) (0.528) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.043 0.089 0.079 0.693***

(0.575) (0.189) (0.410) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.147* 0.010 -0.081 0.387***

(0.057) (0.878) (0.392) (0.001)Capital City 0.001 -0.007 0.048*** 0.082***

(0.923) (0.368) (0.000) (0.000)Non-English speaking country -0.021 -0.006 -0.014 -0.074

(0.437) (0.797) (0.736) (0.139)English is first language 0.031 -0.023 0.003 0.006

(0.231) (0.315) (0.935) (0.897)NSW 0.014 -0.027** -0.010 0.051**

(0.326) (0.040) (0.628) (0.032)VIC -0.007 -0.013 0.014 -0.004

(0.646) (0.339) (0.516) (0.868)QLD -0.006 -0.004 -0.028 -0.108***

(0.678) (0.775) (0.204) (0.000)SA -0.023 -0.019 -0.067*** -0.073**

(0.203) (0.233) (0.008) (0.011)WA 0.002 -0.006 0.004 -0.011

(0.925) (0.708) (0.878) (0.694)Married 0.080*** 0.025** 0.024 0.102***

(0.000) (0.028) (0.188) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.024 0.007 0.053** -0.019

(0.133) (0.614) (0.020) (0.455)Child age 3 to 4 -0.032 -0.040** 0.036 -0.009

(0.134) (0.032) (0.241) (0.796)Child age 5 to 9 -0.015 -0.018 0.054** 0.080***

(0.384) (0.244) (0.030) (0.004)Child age 10 to 14 -0.049*** -0.018 0.034 0.019

(0.006) (0.264) (0.199) (0.529)Union member 0.124*** 0.063*** 0.170*** 0.052***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Constant 0.843*** 0.852*** 0.697*** 5.671***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 4,294 4,062 3,029 2,380R2 0.076 0.031 0.103 0.202Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 9

Table 4a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.021 0.003 -0.025 0.069

(0.462) (0.931) (0.515) (0.157)Age 20 to 24 0.224*** 0.074 0.370*** 0.333*

(0.005) (0.423) (0.000) (0.051)Age 25 to 29 0.247*** 0.136 0.499*** 0.511***

(0.002) (0.136) (0.000) (0.003)Age 30 to 34 0.277*** 0.138 0.529*** 0.703***

(0.001) (0.149) (0.000) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.270*** 0.080 0.426*** 0.753***

(0.001) (0.406) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.231*** 0.139 0.484*** 0.792***

(0.005) (0.143) (0.000) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.259*** 0.153 0.563*** 0.877***

(0.002) (0.113) (0.000) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.294*** 0.123 0.572*** 0.651***

(0.001) (0.210) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 0.219** 0.077 0.422*** 0.443**

(0.014) (0.449) (0.000) (0.018)Capital City 0.033 -0.010 0.068 0.170***

(0.301) (0.761) (0.123) (0.003)Non-English speaking country -0.215** 0.092 -0.105 -0.046

(0.046) (0.368) (0.413) (0.794)English is first language -0.084 0.044 -0.145 0.048

(0.414) (0.650) (0.252) (0.776)NSW 0.061 -0.017 -0.002 0.016

(0.213) (0.738) (0.972) (0.848)VIC 0.059 0.006 0.013 -0.023

(0.315) (0.923) (0.868) (0.805)QLD 0.025 0.039 -0.000 -0.095

(0.624) (0.456) (0.998) (0.253)SA 0.055 -0.000 -0.039 0.033

(0.331) (0.996) (0.625) (0.744)WA 0.032 -0.082 -0.040 0.000

(0.564) (0.152) (0.558) (0.997)Married 0.030 0.117*** 0.055 0.039

(0.463) (0.005) (0.312) (0.580)Child age 0 to 2 -0.027 -0.018 0.049 0.010

(0.635) (0.751) (0.507) (0.919)Child age 3 to 4 0.063 -0.050 0.057 0.083

(0.400) (0.513) (0.549) (0.489)Child age 5 to 9 0.006 -0.036 0.062 0.097

(0.925) (0.546) (0.431) (0.336)Child age 10 to 14 0.006 -0.032 0.021 0.035

(0.921) (0.583) (0.781) (0.703)Union member 0.148*** 0.086*** 0.185*** 0.019

(0.000) (0.009) (0.000) (0.716)Constant 0.629*** 0.661*** 0.358** 5.500***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.025) (0.000)Number of observations 425 399 349 240R2 0.124 0.097 0.241 0.316Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1





Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.039*** 0.066*** 0.077*** 0.243***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.005 0.369*** -0.078 -0.413***(0.879) (0.000) (0.104) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.059** 0.414*** 0.040 -0.173***(0.037) (0.000) (0.366) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.058** 0.324*** 0.023 -0.021(0.040) (0.000) (0.605) (0.703)

Age 35 to 39 -0.008 0.243*** 0.010 0.043(0.781) (0.000) (0.833) (0.437)

Age 40 to 44 0.000 0.263*** 0.003 0.061(1.000) (0.000) (0.952) (0.258)

Age 45 to 49 -0.017 0.201*** 0.013 0.001(0.536) (0.000) (0.769) (0.989)

Age 50 to 54 0.021 0.133*** 0.010 0.081(0.455) (0.009) (0.825) (0.147)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Age 60 to 64 -0.135*** -0.051 -0.164** -0.144*(0.000) (0.489) (0.027) (0.093)

English is first language -0.021 0.003 -0.029 -0.011(0.355) (0.946) (0.442) (0.809)


NSW 0.068*** -0.043 -0.028 0.010(0.000) (0.169) (0.297) (0.746)

VIC 0.014 -0.041 -0.022 -0.032(0.406) (0.191) (0.428) (0.316)

QLD 0.045** -0.022 -0.030 -0.055*(0.012) (0.496) (0.290) (0.089)

SA -0.008 -0.114*** -0.047 -0.189***(0.700) (0.003) (0.159) (0.000)

WA 0.051** -0.080** -0.082** -0.050(0.015) (0.036) (0.014) (0.197)

Married 0.073*** 0.064** 0.075*** 0.137***(0.000) (0.015) (0.001) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 0.000 -0.029 0.061** -0.011(0.984) (0.397) (0.044) (0.750)

Child age 3 to 4 0.057** -0.071 0.056 -0.048(0.027) (0.119) (0.172) (0.322)

Child age 5 to 9 0.046** -0.044 0.015 -0.052(0.016) (0.196) (0.618) (0.148)

Child age 10 to 14 0.030 -0.013 0.030 -0.000(0.128) (0.710) (0.322) (0.991)

Union member 0.083*** 0.299*** 0.115*** -0.055***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.010)

Has disability -0.045*** -0.044* -0.008 -0.017(0.002) (0.085) (0.721) (0.530)

Constant 0.821*** 0.378*** 0.776*** 6.617***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 11

Table 6a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.025 0.129*** 0.050* 0.068**(0.265) (0.000) (0.098) (0.041)

Age 20 to 24 0.191** 0.166 0.312*** -0.391***(0.010) (0.245) (0.002) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.284*** 0.171 0.439*** -0.168*(0.000) (0.211) (0.000) (0.095)

Age 30 to 34 0.245*** 0.139 0.398*** -0.018(0.001) (0.309) (0.000) (0.858)

Age 35 to 39 0.221*** 0.103 0.409*** 0.062(0.002) (0.454) (0.000) (0.541)

Age 40 to 44 0.209*** 0.086 0.334*** 0.029(0.003) (0.532) (0.000) (0.776)

Age 45 to 49 0.205*** 0.054 0.441*** 0.029(0.004) (0.690) (0.000) (0.782)

Age 50 to 54 0.230*** 0.029 0.459*** 0.136(0.002) (0.831) (0.000) (0.191)

Age 55 to 59 0.143* -0.199 0.445*** (dropped)(0.058) (0.166) (0.000) .

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) 0.018. . . (0.902)


Non-English speaking country -0.178*** -0.014 -0.037 -0.048(0.004) (0.889) (0.664) (0.622)

NSW 0.033 0.009 -0.007 -0.002(0.377) (0.872) (0.896) (0.979)

VIC -0.030 0.022 -0.058 -0.126**(0.450) (0.723) (0.292) (0.040)

QLD 0.027 0.042 -0.038 -0.046(0.503) (0.482) (0.469) (0.426)

SA -0.056 -0.089 -0.105* -0.184***(0.179) (0.162) (0.064) (0.004)

WA 0.054 -0.053 -0.105* -0.023(0.224) (0.434) (0.084) (0.727)

Married 0.100*** 0.011 0.014 0.107**(0.001) (0.817) (0.740) (0.021)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.009 0.052 0.094* -0.020(0.826) (0.389) (0.084) (0.730)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.009 0.022 0.095 -0.027(0.862) (0.788) (0.183) (0.724)

Child age 5 to 9 0.036 -0.025 0.125** -0.050(0.418) (0.705) (0.049) (0.450)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.015 0.044 0.038 0.005(0.746) (0.523) (0.530) (0.946)

Union member 0.095*** 0.273*** 0.143*** -0.050(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.155)

Has disability -0.033 -0.005 -0.035 -0.069*(0.223) (0.901) (0.341) (0.087)

Constant 0.624*** 0.508*** 0.466*** 6.685***(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 570 550 496 438R2 0.130 0.180 0.162 0.216Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 7a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.015* -0.002 0.021 -0.072***

(0.090) (0.904) (0.170) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.130** 0.091 0.296*** 0.405***

(0.035) (0.396) (0.002) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.149** 0.026 0.295*** 0.551***

(0.015) (0.811) (0.002) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.154** -0.034 0.281*** 0.639***

(0.013) (0.749) (0.003) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.140** -0.123 0.288*** 0.716***

(0.023) (0.252) (0.003) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.127** -0.161 0.282*** 0.735***

(0.041) (0.136) (0.004) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.117* -0.184* 0.279*** 0.637***

(0.059) (0.088) (0.004) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.125** -0.268** 0.331*** 0.686***

(0.045) (0.013) (0.001) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.119* -0.291*** 0.327*** 0.738***

(0.059) (0.008) (0.001) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.064 -0.209* -0.021 0.706***

(0.327) (0.066) (0.835) (0.000)English is first language -0.027 -0.043 -0.008 0.024

(0.270) (0.276) (0.847) (0.540)Non-English speaking country -0.130*** -0.045 -0.009 -0.068

(0.000) (0.395) (0.876) (0.242)NSW 0.036** 0.009 0.011 0.046*

(0.017) (0.732) (0.668) (0.090)VIC -0.007 -0.010 -0.003 -0.003

(0.643) (0.695) (0.896) (0.925)QLD 0.034** 0.007 -0.051** 0.032

(0.023) (0.771) (0.048) (0.221)SA -0.011 -0.072** -0.109*** -0.127***

(0.508) (0.013) (0.000) (0.000)WA 0.049*** -0.024 -0.044 0.071**

(0.003) (0.401) (0.134) (0.020)Married 0.081*** 0.035* 0.067*** 0.136***

(0.000) (0.082) (0.001) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 0.002 -0.036 0.056** -0.052**

(0.909) (0.150) (0.033) (0.050)Child age 3 to 4 0.031 -0.052 0.080** -0.087**

(0.155) (0.150) (0.037) (0.026)Child age 5 to 9 0.027 -0.050* 0.037 -0.062*

(0.111) (0.078) (0.238) (0.051)Child age 10 to 14 0.000 0.053* 0.068** 0.004

(0.991) (0.062) (0.026) (0.909)Union member 0.098*** 0.364*** 0.153*** 0.059***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.060*** 0.026 -0.000 -0.068***

(0.000) (0.154) (0.994) (0.000)Constant 0.726*** 0.736*** 0.442*** 5.831***


NCVER 13

Table 8a: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.039** 0.013 -0.010 -0.041

(0.010) (0.558) (0.665) (0.107)Age 20 to 24 0.049 0.112 0.264*** 0.321***

(0.304) (0.116) (0.000) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.096** 0.026 0.234*** 0.467***

(0.043) (0.713) (0.001) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.089* -0.014 0.307*** 0.621***

(0.067) (0.848) (0.000) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.107** -0.075 0.296*** 0.640***

(0.029) (0.304) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.067 -0.131* 0.233*** 0.687***

(0.181) (0.077) (0.001) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.067 -0.086 0.305*** 0.654***

(0.184) (0.247) (0.000) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.063 -0.172** 0.347*** 0.772***

(0.220) (0.026) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.070 -0.337*** 0.213** 0.730***

(0.201) (0.000) (0.030) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.027 -0.143 0.030 0.845***

(0.662) (0.128) (0.751) (0.000)English is first language -0.031 -0.165*** -0.098* -0.029

(0.456) (0.007) (0.095) (0.644)Non-English speaking country -0.072 -0.200** -0.039 -0.117

(0.189) (0.014) (0.638) (0.150)NSW 0.036 -0.019 -0.035 -0.025

(0.167) (0.609) (0.369) (0.562)VIC -0.031 0.019 -0.016 -0.047

(0.270) (0.644) (0.693) (0.295)QLD 0.034 -0.008 -0.080* -0.084*

(0.219) (0.846) (0.055) (0.064)SA -0.040 -0.064 -0.113** -0.222***

(0.198) (0.163) (0.019) (0.000)WA 0.046 -0.043 -0.010 0.015

(0.133) (0.337) (0.838) (0.774)Married 0.108*** 0.058* 0.059* 0.109***

(0.000) (0.058) (0.061) (0.002)Child age 0 to 2 -0.026 -0.011 0.043 0.023

(0.373) (0.802) (0.331) (0.631)Child age 3 to 4 0.007 0.006 0.042 0.010

(0.857) (0.917) (0.467) (0.869)Child age 5 to 9 0.007 -0.035 -0.001 -0.020

(0.827) (0.420) (0.976) (0.696)Child age 10 to 14 -0.023 0.041 0.003 0.047

(0.437) (0.343) (0.952) (0.361)Union member 0.141*** 0.300*** 0.157*** 0.033

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.222)Has disability -0.104*** 0.005 -0.008 -0.106***

(0.000) (0.862) (0.774) (0.001)Constant 0.782*** 0.833*** 0.574*** 5.969***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 1,557 1,444 1,142 982R2 0.113 0.150 0.108 0.254Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1





Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.025*** -0.010 0.058*** 0.254***(0.006) (0.577) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.097 -0.112 0.138 0.229(0.520) (0.708) (0.526) (0.333)

Age 25 to 29 0.042 -0.083 0.140 0.418*(0.779) (0.782) (0.518) (0.076)

Age 30 to 34 0.042 -0.115 0.163 0.603**(0.778) (0.701) (0.453) (0.010)

Age 35 to 39 0.050 -0.160 0.218 0.709***(0.739) (0.591) (0.315) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 0.033 -0.246 0.246 0.693***(0.828) (0.409) (0.257) (0.003)

Age 45 to 49 0.049 -0.246 0.270 0.676***(0.746) (0.410) (0.214) (0.004)

Age 50 to 54 0.050 -0.361 0.194 0.769***(0.742) (0.227) (0.372) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.020 -0.515* 0.026 0.660***(0.896) (0.086) (0.905) (0.006)

Age 60 to 64 -0.143 -0.395 0.139 0.563**(0.346) (0.192) (0.533) (0.021)

English is first language 0.057*** 0.035 0.002 0.051(0.008) (0.400) (0.963) (0.196)

Non-English speaking country 0.045* 0.119** -0.036 -0.048(0.055) (0.012) (0.369) (0.266)

NSW -0.001 -0.056* -0.001 0.131***(0.970) (0.052) (0.961) (0.000)

VIC -0.008 -0.111*** 0.020 0.075***(0.582) (0.000) (0.385) (0.004)

QLD -0.007 -0.136*** -0.008 0.012(0.655) (0.000) (0.754) (0.690)

SA -0.003 -0.060* 0.013 -0.029(0.852) (0.079) (0.624) (0.337)

WA -0.008 -0.125*** -0.012 0.078**(0.647) (0.000) (0.667) (0.013)

Father born overseas 0.013 -0.028 -0.013 0.017(0.351) (0.308) (0.551) (0.518)

Mother born overseas 0.011 0.007 0.048** 0.019(0.434) (0.811) (0.045) (0.496)

Married 0.077*** 0.107*** 0.113*** 0.090***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 0.001 -0.063* -0.028 0.016(0.952) (0.051) (0.290) (0.573)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.004 -0.080* 0.030 0.024(0.839) (0.076) (0.412) (0.558)

Child age 5 to 9 0.014 -0.051 -0.044 0.051(0.396) (0.113) (0.110) (0.101)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.021 -0.012 -0.088*** 0.020(0.192) (0.728) (0.001) (0.512)

Union member 0.057*** 0.235*** 0.089*** -0.015(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.436)

Has disability -0.023** -0.085*** -0.065*** -0.027(0.047) (0.000) (0.001) (0.243)

Constant 0.781*** 0.912*** 0.578*** 5.949***(0.000) (0.002) (0.009) (0.000)


NCVER 15

Table 10a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma -0.006 0.027 -0.021 0.055*(0.778) (0.424) (0.498) (0.094)

Age 20 to 24 -0.007 0.222 0.415** 0.310(0.960) (0.317) (0.024) (0.234)

Age 25 to 29 -0.045 0.291 0.492*** 0.473*(0.747) (0.184) (0.007) (0.067)

Age 30 to 34 -0.133 0.140 0.458** 0.563**(0.335) (0.521) (0.012) (0.030)

Age 35 to 39 -0.114 0.093 0.509*** 0.679***(0.411) (0.673) (0.005) (0.009)

Age 40 to 44 -0.066 0.122 0.576*** 0.693***(0.634) (0.576) (0.002) (0.007)

Age 45 to 49 -0.078 0.027 0.576*** 0.670***(0.571) (0.903) (0.002) (0.010)

Age 50 to 54 -0.065 0.028 0.595*** 0.790***(0.640) (0.899) (0.001) (0.002)

Age 55 to 59 -0.077 0.058 0.537*** 0.813***(0.589) (0.794) (0.005) (0.002)

Age 60 to 64 -0.254* 0.058 0.264 0.652**(0.079) (0.805) (0.191) (0.019)

English is first language 0.081 0.154* 0.087 -0.093(0.136) (0.095) (0.270) (0.293)

Non-English speaking country 0.053 0.078 0.116 -0.078(0.399) (0.449) (0.214) (0.423)

NSW 0.030 -0.045 0.024 0.029(0.374) (0.407) (0.633) (0.587)

VIC 0.002 -0.074 -0.001 0.025(0.953) (0.196) (0.988) (0.649)

QLD -0.006 -0.032 0.030 -0.061(0.874) (0.592) (0.580) (0.301)

SA -0.028 0.111* -0.044 -0.099(0.480) (0.097) (0.450) (0.111)

WA -0.004 -0.022 -0.068 0.038(0.919) (0.746) (0.269) (0.578)

Father born overseas -0.035 0.063 -0.005 -0.001(0.315) (0.241) (0.918) (0.979)

Mother born overseas 0.013 -0.079 0.025 -0.014(0.700) (0.160) (0.640) (0.804)

Married 0.092*** 0.029 0.048 0.102**(0.001) (0.524) (0.262) (0.029)

Child age 0 to 2 0.068* -0.066 0.140** 0.050(0.079) (0.284) (0.015) (0.406)

Child age 3 to 4 0.031 0.110 0.100 -0.039(0.562) (0.204) (0.193) (0.620)

Child age 5 to 9 0.045 0.054 0.104* 0.078(0.229) (0.370) (0.061) (0.192)

Child age 10 to 14 0.017 -0.010 0.007 -0.016(0.665) (0.874) (0.903) (0.802)

Union member 0.091*** 0.291*** 0.103*** -0.011(0.001) (0.000) (0.004) (0.778)

Has disability -0.037 -0.101** -0.093** -0.030(0.125) (0.010) (0.012) (0.457)

Constant 0.842*** 0.431* 0.173 6.147***(0.000) (0.066) (0.377) (0.000)



Table 11a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications -0.004 -0.072*** -0.026* -0.074***

(0.580) (0.000) (0.083) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.035 -0.016 0.099 0.257**

(0.649) (0.916) (0.407) (0.036)Age 25 to 29 0.029 -0.069 0.110 0.396***

(0.699) (0.653) (0.353) (0.001)Age 30 to 34 0.027 -0.108 0.086 0.495***

(0.720) (0.486) (0.468) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.031 -0.200 0.105 0.604***

(0.678) (0.195) (0.376) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.002 -0.206 0.145 0.611***

(0.984) (0.183) (0.224) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.012 -0.228 0.167 0.601***

(0.874) (0.142) (0.163) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.045 -0.307** 0.123 0.686***

(0.557) (0.048) (0.308) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.005 -0.452*** -0.038 0.658***

(0.952) (0.004) (0.755) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.036 -0.405** 0.132 0.347***

(0.643) (0.011) (0.295) (0.009)English is first language 0.077*** 0.066 -0.074 0.054

(0.000) (0.115) (0.104) (0.190)Non-English speaking country 0.039 0.086 -0.007 -0.029

(0.147) (0.102) (0.902) (0.598)NSW 0.004 -0.035 0.031 0.047*

(0.786) (0.169) (0.226) (0.077)VIC -0.002 -0.058** 0.025 0.041

(0.888) (0.026) (0.346) (0.123)QLD -0.012 -0.017 0.005 -0.066**

(0.411) (0.519) (0.849) (0.011)SA -0.025 0.022 -0.010 -0.104***

(0.121) (0.451) (0.725) (0.000)WA -0.017 -0.015 -0.000 0.051*

(0.264) (0.597) (1.000) (0.076)Father born overseas 0.005 -0.009 0.018 -0.009

(0.717) (0.729) (0.455) (0.715)Mother born overseas 0.011 -0.012 0.014 0.011

(0.458) (0.655) (0.592) (0.691)Married 0.088*** 0.065*** 0.122*** 0.059***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.005)Child age 0 to 2 -0.002 -0.073*** 0.024 0.058**

(0.884) (0.007) (0.373) (0.027)Child age 3 to 4 0.003 -0.015 0.037 0.051

(0.895) (0.670) (0.302) (0.139)Child age 5 to 9 0.024 -0.070*** 0.013 0.078***

(0.104) (0.008) (0.634) (0.005)Child age 10 to 14 -0.008 -0.059** -0.053* -0.008

(0.624) (0.050) (0.083) (0.793)Union member 0.069*** 0.343*** 0.145*** 0.088***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.045*** -0.068*** -0.087*** 0.007

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.711)Constant 0.784*** 0.793*** 0.675*** 6.061***


NCVER 17

Table 12a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.056*** -0.068** -0.079** -0.095***

(0.005) (0.025) (0.011) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.146*** 0.049 0.186** 0.331***

(0.007) (0.587) (0.016) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.147*** -0.019 0.176** 0.381***

(0.008) (0.831) (0.028) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.125** 0.021 0.187** 0.571***

(0.028) (0.827) (0.027) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.174*** -0.040 0.296*** 0.691***

(0.003) (0.673) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.159*** -0.112 0.270*** 0.709***

(0.006) (0.234) (0.002) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.154*** -0.139 0.272*** 0.822***

(0.010) (0.151) (0.003) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.187*** -0.207** 0.292*** 0.688***

(0.002) (0.033) (0.001) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.141** -0.421*** 0.134 0.875***

(0.039) (0.000) (0.221) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.006 -0.316*** 0.203* 0.839***

(0.932) (0.006) (0.067) (0.000)English is first language 0.126** 0.111 0.091 0.129

(0.032) (0.220) (0.370) (0.183)Non-English speaking country 0.079 0.051 -0.011 0.029

(0.218) (0.633) (0.924) (0.793)NSW 0.038 -0.140** -0.084 0.049

(0.313) (0.012) (0.145) (0.369)VIC -0.028 -0.125** -0.095 -0.056

(0.468) (0.030) (0.101) (0.291)QLD 0.003 -0.154*** -0.128** -0.082

(0.934) (0.007) (0.026) (0.132)SA -0.012 -0.106* -0.147** -0.166***

(0.768) (0.070) (0.014) (0.004)WA 0.007 -0.162** -0.053 -0.042

(0.870) (0.014) (0.437) (0.497)Father born overseas 0.014 0.065 0.068 -0.051

(0.653) (0.172) (0.150) (0.313)Mother born overseas 0.001 -0.097* -0.060 0.110**

(0.978) (0.056) (0.240) (0.049)Married 0.115*** 0.113*** 0.098** 0.031

(0.000) (0.005) (0.021) (0.452)Child age 0 to 2 -0.043 -0.089 0.079 0.056

(0.279) (0.133) (0.201) (0.332)Child age 3 to 4 -0.018 -0.169** 0.012 0.072

(0.712) (0.024) (0.883) (0.361)Child age 5 to 9 -0.004 -0.018 0.024 0.054

(0.920) (0.764) (0.723) (0.389)Child age 10 to 14 -0.008 0.037 0.011 0.014

(0.849) (0.553) (0.871) (0.836)Union member 0.114*** 0.249*** 0.150*** 0.053

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.145)Has disability -0.116*** -0.044 -0.070* -0.092**

(0.000) (0.231) (0.063) (0.017)Constant 0.587*** 0.743*** 0.506*** 5.980***



Table 13a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.093 -0.114 0.127 0.214(0.540) (0.702) (0.553) (0.357)

Age 25 to 29 0.038 -0.081 0.143 0.404*(0.804) (0.786) (0.502) (0.081)

Age 30 to 34 0.036 -0.098 0.176 0.590**(0.813) (0.742) (0.410) (0.011)

Age 35 to 39 0.045 -0.153 0.217 0.675***(0.769) (0.607) (0.310) (0.004)

Age 40 to 44 0.024 -0.234 0.242 0.659***(0.876) (0.432) (0.257) (0.004)

Age 45 to 49 0.042 -0.258 0.270 0.650***(0.783) (0.386) (0.207) (0.005)

Age 50 to 54 0.041 -0.350 0.181 0.748***(0.787) (0.241) (0.399) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.021 -0.544* 0.102 0.687***(0.890) (0.070) (0.639) (0.004)

Age 60 to 64 -0.184 -0.376 0.092 0.480**(0.229) (0.213) (0.672) (0.043)

English is first language 0.045** 0.014 -0.026 0.016(0.047) (0.739) (0.464) (0.693)

Non-English speaking country 0.039 0.055 -0.030 -0.063(0.123) (0.247) (0.449) (0.154)

NSW 0.009 -0.069** 0.010 0.113***(0.504) (0.015) (0.657) (0.000)

VIC -0.001 -0.113*** 0.036 0.062**(0.937) (0.000) (0.111) (0.015)

QLD -0.002 -0.130*** -0.002 -0.008(0.902) (0.000) (0.928) (0.784)

SA 0.001 -0.059* 0.017 -0.052*(0.950) (0.078) (0.517) (0.081)

WA 0.000 -0.101*** -0.008 0.068**(0.978) (0.004) (0.754) (0.029)

Father born overseas 0.008 0.009 -0.004 -0.015(0.553) (0.734) (0.837) (0.562)

Mother born overseas 0.013 -0.020 0.026 0.041(0.376) (0.502) (0.256) (0.125)

Married 0.084*** 0.092*** 0.110*** 0.106***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.003 -0.054* -0.005 0.018(0.864) (0.093) (0.842) (0.543)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.005 -0.103** 0.023 0.036(0.816) (0.022) (0.526) (0.376)

Child age 5 to 9 0.011 -0.029 -0.061** 0.065**(0.522) (0.365) (0.022) (0.030)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.025 0.003 -0.093*** 0.020(0.131) (0.918) (0.000) (0.503)

Union member 0.058*** 0.238*** 0.076*** -0.021(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.277)

Has disability -0.017 -0.078*** -0.064*** -0.033(0.139) (0.001) (0.001) (0.143)

Constant 0.786*** 0.930*** 0.615*** 6.008***(0.000) (0.002) (0.005) (0.000)


NCVER 19

Table 14a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma -0.016 0.034 0.045* 0.126***(0.327) (0.230) (0.070) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.189 0.263 0.328* 0.293(0.151) (0.244) (0.074) (0.252)

Age 25 to 29 0.246* 0.346 0.399** 0.449*(0.058) (0.121) (0.027) (0.075)

Age 30 to 34 0.200 0.189 0.437** 0.560**(0.122) (0.396) (0.016) (0.027)

Age 35 to 39 0.208 0.198 0.452** 0.666***(0.110) (0.377) (0.013) (0.009)

Age 40 to 44 0.186 0.232 0.522*** 0.763***(0.151) (0.298) (0.004) (0.003)

Age 45 to 49 0.184 0.164 0.504*** 0.788***(0.156) (0.461) (0.005) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 0.210 0.077 0.464** 0.851***(0.105) (0.730) (0.010) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.164 0.014 0.354* 0.876***(0.208) (0.951) (0.054) (0.001)

Age 60 to 64 0.077 0.112 0.197 0.488*(0.567) (0.631) (0.300) (0.065)

English is first language 0.040 0.121 -0.033 0.104(0.421) (0.160) (0.694) (0.224)

Non-English speaking country 0.034 0.096 -0.082 0.001(0.518) (0.318) (0.368) (0.995)

NSW 0.025 -0.034 0.048 0.082*(0.363) (0.495) (0.266) (0.074)

VIC -0.000 -0.073 0.044 0.047(0.991) (0.151) (0.317) (0.309)

QLD -0.008 -0.065 0.012 -0.054(0.796) (0.209) (0.788) (0.260)

SA 0.033 0.010 -0.021 -0.047(0.326) (0.868) (0.680) (0.376)

WA 0.013 -0.085 0.034 0.016(0.692) (0.154) (0.495) (0.776)

Father born overseas -0.007 0.055 0.088** -0.062(0.783) (0.227) (0.033) (0.169)

Mother born overseas 0.023 -0.055 -0.068 0.060(0.406) (0.259) (0.116) (0.203)

Married 0.067*** 0.110*** 0.084** 0.088**(0.002) (0.003) (0.013) (0.020)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.003 -0.056 0.050 0.012(0.915) (0.299) (0.301) (0.811)

Child age 3 to 4 0.000 0.002 0.048 0.036(0.998) (0.977) (0.462) (0.577)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.000 -0.045 -0.038 0.069(0.993) (0.413) (0.435) (0.199)

Child age 10 to 14 0.002 -0.038 -0.042 -0.036(0.955) (0.472) (0.385) (0.481)

Union member 0.080*** 0.250*** 0.103*** -0.013(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.676)

Has disability -0.044** -0.039 -0.036 -0.059*(0.025) (0.264) (0.248) (0.086)

Constant 0.640*** 0.347 0.310 5.912***(0.000) (0.147) (0.122) (0.000)



Table 15a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.000 -0.093*** -0.042*** -0.074***(0.957) (0.000) (0.003) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.041 0.059 0.187* 0.280**(0.565) (0.668) (0.083) (0.024)

Age 25 to 29 0.024 0.016 0.189* 0.405***(0.736) (0.908) (0.078) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.019 -0.007 0.177* 0.515***(0.791) (0.960) (0.100) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.025 -0.123 0.201* 0.622***(0.728) (0.374) (0.062) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.005 -0.126 0.238** 0.619***(0.946) (0.361) (0.027) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.014 -0.153 0.250** 0.601***(0.840) (0.267) (0.021) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.042 -0.218 0.207* 0.675***(0.554) (0.116) (0.058) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.031 -0.334** 0.035 0.658***(0.661) (0.016) (0.751) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.098 -0.203 0.204* 0.448***(0.181) (0.154) (0.073) (0.001)

English is first language 0.044** 0.083** -0.042 -0.004(0.045) (0.037) (0.290) (0.910)

Non-English speaking country 0.008 0.086* 0.019 -0.065(0.768) (0.063) (0.678) (0.181)

NSW 0.016 -0.023 0.041* 0.045*(0.233) (0.342) (0.093) (0.070)

VIC 0.005 -0.080*** 0.019 0.033(0.709) (0.001) (0.438) (0.195)

QLD -0.003 -0.032 0.004 -0.059**(0.852) (0.204) (0.854) (0.017)

SA -0.026* 0.024 -0.014 -0.089***(0.094) (0.404) (0.607) (0.001)

WA -0.017 -0.011 0.007 0.059**(0.248) (0.687) (0.810) (0.030)

Father born overseas 0.009 -0.021 -0.022 -0.037(0.509) (0.380) (0.327) (0.110)

Mother born overseas 0.006 0.018 0.050** 0.031(0.658) (0.491) (0.037) (0.219)

Married 0.087*** 0.076*** 0.121*** 0.080***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 0.004 -0.065*** 0.032 0.025(0.805) (0.010) (0.214) (0.313)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.003 -0.002 0.035 0.027(0.870) (0.956) (0.303) (0.422)

Child age 5 to 9 0.028* -0.043* 0.005 0.056**(0.051) (0.091) (0.849) (0.033)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.004 -0.043 -0.057** -0.043(0.809) (0.129) (0.049) (0.132)

Union member 0.073*** 0.340*** 0.140*** 0.080***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.034*** -0.075*** -0.074*** 0.005(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.794)

Constant 0.806*** 0.699*** 0.568*** 6.109***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 21

Table 16a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.068*** -0.042 -0.056 -0.105***(0.002) (0.201) (0.103) (0.002)

Age 20 to 24 0.135** 0.040 0.178** 0.283***(0.023) (0.681) (0.050) (0.002)

Age 25 to 29 0.113* -0.045 0.136 0.387***(0.062) (0.646) (0.144) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.124** 0.023 0.178* 0.569***(0.045) (0.821) (0.070) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.168*** -0.028 0.271*** 0.650***(0.007) (0.782) (0.005) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.137** -0.101 0.211** 0.623***(0.030) (0.322) (0.038) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.139** -0.171 0.275*** 0.769***(0.031) (0.102) (0.007) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.186*** -0.217** 0.260** 0.704***(0.004) (0.036) (0.010) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.133* -0.433*** 0.069 0.686***(0.062) (0.000) (0.587) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.026 -0.340*** 0.086 0.797***(0.714) (0.005) (0.504) (0.000)

English is first language 0.095 0.203** -0.007 0.118(0.115) (0.041) (0.948) (0.275)

Non-English speaking country -0.016 0.177* -0.031 0.003(0.811) (0.081) (0.750) (0.981)

NSW 0.032 -0.103* -0.039 0.054(0.424) (0.084) (0.518) (0.385)

VIC -0.043 -0.076 -0.063 -0.041(0.293) (0.228) (0.305) (0.508)

QLD -0.014 -0.135** -0.119** -0.064(0.737) (0.027) (0.048) (0.295)

SA -0.027 -0.085 -0.083 -0.127*(0.520) (0.186) (0.190) (0.052)

WA -0.044 -0.121 -0.078 -0.050(0.359) (0.101) (0.268) (0.495)

Father born overseas 0.033 0.100** 0.062 -0.020(0.342) (0.048) (0.230) (0.712)

Mother born overseas 0.005 -0.150*** -0.060 0.071(0.896) (0.008) (0.291) (0.238)

Married 0.103*** 0.112** 0.088** 0.042(0.000) (0.010) (0.050) (0.374)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.036 -0.106* 0.065 0.040(0.398) (0.097) (0.340) (0.554)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.003 -0.195** 0.002 0.100(0.959) (0.019) (0.984) (0.305)

Child age 5 to 9 0.017 -0.033 0.023 0.052(0.698) (0.616) (0.746) (0.460)

Child age 10 to 14 0.000 -0.018 0.003 0.043(0.998) (0.788) (0.967) (0.564)

Union member 0.122*** 0.237*** 0.155*** 0.078*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.052)

Has disability -0.145*** -0.048 -0.094** -0.048(0.000) (0.225) (0.024) (0.268)

Constant 0.655*** 0.632*** 0.597*** 5.980***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 17a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.156*** (dropped) (dropped) -0.508***(0.000) . . (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.144*** 0.027 0.069 -0.344***(0.000) (0.594) (0.109) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.146*** 0.062 0.074* -0.246***(0.000) (0.219) (0.092) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.158*** -0.062 0.094** -0.047(0.000) (0.233) (0.034) (0.526)

Age 40 to 44 0.148*** -0.116** -0.007 0.053(0.000) (0.024) (0.877) (0.477)

Age 45 to 49 0.142*** -0.109** 0.097** 0.117(0.000) (0.029) (0.027) (0.104)

Age 50 to 54 0.113*** -0.245*** 0.070 0.130*(0.000) (0.000) (0.113) (0.077)

Age 55 to 59 0.020 -0.195*** -0.031 -0.116(0.491) (0.000) (0.513) (0.121)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.288*** -0.016 (dropped). (0.000) (0.817) .

English is first language -0.034 0.052 0.042 0.218***(0.114) (0.230) (0.254) (0.000)

Non-English speaking country -0.018 0.053 -0.016 -0.023(0.412) (0.235) (0.682) (0.620)

NSW -0.032* -0.123*** -0.087*** 0.086***(0.051) (0.000) (0.003) (0.009)

VIC -0.004 -0.060* -0.030 0.044(0.774) (0.053) (0.275) (0.154)

QLD -0.037** -0.075** -0.054* -0.039(0.026) (0.022) (0.059) (0.243)

SA -0.002 -0.043 -0.016 0.017(0.921) (0.267) (0.650) (0.671)

WA 0.006 -0.067* -0.015 0.015(0.745) (0.064) (0.646) (0.693)

Father born overseas -0.007 0.027 0.016 0.005(0.660) (0.376) (0.561) (0.872)


Married 0.070*** 0.049* 0.070*** 0.090***(0.000) (0.055) (0.002) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.020 -0.090*** 0.020 0.122***(0.259) (0.009) (0.515) (0.000)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.001 -0.166*** 0.065 0.073(0.966) (0.000) (0.126) (0.153)

Child age 5 to 9 0.019 -0.008 0.016 0.074**(0.291) (0.827) (0.614) (0.041)

Child age 10 to 14 0.001 -0.053 -0.029 0.007(0.945) (0.139) (0.347) (0.846)

Union member 0.074*** 0.233*** 0.151*** -0.040*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.082)

Has disability -0.087*** 0.005 -0.009 -0.140***(0.000) (0.831) (0.713) (0.000)

Constant 0.793*** 0.711*** 0.661*** 6.692***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 23

Table 18a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.047*** 0.017 0.030 0.071**(0.002) (0.551) (0.270) (0.017)

Age 20 to 24 -0.054 0.156 0.258 0.130(0.668) (0.515) (0.207) (0.640)

Age 25 to 29 -0.095 0.209 0.442** 0.279(0.441) (0.374) (0.028) (0.308)

Age 30 to 34 -0.133 0.309 0.483** 0.347(0.282) (0.190) (0.017) (0.206)

Age 35 to 39 -0.078 0.150 0.474** 0.495*(0.526) (0.524) (0.019) (0.070)

Age 40 to 44 -0.103 0.179 0.426** 0.558**(0.401) (0.445) (0.033) (0.041)

Age 45 to 49 -0.099 0.089 0.463** 0.619**(0.421) (0.706) (0.022) (0.024)

Age 50 to 54 -0.149 0.011 0.467** 0.672**(0.230) (0.963) (0.021) (0.015)

Age 55 to 59 -0.264** 0.002 0.323 0.453(0.033) (0.993) (0.113) (0.101)

Age 60 to 64 -0.188 -0.101 0.325 0.551*(0.135) (0.676) (0.125) (0.058)

English is first language -0.028 0.000 0.002 0.070(0.437) (0.999) (0.969) (0.369)

Non-English speaking country 0.046 0.048 0.165** -0.107(0.218) (0.494) (0.012) (0.166)

NSW -0.028 -0.147*** -0.081* 0.121**(0.298) (0.005) (0.099) (0.024)

VIC -0.004 -0.077 -0.001 0.088(0.894) (0.154) (0.979) (0.101)

QLD -0.006 -0.140*** -0.073 -0.040(0.833) (0.010) (0.155) (0.489)

SA -0.022 -0.081 -0.108** 0.087(0.466) (0.167) (0.047) (0.145)

WA -0.012 -0.087 -0.030 0.087(0.708) (0.164) (0.592) (0.159)


Mother born overseas -0.020 -0.061 -0.008 0.024(0.431) (0.235) (0.860) (0.651)

Married 0.097*** 0.023 0.089** 0.142***(0.000) (0.555) (0.016) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.027 -0.072 0.001 0.134**(0.360) (0.206) (0.987) (0.018)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.014 -0.187*** 0.022 0.226***(0.719) (0.008) (0.756) (0.006)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.014 -0.062 -0.046 0.134**(0.629) (0.249) (0.362) (0.015)

Child age 10 to 14 0.005 -0.030 -0.103** 0.073(0.874) (0.586) (0.038) (0.235)

Union member 0.074*** 0.252*** 0.170*** 0.002(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.961)

Has disability -0.091*** -0.029 -0.090** -0.101**(0.000) (0.438) (0.011) (0.010)

Constant 1.017*** 0.603** 0.335 6.218***(0.000) (0.013) (0.105) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,022 990 833 649R2 0.127 0.101 0.108 0.258Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 19a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.036*** -0.005 -0.009 -0.036**(0.000) (0.720) (0.564) (0.030)

Age 20 to 24 -0.016 0.156 0.119 0.093(0.789) (0.153) (0.246) (0.511)

Age 25 to 29 -0.016 0.202* 0.226** 0.270*(0.784) (0.063) (0.026) (0.056)

Age 30 to 34 -0.041 0.163 0.225** 0.329**(0.483) (0.133) (0.027) (0.020)

Age 35 to 39 -0.010 0.067 0.237** 0.416***(0.861) (0.540) (0.020) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 -0.018 0.042 0.208** 0.495***(0.753) (0.698) (0.043) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.021 -0.029 0.219** 0.575***(0.718) (0.787) (0.032) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.066 -0.088 0.201* 0.550***(0.258) (0.423) (0.053) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.161*** -0.072 0.129 0.316**(0.006) (0.515) (0.213) (0.028)

Age 60 to 64 -0.151** -0.011 0.236** 0.499***(0.013) (0.923) (0.030) (0.001)

English is first language -0.047* -0.030 -0.037 0.150***(0.060) (0.543) (0.457) (0.005)

Non-English speaking country 0.020 -0.085* -0.043 -0.036(0.404) (0.086) (0.399) (0.566)

NSW -0.015 -0.151*** -0.085*** 0.066**(0.283) (0.000) (0.002) (0.028)

VIC 0.014 -0.102*** -0.021 0.048(0.332) (0.000) (0.452) (0.107)

QLD -0.014 -0.081*** -0.076*** -0.032(0.323) (0.003) (0.005) (0.258)

SA 0.012 -0.086*** -0.050 0.016(0.472) (0.006) (0.104) (0.628)

WA 0.021 -0.086*** -0.006 0.069**(0.191) (0.006) (0.849) (0.036)

Father born overseas -0.035*** 0.036 -0.033 -0.081***(0.005) (0.137) (0.178) (0.002)

Mother born overseas 0.022 -0.044* 0.006 0.048*(0.104) (0.097) (0.817) (0.098)

Married 0.079*** 0.034 0.116*** 0.123***(0.000) (0.101) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.026* -0.074*** -0.002 0.055*(0.089) (0.009) (0.949) (0.067)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.013 -0.154*** 0.082** 0.095**(0.491) (0.000) (0.036) (0.028)

Child age 5 to 9 0.000 -0.012 -0.036 0.108***(0.987) (0.668) (0.206) (0.001)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.013 0.013 -0.021 0.071**(0.402) (0.673) (0.468) (0.033)

Union member 0.077*** 0.276*** 0.184*** 0.066***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)

Has disability -0.073*** -0.047** -0.101*** -0.084***(0.000) (0.011) (0.000) (0.000)

Constant 0.957*** 0.693*** 0.568*** 6.205***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 25

Table 20a:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.011 0.054 0.021 -0.070**(0.616) (0.103) (0.522) (0.050)

Age 20 to 24 0.027 0.024 0.067 0.307***(0.672) (0.814) (0.497) (0.005)

Age 25 to 29 0.061 0.009 0.219** 0.505***(0.342) (0.933) (0.033) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.037 0.062 0.206** 0.650***(0.553) (0.550) (0.038) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.054 -0.059 0.141 0.653***(0.379) (0.551) (0.147) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.010 -0.105 0.139 0.747***(0.872) (0.316) (0.171) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.067 -0.135 0.223** 0.885***(0.295) (0.197) (0.029) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.038 -0.208** 0.339*** 0.921***(0.558) (0.048) (0.002) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.031 -0.244** 0.040 0.628***(0.646) (0.023) (0.715) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.076 -0.201* 0.189 0.808***(0.334) (0.100) (0.130) (0.000)

English is first language -0.108** 0.120 0.007 0.123(0.024) (0.154) (0.925) (0.176)

Non-English speaking country -0.021 -0.021 0.084 0.071(0.697) (0.825) (0.368) (0.524)

NSW -0.036 -0.104* -0.010 -0.142**(0.344) (0.077) (0.865) (0.023)

VIC 0.030 -0.116** -0.005 -0.050(0.418) (0.040) (0.933) (0.415)

QLD -0.005 -0.079 -0.063 -0.215***(0.912) (0.209) (0.337) (0.001)

SA -0.019 -0.069 -0.031 -0.097(0.644) (0.272) (0.633) (0.153)

WA 0.020 -0.106 0.014 -0.110(0.661) (0.137) (0.845) (0.137)

Father born overseas 0.030 0.016 -0.066 -0.031(0.393) (0.757) (0.211) (0.601)

Mother born overseas -0.099*** 0.042 -0.014 0.028(0.007) (0.470) (0.803) (0.642)

Married 0.080*** 0.106** 0.104** 0.135***(0.004) (0.018) (0.024) (0.006)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.092** -0.084 0.009 -0.034(0.022) (0.176) (0.884) (0.601)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.016 -0.115 0.170** 0.065(0.755) (0.161) (0.047) (0.457)

Child age 5 to 9 0.042 -0.052 0.116 0.190**(0.324) (0.440) (0.107) (0.011)

Child age 10 to 14 0.027 -0.059 -0.033 -0.003(0.533) (0.381) (0.635) (0.965)

Union member 0.112*** 0.242*** 0.198*** 0.016(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.707)

Has disability -0.103*** -0.015 -0.060 -0.061(0.000) (0.720) (0.145) (0.163)

Constant 0.954*** 0.627*** 0.510*** 6.074***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 21a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.028 0.029 -0.028 0.152**(0.503) (0.508) (0.615) (0.043)

Age 20 to 24 0.131 -0.186 -0.222 0.821**(0.574) (0.435) (0.422) (0.039)

Age 25 to 29 -0.103 0.157 0.262 0.720*(0.629) (0.508) (0.335) (0.065)

Age 30 to 34 0.096 0.101 0.204 0.886***(0.630) (0.627) (0.391) (0.003)

Age 35 to 39 0.135 0.114 0.209 0.861***(0.498) (0.576) (0.373) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 0.170 0.052 0.266 0.879***(0.382) (0.793) (0.248) (0.002)

Age 45 to 49 0.136 0.092 0.173 0.948***(0.500) (0.656) (0.470) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 -0.019 -0.085 0.302 1.227***(0.925) (0.691) (0.231) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 0.058 0.012 0.231 0.838***(0.776) (0.955) (0.352) (0.007)

Capital City -0.002 0.039 0.087 0.042(0.968) (0.526) (0.314) (0.711)

Non-English speaking country -0.080 0.122 -0.374** 0.040(0.559) (0.331) (0.035) (0.919)


NSW 0.045 -0.097 0.065 0.274*(0.592) (0.261) (0.606) (0.087)

VIC 0.022 -0.103 0.054 0.123(0.773) (0.185) (0.658) (0.418)

QLD 0.043 -0.050 0.123 0.013(0.587) (0.536) (0.305) (0.932)

SA -0.026 -0.034 0.040 0.172(0.774) (0.716) (0.770) (0.318)

WA 0.060 -0.050 0.111 0.128(0.487) (0.576) (0.397) (0.436)

Married 0.062 0.053 0.122 0.082(0.305) (0.408) (0.159) (0.483)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.019 0.010 -0.020 0.046(0.813) (0.902) (0.853) (0.739)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.020 -0.034 -0.043 0.123(0.808) (0.703) (0.702) (0.384)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.020 -0.048 -0.081 0.080(0.772) (0.495) (0.375) (0.507)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.134* -0.011 0.006 0.091(0.067) (0.886) (0.950) (0.531)

Union member 0.076 0.068 0.112* 0.012(0.106) (0.160) (0.061) (0.873)

Constant 0.743*** 0.707*** 0.594* 5.179***(0.002) (0.005) (0.058) (0.000)


NCVER 27

Table 22a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.039* 0.034 0.021 0.050(0.082) (0.105) (0.513) (0.215)

Age 20 to 24 -0.139 0.102 0.059 0.618**(0.480) (0.581) (0.811) (0.028)

Age 25 to 29 -0.076 0.155 0.073 0.819***(0.691) (0.376) (0.759) (0.002)

Age 30 to 34 -0.016 0.179 0.087 0.963***(0.933) (0.304) (0.711) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.023 0.151 0.008 0.956***(0.903) (0.389) (0.973) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.010 0.152 -0.041 0.978***(0.957) (0.384) (0.861) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.033 0.158 0.023 0.991***(0.864) (0.369) (0.922) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.058 0.129 0.029 1.025***(0.762) (0.464) (0.904) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.203 0.048 -0.107 0.790***(0.290) (0.786) (0.656) (0.004)

Capital City -0.012 -0.018 0.025 0.109**(0.629) (0.447) (0.503) (0.020)


English is first language 0.009 -0.020 0.173** 0.190*(0.877) (0.680) (0.036) (0.057)

NSW 0.069* -0.026 -0.061 0.049(0.060) (0.442) (0.216) (0.442)

VIC -0.018 -0.009 -0.088 -0.013(0.631) (0.802) (0.103) (0.842)

QLD -0.014 0.022 -0.105* -0.012(0.729) (0.565) (0.054) (0.862)

SA -0.054 0.023 -0.100 -0.052(0.245) (0.609) (0.153) (0.533)

WA 0.037 -0.076* -0.136* 0.090(0.434) (0.086) (0.066) (0.370)

Married 0.065** 0.019 0.039 0.158**(0.043) (0.532) (0.423) (0.010)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.043 0.029 -0.032 -0.062(0.288) (0.442) (0.586) (0.411)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.058 -0.012 0.057 -0.062(0.276) (0.808) (0.448) (0.499)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.061 -0.033 0.091 0.058(0.143) (0.394) (0.128) (0.440)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.089** 0.014 0.113** -0.044(0.032) (0.716) (0.049) (0.524)

Union member 0.111*** 0.062*** 0.173*** 0.047(0.000) (0.006) (0.000) (0.251)

Constant 0.884*** 0.783*** 0.610** 5.122***(0.000) (0.000) (0.015) (0.000)



Table 23a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.014 -0.008 0.055 0.061(0.641) (0.756) (0.118) (0.227)

Age 20 to 24 -0.064 0.234 0.332* 0.060(0.682) (0.103) (0.054) (0.791)

Age 25 to 29 0.013 0.290** 0.394** 0.204(0.933) (0.037) (0.017) (0.350)

Age 30 to 34 0.054 0.308** 0.477*** 0.420*(0.722) (0.025) (0.004) (0.053)

Age 35 to 39 0.021 0.298** 0.473*** 0.435*(0.891) (0.034) (0.006) (0.055)

Age 40 to 44 0.057 0.304** 0.459*** 0.536**(0.713) (0.029) (0.006) (0.015)

Age 45 to 49 -0.037 0.324** 0.451*** 0.599***(0.813) (0.022) (0.008) (0.007)

Age 50 to 54 0.021 0.258* 0.541*** 0.687***(0.893) (0.073) (0.002) (0.004)

Age 55 to 64 -0.094 0.016 0.311* 0.710**(0.556) (0.914) (0.091) (0.014)

Capital City -0.030 0.013 0.004 0.097(0.367) (0.669) (0.922) (0.110)

Non-English speaking country 0.051 -0.062 -0.026 -0.314(0.592) (0.510) (0.825) (0.102)

English is first language 0.043 -0.010 0.063 -0.306*(0.627) (0.912) (0.582) (0.093)

NSW 0.036 -0.033 -0.128** 0.114(0.469) (0.478) (0.035) (0.186)

VIC 0.033 -0.038 -0.032 0.017(0.535) (0.447) (0.620) (0.850)

QLD -0.048 0.011 -0.056 -0.048(0.412) (0.842) (0.422) (0.614)

SA 0.048 -0.038 -0.158** -0.043(0.420) (0.486) (0.036) (0.682)

WA 0.020 -0.020 -0.075 0.023(0.750) (0.734) (0.314) (0.823)

Married 0.072* 0.020 0.054 0.066(0.087) (0.610) (0.291) (0.371)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.010 0.028 0.017 -0.004(0.850) (0.550) (0.777) (0.963)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.040 -0.078 -0.011 0.085(0.581) (0.246) (0.907) (0.515)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.000 -0.035 0.038 0.113(0.996) (0.528) (0.614) (0.275)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.081 0.017 -0.034 0.036(0.172) (0.764) (0.655) (0.730)

Union member 0.101*** 0.040 0.126*** -0.016(0.002) (0.178) (0.001) (0.761)

Constant 0.787*** 0.664*** 0.357* 6.152***(0.000) (0.000) (0.059) (0.000)


NCVER 29

Table 24a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business -0.022 0.037 0.073 0.095

(0.556) (0.252) (0.124) (0.165)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) 0.070 -0.820***

. . (0.652) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 -0.059 -0.070 (dropped) -0.551**

(0.669) (0.551) . (0.012)Age 30 to 34 -0.056 -0.025 0.237* -0.434**

(0.643) (0.804) (0.064) (0.024)Age 35 to 39 -0.018 -0.016 0.143 -0.271

(0.875) (0.874) (0.242) (0.137)Age 40 to 44 -0.040 0.016 0.137 -0.358*

(0.734) (0.872) (0.304) (0.058)Age 45 to 49 -0.054 0.025 0.182 -0.253

(0.633) (0.799) (0.151) (0.116)Age 50 to 54 -0.235* 0.047 0.242* (dropped)

(0.054) (0.665) (0.096) .Age 55 to 64 -0.250** -0.091 0.026 -0.587***

(0.035) (0.401) (0.850) (0.001)Capital City -0.011 -0.041 -0.027 0.065

(0.844) (0.406) (0.710) (0.527)Non-English speaking country -0.039 -0.263** -0.068 -0.860***

(0.782) (0.016) (0.734) (0.001)English is first language -0.062 -0.186** -0.020 -0.280

(0.571) (0.041) (0.892) (0.174)NSW 0.020 0.002 0.123 -0.033

(0.758) (0.965) (0.135) (0.776)VIC -0.076 0.019 0.146 0.035

(0.279) (0.762) (0.152) (0.817)QLD 0.023 0.082 -0.022 -0.274*

(0.762) (0.206) (0.824) (0.052)SA -0.019 0.059 0.041 -0.167

(0.784) (0.312) (0.636) (0.179)WA 0.013 0.083 0.136 -0.161

(0.897) (0.326) (0.264) (0.313)Married 0.124** 0.017 0.054 0.165

(0.015) (0.720) (0.452) (0.114)Child age 0 to 2 -0.033 0.083 0.081 0.085

(0.666) (0.203) (0.412) (0.541)Child age 3 to 4 0.000 0.046 0.033 -0.109

(0.998) (0.594) (0.779) (0.532)Child age 5 to 9 -0.020 0.017 0.087 0.174

(0.762) (0.774) (0.326) (0.170)Child age 10 to 14 0.007 0.037 0.016 0.087

(0.924) (0.538) (0.872) (0.526)Union member 0.093** 0.065* 0.146*** -0.012

(0.030) (0.079) (0.006) (0.869)Constant 0.975*** 1.067*** 0.563*** 6.984***



Table 25a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.006 0.020** -0.003 -0.027

(0.578) (0.029) (0.868) (0.105)Age 20 to 24 -0.041 0.059 -0.001 0.338***

(0.590) (0.388) (0.991) (0.002)Age 25 to 29 -0.068 0.093 -0.003 0.505***

(0.374) (0.174) (0.973) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.016 0.090 0.075 0.594***

(0.837) (0.188) (0.428) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.006 0.106 0.012 0.609***

(0.941) (0.122) (0.898) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.013 0.094 0.010 0.642***

(0.869) (0.170) (0.920) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.036 0.087 0.036 0.622***

(0.644) (0.208) (0.713) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.029 0.093 0.068 0.682***

(0.714) (0.181) (0.489) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.157** 0.006 -0.072 0.415***

(0.044) (0.930) (0.459) (0.000)Capital City -0.003 -0.008 0.049*** 0.083***

(0.752) (0.412) (0.002) (0.000)Non-English speaking country -0.071** -0.029 -0.000 0.029

(0.020) (0.286) (0.993) (0.579)English is first language -0.018 -0.045* -0.002 0.073

(0.545) (0.082) (0.960) (0.139)NSW 0.026 -0.022 -0.020 0.053*

(0.141) (0.179) (0.427) (0.070)VIC -0.005 -0.013 0.005 0.008

(0.778) (0.419) (0.855) (0.802)QLD 0.004 -0.006 -0.016 -0.104***

(0.833) (0.738) (0.548) (0.001)SA -0.025 -0.018 -0.057* -0.108***

(0.242) (0.378) (0.074) (0.002)WA 0.001 -0.023 -0.013 0.007

(0.961) (0.219) (0.665) (0.840)Married 0.083*** 0.021 0.041* 0.097***

(0.000) (0.117) (0.058) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.020 -0.000 0.053** -0.015

(0.280) (0.993) (0.047) (0.612)Child age 3 to 4 -0.035 -0.052** 0.034 -0.005

(0.152) (0.018) (0.341) (0.897)Child age 5 to 9 -0.033 -0.025 0.038 0.065**

(0.101) (0.176) (0.205) (0.047)Child age 10 to 14 -0.058*** -0.025 0.023 -0.014

(0.006) (0.189) (0.468) (0.685)Union member 0.127*** 0.065*** 0.176*** 0.056***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)Constant 0.887*** 0.874*** 0.708*** 5.600***


NCVER 31

Table 26a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.006 0.008 0.022 -0.046

(0.748) (0.640) (0.396) (0.138)Age 20 to 24 0.002 (dropped) 0.059 0.013

(0.956) . (0.330) (0.864)Age 25 to 29 -0.004 0.030 0.079 0.157**

(0.930) (0.371) (0.176) (0.034)Age 30 to 34 0.068 0.030 0.210*** 0.237***

(0.110) (0.386) (0.000) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 0.063 0.029 0.139** 0.267***

(0.141) (0.433) (0.018) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.035 0.012 0.134** 0.291***

(0.412) (0.751) (0.029) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.043 0.013 0.186*** 0.387***

(0.284) (0.721) (0.001) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 (dropped) 0.009 0.194*** 0.303***

. (0.824) (0.003) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.047 -0.067* (dropped) (dropped)

(0.264) (0.089) . .Capital City 0.007 -0.004 0.040 0.059*

(0.731) (0.815) (0.146) (0.068)Non-English speaking country -0.005 0.069 -0.185 -0.364**

(0.940) (0.319) (0.167) (0.038)English is first language 0.068 0.042 0.001 -0.231*

(0.275) (0.467) (0.991) (0.076)NSW -0.024 -0.067** -0.012 0.075

(0.450) (0.015) (0.767) (0.128)VIC -0.003 -0.022 0.042 -0.017

(0.932) (0.446) (0.350) (0.741)QLD -0.039 -0.015 -0.038 -0.067

(0.236) (0.600) (0.387) (0.199)SA -0.017 -0.048 -0.105** -0.028

(0.645) (0.142) (0.036) (0.636)WA -0.013 -0.005 0.040 -0.045

(0.721) (0.885) (0.409) (0.428)Married 0.068*** 0.048** -0.001 0.105**

(0.010) (0.043) (0.982) (0.017)Child age 0 to 2 -0.043 0.009 0.037 -0.016

(0.218) (0.774) (0.449) (0.775)Child age 3 to 4 -0.043 -0.047 0.027 0.012

(0.367) (0.280) (0.686) (0.869)Child age 5 to 9 0.004 -0.062* 0.063 0.145**

(0.909) (0.067) (0.220) (0.017)Child age 10 to 14 -0.042 -0.012 0.087 0.110*

(0.281) (0.742) (0.108) (0.082)Union member 0.125*** 0.066*** 0.172*** 0.031

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.322)Constant 0.753*** 0.859*** 0.616*** 6.244***



Table 27a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business -0.010 0.045 0.060 0.177*

(0.862) (0.403) (0.396) (0.097)Age 20 to 24 -0.180 -0.063 -0.186 -0.333

(0.266) (0.686) (0.361) (0.314)Age 25 to 29 -0.148 0.098 -0.020 -0.219

(0.318) (0.496) (0.915) (0.440)Age 30 to 34 0.002 0.062 0.095 0.015

(0.991) (0.654) (0.599) (0.952)Age 35 to 39 -0.016 0.069 -0.039 -0.019

(0.917) (0.637) (0.843) (0.946)Age 40 to 44 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Age 45 to 49 -0.027 0.022 0.090 0.246

(0.854) (0.876) (0.644) (0.387)Age 50 to 54 -0.037 0.045 0.143 0.151

(0.808) (0.761) (0.466) (0.575)Age 55 to 64 -0.205 -0.095 -0.075 -0.261

(0.190) (0.524) (0.708) (0.378)Capital City 0.062 -0.043 -0.110 0.156

(0.395) (0.550) (0.288) (0.298)Non-English speaking country -0.475* 0.237 -0.419 -0.453

(0.069) (0.345) (0.172) (0.497)English is first language -0.343 0.309 -0.418 -0.167

(0.276) (0.314) (0.249) (0.827)NSW 0.100 -0.112 -0.009 0.018

(0.464) (0.397) (0.954) (0.940)VIC -0.016 -0.040 0.101 -0.016

(0.907) (0.753) (0.546) (0.946)QLD 0.080 -0.025 -0.072 -0.063

(0.567) (0.853) (0.664) (0.788)SA 0.121 -0.017 0.085 0.193

(0.428) (0.909) (0.631) (0.478)WA 0.138 -0.277 0.094 0.135

(0.434) (0.102) (0.647) (0.749)Married 0.070 0.174** 0.061 -0.017

(0.353) (0.016) (0.506) (0.903)Child age 0 to 2 -0.038 -0.088 -0.086 0.006

(0.740) (0.420) (0.521) (0.975)Child age 3 to 4 0.049 -0.196 0.148 0.395

(0.786) (0.238) (0.508) (0.212)Child age 5 to 9 -0.048 -0.186 0.023 0.023

(0.709) (0.135) (0.883) (0.921)Child age 10 to 14 -0.056 -0.038 -0.095 -0.024

(0.628) (0.735) (0.509) (0.907)Union member 0.147** 0.040 0.158* 0.047

(0.034) (0.545) (0.058) (0.718)Constant 1.162*** 0.579* 1.269*** 6.406***


NCVER 33

Table 28a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.102 0.095 -0.149 -0.103

(0.258) (0.192) (0.164) (0.417)Age 20 to 24 0.196 0.150 0.118 0.672**

(0.397) (0.426) (0.659) (0.021)Age 25 to 29 0.574* 0.186 0.581 0.468

(0.073) (0.549) (0.111) (0.404)Age 30 to 34 0.336** 0.122 0.330 0.908***

(0.043) (0.431) (0.116) (0.004)Age 35 to 39 0.369 0.080 0.211 0.884***

(0.103) (0.662) (0.445) (0.009)Age 40 to 44 0.340 0.159 0.449* 1.024**

(0.120) (0.522) (0.090) (0.031)Age 45 to 49 0.321 0.193 0.323 0.828**

(0.123) (0.319) (0.218) (0.015)Age 50 to 54 0.048 0.102 0.314 0.069

(0.849) (0.604) (0.291) (0.852)Age 55 to 64 0.429 0.248 0.269 0.915*

(0.205) (0.397) (0.503) (0.086)Capital City 0.165 0.026 0.179 0.245

(0.149) (0.825) (0.219) (0.325)Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) -0.152 (dropped)

. . (0.704) .English is first language -0.159 -0.105 (dropped) -0.626

(0.642) (0.691) . (0.162)NSW 0.094 -0.031 0.109 -0.132

(0.499) (0.820) (0.531) (0.605)VIC 0.137 0.017 0.039 (dropped)

(0.636) (0.941) (0.908) .QLD 0.196 0.034 0.088 -0.127

(0.212) (0.817) (0.632) (0.638)SA 0.242 0.107 -0.106 0.449

(0.226) (0.577) (0.706) (0.355)WA 0.186 0.077 0.231 0.126

(0.259) (0.672) (0.258) (0.701)Married 0.026 0.031 0.296 0.101

(0.864) (0.800) (0.123) (0.637)Child age 0 to 2 0.002 0.104 -0.058 -0.113

(0.991) (0.487) (0.794) (0.664)Child age 3 to 4 0.092 0.051 -0.061 -0.049

(0.616) (0.727) (0.777) (0.849)Child age 5 to 9 -0.213 -0.082 -0.552** 0.093

(0.299) (0.655) (0.025) (0.757)Child age 10 to 14 -0.142 0.035 -0.166 0.172

(0.462) (0.849) (0.493) (0.578)Union member 0.213** 0.037 0.125 0.125

(0.025) (0.632) (0.261) (0.359)Constant 0.506 0.787*** 0.203 5.998***



Table 29a:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.002 -0.034 -0.021 0.035

(0.963) (0.437) (0.715) (0.586)Age 20 to 24 0.313** 0.273* 0.553*** 0.044

(0.011) (0.080) (0.002) (0.876)Age 25 to 29 0.312** 0.328** 0.617*** 0.258

(0.012) (0.037) (0.001) (0.371)Age 30 to 34 0.298** 0.296* 0.674*** 0.370

(0.027) (0.079) (0.001) (0.216)Age 35 to 39 0.295** 0.230 0.555*** 0.460

(0.023) (0.157) (0.003) (0.119)Age 40 to 44 0.318** 0.366** 0.572*** 0.534*

(0.013) (0.019) (0.002) (0.066)Age 45 to 49 0.295** 0.325** 0.597*** 0.594**

(0.025) (0.046) (0.002) (0.038)Age 50 to 54 0.341*** 0.280* 0.648*** 0.299

(0.010) (0.084) (0.001) (0.301)Age 55 to 64 0.300** 0.300* 0.513** 0.121

(0.033) (0.085) (0.016) (0.685)Capital City -0.009 -0.019 0.094 0.195**

(0.839) (0.713) (0.149) (0.012)Non-English speaking country -0.038 0.075 -0.077 -0.101


(0.696) (0.889) (0.310) (0.919)NSW 0.039 -0.026 -0.012 0.040

(0.556) (0.731) (0.898) (0.710)VIC 0.037 -0.001 -0.034 -0.057

(0.632) (0.989) (0.775) (0.661)QLD -0.029 0.002 0.000 -0.141

(0.661) (0.978) (1.000) (0.215)SA 0.015 -0.030 -0.115 0.023

(0.838) (0.713) (0.312) (0.870)WA -0.015 -0.106 -0.062 -0.060

(0.832) (0.176) (0.497) (0.586)Married 0.031 0.118* 0.057 0.160*

(0.579) (0.061) (0.481) (0.091)Child age 0 to 2 -0.046 -0.010 0.064 -0.017

(0.535) (0.905) (0.544) (0.887)Child age 3 to 4 0.058 -0.050 0.077 0.055

(0.595) (0.685) (0.605) (0.765)Child age 5 to 9 0.033 0.041 0.191* 0.072

(0.660) (0.625) (0.094) (0.572)Child age 10 to 14 0.042 -0.047 0.099 -0.053

(0.586) (0.574) (0.381) (0.673)Union member 0.132*** 0.129*** 0.235*** 0.012

(0.003) (0.009) (0.000) (0.865)Constant 0.591*** 0.505** 0.199 5.778***


NCVER 35




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.026 0.095 0.081 0.067(0.567) (0.169) (0.159) (0.344)

Age 20 to 24 0.189 (dropped) 0.572** -0.107(0.238) . (0.034) (0.734)

Age 25 to 29 0.299** -0.161 0.507** 0.102(0.026) (0.372) (0.043) (0.727)

Age 30 to 34 0.266* -0.204 0.507** 0.276(0.057) (0.270) (0.042) (0.354)

Age 35 to 39 0.273** -0.143 0.544** 0.460(0.050) (0.438) (0.033) (0.125)

Age 40 to 44 0.250* -0.257 0.488* 0.255(0.064) (0.170) (0.054) (0.387)

Age 45 to 49 0.209 -0.164 0.633** 0.341(0.122) (0.389) (0.012) (0.244)

Age 50 to 54 0.227 -0.163 0.660*** 0.521*(0.119) (0.429) (0.010) (0.078)

Age 55 to 59 0.040 -0.646*** (dropped) 0.269(0.803) (0.008) . (0.566)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.487 -0.242 (dropped). (0.105) (0.431) .

English is first language -0.038 -0.067 -0.151 0.003(0.621) (0.576) (0.106) (0.982)

Non-English speaking country -0.212 0.017 0.003 -0.019(0.141) (0.934) (0.985) (0.926)

NSW 0.033 0.087 -0.053 0.033(0.658) (0.429) (0.582) (0.796)

VIC -0.068 0.141 -0.036 -0.105(0.442) (0.311) (0.748) (0.472)

QLD -0.013 0.212* -0.004 -0.027(0.877) (0.092) (0.974) (0.836)

SA -0.026 0.097 -0.125 -0.157(0.734) (0.392) (0.205) (0.231)

WA -0.078 0.071 -0.238** -0.140(0.405) (0.615) (0.046) (0.333)

Married 0.152** 0.020 -0.018 0.158(0.016) (0.839) (0.830) (0.136)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.076 0.087 0.140 0.026(0.367) (0.492) (0.190) (0.841)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.043 0.025 0.126 -0.052(0.737) (0.894) (0.404) (0.774)

Child age 5 to 9 0.001 -0.032 0.076 -0.003(0.994) (0.813) (0.521) (0.982)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.049 0.080 -0.014 -0.021(0.584) (0.561) (0.897) (0.876)

Union member 0.086 0.257*** 0.113* -0.078(0.119) (0.002) (0.078) (0.308)

Has disability -0.003 0.020 -0.028 -0.104(0.963) (0.816) (0.694) (0.249)

Constant 0.619*** 0.782*** 0.448* 6.266***(0.000) (0.000) (0.082) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.038 0.141*** 0.068 0.095*(0.211) (0.006) (0.143) (0.053)

Age 20 to 24 0.033 -0.130 -0.315** -0.391**(0.776) (0.346) (0.026) (0.031)

Age 25 to 29 0.158 (dropped) -0.117 -0.030(0.171) . (0.425) (0.865)

Age 30 to 34 0.174 -0.037 -0.158 0.076(0.110) (0.749) (0.237) (0.640)

Age 35 to 39 0.131 -0.127 -0.174 0.104(0.220) (0.269) (0.183) (0.519)

Age 40 to 44 0.111 -0.157 -0.240* 0.206(0.316) (0.211) (0.087) (0.222)

Age 45 to 49 0.065 -0.210* -0.108 0.125(0.550) (0.089) (0.426) (0.438)

Age 50 to 54 0.148 -0.272** -0.134 0.221(0.189) (0.044) (0.344) (0.193)

Age 55 to 59 0.021 -0.233 (dropped) -0.042(0.848) (0.108) . (0.817)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.104 -0.498*** (dropped). (0.619) (0.005) .



NSW 0.037 -0.083 -0.020 0.000(0.470) (0.344) (0.788) (0.999)

VIC -0.018 -0.081 -0.066 0.007(0.766) (0.421) (0.461) (0.939)

QLD 0.064 -0.057 -0.059 0.028(0.238) (0.542) (0.471) (0.737)

SA -0.008 -0.207** -0.143 -0.177*(0.891) (0.043) (0.114) (0.075)

WA 0.086 0.017 -0.076 0.069(0.172) (0.876) (0.419) (0.486)

Married 0.009 0.051 0.007 0.096(0.826) (0.480) (0.919) (0.173)

Child age 0 to 2 0.039 -0.013 0.097 -0.012(0.471) (0.888) (0.241) (0.896)

Child age 3 to 4 0.053 0.041 0.060 -0.010(0.443) (0.724) (0.565) (0.926)

Child age 5 to 9 0.065 -0.028 0.131 -0.118(0.274) (0.782) (0.166) (0.232)

Child age 10 to 14 0.054 0.050 0.054 -0.025(0.404) (0.651) (0.569) (0.822)

Union member 0.077** 0.283*** 0.132*** -0.052(0.023) (0.000) (0.008) (0.320)

Has disability -0.018 -0.021 -0.053 -0.020(0.629) (0.739) (0.352) (0.751)

Constant 0.707*** 0.746*** 0.980*** 6.524***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 37




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.003 0.127** -0.005 0.039(0.946) (0.046) (0.936) (0.550)

Age 20 to 24 0.021 0.601*** -0.215 -0.547*(0.871) (0.001) (0.370) (0.071)

Age 25 to 29 0.046 0.606*** -0.052 -0.348(0.716) (0.000) (0.823) (0.226)

Age 30 to 34 -0.040 0.578*** -0.153 -0.253(0.763) (0.001) (0.516) (0.375)

Age 35 to 39 -0.125 0.545*** -0.161 -0.180(0.374) (0.005) (0.520) (0.555)

Age 40 to 44 -0.018 0.594*** -0.247 -0.242(0.886) (0.001) (0.307) (0.418)

Age 45 to 49 0.042 0.440** -0.189 -0.171(0.761) (0.018) (0.444) (0.571)

Age 50 to 54 -0.050 0.431** -0.112 -0.178(0.699) (0.014) (0.633) (0.536)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.252. . . (0.513)

Age 60 to 64 -0.246 0.298 -0.179 (dropped)(0.187) (0.279) (0.512) .

English is first language -0.063 0.019 0.004 -0.022(0.545) (0.894) (0.972) (0.885)

Non-English speaking country -0.310*** -0.107 -0.037 -0.052(0.010) (0.547) (0.810) (0.755)

NSW -0.020 -0.009 -0.030 -0.088(0.830) (0.945) (0.813) (0.525)

VIC -0.060 0.005 -0.083 -0.260**(0.510) (0.969) (0.494) (0.050)

QLD -0.035 -0.002 -0.071 -0.193(0.712) (0.987) (0.568) (0.140)

SA -0.196** -0.140 -0.083 -0.224(0.049) (0.344) (0.520) (0.120)

WA 0.057 -0.173 -0.079 -0.116(0.560) (0.196) (0.548) (0.415)

Married 0.165*** -0.011 0.087 0.118(0.009) (0.902) (0.303) (0.217)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.011 0.072 0.065 -0.129(0.897) (0.527) (0.540) (0.252)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.089 -0.068 0.119 -0.153(0.423) (0.668) (0.417) (0.320)

Child age 5 to 9 0.025 -0.070 0.111 -0.091(0.815) (0.628) (0.431) (0.537)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.101 -0.030 0.068 0.021(0.290) (0.824) (0.612) (0.897)

Union member 0.130** 0.299*** 0.144** -0.041(0.013) (0.000) (0.027) (0.566)

Has disability -0.084 -0.011 -0.056 -0.122(0.140) (0.895) (0.450) (0.145)

Constant 0.922*** 0.119 0.936*** 7.033***(0.000) (0.627) (0.001) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.076 -0.042 0.073 0.040


. . . .Age 25 to 29 0.033 0.158 0.180 0.011

(0.895) (0.722) (0.744) (0.980)Age 30 to 34 -0.389 -0.197 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.130) (0.737) . .Age 35 to 39 -0.158 -0.097 -0.303 0.177

(0.546) (0.836) (0.741) (0.801)Age 40 to 44 -0.098 -0.254 0.208 0.321

(0.689) (0.561) (0.707) (0.451)Age 45 to 49 -0.102 -0.183 0.103 0.220

(0.673) (0.672) (0.879) (0.670)Age 50 to 54 -0.084 -0.392 0.179 0.528

(0.731) (0.370) (0.768) (0.262)Age 55 to 59 -0.065 -0.567 0.212 0.389

(0.807) (0.231) (0.753) (0.454)Age 60 to 64 -0.125 -0.507 0.135 0.368

(0.636) (0.277) (0.848) (0.549)English is first language 0.012 0.216 -0.177 -0.137

(0.965) (0.638) (0.773) (0.774)Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .NSW 0.127 -0.029 -0.090 -0.021

(0.266) (0.895) (0.845) (0.952)VIC -0.008 -0.117 -0.093 0.072

(0.964) (0.694) (0.862) (0.862)QLD (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .SA 0.016 0.298 -0.103 -0.055

(0.917) (0.283) (0.774) (0.843)WA 0.131 -0.170 0.152 0.103

(0.348) (0.505) (0.822) (0.843)Married 0.038 0.056 -0.142 0.211

(0.723) (0.765) (0.650) (0.428)Child age 0 to 2 0.257 -0.337 0.238 0.170

(0.254) (0.445) (0.773) (0.784)Child age 3 to 4 0.193 -0.388 0.340 -0.120

(0.383) (0.323) (0.626) (0.831)Child age 5 to 9 0.031 -0.314 0.218 -0.077

(0.819) (0.178) (0.669) (0.841)Child age 10 to 14 0.027 -0.013 0.205 -0.184

(0.817) (0.949) (0.549) (0.478)Union member 0.086 0.418** -0.057 -0.193

(0.380) (0.015) (0.811) (0.349)Has disability -0.009 0.112 0.024 -0.027

(0.925) (0.506) (0.924) (0.899)Constant 0.848** 0.598 0.954 6.403***


NCVER 39




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.014 -0.002 0.015 -0.071***

(0.130) (0.887) (0.368) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.146* 0.110 0.291*** 0.448***

(0.051) (0.374) (0.008) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.163** 0.037 0.296*** 0.585***

(0.028) (0.766) (0.007) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.167** -0.015 0.275** 0.677***

(0.024) (0.905) (0.012) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.156** -0.104 0.282** 0.749***

(0.035) (0.401) (0.010) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.141* -0.143 0.274** 0.757***

(0.058) (0.251) (0.013) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.131* -0.159 0.280** 0.666***

(0.078) (0.201) (0.012) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.142* -0.253** 0.339*** 0.706***

(0.058) (0.043) (0.003) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.129* -0.255** 0.323*** 0.767***

(0.086) (0.043) (0.005) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.043 -0.157 -0.021 0.730***


(0.123) (0.072) (0.586) (0.726)Non-English speaking country -0.117*** -0.125** 0.027 -0.058

(0.000) (0.022) (0.638) (0.333)NSW 0.025 0.004 0.011 0.036

(0.120) (0.875) (0.687) (0.206)VIC -0.020 -0.006 -0.002 -0.018

(0.221) (0.820) (0.950) (0.533)QLD 0.027* 0.000 -0.036 0.034

(0.084) (0.996) (0.197) (0.217)SA -0.009 -0.095*** -0.112*** -0.156***

(0.620) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)WA 0.044** -0.014 -0.040 0.066**

(0.015) (0.641) (0.204) (0.040)Married 0.083*** 0.024 0.066*** 0.131***

(0.000) (0.263) (0.003) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.002 -0.034 0.062** -0.043

(0.877) (0.208) (0.023) (0.120)Child age 3 to 4 0.027 -0.052 0.084** -0.094**

(0.244) (0.172) (0.039) (0.024)Child age 5 to 9 0.021 -0.039 0.041 -0.049

(0.240) (0.198) (0.221) (0.146)Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 0.056* 0.077** 0.025

(0.543) (0.068) (0.020) (0.474)Union member 0.094*** 0.377*** 0.158*** 0.056***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)Has disability -0.068*** 0.025 -0.005 -0.071***

(0.000) (0.193) (0.783) (0.000)Constant 0.732*** 0.746*** 0.454*** 5.819***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.005 0.058 0.048 -0.081*

(0.858) (0.208) (0.307) (0.087)Age 20 to 24 0.100 0.321 0.319 0.325

(0.414) (0.138) (0.120) (0.229)Age 25 to 29 0.142 0.248 0.248 0.501*

(0.252) (0.256) (0.230) (0.065)Age 30 to 34 0.161 0.167 0.309 0.636**

(0.199) (0.448) (0.139) (0.021)Age 35 to 39 0.127 0.139 0.305 0.662**

(0.312) (0.528) (0.146) (0.016)Age 40 to 44 0.122 0.120 0.301 0.735***

(0.342) (0.589) (0.159) (0.008)Age 45 to 49 0.033 0.136 0.317 0.644**

(0.801) (0.554) (0.148) (0.023)Age 50 to 54 0.084 0.058 0.228 0.653**

(0.541) (0.804) (0.320) (0.024)Age 55 to 59 0.125 -0.020 0.305 0.602**

(0.349) (0.930) (0.174) (0.040)Age 60 to 64 0.183 -0.187 -0.034 0.371

(0.326) (0.531) (0.905) (0.331)English is first language -0.114 -0.147 -0.005 -0.009

(0.424) (0.438) (0.979) (0.974)Non-English speaking country -0.342** -0.198 -0.140 -0.235

(0.032) (0.397) (0.583) (0.429)NSW 0.018 0.107 0.027 0.062

(0.733) (0.187) (0.744) (0.475)VIC 0.000 0.013 -0.010 0.090

(0.997) (0.873) (0.903) (0.301)QLD 0.014 0.098 -0.085 0.030

(0.780) (0.212) (0.284) (0.711)SA -0.093 0.046 -0.014 -0.054

(0.136) (0.628) (0.883) (0.563)WA -0.029 -0.024 -0.061 0.097

(0.622) (0.797) (0.520) (0.331)Married 0.060 0.079 0.121* 0.148**

(0.151) (0.209) (0.056) (0.027)Child age 0 to 2 0.019 -0.061 -0.021 -0.202**

(0.727) (0.442) (0.805) (0.017)Child age 3 to 4 0.058 0.039 0.042 -0.077

(0.462) (0.738) (0.715) (0.513)Child age 5 to 9 0.060 -0.047 0.019 -0.244**

(0.338) (0.610) (0.848) (0.012)Child age 10 to 14 0.077 0.024 -0.001 -0.101

(0.210) (0.783) (0.994) (0.292)Union member 0.124*** 0.260*** 0.130** 0.144***

(0.001) (0.000) (0.013) (0.007)Has disability -0.009 0.010 0.030 -0.015

(0.816) (0.863) (0.619) (0.807)Constant 0.833*** 0.553* 0.418 5.854***


NCVER 41




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business -0.004 0.104** 0.071 0.065

(0.918) (0.042) (0.179) (0.293)Age 20 to 24 0.067 0.158 0.223 0.402**

(0.550) (0.333) (0.137) (0.031)Age 25 to 29 0.126 0.058 0.126 0.483**

(0.282) (0.732) (0.416) (0.014)Age 30 to 34 0.183 -0.012 0.251 0.771***

(0.127) (0.942) (0.115) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.113 -0.080 0.139 0.716***

(0.304) (0.618) (0.354) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.124 -0.117 0.216 0.935***

(0.278) (0.482) (0.172) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.157 -0.106 0.312** 0.830***

(0.171) (0.523) (0.048) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.053 -0.183 0.330** 0.886***

(0.644) (0.280) (0.045) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.173 -0.462*** 0.128 1.006***

(0.149) (0.007) (0.512) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.037 0.001 0.023 1.215***


(0.289) (0.472) (0.893) (0.723)Non-English speaking country -0.247* -0.057 -0.081 0.084

(0.060) (0.732) (0.652) (0.704)NSW 0.023 -0.012 0.091 -0.146

(0.720) (0.892) (0.311) (0.168)VIC -0.058 0.029 0.116 -0.070

(0.417) (0.771) (0.255) (0.556)QLD 0.055 -0.035 -0.073 -0.281**

(0.434) (0.717) (0.477) (0.021)SA -0.013 -0.062 -0.058 -0.326**

(0.869) (0.573) (0.600) (0.015)WA 0.053 -0.080 0.055 -0.022

(0.508) (0.471) (0.628) (0.866)Married 0.038 0.121* 0.002 0.102

(0.441) (0.083) (0.979) (0.266)Child age 0 to 2 0.045 0.062 0.084 0.005

(0.580) (0.574) (0.448) (0.969)Child age 3 to 4 0.007 -0.038 0.057 0.136

(0.946) (0.793) (0.688) (0.433)Child age 5 to 9 0.071 -0.042 0.040 -0.015

(0.323) (0.668) (0.709) (0.901)Child age 10 to 14 -0.006 0.028 0.007 0.064

(0.924) (0.758) (0.942) (0.576)Union member 0.131*** 0.251*** 0.196*** 0.014

(0.005) (0.000) (0.001) (0.848)Has disability -0.115** -0.056 -0.065 -0.189**

(0.014) (0.399) (0.338) (0.020)Constant 0.823*** 0.740*** 0.500*** 5.942***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.045* -0.003 0.006 -0.055

(0.050) (0.926) (0.882) (0.176)Age 20 to 24 0.081 0.083 0.399*** 0.439***

(0.356) (0.528) (0.001) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 0.166* -0.002 0.454*** 0.593***

(0.055) (0.990) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.144 0.038 0.455*** 0.741***

(0.106) (0.779) (0.000) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.177** -0.046 0.486*** 0.770***

(0.048) (0.731) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.097 -0.131 0.373*** 0.801***

(0.288) (0.340) (0.005) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.070 -0.041 0.458*** 0.754***

(0.437) (0.765) (0.000) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.115 -0.174 0.525*** 0.903***

(0.214) (0.207) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.099 -0.300** 0.355** 0.787***

(0.292) (0.035) (0.015) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.160 -0.211 0.228 0.702***


(0.674) (0.636) (0.882) (0.358)Non-English speaking country -0.010 -0.171 0.096 -0.007

(0.896) (0.185) (0.424) (0.962)NSW -0.007 -0.073 -0.076 0.010

(0.858) (0.224) (0.212) (0.881)VIC -0.068* -0.029 -0.065 0.017

(0.092) (0.645) (0.312) (0.800)QLD 0.011 -0.057 -0.089 0.011

(0.792) (0.400) (0.184) (0.877)SA -0.090* -0.076 -0.079 -0.154*

(0.071) (0.339) (0.325) (0.069)WA -0.046 -0.071 -0.138* 0.004

(0.339) (0.351) (0.071) (0.963)Married 0.132*** 0.035 0.043 0.088

(0.000) (0.486) (0.391) (0.112)Child age 0 to 2 -0.100** -0.028 0.063 0.078

(0.019) (0.681) (0.360) (0.305)Child age 3 to 4 -0.017 -0.074 -0.003 0.018

(0.783) (0.431) (0.977) (0.863)Child age 5 to 9 -0.069 -0.034 0.018 -0.040

(0.121) (0.633) (0.805) (0.622)Child age 10 to 14 -0.013 0.005 0.066 0.022

(0.764) (0.942) (0.353) (0.782)Union member 0.123*** 0.348*** 0.098** 0.049

(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.243)Has disability -0.124*** 0.041 -0.014 -0.037

(0.000) (0.349) (0.750) (0.450)Constant 0.793*** 0.748*** 0.392** 5.679***


NCVER 43




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other -0.047* -0.005 -0.067* -0.077**

(0.055) (0.885) (0.064) (0.049)Age 20 to 24 0.013 0.157 0.218** 0.200*

(0.850) (0.117) (0.028) (0.062)Age 25 to 29 0.013 0.103 0.146 0.368***

(0.850) (0.318) (0.157) (0.001)Age 30 to 34 0.004 -0.019 0.232** 0.458***

(0.955) (0.858) (0.027) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.034 -0.053 0.261** 0.528***

(0.638) (0.626) (0.017) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.018 -0.122 0.169 0.516***

(0.802) (0.255) (0.130) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.023 -0.113 0.243** 0.515***

(0.758) (0.302) (0.030) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.035 -0.137 0.247** 0.599***

(0.656) (0.236) (0.045) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.015 -0.242* 0.226 0.684***

(0.870) (0.075) (0.126) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.048 -0.156 0.053 0.635***

(0.621) (0.256) (0.699) (0.000)English is first language -0.028 -0.181 -0.199* -0.130


(0.432) (0.495) (0.733) (0.500)NSW 0.081* 0.013 -0.017 0.014

(0.064) (0.835) (0.790) (0.838)VIC 0.012 0.032 -0.010 -0.070

(0.792) (0.635) (0.876) (0.335)QLD 0.046 0.035 -0.026 -0.092

(0.315) (0.594) (0.700) (0.199)SA 0.001 -0.065 -0.144* -0.193**

(0.977) (0.360) (0.052) (0.013)WA 0.102** -0.016 0.052 0.048

(0.039) (0.826) (0.473) (0.530)Married 0.107*** 0.051 0.102** 0.147***

(0.002) (0.297) (0.046) (0.008)Child age 0 to 2 0.032 0.008 0.046 -0.033

(0.496) (0.898) (0.502) (0.651)Child age 3 to 4 0.035 0.088 0.099 -0.028

(0.565) (0.303) (0.263) (0.764)Child age 5 to 9 0.051 -0.023 -0.020 -0.042

(0.310) (0.742) (0.799) (0.614)Child age 10 to 14 -0.038 0.075 -0.078 -0.007

(0.464) (0.309) (0.298) (0.935)Union member 0.159*** 0.278*** 0.193*** 0.048

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.254)Has disability -0.081*** 0.019 0.013 -0.105**

(0.006) (0.655) (0.762) (0.027)Constant 0.774*** 0.794*** 0.680*** 6.171***






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.035 0.026 0.038 0.054(0.376) (0.707) (0.539) (0.436)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) 0.452 0.312. . (0.254) (0.464)

Age 25 to 29 -0.087 0.004 0.465 0.460(0.354) (0.982) (0.225) (0.262)

Age 30 to 34 -0.095 -0.046 0.395 0.594(0.347) (0.807) (0.317) (0.161)

Age 35 to 39 -0.080 -0.019 0.411 0.701*(0.406) (0.912) (0.299) (0.097)

Age 40 to 44 -0.034 -0.092 0.499 0.728*(0.712) (0.578) (0.192) (0.079)

Age 45 to 49 0.007 -0.243 0.488 0.584(0.942) (0.115) (0.205) (0.163)

Age 50 to 54 0.004 -0.312* 0.487 0.518(0.970) (0.077) (0.214) (0.232)

Age 55 to 59 -0.125 -0.168 0.510 0.737*(0.225) (0.337) (0.186) (0.074)

Age 60 to 64 -0.177 -0.283 (dropped) (dropped)(0.128) (0.215) . .

English is first language 0.049 0.155 0.396*** 0.040(0.657) (0.412) (0.007) (0.860)


NSW 0.054 -0.194* -0.001 0.001(0.382) (0.067) (0.993) (0.993)

VIC -0.052 -0.141 0.075 0.082(0.467) (0.266) (0.492) (0.510)

QLD -0.013 -0.133 0.123 -0.093(0.851) (0.280) (0.274) (0.451)

SA -0.088 -0.052 -0.045 -0.023(0.228) (0.688) (0.688) (0.858)

WA -0.022 -0.182 -0.030 0.046(0.775) (0.209) (0.809) (0.747)

Father born overseas 0.013 0.047 -0.387*** -0.048(0.851) (0.736) (0.003) (0.735)

Mother born overseas -0.022 0.024 0.452*** 0.014(0.768) (0.876) (0.001) (0.928)

Married 0.063 0.146 0.043 0.158(0.226) (0.113) (0.625) (0.114)

Child age 0 to 2 0.044 -0.048 0.094 -0.021(0.541) (0.709) (0.425) (0.865)

Child age 3 to 4 0.018 -0.172 0.005 -0.190(0.868) (0.371) (0.977) (0.296)

Child age 5 to 9 0.068 -0.042 0.042 0.096(0.327) (0.728) (0.704) (0.433)

Child age 10 to 14 0.026 -0.020 0.147 -0.003(0.781) (0.896) (0.329) (0.985)

Union member 0.093* 0.273*** 0.045 0.019(0.074) (0.003) (0.559) (0.824)

Has disability -0.046 -0.082 -0.019 -0.022(0.339) (0.322) (0.801) (0.805)

Constant 0.876*** 0.717*** -0.089 6.010***(0.000) (0.002) (0.836) (0.000)


NCVER 45




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin -0.017 -0.008 0.000 0.126**(0.612) (0.883) (0.994) (0.017)

Age 20 to 24 0.299** 0.261 -0.125 -0.433**(0.011) (0.194) (0.475) (0.038)

Age 25 to 29 0.326*** 0.268 -0.007 -0.339*(0.001) (0.115) (0.964) (0.061)

Age 30 to 34 0.231** 0.151 0.044 -0.184(0.022) (0.386) (0.794) (0.330)

Age 35 to 39 0.247** 0.078 0.067 -0.082(0.010) (0.643) (0.679) (0.651)

Age 40 to 44 0.282*** 0.168 0.198 -0.077(0.002) (0.297) (0.210) (0.662)

Age 45 to 49 0.257*** 0.053 0.213 -0.103(0.005) (0.742) (0.173) (0.558)

Age 50 to 54 0.265*** 0.080 0.153 0.113(0.004) (0.628) (0.336) (0.519)

Age 55 to 59 0.275*** 0.026 -0.027 0.018(0.006) (0.878) (0.874) (0.927)


English is first language 0.033 0.168 0.012 -0.004(0.654) (0.157) (0.899) (0.967)


NSW 0.003 -0.071 -0.083 0.064(0.962) (0.443) (0.290) (0.475)

VIC 0.013 -0.134 -0.095 0.056(0.819) (0.140) (0.223) (0.535)

QLD 0.017 -0.054 -0.044 -0.036(0.802) (0.612) (0.620) (0.715)

SA -0.058 0.085 -0.213** -0.035(0.425) (0.462) (0.021) (0.743)

WA -0.029 0.017 -0.028 0.095(0.671) (0.879) (0.773) (0.386)

Father born overseas -0.124** 0.059 0.019 0.113(0.034) (0.528) (0.805) (0.253)


Married 0.108** 0.002 0.120* 0.050(0.015) (0.974) (0.053) (0.494)

Child age 0 to 2 0.081 -0.093 0.082 0.081(0.204) (0.381) (0.384) (0.437)

Child age 3 to 4 0.033 0.202 0.049 0.071(0.707) (0.171) (0.668) (0.585)

Child age 5 to 9 0.039 0.113 -0.025 0.054(0.527) (0.254) (0.750) (0.557)

Child age 10 to 14 0.036 0.033 -0.044 0.070(0.531) (0.723) (0.561) (0.446)

Union member 0.087** 0.348*** 0.121** -0.048(0.035) (0.000) (0.023) (0.445)

Has disability 0.038 -0.114* -0.157*** -0.025(0.297) (0.064) (0.003) (0.686)

Constant 0.529*** 0.414** 0.734*** 6.799***(0.000) (0.044) (0.000) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other -0.035 0.045 -0.057 0.032(0.374) (0.478) (0.337) (0.610)

Age 20 to 24 0.007 0.192 0.434** 0.354(0.967) (0.433) (0.047) (0.234)

Age 25 to 29 0.034 0.373 0.559** 0.519*(0.834) (0.134) (0.012) (0.086)

Age 30 to 34 -0.119 0.173 0.472** 0.565*(0.440) (0.471) (0.030) (0.058)

Age 35 to 39 -0.063 0.170 0.546** 0.618**(0.694) (0.494) (0.015) (0.042)

Age 40 to 44 -0.028 0.152 0.550** 0.663**(0.860) (0.537) (0.013) (0.028)

Age 45 to 49 -0.088 0.019 0.607*** 0.711**(0.584) (0.941) (0.008) (0.022)

Age 50 to 54 -0.065 0.107 0.719*** 0.786**(0.702) (0.686) (0.002) (0.011)

Age 55 to 59 0.099 0.081 0.738*** 0.815**(0.575) (0.765) (0.002) (0.012)

Age 60 to 64 -0.060 0.233 0.408 0.833**(0.734) (0.448) (0.124) (0.023)

English is first language 0.113 0.210 0.230 0.331(0.613) (0.520) (0.419) (0.260)


NSW 0.038 0.033 0.189* 0.088(0.585) (0.774) (0.074) (0.466)

VIC -0.029 0.010 0.074 0.085(0.655) (0.925) (0.439) (0.408)

QLD -0.026 0.025 0.097 0.023(0.689) (0.817) (0.326) (0.839)

SA 0.069 0.216* 0.194* -0.007(0.360) (0.067) (0.082) (0.956)

WA 0.019 -0.029 -0.068 0.072(0.808) (0.828) (0.565) (0.594)

Father born overseas 0.022 0.106 0.108 0.084(0.717) (0.301) (0.240) (0.400)

Mother born overseas 0.010 -0.160 -0.060 -0.045(0.877) (0.123) (0.514) (0.683)

Married 0.093* 0.015 -0.013 0.101(0.066) (0.864) (0.866) (0.268)

Child age 0 to 2 0.032 -0.111 0.175* -0.023(0.642) (0.308) (0.086) (0.832)

Child age 3 to 4 0.038 0.105 0.204 -0.020(0.672) (0.466) (0.149) (0.885)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.000 0.034 0.151 0.140(0.995) (0.769) (0.173) (0.247)

Child age 10 to 14 0.004 -0.008 -0.018 -0.042(0.955) (0.950) (0.888) (0.763)

Union member 0.119** 0.262*** 0.173** 0.064(0.016) (0.001) (0.014) (0.386)

Has disability -0.105** -0.080 -0.063 -0.089(0.024) (0.294) (0.385) (0.252)

Constant 0.786*** 0.285 -0.106 5.643***(0.004) (0.478) (0.771) (0.000)


NCVER 47




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business -0.019 -0.223 -0.046 -0.048

(0.818) (0.120) (0.855) (0.863)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) -0.112 -0.807

. . (0.935) (0.777)Age 25 to 29 -0.173 -0.184 0.666 -0.710

(0.517) (0.689) (0.656) (0.796)Age 30 to 34 -0.385 -0.362 0.552 -0.517


(0.700) (0.334) . .Age 40 to 44 -0.042 -0.152 0.579 -0.414


(0.604) (0.145) . .Age 50 to 54 0.021 -0.349 0.547 -0.371

(0.927) (0.359) (0.615) (0.823)Age 55 to 59 0.011 -0.498 1.017 0.246


. . . .English is first language 0.098 -0.228 -0.006 -0.013

(0.729) (0.630) (0.989) (0.988)Non-English speaking country -0.273 -0.632 0.102 0.105

(0.449) (0.200) (0.880) (0.919)NSW -0.121 0.366 0.218 -0.195

(0.611) (0.394) (0.780) (0.885)VIC -0.170 -0.029 0.334 -0.272

(0.453) (0.946) (0.713) (0.773)QLD -0.151 0.253 0.363 -0.559

(0.541) (0.564) (0.767) (0.829)SA -0.236 0.203 0.114 -0.232

(0.244) (0.566) (0.828) (0.735)WA 0.046 0.604 0.387 (dropped)

(0.894) (0.290) (0.563) .Father born overseas 0.119 -0.043 -0.239 -0.389

(0.565) (0.881) (0.789) (0.717)Mother born overseas 0.024 0.319 0.124 0.475

(0.905) (0.285) (0.856) (0.511)Married 0.031 0.032 -0.170 -0.056

(0.784) (0.864) (0.630) (0.894)Child age 0 to 2 0.031 -0.231 0.054 -0.133

(0.857) (0.441) (0.906) (0.834)Child age 3 to 4 -0.035 0.045 0.550 -0.071

(0.891) (0.925) (0.584) (0.974)Child age 5 to 9 -0.022 -0.081 0.409 -0.061

(0.891) (0.778) (0.544) (0.943)Child age 10 to 14 0.043 -0.063 0.393 0.206

(0.774) (0.814) (0.603) (0.819)Union member 0.160 0.353* 0.254 0.085

(0.183) (0.070) (0.442) (0.826)Has disability -0.056 -0.221 -0.270 0.090

(0.591) (0.216) (0.504) (0.871)Constant 1.010*** 0.973 0.217 7.251**






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.003 -0.085*** -0.026 -0.064***

(0.692) (0.000) (0.114) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.195* 0.002 0.055 0.402*

(0.100) (0.995) (0.769) (0.097)Age 25 to 29 0.181 -0.041 0.060 0.506**

(0.124) (0.894) (0.748) (0.036)Age 30 to 34 0.174 -0.105 0.046 0.595**

(0.139) (0.732) (0.806) (0.014)Age 35 to 39 0.188 -0.185 0.098 0.727***

(0.110) (0.546) (0.599) (0.003)Age 40 to 44 0.150 -0.212 0.116 0.751***

(0.201) (0.488) (0.533) (0.002)Age 45 to 49 0.177 -0.213 0.136 0.709***

(0.133) (0.486) (0.465) (0.003)Age 50 to 54 0.202* -0.255 0.040 0.825***

(0.087) (0.406) (0.832) (0.001)Age 55 to 59 0.124 -0.438 -0.088 0.791***

(0.294) (0.153) (0.641) (0.001)Age 60 to 64 0.118 -0.403 -0.033 0.556**

(0.323) (0.193) (0.865) (0.026)English is first language 0.063*** 0.023 -0.097** 0.085*


(0.800) (0.318) (0.117) (0.670)NSW -0.006 -0.063** 0.030 0.030

(0.684) (0.027) (0.294) (0.298)VIC -0.012 -0.074*** 0.020 0.052*

(0.418) (0.009) (0.485) (0.067)QLD -0.018 -0.026 -0.010 -0.063**

(0.242) (0.363) (0.718) (0.024)SA -0.035** 0.034 -0.030 -0.093***

(0.041) (0.299) (0.341) (0.003)WA -0.053*** -0.010 0.017 0.040

(0.001) (0.759) (0.591) (0.176)Father born overseas 0.000 -0.006 0.014 0.012

(0.990) (0.839) (0.611) (0.654)Mother born overseas 0.022 -0.009 0.023 -0.011

(0.158) (0.770) (0.437) (0.698)Married 0.080*** 0.081*** 0.123*** 0.074***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)Child age 0 to 2 -0.001 -0.061** -0.001 0.067**

(0.946) (0.037) (0.980) (0.018)Child age 3 to 4 -0.000 0.031 0.012 0.022

(0.990) (0.435) (0.761) (0.552)Child age 5 to 9 0.029* -0.069** -0.040 0.074**

(0.056) (0.016) (0.190) (0.013)Child age 10 to 14 -0.006 -0.040 -0.075** -0.028

(0.730) (0.205) (0.027) (0.407)Union member 0.067*** 0.344*** 0.151*** 0.084***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.043*** -0.064*** -0.071*** 0.007

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.738)Constant 0.659*** 0.819*** 0.750*** 5.911***


NCVER 49




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other -0.009 -0.061 -0.033 -0.163***

(0.692) (0.134) (0.411) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.084 -0.087 0.050 0.159

(0.460) (0.646) (0.748) (0.269)Age 25 to 29 -0.073 -0.150 -0.005 0.330**

(0.517) (0.424) (0.976) (0.022)Age 30 to 34 -0.050 -0.095 0.093 0.392***

(0.657) (0.616) (0.550) (0.007)Age 35 to 39 -0.107 -0.246 -0.036 0.428***

(0.352) (0.200) (0.820) (0.004)Age 40 to 44 -0.091 -0.188 0.022 0.446***

(0.434) (0.328) (0.890) (0.003)Age 45 to 49 -0.129 -0.235 0.036 0.435***

(0.270) (0.228) (0.823) (0.005)Age 50 to 54 -0.086 -0.385** 0.093 0.616***

(0.468) (0.049) (0.584) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.070 -0.575*** -0.266 0.421**

(0.559) (0.004) (0.166) (0.029)Age 60 to 64 -0.185 -0.433* -0.042 0.681***

(0.154) (0.060) (0.864) (0.000)English is first language 0.020 0.098 -0.061 0.100

(0.773) (0.388) (0.619) (0.382)Non-English speaking country 0.090 0.106 0.192 -0.103

(0.365) (0.461) (0.295) (0.539)NSW 0.057 0.013 0.096 0.035

(0.151) (0.849) (0.149) (0.582)VIC 0.018 -0.016 0.112 0.031

(0.661) (0.831) (0.115) (0.638)QLD 0.013 0.009 0.071 -0.101

(0.741) (0.898) (0.313) (0.125)SA 0.019 0.040 0.063 -0.157**

(0.685) (0.634) (0.418) (0.042)WA 0.083* -0.083 0.054 -0.040

(0.065) (0.272) (0.472) (0.604)Father born overseas -0.008 -0.058 0.000 0.043

(0.825) (0.338) (0.997) (0.423)Mother born overseas 0.029 0.036 -0.013 -0.072

(0.531) (0.639) (0.854) (0.284)Married 0.123*** 0.084 0.122** -0.001

(0.000) (0.121) (0.023) (0.986)Child age 0 to 2 0.002 -0.100 0.035 0.075

(0.967) (0.153) (0.609) (0.231)Child age 3 to 4 0.034 -0.193** 0.084 0.178**

(0.520) (0.032) (0.358) (0.040)Child age 5 to 9 0.022 -0.024 0.090 0.107

(0.620) (0.751) (0.238) (0.141)Child age 10 to 14 -0.001 -0.159* -0.033 0.001

(0.977) (0.062) (0.683) (0.989)Union member 0.089*** 0.257*** 0.099** 0.033

(0.007) (0.000) (0.050) (0.488)Has disability -0.072** -0.064 -0.062 -0.029

(0.016) (0.208) (0.230) (0.557)Constant 0.871*** 0.821*** 0.692*** 6.175***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business -0.027 0.035 -0.011 -0.083

(0.483) (0.589) (0.855) (0.200)Age 20 to 24 0.414*** 0.391 0.881*** -0.355

(0.002) (0.238) (0.000) (0.109)Age 25 to 29 0.318** 0.413 0.713*** -0.281

(0.013) (0.213) (0.001) (0.192)Age 30 to 34 0.423*** 0.402 0.792*** 0.071

(0.003) (0.241) (0.001) (0.794)Age 35 to 39 0.416*** 0.363 0.951*** 0.112

(0.003) (0.283) (0.000) (0.640)Age 40 to 44 0.340*** 0.250 0.938*** 0.066

(0.008) (0.450) (0.000) (0.775)Age 45 to 49 0.354*** 0.248 0.775*** 0.254

(0.009) (0.459) (0.000) (0.299)Age 50 to 54 0.358*** 0.210 0.817*** 0.122

(0.006) (0.523) (0.000) (0.576)Age 55 to 59 0.416*** 0.007 0.499* 0.084

(0.007) (0.983) (0.091) (0.752)Age 60 to 64 0.128 -0.004 0.414* (dropped)

(0.385) (0.991) (0.097) .English is first language 0.168* 0.080 -0.019 0.232

(0.094) (0.673) (0.915) (0.232)Non-English speaking country 0.045 0.576* 0.196 0.144

(0.742) (0.097) (0.364) (0.592)NSW -0.013 -0.085 0.007 0.200**

(0.833) (0.404) (0.936) (0.047)VIC -0.038 -0.177 -0.058 -0.007

(0.574) (0.113) (0.594) (0.947)QLD -0.016 -0.094 -0.005 -0.018

(0.819) (0.420) (0.959) (0.873)SA -0.086 0.026 -0.059 -0.078

(0.269) (0.847) (0.616) (0.541)WA -0.024 -0.213 0.088 -0.113

(0.771) (0.127) (0.519) (0.467)Father born overseas -0.019 0.110 0.194* -0.164

(0.793) (0.350) (0.051) (0.107)Mother born overseas 0.055 -0.062 -0.151 0.253**

(0.471) (0.623) (0.180) (0.035)Married 0.133*** 0.093 0.075 0.011

(0.007) (0.265) (0.313) (0.893)Child age 0 to 2 -0.101 -0.049 0.042 0.108

(0.230) (0.719) (0.736) (0.433)Child age 3 to 4 -0.047 -0.175 -0.021 0.080

(0.637) (0.277) (0.886) (0.609)Child age 5 to 9 -0.034 -0.022 0.020 0.120

(0.703) (0.878) (0.888) (0.415)Child age 10 to 14 0.010 0.045 -0.055 0.045

(0.896) (0.708) (0.639) (0.721)Union member 0.076 0.273*** 0.118 -0.014

(0.160) (0.002) (0.120) (0.864)Has disability -0.094** -0.075 -0.062 -0.166*

(0.045) (0.365) (0.411) (0.055)Constant 0.371** 0.328 -0.019 6.453***


NCVER 51




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.077* -0.086 -0.022 -0.016

(0.054) (0.135) (0.738) (0.779)Age 20 to 24 0.164* 0.069 0.177 0.270**

(0.078) (0.607) (0.198) (0.026)Age 25 to 29 0.148 -0.127 0.241 0.350**

(0.125) (0.381) (0.116) (0.011)Age 30 to 34 0.150 0.058 0.202 0.531***

(0.154) (0.711) (0.233) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.196* -0.062 0.294* 0.705***

(0.051) (0.674) (0.071) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.217* -0.073 0.298 0.487***

(0.057) (0.666) (0.112) (0.003)Age 45 to 49 0.184* -0.203 0.324* 0.676***

(0.094) (0.205) (0.094) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.238** -0.307* 0.254 0.640***

(0.044) (0.078) (0.209) (0.001)Age 55 to 59 0.133 -0.516** 0.170 0.361

(0.365) (0.016) (0.576) (0.202)Age 60 to 64 0.147 -0.197 -0.096 0.715*

(0.275) (0.335) (0.793) (0.058)English is first language 0.157 -0.106 0.101 0.324**

(0.193) (0.542) (0.608) (0.034)Non-English speaking country 0.176 0.012 0.325 0.013

(0.206) (0.953) (0.230) (0.946)NSW 0.067 -0.261** -0.240* -0.022

(0.406) (0.024) (0.057) (0.835)VIC -0.062 -0.194 -0.117 -0.015

(0.461) (0.104) (0.347) (0.887)QLD -0.025 -0.194* -0.093 -0.117

(0.768) (0.099) (0.456) (0.275)SA 0.012 -0.197 0.006 -0.137

(0.888) (0.125) (0.969) (0.264)WA -0.032 -0.168 -0.117 0.030

(0.750) (0.253) (0.444) (0.818)Father born overseas 0.048 -0.030 -0.067 -0.009

(0.426) (0.738) (0.490) (0.910)Mother born overseas -0.070 -0.105 0.024 0.094

(0.265) (0.258) (0.830) (0.319)Married 0.051 0.098 0.066 -0.009

(0.379) (0.239) (0.511) (0.918)Child age 0 to 2 0.063 -0.119 0.099 0.070

(0.413) (0.286) (0.476) (0.547)Child age 3 to 4 0.013 -0.139 0.057 0.034

(0.892) (0.317) (0.725) (0.799)Child age 5 to 9 0.062 -0.000 -0.127 0.091

(0.467) (0.997) (0.375) (0.452)Child age 10 to 14 0.036 0.034 -0.096 0.183

(0.692) (0.779) (0.572) (0.236)Union member 0.120** 0.322*** 0.161** 0.107

(0.027) (0.000) (0.050) (0.109)Has disability -0.136*** 0.007 -0.151* -0.010

(0.005) (0.927) (0.068) (0.900)Constant 0.562*** 1.058*** 0.509** 5.813***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other -0.063** -0.081* -0.103** -0.110**

(0.032) (0.075) (0.029) (0.020)Age 20 to 24 -0.000 -0.063 -0.060 0.408***

(0.998) (0.636) (0.636) (0.003)Age 25 to 29 0.050 -0.046 0.067 0.416***

(0.571) (0.723) (0.599) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 0.005 -0.015 0.077 0.579***

(0.950) (0.909) (0.548) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.047 -0.102 0.140 0.634***

(0.599) (0.446) (0.279) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.034 -0.250* 0.066 0.767***

(0.702) (0.060) (0.624) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.040 -0.177 0.202 0.846***

(0.664) (0.204) (0.145) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.096 -0.250* 0.159 0.747***

(0.316) (0.081) (0.265) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.024 -0.466*** 0.029 0.743***

(0.812) (0.003) (0.877) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.009 -0.593*** 0.017 0.331

(0.937) (0.001) (0.949) (0.389)English is first language 0.182* 0.284 0.080 0.154


(0.278) (0.665) (0.432) (0.852)NSW -0.020 -0.082 -0.017 -0.021

(0.754) (0.394) (0.863) (0.826)VIC -0.075 -0.041 -0.029 -0.062

(0.242) (0.675) (0.773) (0.504)QLD -0.026 -0.132 -0.131 -0.060

(0.676) (0.160) (0.167) (0.505)SA -0.066 -0.059 -0.136 -0.158*

(0.280) (0.539) (0.149) (0.084)WA -0.059 -0.124 -0.051 -0.083

(0.374) (0.228) (0.616) (0.390)Father born overseas -0.011 0.089 0.109 0.016

(0.827) (0.285) (0.127) (0.844)Mother born overseas 0.042 -0.160* -0.128* 0.046

(0.410) (0.057) (0.083) (0.576)Married 0.112*** 0.147** 0.126** 0.090

(0.004) (0.016) (0.045) (0.170)Child age 0 to 2 -0.044 -0.109 0.065 0.001

(0.451) (0.219) (0.475) (0.991)Child age 3 to 4 -0.000 -0.193* 0.044 0.081

(0.999) (0.098) (0.721) (0.544)Child age 5 to 9 0.009 0.009 0.101 0.086

(0.867) (0.918) (0.265) (0.318)Child age 10 to 14 -0.047 0.006 0.080 -0.038

(0.461) (0.952) (0.438) (0.718)Union member 0.122*** 0.205*** 0.113** 0.087

(0.002) (0.000) (0.040) (0.117)Has disability -0.127*** -0.066 -0.035 -0.095

(0.000) (0.230) (0.534) (0.112)Constant 0.694*** 0.585*** 0.607*** 5.888***


NCVER 53

Table 48a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.002 0.037 0.039 0.172***

(0.958) (0.511) (0.388) (0.001)Age 20 to 24 -0.047 0.552 0.213 -0.143

(0.822) (0.109) (0.415) (0.451)Age 25 to 29 -0.002 0.583* 0.155 -0.064

(0.993) (0.094) (0.553) (0.722)Age 30 to 34 -0.021 0.378 0.158 0.064

(0.918) (0.267) (0.539) (0.725)Age 35 to 39 -0.019 0.423 0.262 0.077

(0.928) (0.220) (0.322) (0.696)Age 40 to 44 -0.029 0.451 0.268 0.208

(0.887) (0.183) (0.287) (0.238)Age 45 to 49 -0.061 0.453 0.179 0.104

(0.770) (0.186) (0.483) (0.567)Age 50 to 54 0.025 0.327 0.288 0.351**

(0.905) (0.334) (0.258) (0.049)Age 55 to 59 -0.179 0.367 -0.026 0.300*

(0.384) (0.280) (0.917) (0.099)Age 60 to 64 0.023 0.333 0.035 (dropped)

(0.922) (0.376) (0.907) .English is first language -0.049 0.147 0.017 -0.018


(0.312) (0.706) (0.520) (0.484)NSW -0.018 -0.039 -0.098 0.170*

(0.757) (0.685) (0.237) (0.069)VIC -0.037 -0.004 -0.006 0.064

(0.555) (0.971) (0.946) (0.521)QLD -0.027 -0.016 -0.032 -0.008

(0.648) (0.877) (0.710) (0.937)SA 0.042 0.047 0.029 0.149

(0.522) (0.666) (0.736) (0.132)WA -0.068 0.018 -0.162* 0.054


(0.913) (0.243) (0.100) (0.210)Mother born overseas 0.023 0.051 0.167** 0.118

(0.735) (0.614) (0.038) (0.204)Married 0.053 0.035 0.193*** 0.157**

(0.230) (0.632) (0.001) (0.024)Child age 0 to 2 0.033 -0.002 0.013 -0.035

(0.616) (0.988) (0.891) (0.731)Child age 3 to 4 -0.057 0.048 0.014 0.115

(0.445) (0.709) (0.892) (0.313)Child age 5 to 9 0.025 0.019 -0.043 0.138

(0.683) (0.847) (0.613) (0.142)Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 -0.045 -0.113 -0.001

(0.865) (0.685) (0.201) (0.991)Union member 0.065 0.289*** 0.055 -0.022

(0.180) (0.000) (0.362) (0.742)Has disability -0.062 -0.070 -0.033 -0.145**

(0.124) (0.317) (0.582) (0.037)Constant 0.990*** 0.108 0.549* 6.472***



Table 49a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.008 0.080 0.023 0.138***

(0.769) (0.107) (0.568) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.233** 0.164 -0.032 (dropped)

(0.029) (0.386) (0.837) .Age 25 to 29 0.214** 0.270* 0.090 0.258*

(0.016) (0.082) (0.476) (0.072)Age 30 to 34 0.188** -0.053 0.057 0.364**

(0.028) (0.725) (0.654) (0.015)Age 35 to 39 0.163** -0.007 0.071 0.480***

(0.050) (0.962) (0.589) (0.001)Age 40 to 44 0.127 0.037 0.154 0.606***

(0.121) (0.795) (0.225) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.134* 0.044 0.137 0.629***

(0.096) (0.759) (0.259) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.149** -0.114 0.060 0.698***

(0.049) (0.392) (0.612) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.132* -0.174 -0.083 0.654***

(0.099) (0.223) (0.520) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) 0.221

. . . (0.204)English is first language 0.229*** 0.238 0.080 0.170

(0.004) (0.131) (0.581) (0.199)Non-English speaking country 0.240** 0.331* 0.121 -0.083

(0.023) (0.080) (0.430) (0.565)NSW -0.016 -0.061 -0.012 0.076

(0.764) (0.523) (0.875) (0.346)VIC 0.000 -0.096 0.021 0.000

(0.995) (0.304) (0.778) (0.996)QLD -0.044 -0.160 -0.002 -0.051

(0.436) (0.120) (0.983) (0.578)SA 0.022 -0.001 -0.105 -0.141

(0.739) (0.990) (0.280) (0.150)WA -0.024 -0.103 0.052 0.087

(0.658) (0.306) (0.525) (0.313)Father born overseas -0.049 0.015 0.048 -0.076


(0.636) (0.655) (0.978) (0.449)Married 0.039 0.115* 0.126** 0.076

(0.314) (0.085) (0.022) (0.229)Child age 0 to 2 0.029 -0.065 -0.001 0.044

(0.615) (0.499) (0.986) (0.635)Child age 3 to 4 0.070 0.033 0.056 -0.039

(0.427) (0.838) (0.669) (0.782)Child age 5 to 9 0.033 0.014 -0.012 0.060

(0.547) (0.881) (0.878) (0.489)Child age 10 to 14 0.037 -0.027 -0.075 -0.004

(0.449) (0.754) (0.306) (0.963)Union member 0.075** 0.299*** 0.134*** -0.042

(0.042) (0.000) (0.006) (0.437)Has disability 0.004 -0.068 0.014 -0.002

(0.913) (0.252) (0.779) (0.967)Constant 0.521*** 0.415* 0.586*** 6.051***


NCVER 55

Table 50a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other -0.027 0.050 -0.002 0.086*

(0.343) (0.299) (0.965) (0.060)Age 20 to 24 0.289 0.189 0.344 0.139

(0.158) (0.573) (0.228) (0.621)Age 25 to 29 0.413** 0.215 0.404 0.283

(0.042) (0.518) (0.152) (0.302)Age 30 to 34 0.347* 0.191 0.424 0.369

(0.088) (0.566) (0.136) (0.177)Age 35 to 39 0.372* 0.141 0.479* 0.489*

(0.072) (0.674) (0.098) (0.082)Age 40 to 44 0.327 0.187 0.478* 0.635**

(0.110) (0.578) (0.094) (0.023)Age 45 to 49 0.352* 0.117 0.477* 0.670**

(0.085) (0.725) (0.094) (0.017)Age 50 to 54 0.355* -0.048 0.464 0.649**

(0.084) (0.887) (0.109) (0.022)Age 55 to 59 0.361* -0.178 0.370 0.724**

(0.082) (0.601) (0.207) (0.012)Age 60 to 64 0.213 -0.277 0.327 0.434

(0.310) (0.421) (0.299) (0.175)English is first language 0.041 0.161 0.098 0.148


(0.569) (0.647) (0.591) (0.818)NSW 0.078 -0.047 0.072 0.008

(0.108) (0.560) (0.306) (0.916)VIC 0.023 -0.077 0.047 0.058

(0.641) (0.345) (0.534) (0.491)QLD 0.023 -0.067 -0.024 -0.074

(0.646) (0.423) (0.737) (0.359)SA 0.048 0.025 -0.010 -0.098

(0.433) (0.801) (0.904) (0.287)WA 0.077 -0.239** -0.045 -0.080

(0.274) (0.044) (0.653) (0.522)Father born overseas 0.023 -0.035 0.141** -0.038

(0.629) (0.647) (0.048) (0.620)Mother born overseas 0.015 -0.033 -0.080 0.054

(0.783) (0.683) (0.307) (0.514)Married 0.081** 0.096 0.085 0.111*

(0.026) (0.131) (0.150) (0.099)Child age 0 to 2 -0.036 -0.062 0.120 0.017

(0.486) (0.459) (0.132) (0.831)Child age 3 to 4 -0.003 0.040 0.038 -0.032

(0.973) (0.749) (0.741) (0.770)Child age 5 to 9 -0.033 -0.160* 0.021 0.022

(0.564) (0.079) (0.813) (0.828)Child age 10 to 14 -0.018 -0.064 0.005 -0.009

(0.744) (0.496) (0.955) (0.921)Union member 0.094*** 0.238*** 0.116** 0.025

(0.007) (0.000) (0.020) (0.631)Has disability -0.088** -0.116** -0.041 -0.110*

(0.011) (0.048) (0.454) (0.077)Constant 0.449** 0.412 0.169 6.033***



Table 51a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business -0.014 -0.069 -0.028 -0.059(0.753) (0.382) (0.688) (0.467)

Age 20 to 24 0.081 (dropped) -0.391* 0.011(0.508) . (0.073) (0.980)

Age 25 to 29 -0.175 -0.140 -0.150 0.061(0.125) (0.538) (0.468) (0.881)

Age 30 to 34 -0.123 -0.075 -0.249 0.342(0.284) (0.732) (0.218) (0.418)

Age 35 to 39 -0.061 -0.110 -0.287 0.474(0.570) (0.575) (0.136) (0.259)

Age 40 to 44 0.033 -0.131 -0.072 0.395(0.748) (0.519) (0.701) (0.327)

Age 45 to 49 0.028 -0.251 0.056 0.425(0.769) (0.198) (0.763) (0.300)

Age 50 to 54 0.077 -0.367* -0.263 0.251(0.451) (0.064) (0.196) (0.553)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -0.427** (dropped) 0.585. (0.050) . (0.141)

Age 60 to 64 -0.194* -0.350 -0.625 (dropped)(0.091) (0.198) (0.130) .

English is first language 0.171 0.196 0.303** -0.066(0.157) (0.434) (0.048) (0.812)

Non-English speaking country -0.071 0.028 0.374* -0.063(0.600) (0.915) (0.080) (0.825)

NSW 0.081 -0.020 0.293** 0.102(0.299) (0.886) (0.013) (0.471)

VIC 0.016 -0.285* 0.253 -0.002(0.857) (0.068) (0.109) (0.993)

QLD 0.008 -0.136 0.298* -0.178(0.926) (0.407) (0.059) (0.356)

SA -0.173** -0.037 0.119 -0.093(0.041) (0.817) (0.430) (0.615)

WA 0.051 0.120 0.225 0.084(0.645) (0.539) (0.175) (0.669)

Father born overseas -0.025 -0.161 -0.403** -0.229(0.758) (0.306) (0.020) (0.130)

Mother born overseas 0.099 0.195 0.458*** 0.222*(0.240) (0.252) (0.006) (0.093)

Married 0.080 0.016 -0.070 0.057(0.157) (0.876) (0.481) (0.602)

Child age 0 to 2 0.085 0.015 0.108 0.065(0.318) (0.919) (0.378) (0.648)

Child age 3 to 4 0.021 -0.093 0.109 -0.173(0.859) (0.658) (0.526) (0.484)

Child age 5 to 9 0.012 -0.036 0.121 0.072(0.881) (0.788) (0.380) (0.617)

Child age 10 to 14 0.035 -0.080 0.144 0.116(0.679) (0.591) (0.353) (0.477)

Union member 0.074 0.280*** 0.049 0.010(0.194) (0.005) (0.552) (0.917)

Has disability -0.008 -0.189** -0.189** 0.024(0.881) (0.047) (0.046) (0.833)

Constant 0.685*** 0.786** 0.530** 6.409***(0.000) (0.010) (0.039) (0.000)


NCVER 57

Table 52a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.005 -0.082*** -0.037** -0.063***(0.557) (0.000) (0.019) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.200* -0.007 0.085 0.403*(0.093) (0.981) (0.639) (0.098)

Age 25 to 29 0.183 -0.054 0.105 0.507**(0.122) (0.861) (0.561) (0.037)

Age 30 to 34 0.178 -0.087 0.058 0.596**(0.134) (0.777) (0.748) (0.014)

Age 35 to 39 0.188 -0.177 0.127 0.732***(0.112) (0.563) (0.485) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 0.154 -0.208 0.152 0.749***(0.193) (0.496) (0.402) (0.002)

Age 45 to 49 0.177 -0.228 0.174 0.707***(0.136) (0.456) (0.339) (0.004)

Age 50 to 54 0.201* -0.299 0.104 0.813***(0.092) (0.329) (0.569) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.126 -0.431 0.007 0.792***(0.289) (0.160) (0.970) (0.001)

Age 60 to 64 0.082 -0.368 0.084 0.623**(0.498) (0.233) (0.655) (0.012)

English is first language 0.056** 0.031 -0.115*** 0.031(0.020) (0.478) (0.007) (0.491)


NSW -0.010 -0.058** 0.005 0.039(0.501) (0.035) (0.848) (0.164)

VIC -0.011 -0.078*** 0.010 0.059**(0.458) (0.005) (0.726) (0.036)

QLD -0.016 -0.027 0.005 -0.063**(0.288) (0.337) (0.859) (0.021)

SA -0.040** 0.022 -0.027 -0.080***(0.017) (0.495) (0.364) (0.010)

WA -0.043*** 0.002 0.005 0.051*(0.007) (0.954) (0.880) (0.083)

Father born overseas -0.004 -0.013 0.014 0.005(0.797) (0.623) (0.585) (0.850)


Married 0.088*** 0.083*** 0.130*** 0.080***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.003 -0.089*** 0.019 0.055*(0.824) (0.002) (0.508) (0.051)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.002 0.021 0.028 0.025(0.919) (0.571) (0.462) (0.502)

Child age 5 to 9 0.028* -0.077*** -0.019 0.074**(0.063) (0.005) (0.524) (0.012)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 -0.051 -0.048 -0.034(0.519) (0.104) (0.129) (0.301)

Union member 0.069*** 0.361*** 0.141*** 0.073***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.032*** -0.058*** -0.090*** -0.007(0.001) (0.002) (0.000) (0.703)

Constant 0.654*** 0.810*** 0.735*** 5.966***(0.000) (0.009) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 53a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other -0.019 -0.044 -0.064* -0.150***(0.373) (0.236) (0.088) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.028 0.029 0.089 0.139(0.785) (0.859) (0.545) (0.385)

Age 25 to 29 -0.048 -0.013 0.070 0.292*(0.643) (0.939) (0.639) (0.069)

Age 30 to 34 -0.057 0.021 0.128 0.359**(0.585) (0.898) (0.391) (0.026)

Age 35 to 39 -0.094 -0.113 0.053 0.411**(0.369) (0.498) (0.726) (0.012)

Age 40 to 44 -0.079 -0.057 0.080 0.440***(0.452) (0.731) (0.600) (0.007)

Age 45 to 49 -0.131 -0.176 0.087 0.381**(0.217) (0.303) (0.569) (0.024)

Age 50 to 54 -0.083 -0.257 0.168 0.497***(0.440) (0.136) (0.301) (0.004)

Age 55 to 59 -0.030 -0.495*** -0.001 0.549***(0.787) (0.006) (0.994) (0.004)

Age 60 to 64 -0.152 -0.194 0.033 0.588**(0.232) (0.387) (0.893) (0.012)

English is first language 0.009 0.212* 0.063 0.099(0.898) (0.062) (0.634) (0.352)

Non-English speaking country 0.075 0.262* 0.228 0.085(0.414) (0.086) (0.137) (0.577)

NSW 0.049 0.005 0.072 0.016(0.187) (0.938) (0.248) (0.796)

VIC 0.023 0.036 0.075 -0.002(0.551) (0.596) (0.257) (0.972)

QLD 0.011 0.004 0.012 -0.117*(0.775) (0.953) (0.853) (0.085)

SA 0.027 0.052 0.053 -0.164**(0.521) (0.481) (0.467) (0.023)

WA 0.076* -0.036 0.030 0.005(0.072) (0.617) (0.675) (0.941)

Father born overseas 0.004 -0.019 0.042 -0.019(0.900) (0.734) (0.459) (0.717)

Mother born overseas 0.020 0.003 -0.046 -0.014(0.589) (0.962) (0.485) (0.820)

Married 0.120*** 0.059 0.118** 0.054(0.000) (0.241) (0.019) (0.275)

Child age 0 to 2 0.009 -0.089 0.074 0.020(0.808) (0.164) (0.261) (0.750)

Child age 3 to 4 0.042 -0.058 0.106 0.107(0.384) (0.476) (0.229) (0.197)

Child age 5 to 9 0.021 -0.010 0.105 0.099(0.606) (0.892) (0.143) (0.149)

Child age 10 to 14 0.002 -0.173** -0.059 -0.080(0.958) (0.022) (0.424) (0.295)

Union member 0.092*** 0.278*** 0.113** 0.043(0.002) (0.000) (0.015) (0.336)

Has disability -0.077*** -0.077* -0.064 -0.015(0.004) (0.099) (0.174) (0.744)

Constant 0.873*** 0.568*** 0.529*** 6.201***(0.000) (0.004) (0.008) (0.000)


NCVER 59

Table 54a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business -0.126 -0.145 -0.029 -0.369(0.518) (0.702) . .

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.633 (dropped) -0.657. (0.406) . .

Age 25 to 29 -0.561 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.432) . . .


Age 35 to 39 0.021 0.502 0.633 (dropped)(0.970) (0.687) . .


Age 45 to 49 0.022 0.081 (dropped) (dropped)(0.960) (0.920) . .

Age 50 to 54 -0.031 0.591 0.191 (dropped)(0.941) (0.412) . .


Age 60 to 64 -0.161 (dropped) -0.282 (dropped)(0.635) . . .

English is first language (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

NSW -0.118 0.136 -0.123 0.007(0.830) (0.910) . .

VIC -0.200 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.748) . . .

QLD -0.141 0.428 -0.056 (dropped)(0.812) (0.727) . .

SA -0.002 0.049 -0.518 (dropped)(0.998) (0.954) . .

WA (dropped) 0.771 (dropped) (dropped). (0.609) . .

Father born overseas 0.159 0.358 (dropped) (dropped)(0.765) (0.702) . .

Mother born overseas (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Married 0.163 0.066 -0.039 -0.201(0.474) (0.888) . .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.188 0.483 -0.156 0.311(0.719) (0.674) . .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.184 -0.628 -0.041 (dropped)(0.867) (0.702) . .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.189 0.519 0.050 (dropped)(0.740) (0.611) . .

Child age 10 to 14 -0.117 0.117 -0.096 (dropped)(0.835) (0.897) . .

Union member -0.039 0.405 0.182 0.207(0.896) (0.423) . .

Has disability -0.180 -0.081 0.106 -0.202(0.391) (0.836) . .

Constant 1.157* -0.216 0.838 7.041(0.072) (0.877) . .



Table 55a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin -0.155 -0.406*** -0.505** -0.130(0.170) (0.010) (0.013) (0.803)

Age 20 to 24 0.384 -1.040** -0.085 (dropped)(0.407) (0.048) (0.918) .

Age 25 to 29 -0.460 -0.064 -0.422 0.121(0.141) (0.871) (0.352) (0.881)

Age 30 to 34 -0.273 0.080 -0.339 0.160(0.364) (0.836) (0.457) (0.848)

Age 35 to 39 -0.410 -0.921 -0.432 (dropped)(0.275) (0.139) (0.474) .

Age 40 to 44 -0.293 -0.736 -0.259 0.104(0.359) (0.128) (0.571) (0.919)

Age 45 to 49 -0.122 -0.747 -0.256 -0.362(0.720) (0.106) (0.647) (0.772)

Age 50 to 54 -0.384 -1.139* -0.342 (dropped)(0.360) (0.065) (0.738) .

Age 55 to 59 -0.413 -1.507* -0.558 (dropped)(0.291) (0.069) (0.349) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.119 -0.817** -0.475 (dropped)(0.677) (0.036) (0.396) .

English is first language 0.788 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.209) . . .

Non-English speaking country 0.105 0.136 -0.194 (dropped)(0.779) (0.826) (0.807) .

NSW -0.112 -0.285 -0.099 -0.396(0.615) (0.344) (0.836) (0.791)

VIC -0.321 -0.643 -0.217 -0.762(0.219) (0.113) (0.653) (0.577)

QLD -0.270 -0.256 -0.420 -0.320(0.195) (0.371) (0.293) (0.647)

SA 0.028 0.626 0.197 -0.060(0.931) (0.273) (0.755) (0.964)

WA -0.517 (dropped) -0.724 (dropped)(0.131) . (0.330) .

Father born overseas 0.473* 0.080 -0.032 0.267(0.058) (0.782) (0.933) (0.794)

Mother born overseas -0.282 -0.552** -0.272 (dropped)(0.111) (0.024) (0.383) .

Married -0.003 0.023 0.156 0.042(0.986) (0.903) (0.560) (0.936)

Child age 0 to 2 0.250 -0.182 -0.031 -0.009(0.413) (0.653) (0.947) (0.992)

Child age 3 to 4 0.021 -0.244 -0.426 -0.122(0.938) (0.539) (0.427) (0.931)

Child age 5 to 9 0.111 0.322 -0.134 -0.044(0.646) (0.252) (0.725) (0.954)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.036 -0.064 -0.293 0.102(0.918) (0.870) (0.592) (0.912)

Union member 0.241 0.137 0.106 0.180(0.102) (0.460) (0.620) (0.692)

Has disability -0.008 0.280 0.050 0.025(0.949) (0.104) (0.821) (0.957)

Constant 0.505 1.624*** 1.365** 6.969***(0.431) (0.001) (0.011) (0.000)


NCVER 61

Table 56a:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.053** -0.020 -0.025 -0.113***(0.020) (0.562) (0.479) (0.001)

Age 20 to 24 0.154** 0.039 0.239** 0.343***(0.014) (0.718) (0.010) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.176*** -0.041 0.228** 0.452***(0.005) (0.706) (0.016) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.144** -0.009 0.229** 0.623***(0.028) (0.935) (0.022) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.197*** -0.022 0.309*** 0.716***(0.003) (0.842) (0.002) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.172** -0.123 0.277*** 0.686***(0.010) (0.284) (0.009) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.141** -0.145 0.320*** 0.886***(0.039) (0.213) (0.003) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.203*** -0.230** 0.321*** 0.820***(0.003) (0.046) (0.003) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.193** -0.448*** 0.091 0.781***(0.012) (0.000) (0.461) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.023 -0.240* 0.095 0.952***(0.772) (0.084) (0.500) (0.000)



NSW 0.034 -0.084 -0.034 0.020(0.416) (0.185) (0.599) (0.754)

VIC -0.041 -0.068 -0.088 -0.042(0.354) (0.307) (0.179) (0.506)

QLD 0.006 -0.131** -0.111* -0.097(0.886) (0.049) (0.087) (0.128)

SA -0.020 -0.078 -0.090 -0.158**(0.652) (0.249) (0.174) (0.018)

WA -0.006 -0.065 -0.045 -0.099(0.910) (0.408) (0.543) (0.188)



Married 0.126*** 0.099** 0.088* 0.044(0.000) (0.032) (0.067) (0.359)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.063 -0.140** 0.054 0.051(0.152) (0.035) (0.437) (0.450)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.008 -0.192** 0.040 0.063(0.881) (0.027) (0.668) (0.503)

Child age 5 to 9 0.007 -0.057 0.066 0.065(0.887) (0.408) (0.382) (0.372)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.021 -0.031 0.030 0.039(0.658) (0.654) (0.689) (0.593)

Union member 0.122*** 0.243*** 0.159*** 0.050(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.226)

Has disability -0.139*** -0.060 -0.124*** -0.058(0.000) (0.158) (0.004) (0.212)

Constant 0.638*** 0.671*** 0.487*** 5.906***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 57a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.043 0.080 0.027 0.142***


. . . .Age 25 to 29 0.071 0.195 0.099 0.317*

(0.436) (0.280) (0.543) (0.057)Age 30 to 34 -0.016 0.151 0.242 0.456***

(0.860) (0.398) (0.143) (0.009)Age 35 to 39 0.075 0.057 0.119 0.437***

(0.398) (0.746) (0.459) (0.010)Age 40 to 44 0.040 0.024 0.149 0.611***

(0.647) (0.890) (0.356) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.029 -0.050 0.125 0.696***

(0.742) (0.777) (0.437) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.037 -0.133 0.051 0.695***

(0.686) (0.474) (0.762) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.141 -0.091 -0.112 0.440**

(0.116) (0.616) (0.521) (0.012)Age 60 to 64 -0.112 -0.081 -0.012 0.752***

(0.267) (0.700) (0.951) (0.001)English is first language -0.014 0.228** 0.028 0.161


(0.423) (0.674) (0.674) (0.409)NSW -0.035 -0.077 -0.052 0.049

(0.479) (0.396) (0.554) (0.600)VIC -0.016 -0.028 -0.083 0.119

(0.764) (0.771) (0.372) (0.214)QLD 0.002 -0.132 -0.091 -0.042

(0.972) (0.154) (0.317) (0.673)SA -0.004 -0.069 -0.110 0.091

(0.938) (0.511) (0.271) (0.381)WA -0.004 -0.085 -0.043 0.130


(0.787) (0.889) (0.695) (0.200)Mother born overseas -0.036 0.001 0.015 0.134

(0.522) (0.995) (0.879) (0.257)Married 0.078** 0.030 0.102 0.094

(0.042) (0.689) (0.154) (0.211)Child age 0 to 2 -0.027 -0.069 0.026 0.194*

(0.627) (0.512) (0.791) (0.066)Child age 3 to 4 0.015 -0.007 -0.031 0.200

(0.830) (0.956) (0.796) (0.110)Child age 5 to 9 -0.023 -0.065 -0.095 0.147

(0.654) (0.487) (0.300) (0.138)Child age 10 to 14 -0.007 0.080 0.030 0.003

(0.900) (0.425) (0.738) (0.977)Union member 0.083** 0.215*** 0.114* 0.022

(0.037) (0.004) (0.079) (0.751)Has disability -0.099*** 0.036 0.012 -0.103

(0.004) (0.587) (0.848) (0.122)Constant 0.894*** 0.419** 0.597*** 6.110***


NCVER 63

Table 58a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.043 0.008 0.011 0.064

(0.166) (0.877) (0.815) (0.265)Age 20 to 24 0.204** 0.444** -0.022 (dropped)

(0.050) (0.022) (0.900) .Age 25 to 29 0.092 0.474*** -0.017 0.101

(0.294) (0.003) (0.911) (0.506)Age 30 to 34 0.127 0.691*** 0.041 0.240

(0.165) (0.000) (0.806) (0.136)Age 35 to 39 0.132 0.536*** 0.085 0.420***

(0.136) (0.001) (0.596) (0.009)Age 40 to 44 0.132* 0.508*** -0.005 0.358**

(0.090) (0.001) (0.971) (0.023)Age 45 to 49 0.139* 0.353** 0.021 0.427***

(0.076) (0.017) (0.884) (0.005)Age 50 to 54 0.089 0.315** 0.055 0.429***

(0.252) (0.037) (0.705) (0.006)Age 55 to 59 -0.038 0.236 0.012 0.339**

(0.609) (0.107) (0.931) (0.032)Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) 0.313

. . . (0.445)English is first language -0.063 -0.463** -0.030 0.067


(0.943) (0.498) (0.202) (0.431)NSW -0.103 -0.028 -0.027 0.138

(0.114) (0.819) (0.795) (0.267)VIC -0.032 0.038 0.075 0.070

(0.620) (0.745) (0.471) (0.567)QLD -0.041 -0.062 -0.018 -0.025

(0.541) (0.616) (0.868) (0.860)SA -0.093 0.132 -0.001 0.041

(0.178) (0.278) (0.994) (0.748)WA -0.059 0.024 0.006 0.098

(0.400) (0.853) (0.957) (0.463)Father born overseas -0.064 0.172* -0.047 -0.053

(0.192) (0.069) (0.551) (0.590)Mother born overseas 0.089* -0.158* -0.010 0.043

(0.070) (0.090) (0.901) (0.651)Married 0.094** 0.068 0.091 0.189**

(0.019) (0.336) (0.180) (0.012)Child age 0 to 2 -0.001 -0.085 -0.028 0.026

(0.983) (0.472) (0.786) (0.817)Child age 3 to 4 -0.022 -0.286* 0.130 0.198

(0.812) (0.073) (0.396) (0.263)Child age 5 to 9 0.014 -0.007 0.005 0.086

(0.801) (0.946) (0.952) (0.418)Child age 10 to 14 0.014 -0.123 -0.141 0.125

(0.811) (0.229) (0.111) (0.300)Union member 0.084** 0.269*** 0.204*** 0.013

(0.045) (0.000) (0.001) (0.854)Has disability -0.120*** 0.015 -0.178*** -0.104

(0.002) (0.838) (0.008) (0.196)Constant 0.870*** 0.647** 0.764*** 6.375***



Table 59a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.037 -0.062 0.015 0.065

(0.102) (0.173) (0.722) (0.199)Age 20 to 24 -0.024 0.146 0.121 0.241

(0.850) (0.565) (0.578) (0.422)Age 25 to 29 -0.091 0.139 0.417** 0.310

(0.464) (0.569) (0.045) (0.287)Age 30 to 34 -0.095 0.270 0.422** 0.422

(0.448) (0.274) (0.045) (0.149)Age 35 to 39 -0.101 0.096 0.484** 0.481*

(0.415) (0.695) (0.021) (0.099)Age 40 to 44 -0.117 0.165 0.381* 0.558*

(0.348) (0.499) (0.068) (0.057)Age 45 to 49 -0.093 0.081 0.437** 0.674**

(0.458) (0.743) (0.037) (0.021)Age 50 to 54 -0.133 -0.023 0.426** 0.782***

(0.297) (0.928) (0.050) (0.008)Age 55 to 59 -0.211* -0.036 0.407* 0.440

(0.094) (0.885) (0.067) (0.143)Age 60 to 64 -0.158 -0.111 0.302 0.527*


(0.401) (0.019) (0.697) (0.460)Non-English speaking country 0.034 0.177 0.211* -0.065

(0.547) (0.105) (0.054) (0.601)NSW 0.028 -0.201** -0.066 0.114

(0.498) (0.015) (0.399) (0.185)VIC 0.020 -0.091 0.022 0.053

(0.634) (0.275) (0.781) (0.516)QLD 0.018 -0.150* -0.040 -0.032

(0.675) (0.075) (0.621) (0.717)SA 0.066 -0.159* -0.053 0.103

(0.165) (0.088) (0.560) (0.301)WA 0.027 -0.118 0.050 -0.002

(0.587) (0.233) (0.579) (0.983)Father born overseas -0.032 0.045 -0.085 0.017


(0.916) (0.499) (0.836) (0.277)Married 0.076** 0.056 0.090 0.069

(0.015) (0.383) (0.133) (0.294)Child age 0 to 2 0.003 -0.092 0.013 0.072

(0.947) (0.293) (0.872) (0.418)Child age 3 to 4 0.041 -0.335*** 0.066 0.251*

(0.455) (0.002) (0.542) (0.080)Child age 5 to 9 0.005 -0.118 -0.039 0.231**

(0.909) (0.183) (0.641) (0.019)Child age 10 to 14 0.024 -0.216** -0.131 0.075

(0.605) (0.021) (0.138) (0.499)Union member 0.058** 0.302*** 0.170*** -0.042

(0.041) (0.000) (0.001) (0.473)Has disability -0.044 -0.075 -0.090 -0.136**

(0.120) (0.185) (0.127) (0.037)Constant 1.007*** 0.415 0.303 6.210***


NCVER 65

Table 60a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.067** 0.070 0.084 0.030(0.028) (0.230) (0.125) (0.656)

Age 20 to 24 0.056 -0.156 -0.003 0.090(0.666) (0.530) (0.989) (0.719)

Age 25 to 29 0.077 -0.169 0.172 0.323(0.550) (0.492) (0.419) (0.183)

Age 30 to 34 0.034 -0.139 0.148 0.370(0.799) (0.579) (0.501) (0.141)

Age 35 to 39 0.047 -0.136 0.253 0.431*(0.725) (0.592) (0.254) (0.086)

Age 40 to 44 -0.031 -0.299 0.149 0.436*(0.812) (0.233) (0.505) (0.089)

Age 45 to 49 -0.020 -0.311 0.191 0.470*(0.881) (0.219) (0.385) (0.076)

Age 50 to 54 -0.025 -0.372 0.232 0.619**(0.858) (0.157) (0.306) (0.020)

Age 55 to 59 -0.181 -0.339 0.172 0.475*(0.179) (0.191) (0.455) (0.079)

Age 60 to 64 -0.129 -0.201 0.297 0.644**(0.370) (0.465) (0.236) (0.019)

English is first language 0.038 -0.310* -0.191 0.106(0.655) (0.061) (0.212) (0.535)


NSW -0.031 -0.142 -0.125 0.168(0.537) (0.139) (0.190) (0.127)

VIC -0.009 0.036 -0.069 -0.072(0.867) (0.741) (0.501) (0.547)

QLD -0.017 -0.076 -0.108 -0.059(0.729) (0.417) (0.206) (0.570)

SA 0.064 -0.059 -0.233** 0.038(0.283) (0.600) (0.022) (0.745)

WA 0.013 -0.005 -0.038 0.101(0.849) (0.965) (0.741) (0.481)

Father born overseas -0.064 -0.012 -0.056 -0.116(0.154) (0.891) (0.503) (0.247)

Mother born overseas 0.045 -0.165* 0.001 0.009(0.396) (0.092) (0.996) (0.942)

Married 0.088** 0.136* 0.036 0.273***(0.032) (0.088) (0.634) (0.003)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.106* -0.050 0.059 -0.017(0.074) (0.662) (0.575) (0.891)

Child age 3 to 4 0.009 -0.131 0.148 0.187(0.908) (0.356) (0.305) (0.253)

Child age 5 to 9 0.002 0.007 0.085 0.163(0.978) (0.957) (0.461) (0.258)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.000 -0.015 0.017 0.138(0.994) (0.896) (0.876) (0.326)

Union member 0.071* 0.207*** 0.130* -0.003(0.081) (0.007) (0.053) (0.969)

Has disability -0.058 -0.018 -0.091 -0.239***(0.135) (0.820) (0.207) (0.008)

Constant 0.833*** 1.174*** 0.850*** 6.147***(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)



Table 61a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.042*** -0.018 0.000 -0.029(0.000) (0.294) (0.979) (0.128)

Age 20 to 24 -0.080 0.717** -0.141** -0.341***(0.636) (0.025) (0.011) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.073 0.769** -0.044 -0.197***(0.666) (0.016) (0.376) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.106 0.721** -0.045 -0.146**(0.532) (0.024) (0.368) (0.011)

Age 35 to 39 -0.083 0.610* -0.050 -0.072(0.625) (0.056) (0.303) (0.214)

Age 40 to 44 -0.090 0.582* -0.054 0.041(0.598) (0.068) (0.259) (0.476)

Age 45 to 49 -0.086 0.526* -0.062 0.087(0.612) (0.099) (0.180) (0.117)

Age 50 to 54 -0.138 0.473 -0.100** 0.087(0.416) (0.139) (0.043) (0.141)

Age 55 to 59 -0.238 0.479 -0.197*** -0.112*(0.161) (0.134) (0.000) (0.062)

Age 60 to 64 -0.201 0.563* (dropped) (dropped)(0.238) (0.080) . .

English is first language -0.055* 0.073 0.023 -0.089(0.071) (0.242) (0.735) (0.173)

Non-English speaking country -0.031 -0.017 -0.082 -0.161**(0.267) (0.757) (0.203) (0.019)

NSW -0.010 -0.187*** -0.094*** 0.098***(0.541) (0.000) (0.004) (0.004)

VIC 0.005 -0.127*** 0.008 0.063*(0.788) (0.000) (0.804) (0.074)

QLD -0.015 -0.083*** -0.069** 0.000(0.365) (0.008) (0.030) (0.990)

SA 0.018 -0.095*** -0.026 0.021(0.347) (0.008) (0.460) (0.572)

WA 0.021 -0.095*** 0.007 0.075**(0.257) (0.007) (0.854) (0.043)

Father born overseas -0.019 0.008 -0.082*** -0.104***(0.216) (0.772) (0.005) (0.001)


Married 0.085*** 0.001 0.118*** 0.116***(0.000) (0.951) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.009 -0.080** -0.019 0.084**(0.583) (0.014) (0.562) (0.017)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.005 -0.131*** 0.064 0.078(0.834) (0.001) (0.167) (0.124)

Child age 5 to 9 0.002 0.012 -0.039 0.111***(0.928) (0.717) (0.235) (0.001)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.005 0.032 -0.012 0.084**(0.791) (0.354) (0.722) (0.024)

Union member 0.074*** 0.307*** 0.169*** 0.083***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.076*** -0.057*** -0.075*** -0.068***(0.000) (0.007) (0.001) (0.005)

Constant 1.025*** 0.065 0.774*** 6.901***(0.000) (0.841) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 67

Table 62a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.010 0.046 -0.013 -0.112***(0.656) (0.210) (0.725) (0.004)

Age 20 to 24 -0.040 0.265* 0.062 -0.169(0.629) (0.061) (0.636) (0.445)

Age 25 to 29 -0.077 0.242* 0.053 0.023(0.361) (0.091) (0.690) (0.919)

Age 30 to 34 -0.024 0.246* 0.114 0.079(0.774) (0.085) (0.391) (0.724)

Age 35 to 39 -0.000 0.153 0.162 0.265(1.000) (0.287) (0.227) (0.235)

Age 40 to 44 -0.049 0.121 0.061 0.277(0.584) (0.427) (0.685) (0.240)

Age 45 to 49 -0.013 0.053 0.172 0.397*(0.883) (0.720) (0.213) (0.080)

Age 50 to 54 -0.037 0.006 0.086 0.388*(0.669) (0.965) (0.538) (0.090)

Age 55 to 59 -0.173* -0.018 0.061 0.112(0.050) (0.906) (0.673) (0.628)

Age 60 to 64 -0.161 0.000 0.072 0.355(0.133) (0.998) (0.695) (0.163)

English is first language 0.014 -0.037 0.064 0.370**(0.830) (0.770) (0.589) (0.010)


NSW 0.013 -0.123* -0.138* 0.003(0.738) (0.075) (0.060) (0.969)

VIC 0.046 -0.089 -0.076 -0.018(0.240) (0.192) (0.275) (0.792)

QLD 0.021 -0.041 -0.134** -0.082(0.588) (0.534) (0.045) (0.213)

SA 0.038 -0.069 -0.035 -0.091(0.391) (0.372) (0.664) (0.266)

WA 0.050 -0.010 -0.014 -0.085(0.303) (0.907) (0.864) (0.308)

Father born overseas -0.071** 0.119** 0.002 -0.043(0.018) (0.020) (0.967) (0.429)

Mother born overseas 0.065* -0.069 0.011 0.115*(0.053) (0.234) (0.847) (0.067)

Married 0.058** 0.129*** 0.175*** 0.121**(0.033) (0.008) (0.000) (0.015)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.005 -0.074 0.036 0.151**(0.895) (0.285) (0.595) (0.029)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.032 -0.135 0.123 0.129(0.517) (0.130) (0.180) (0.185)

Child age 5 to 9 0.012 -0.052 -0.119* 0.076(0.780) (0.473) (0.096) (0.319)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.054 -0.047 -0.034 0.046(0.250) (0.570) (0.688) (0.630)

Union member 0.088*** 0.184*** 0.228*** 0.005(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.920)

Has disability -0.084*** -0.034 -0.080* -0.093*(0.001) (0.447) (0.080) (0.057)

Constant 0.899*** 0.529*** 0.532*** 6.234***(0.000) (0.005) (0.003) (0.000)



Table 63a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business 0.061 0.121* 0.086 0.007(0.152) (0.073) (0.146) (0.925)

Age 20 to 24 0.022 -0.157 -0.309 0.499(0.920) (0.649) (0.260) (0.114)

Age 25 to 29 -0.046 -0.078 -0.223 0.739**(0.832) (0.818) (0.415) (0.021)

Age 30 to 34 0.014 0.081 -0.111 1.010***(0.948) (0.810) (0.681) (0.002)

Age 35 to 39 -0.007 -0.111 -0.226 1.001***(0.975) (0.749) (0.420) (0.002)

Age 40 to 44 0.042 -0.541 -0.425 1.037**(0.854) (0.130) (0.167) (0.021)

Age 45 to 49 0.074 -0.114 -0.116 1.228***(0.736) (0.740) (0.675) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.053 -0.306 -0.070 1.223***(0.808) (0.363) (0.802) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.087 -0.436 -0.180 1.028***(0.686) (0.196) (0.514) (0.002)

Age 60 to 64 -0.109 -0.494 -0.100 1.038***(0.630) (0.159) (0.728) (0.010)

English is first language -0.134 0.024 -0.109 0.161(0.223) (0.905) (0.510) (0.413)

Non-English speaking country -0.066 -0.281* -0.370** 0.004(0.506) (0.060) (0.037) (0.988)

NSW -0.085 -0.041 -0.069 -0.208*(0.267) (0.734) (0.509) (0.075)

VIC 0.049 -0.043 -0.009 -0.104(0.534) (0.732) (0.935) (0.414)

QLD -0.071 -0.023 -0.046 -0.145(0.360) (0.851) (0.681) (0.307)

SA -0.057 -0.028 -0.192 -0.138(0.534) (0.840) (0.127) (0.321)

WA 0.015 -0.223 -0.047 -0.174(0.864) (0.112) (0.707) (0.293)


Mother born overseas -0.044 0.055 -0.148 0.278**(0.598) (0.683) (0.200) (0.040)

Married 0.024 0.168* 0.100 0.079(0.667) (0.056) (0.204) (0.409)

Child age 0 to 2 0.030 -0.053 -0.008 0.052(0.695) (0.663) (0.940) (0.699)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.071 -0.395* 0.060 0.243(0.581) (0.055) (0.784) (0.308)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.019 -0.019 0.071 0.123(0.845) (0.904) (0.644) (0.453)

Child age 10 to 14 0.014 -0.140 -0.022 0.021(0.882) (0.358) (0.861) (0.916)

Union member 0.111** 0.192** 0.150** 0.076(0.038) (0.024) (0.029) (0.373)

Has disability -0.121** 0.069 -0.121 0.004(0.024) (0.422) (0.141) (0.973)

Constant 1.034*** 0.746* 1.042*** 5.713***(0.000) (0.056) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 69

Table 64a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin 0.012 0.064 0.054 -0.121**(0.717) (0.224) (0.321) (0.045)

Age 20 to 24 0.081 -0.006 0.229 0.179(0.391) (0.971) (0.123) (0.255)

Age 25 to 29 0.125 -0.136 0.375** 0.431**(0.168) (0.362) (0.010) (0.014)

Age 30 to 34 0.002 -0.101 0.284** 0.535***(0.985) (0.448) (0.036) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.074 -0.246* 0.248* 0.551***(0.362) (0.063) (0.062) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.058 -0.110 0.325** 0.700***(0.479) (0.421) (0.019) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.078 -0.301** 0.384*** 0.918***(0.352) (0.029) (0.006) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.082 -0.358** 0.550*** 0.823***(0.363) (0.016) (0.001) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.010 -0.424*** 0.217 0.494***(0.914) (0.005) (0.187) (0.009)

Age 60 to 64 -0.195 -0.211 0.332 0.494**(0.103) (0.243) (0.226) (0.045)

English is first language 0.045 0.274** 0.311** -0.045(0.551) (0.050) (0.019) (0.821)


NSW -0.041 -0.172* -0.083 -0.241*(0.505) (0.093) (0.464) (0.059)

VIC -0.030 -0.099 -0.129 -0.087(0.611) (0.307) (0.196) (0.438)

QLD -0.031 -0.164 -0.165 -0.215(0.676) (0.179) (0.204) (0.117)

SA -0.060 -0.033 -0.121 -0.081(0.370) (0.761) (0.290) (0.507)

WA -0.075 -0.136 0.007 -0.114(0.382) (0.344) (0.958) (0.468)

Father born overseas 0.082 0.007 0.077 -0.035(0.140) (0.935) (0.388) (0.742)

Mother born overseas -0.108* 0.057 -0.104 -0.056(0.057) (0.528) (0.287) (0.598)

Married 0.117*** 0.176** 0.056 0.212**(0.009) (0.020) (0.463) (0.015)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.057 -0.007 0.119 0.030(0.341) (0.946) (0.225) (0.776)

Child age 3 to 4 0.074 -0.089 0.235* 0.032(0.320) (0.472) (0.059) (0.829)

Child age 5 to 9 0.016 -0.102 0.142 0.165(0.803) (0.303) (0.187) (0.160)

Child age 10 to 14 0.032 -0.164 -0.130 -0.170(0.620) (0.125) (0.214) (0.157)

Union member 0.084* 0.256*** 0.233*** 0.097(0.066) (0.000) (0.000) (0.207)

Has disability -0.095** 0.010 -0.070 -0.077(0.015) (0.875) (0.286) (0.281)

Constant 0.784*** 0.558*** 0.168 6.337***(0.000) (0.003) (0.380) (0.000)



Table 65a:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.095** 0.025 -0.078 -0.039(0.014) (0.670) (0.202) (0.522)

Age 20 to 24 0.048 0.208 -0.100 0.293(0.710) (0.317) (0.623) (0.325)

Age 25 to 29 0.141 0.230 0.021 0.471(0.301) (0.296) (0.924) (0.130)

Age 30 to 34 0.170 0.279 0.009 0.602*(0.222) (0.205) (0.968) (0.052)

Age 35 to 39 0.131 0.120 0.045 0.648**(0.314) (0.565) (0.821) (0.034)

Age 40 to 44 0.051 0.160 -0.194 0.709**(0.703) (0.459) (0.361) (0.023)

Age 45 to 49 0.075 -0.026 -0.031 0.721**(0.586) (0.905) (0.885) (0.021)

Age 50 to 54 0.010 -0.051 0.112 0.894***(0.947) (0.832) (0.619) (0.007)

Age 55 to 59 0.013 -0.066 -0.279 0.306(0.932) (0.775) (0.221) (0.351)

Age 60 to 64 -0.040 0.053 -0.086 0.712**(0.793) (0.826) (0.727) (0.032)



NSW -0.078 -0.152 0.072 -0.133(0.261) (0.135) (0.526) (0.231)

VIC -0.000 -0.247** 0.004 -0.026(0.996) (0.021) (0.974) (0.831)

QLD -0.041 -0.053 -0.027 -0.215*(0.565) (0.614) (0.800) (0.051)

SA -0.114 -0.138 0.081 -0.139(0.131) (0.230) (0.519) (0.259)

WA 0.018 -0.076 0.027 -0.145(0.819) (0.523) (0.825) (0.226)


Mother born overseas -0.147** 0.179* 0.122 0.043(0.046) (0.098) (0.270) (0.738)

Married 0.093* 0.147* 0.186** 0.162**(0.076) (0.068) (0.033) (0.049)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.225*** -0.244* -0.197 -0.126(0.005) (0.056) (0.181) (0.364)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.095 -0.066 0.124 0.029(0.321) (0.635) (0.421) (0.842)

Child age 5 to 9 0.068 -0.037 0.073 0.168(0.410) (0.760) (0.567) (0.185)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.004 -0.034 0.041 -0.077(0.966) (0.785) (0.756) (0.551)

Union member 0.136*** 0.216*** 0.219*** -0.063(0.008) (0.004) (0.003) (0.393)

Has disability -0.063 0.013 -0.010 -0.051(0.172) (0.855) (0.895) (0.502)

Constant 0.927*** 0.404 0.599** 6.073***(0.000) (0.126) (0.018) (0.000)


NCVER 71

Section B: Using Less than Year 12as the Comparison Group, Males


Table 1b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.127*** 0.008 0.066*** 0.437***(0.000) (0.500) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.106*** 0.013 -0.078* (dropped)(0.007) (0.699) (0.098) .

Age 25 to 29 0.017 0.063** 0.065 0.132**(0.619) (0.037) (0.131) (0.016)

Age 30 to 34 0.014 0.058** 0.086** 0.211***(0.671) (0.038) (0.033) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.003 0.023 0.062 0.249***(0.935) (0.401) (0.128) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.017 0.031 0.084** 0.321***(0.606) (0.266) (0.045) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.012 0.026 0.097** 0.369***(0.714) (0.369) (0.022) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 (dropped) (dropped) 0.075* 0.317***. . (0.090) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.079** -0.102*** (dropped) 0.305***(0.023) (0.001) . (0.000)

Capital City 0.000 0.034** 0.049** 0.131***(0.983) (0.021) (0.017) (0.000)

Non-English speaking country 0.002 -0.019 0.026 -0.063(0.959) (0.566) (0.585) (0.294)


NSW -0.003 0.036* 0.028 0.049(0.906) (0.062) (0.288) (0.143)

VIC 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.039(0.751) (0.568) (0.840) (0.254)

QLD 0.013 0.023 0.002 0.011(0.603) (0.301) (0.958) (0.771)

SA -0.044 0.027 -0.012 -0.019(0.107) (0.241) (0.721) (0.642)

WA 0.039 0.041* 0.024 0.060(0.137) (0.069) (0.453) (0.141)

Married 0.112*** 0.065*** 0.054** 0.148***(0.000) (0.000) (0.030) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.044* -0.014 0.024 0.046(0.073) (0.506) (0.416) (0.216)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.038 -0.004 0.011 0.047(0.252) (0.886) (0.790) (0.329)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.045* 0.004 0.043 0.003(0.093) (0.856) (0.187) (0.940)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.016 0.002 0.004 0.081*(0.577) (0.940) (0.901) (0.059)

Union member 0.150*** 0.041*** 0.139*** -0.014(0.000) (0.002) (0.000) (0.537)

Constant 0.708*** 0.793*** 0.564*** 5.786***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 73

Table 2b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.105*** 0.019 0.057** 0.220***(0.000) (0.214) (0.015) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.153 0.086 0.062 0.467***(0.190) (0.366) (0.631) (0.002)

Age 25 to 29 0.014 0.093 0.145 0.621***(0.902) (0.308) (0.239) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.024 0.125 0.159 0.713***(0.834) (0.169) (0.192) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.035 0.104 0.128 0.796***(0.755) (0.257) (0.300) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.009 0.113 0.148 0.820***(0.933) (0.212) (0.229) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.020 0.100 0.143 0.881***(0.859) (0.277) (0.251) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.023 0.032 0.129 0.889***(0.841) (0.731) (0.308) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.136 -0.038 0.113 0.794***(0.236) (0.680) (0.377) (0.000)

Capital City -0.005 0.020 0.037 0.036(0.812) (0.245) (0.167) (0.292)

Non-English speaking country -0.069 0.005 0.001 0.012(0.232) (0.922) (0.987) (0.893)


NSW 0.025 0.021 0.010 0.080(0.435) (0.424) (0.795) (0.104)

VIC 0.018 -0.026 0.006 0.002(0.581) (0.339) (0.881) (0.973)

QLD 0.033 0.023 -0.012 -0.048(0.343) (0.413) (0.765) (0.367)

SA -0.018 0.014 -0.021 -0.024(0.630) (0.661) (0.662) (0.696)

WA 0.054 -0.020 -0.026 0.065(0.165) (0.540) (0.599) (0.294)

Married 0.101*** 0.040* 0.073** 0.110**(0.000) (0.070) (0.031) (0.015)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.033 0.019 -0.012 0.013(0.324) (0.491) (0.766) (0.796)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.040 -0.009 -0.016 -0.000(0.354) (0.799) (0.772) (0.997)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.058* 0.024 0.037 0.041(0.093) (0.406) (0.377) (0.432)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.048 0.023 0.065 0.019(0.159) (0.408) (0.136) (0.722)

Union member 0.166*** 0.054*** 0.148*** 0.006(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.836)

Constant 0.815*** 0.735*** 0.506*** 5.301***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 3b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.098*** 0.021*** 0.047*** 0.093***

(0.000) (0.007) (0.000) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.120 0.045 -0.044 0.467***

(0.180) (0.512) (0.649) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.095 0.047 -0.042 0.615***

(0.289) (0.485) (0.667) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.089 0.042 -0.001 0.679***

(0.320) (0.537) (0.996) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.078 0.040 -0.047 0.701***

(0.387) (0.562) (0.635) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.072 0.020 -0.028 0.727***

(0.425) (0.770) (0.779) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.059 0.010 -0.006 0.793***

(0.512) (0.887) (0.950) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.072 0.011 -0.035 0.707***

(0.430) (0.869) (0.725) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.186** -0.053 -0.044 0.616***

(0.040) (0.439) (0.662) (0.000)Capital City 0.005 0.027*** 0.084*** 0.046***

(0.615) (0.001) (0.000) (0.005)Non-English speaking country -0.078** -0.016 -0.053 -0.058


(0.669) (0.591) (0.434) (0.790)NSW -0.009 -0.004 0.038* 0.075***

(0.593) (0.775) (0.083) (0.004)VIC 0.008 -0.015 0.024 0.019

(0.664) (0.273) (0.299) (0.497)QLD 0.015 0.005 0.008 -0.022

(0.409) (0.721) (0.725) (0.421)SA -0.034* -0.009 -0.016 -0.022

(0.100) (0.578) (0.551) (0.471)WA 0.030 0.016 0.044* 0.080***

(0.140) (0.302) (0.096) (0.008)Married 0.125*** 0.039*** 0.063*** 0.081***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.041** -0.010 0.010 0.019

(0.023) (0.490) (0.675) (0.475)Child age 3 to 4 -0.058** -0.006 -0.013 0.008

(0.016) (0.768) (0.691) (0.832)Child age 5 to 9 -0.053*** 0.010 0.028 0.055*

(0.008) (0.530) (0.280) (0.060)Child age 10 to 14 -0.023 -0.003 0.030 0.056*

(0.248) (0.829) (0.270) (0.070)Union member 0.198*** 0.058*** 0.182*** 0.068***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Constant 0.782*** 0.850*** 0.682*** 5.412***


NCVER 75

Table 4b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.079** -0.015 -0.012 0.142***

(0.021) (0.591) (0.774) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.138 0.037 0.276** 0.496***

(0.150) (0.675) (0.010) (0.003)Age 25 to 29 0.173* 0.086 0.396*** 0.645***

(0.075) (0.326) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.183* 0.098 0.373*** 0.822***

(0.065) (0.282) (0.001) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.189* 0.032 0.289** 0.893***

(0.059) (0.729) (0.012) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.175* 0.078 0.377*** 0.922***

(0.079) (0.391) (0.001) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.212** 0.047 0.434*** 1.012***

(0.035) (0.611) (0.000) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.237** 0.013 0.382*** 0.818***

(0.022) (0.888) (0.002) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 0.084 0.023 0.384*** 0.766***

(0.433) (0.815) (0.002) (0.000)Capital City 0.023 0.011 0.089* 0.141***

(0.531) (0.732) (0.050) (0.008)Non-English speaking country -0.121 0.140 -0.132 0.023


(0.455) (0.329) (0.134) (0.602)NSW 0.055 0.005 0.016 0.001

(0.339) (0.916) (0.809) (0.995)VIC 0.079 0.000 -0.004 -0.010

(0.247) (0.994) (0.958) (0.919)QLD 0.022 0.019 -0.012 -0.017

(0.712) (0.700) (0.858) (0.832)SA 0.053 -0.028 -0.066 -0.017

(0.426) (0.605) (0.434) (0.867)WA 0.061 -0.066 -0.036 0.035

(0.341) (0.224) (0.616) (0.693)Married 0.067 0.130*** 0.073 0.032

(0.155) (0.001) (0.191) (0.642)Child age 0 to 2 -0.050 -0.040 0.029 0.031

(0.442) (0.456) (0.704) (0.726)Child age 3 to 4 0.034 -0.015 0.067 0.041

(0.690) (0.833) (0.502) (0.713)Child age 5 to 9 -0.051 0.007 0.023 0.055

(0.467) (0.901) (0.798) (0.572)Child age 10 to 14 -0.005 -0.010 0.016 0.042

(0.941) (0.852) (0.842) (0.641)Union member 0.206*** 0.077** 0.186*** -0.002

(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.967)Constant 0.574*** 0.667*** 0.491*** 5.253***






Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.138*** (dropped) 0.024 -0.149*(0.002) . (0.728) (0.060)

Age 25 to 29 0.150*** 0.060 0.119* 0.020(0.000) (0.178) (0.074) (0.788)

Age 30 to 34 0.148*** -0.006 0.152** 0.163**(0.000) (0.898) (0.023) (0.030)

Age 35 to 39 0.175*** -0.071 0.163** 0.202***(0.000) (0.121) (0.016) (0.008)

Age 40 to 44 0.159*** -0.098** 0.156** 0.241***(0.000) (0.029) (0.019) (0.001)

Age 45 to 49 0.156*** -0.145*** 0.130* 0.260***(0.000) (0.002) (0.050) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 0.154*** -0.189*** 0.095 0.250***(0.000) (0.000) (0.156) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.118*** -0.190*** 0.072 0.177**(0.009) (0.001) (0.317) (0.028)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.278*** (dropped) (dropped). (0.000) . .

English is first language -0.004 0.165*** 0.022 0.022(0.887) (0.000) (0.568) (0.613)

Non-English speaking country -0.061* 0.082 -0.003 0.011(0.088) (0.127) (0.947) (0.847)

NSW 0.021 -0.014 -0.007 0.028(0.306) (0.664) (0.811) (0.375)

VIC 0.015 0.018 0.005 0.018(0.464) (0.560) (0.877) (0.568)

QLD 0.003 0.062* 0.019 -0.058*(0.893) (0.059) (0.529) (0.065)

SA 0.011 0.004 -0.016 -0.062(0.664) (0.928) (0.649) (0.101)

WA 0.028 0.060 0.009 0.028(0.269) (0.115) (0.791) (0.446)

Married 0.111*** 0.015 0.094*** 0.110***(0.000) (0.568) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.076*** -0.010 -0.020 -0.010(0.001) (0.771) (0.524) (0.751)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.038 -0.035 -0.036 -0.019(0.207) (0.441) (0.391) (0.670)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.060** -0.015 -0.054* -0.027(0.010) (0.665) (0.096) (0.422)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.010 0.001 0.011 0.007(0.653) (0.971) (0.724) (0.843)

Union member 0.128*** 0.317*** 0.163*** 0.012(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.568)

Has disability -0.093*** -0.023 -0.059*** -0.046*(0.000) (0.335) (0.007) (0.061)

Constant 0.621*** 0.516*** 0.530*** 6.170***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 77

Table 6b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.086*** 0.116*** 0.095*** 0.256***(0.001) (0.001) (0.003) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.013 0.163 0.071 -0.101(0.856) (0.210) (0.537) (0.418)

Age 25 to 29 0.086 0.178 0.223** 0.066(0.203) (0.150) (0.044) (0.577)

Age 30 to 34 0.043 0.130 0.159 0.192(0.510) (0.289) (0.146) (0.102)

Age 35 to 39 0.116* 0.131 0.214* 0.211*(0.081) (0.289) (0.053) (0.075)

Age 40 to 44 0.102 0.060 0.142 0.197*(0.124) (0.623) (0.197) (0.096)

Age 45 to 49 0.081 0.063 0.184* 0.299**(0.220) (0.608) (0.094) (0.011)

Age 50 to 54 0.077 0.065 0.200* 0.312***(0.250) (0.596) (0.068) (0.008)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -0.067 0.198 0.230*. (0.606) (0.103) (0.078)


English is first language -0.004 0.127** -0.035 -0.007(0.934) (0.045) (0.562) (0.916)


NSW -0.013 0.009 -0.007 0.008(0.768) (0.877) (0.904) (0.888)

VIC 0.011 0.064 -0.060 -0.076(0.814) (0.302) (0.308) (0.194)

QLD -0.017 0.099 -0.011 -0.052(0.715) (0.101) (0.850) (0.349)

SA -0.022 0.030 -0.064 -0.062(0.653) (0.641) (0.289) (0.309)

WA 0.012 0.071 -0.035 0.022(0.817) (0.296) (0.580) (0.731)

Married 0.116*** -0.014 0.052 0.077*(0.001) (0.762) (0.251) (0.087)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.067 0.065 0.014 0.001(0.148) (0.278) (0.806) (0.981)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.069 0.056 -0.019 0.102(0.258) (0.490) (0.805) (0.156)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.082 0.024 0.026 -0.048(0.118) (0.724) (0.691) (0.450)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.026 0.042 0.014 0.021(0.602) (0.514) (0.833) (0.727)

Union member 0.150*** 0.277*** 0.187*** 0.042(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.213)

Has disability -0.088*** -0.007 -0.080** -0.059(0.003) (0.851) (0.033) (0.117)

Constant 0.711*** 0.363** 0.587*** 6.202***(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 7b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.090*** -0.023 0.049*** 0.118***

(0.000) (0.114) (0.002) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.188** 0.116 0.192* 0.514***

(0.011) (0.277) (0.051) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.189*** 0.046 0.195** 0.595***

(0.010) (0.666) (0.047) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.193*** 0.006 0.203** 0.657***

(0.009) (0.958) (0.039) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.256*** -0.069 0.234** 0.694***

(0.001) (0.518) (0.018) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.225*** -0.141 0.227** 0.735***

(0.002) (0.186) (0.023) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.224*** -0.148 0.197** 0.723***

(0.002) (0.166) (0.049) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.207*** -0.199* 0.237** 0.693***

(0.006) (0.066) (0.020) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.197*** -0.148 0.227** 0.691***

(0.009) (0.172) (0.026) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.110 -0.144 0.172 0.564***

(0.157) (0.203) (0.106) (0.000)English is first language 0.018 0.106*** -0.057 0.031

(0.541) (0.009) (0.155) (0.427)Non-English speaking country -0.063* 0.130** -0.045 -0.034

(0.096) (0.014) (0.414) (0.501)NSW -0.020 0.028 0.013 0.038

(0.269) (0.253) (0.624) (0.127)VIC -0.002 0.041 0.024 0.007

(0.924) (0.106) (0.388) (0.766)QLD -0.010 0.061** -0.007 0.004

(0.572) (0.013) (0.789) (0.884)SA -0.013 0.023 -0.028 -0.016

(0.512) (0.411) (0.353) (0.555)WA 0.020 0.095*** 0.027 0.103***

(0.307) (0.001) (0.362) (0.000)Married 0.106*** -0.004 0.058*** 0.093***

(0.000) (0.847) (0.008) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.041** -0.006 -0.003 -0.012

(0.023) (0.823) (0.919) (0.615)Child age 3 to 4 -0.021 -0.018 -0.001 -0.011

(0.402) (0.612) (0.985) (0.754)Child age 5 to 9 -0.058*** -0.020 -0.002 -0.021

(0.004) (0.478) (0.958) (0.471)Child age 10 to 14 -0.019 0.060** 0.038 0.044

(0.346) (0.030) (0.218) (0.120)Union member 0.151*** 0.370*** 0.175*** 0.128***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.101*** 0.008 -0.057*** -0.057***

(0.000) (0.653) (0.002) (0.001)Constant 0.548*** 0.534*** 0.532*** 5.583***


NCVER 79

Table 8b: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.032* 0.003 0.015 0.126***

(0.056) (0.898) (0.516) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.060 0.035 0.175** 0.390***

(0.269) (0.631) (0.012) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.082 -0.046 0.122* 0.480***

(0.131) (0.532) (0.087) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.084 -0.073 0.206*** 0.603***

(0.130) (0.328) (0.005) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.173*** -0.120 0.241*** 0.595***

(0.002) (0.111) (0.001) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.118** -0.205*** 0.188** 0.687***

(0.036) (0.007) (0.013) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.116** -0.159** 0.232*** 0.737***

(0.041) (0.036) (0.002) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.094 -0.237*** 0.242*** 0.749***

(0.108) (0.003) (0.003) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.080 -0.241*** 0.092 0.700***

(0.198) (0.004) (0.278) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.035 -0.217** 0.168* 0.646***



(0.175) (0.992) (0.866) (0.153)NSW 0.008 -0.003 -0.030 0.011

(0.785) (0.934) (0.447) (0.791)VIC -0.006 0.055 -0.009 -0.011

(0.837) (0.186) (0.841) (0.811)QLD 0.013 0.065 -0.037 -0.082*

(0.673) (0.114) (0.394) (0.067)SA -0.010 0.018 -0.057 -0.073

(0.784) (0.692) (0.235) (0.146)WA 0.033 0.057 0.038 0.075

(0.338) (0.207) (0.422) (0.129)Married 0.124*** 0.028 0.068** 0.062*

(0.000) (0.368) (0.042) (0.080)Child age 0 to 2 -0.069** 0.028 -0.015 0.054

(0.031) (0.501) (0.725) (0.235)Child age 3 to 4 -0.060 0.027 -0.021 0.064

(0.156) (0.627) (0.720) (0.286)Child age 5 to 9 -0.084** -0.016 -0.069 -0.008

(0.012) (0.722) (0.149) (0.878)Child age 10 to 14 -0.042 0.040 -0.016 0.045

(0.202) (0.342) (0.734) (0.353)Union member 0.192*** 0.318*** 0.188*** 0.075***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.004)Has disability -0.133*** 0.004 -0.045 -0.102***

(0.000) (0.893) (0.100) (0.000)Constant 0.705*** 0.717*** 0.599*** 5.791***






Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.079*** 0.037** 0.134*** 0.451***(0.000) (0.045) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.055 -0.003 0.056 0.094(0.768) (0.991) (0.818) (0.688)

Age 25 to 29 0.031 0.050 0.056 0.311(0.868) (0.872) (0.819) (0.180)

Age 30 to 34 0.065 -0.007 0.086 0.455**(0.726) (0.982) (0.724) (0.050)

Age 35 to 39 0.062 -0.036 0.105 0.518**(0.736) (0.907) (0.666) (0.025)

Age 40 to 44 0.069 -0.137 0.096 0.468**(0.711) (0.655) (0.693) (0.044)

Age 45 to 49 0.067 -0.140 0.085 0.519**(0.719) (0.648) (0.727) (0.025)

Age 50 to 54 0.067 -0.189 0.073 0.549**(0.719) (0.537) (0.763) (0.018)

Age 55 to 59 0.019 -0.310 0.014 0.494**(0.918) (0.315) (0.954) (0.035)

Age 60 to 64 -0.067 -0.293 -0.102 0.461*(0.722) (0.346) (0.681) (0.053)

English is first language -0.009 0.029 -0.038 0.098**(0.747) (0.513) (0.365) (0.020)

Non-English speaking country -0.038 0.038 -0.018 0.032(0.217) (0.473) (0.690) (0.490)

NSW 0.011 -0.047 -0.010 0.059**(0.541) (0.108) (0.694) (0.020)

VIC 0.021 -0.062** 0.008 0.030(0.240) (0.036) (0.773) (0.258)

QLD -0.012 -0.087*** -0.057* 0.015(0.527) (0.008) (0.050) (0.599)

SA -0.004 -0.071** -0.016 -0.012(0.853) (0.040) (0.600) (0.695)

WA 0.005 -0.056 0.022 0.115***(0.824) (0.115) (0.484) (0.000)

Father born overseas -0.006 -0.022 0.021 -0.007(0.739) (0.430) (0.412) (0.795)

Mother born overseas 0.037** 0.017 0.007 0.034(0.034) (0.556) (0.792) (0.217)

Married 0.115*** 0.002 0.108*** 0.071***(0.000) (0.940) (0.000) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.045** 0.032 -0.035 0.026(0.026) (0.340) (0.230) (0.372)

Child age 3 to 4 0.007 -0.008 0.005 0.063(0.804) (0.849) (0.896) (0.126)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.043** -0.032 -0.024 0.015(0.040) (0.351) (0.442) (0.645)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.036* 0.048 0.007 0.024(0.070) (0.145) (0.821) (0.406)

Union member 0.103*** 0.291*** 0.164*** 0.054***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.003)

Has disability -0.079*** -0.026 -0.031 -0.053***(0.000) (0.235) (0.108) (0.007)

Constant 0.751*** 0.747** 0.634** 5.895***(0.000) (0.016) (0.010) (0.000)


NCVER 81

Table 10b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.046** 0.080** 0.053 0.301***(0.048) (0.020) (0.110) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.063 0.218 0.385* 0.159(0.689) (0.337) (0.057) (0.538)

Age 25 to 29 -0.001 0.282 0.405** 0.382(0.995) (0.208) (0.042) (0.137)

Age 30 to 34 -0.036 0.114 0.403** 0.436*(0.820) (0.611) (0.045) (0.091)

Age 35 to 39 -0.049 0.117 0.408** 0.544**(0.754) (0.603) (0.041) (0.034)

Age 40 to 44 0.026 0.122 0.450** 0.502*(0.866) (0.586) (0.024) (0.050)

Age 45 to 49 -0.023 0.036 0.419** 0.540**(0.885) (0.872) (0.036) (0.035)

Age 50 to 54 -0.032 0.102 0.434** 0.548**(0.837) (0.652) (0.032) (0.034)

Age 55 to 59 -0.026 0.095 0.457** 0.540**(0.872) (0.677) (0.026) (0.038)

Age 60 to 64 -0.212 -0.037 0.186 0.418(0.191) (0.879) (0.407) (0.130)



NSW 0.023 -0.058 -0.023 -0.019(0.557) (0.312) (0.687) (0.721)

VIC 0.018 -0.061 -0.036 0.017(0.654) (0.296) (0.541) (0.756)

QLD -0.026 0.000 -0.041 -0.023(0.533) (0.996) (0.491) (0.694)

SA 0.016 0.055 -0.050 -0.019(0.732) (0.427) (0.433) (0.756)

WA 0.031 -0.007 -0.028 0.084(0.517) (0.922) (0.679) (0.203)


Mother born overseas 0.008 0.002 0.015 -0.011(0.828) (0.977) (0.792) (0.838)

Married 0.129*** -0.070 0.081* 0.073*(0.000) (0.131) (0.066) (0.090)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.011 0.033 0.088 -0.010(0.804) (0.606) (0.166) (0.867)

Child age 3 to 4 0.053 0.151* 0.076 -0.046(0.360) (0.062) (0.360) (0.556)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.038 0.083 0.056 0.022(0.387) (0.193) (0.357) (0.708)

Child age 10 to 14 0.009 0.040 0.044 -0.002(0.831) (0.530) (0.484) (0.967)

Union member 0.143*** 0.315*** 0.224*** 0.064*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.075)

Has disability -0.112*** -0.048 -0.064* -0.064*(0.000) (0.210) (0.085) (0.079)

Constant 0.788*** 0.477** 0.173 5.908***(0.000) (0.046) (0.423) (0.000)



Table 11b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.072*** -0.044*** 0.044*** 0.139***

(0.000) (0.003) (0.006) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.009 -0.060 -0.093 0.312**

(0.921) (0.703) (0.465) (0.014)Age 25 to 29 -0.010 -0.106 -0.070 0.466***

(0.917) (0.499) (0.580) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.039 -0.227 -0.065 0.512***

(0.679) (0.146) (0.606) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.008 -0.259* -0.043 0.632***

(0.932) (0.097) (0.735) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.034 -0.306* -0.071 0.591***

(0.713) (0.050) (0.579) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.000 -0.281* -0.054 0.620***

(0.998) (0.073) (0.674) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.025 -0.344** -0.073 0.673***

(0.787) (0.028) (0.568) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.036 -0.400** -0.132 0.609***

(0.705) (0.011) (0.307) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.090 -0.461*** -0.251* 0.462***

(0.347) (0.004) (0.063) (0.001)English is first language 0.027 0.078* -0.046 0.081**

(0.309) (0.056) (0.307) (0.049)Non-English speaking country -0.032 0.089* 0.011 -0.131**

(0.317) (0.075) (0.846) (0.014)NSW 0.055*** -0.020 -0.003 0.034

(0.001) (0.458) (0.908) (0.206)VIC 0.051*** -0.031 0.003 0.031

(0.003) (0.249) (0.918) (0.254)QLD 0.016 0.014 -0.034 -0.019

(0.367) (0.589) (0.224) (0.475)SA 0.031 -0.004 -0.030 -0.075**

(0.106) (0.883) (0.335) (0.011)WA 0.047** -0.005 0.016 0.110***


(0.101) (0.741) (0.411) (0.488)Mother born overseas 0.038** -0.017 0.005 -0.005

(0.036) (0.528) (0.850) (0.869)Married 0.129*** -0.028 0.121*** 0.057***

(0.000) (0.179) (0.000) (0.006)Child age 0 to 2 -0.060*** 0.047* -0.029 0.055**

(0.001) (0.084) (0.306) (0.039)Child age 3 to 4 -0.001 0.074** -0.022 0.039

(0.962) (0.034) (0.568) (0.275)Child age 5 to 9 -0.038** 0.008 -0.023 0.015

(0.033) (0.766) (0.448) (0.604)Child age 10 to 14 -0.027 -0.012 0.016 -0.057*

(0.157) (0.688) (0.620) (0.061)Union member 0.124*** 0.382*** 0.209*** 0.134***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.092*** -0.015 -0.055*** -0.022

(0.000) (0.387) (0.002) (0.203)Constant 0.718*** 0.808*** 0.761*** 5.792***


NCVER 83

Table 12b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.023 -0.034 -0.022 0.084***

(0.305) (0.270) (0.501) (0.007)Age 20 to 24 0.087 0.046 0.094 0.267***

(0.165) (0.612) (0.246) (0.003)Age 25 to 29 0.125** -0.004 0.081 0.373***

(0.044) (0.967) (0.326) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.191*** -0.023 0.098 0.494***

(0.003) (0.804) (0.266) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.210*** -0.054 0.181** 0.633***

(0.001) (0.558) (0.035) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.217*** -0.139 0.087 0.614***

(0.001) (0.140) (0.333) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.185*** -0.132 0.098 0.736***

(0.007) (0.179) (0.302) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.194*** -0.189** 0.155* 0.649***

(0.004) (0.049) (0.092) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.143* -0.258** -0.003 0.602***

(0.057) (0.016) (0.980) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.078 -0.339*** -0.040 0.761***


(0.464) (0.641) (0.726) (0.954)Non-English speaking country -0.018 0.029 0.039 -0.221**

(0.809) (0.768) (0.715) (0.024)NSW 0.033 -0.132** -0.114* 0.070

(0.455) (0.022) (0.060) (0.209)VIC -0.038 -0.084 -0.121** -0.006

(0.402) (0.163) (0.049) (0.917)QLD -0.007 -0.083 -0.161*** 0.022

(0.874) (0.161) (0.008) (0.695)SA -0.002 -0.163*** -0.148** -0.036

(0.972) (0.008) (0.019) (0.534)WA -0.009 -0.084 -0.071 0.059



(0.174) (0.198) (0.298) (0.949)Married 0.135*** 0.027 0.131*** 0.014

(0.000) (0.517) (0.003) (0.741)Child age 0 to 2 -0.097** -0.003 0.030 0.052

(0.029) (0.963) (0.627) (0.357)Child age 3 to 4 -0.031 -0.100 -0.039 0.049

(0.579) (0.179) (0.635) (0.533)Child age 5 to 9 -0.074 -0.005 -0.052 -0.021

(0.117) (0.936) (0.457) (0.746)Child age 10 to 14 -0.020 0.006 0.064 0.069

(0.670) (0.924) (0.375) (0.274)Union member 0.172*** 0.301*** 0.209*** 0.114***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002)Has disability -0.150*** -0.043 -0.063* -0.095***

(0.000) (0.223) (0.087) (0.008)Constant 0.571*** 0.787*** 0.679*** 5.928***



Table 13b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.070 0.006 0.056 0.104(0.705) (0.985) (0.821) (0.649)

Age 25 to 29 0.039 0.040 0.087 0.303(0.835) (0.897) (0.723) (0.184)

Age 30 to 34 0.080 -0.015 0.118 0.449**(0.666) (0.962) (0.631) (0.049)

Age 35 to 39 0.075 -0.046 0.139 0.515**(0.683) (0.880) (0.572) (0.024)

Age 40 to 44 0.085 -0.149 0.118 0.476**(0.644) (0.627) (0.631) (0.037)

Age 45 to 49 0.079 -0.164 0.103 0.526**(0.669) (0.592) (0.674) (0.021)

Age 50 to 54 0.077 -0.216 0.092 0.554**(0.676) (0.482) (0.707) (0.015)

Age 55 to 59 0.030 -0.312 0.043 0.476**(0.872) (0.312) (0.862) (0.039)

Age 60 to 64 -0.067 -0.294 -0.081 0.487**(0.719) (0.345) (0.747) (0.038)

English is first language -0.005 0.046 0.007 0.093**(0.859) (0.304) (0.867) (0.023)


NSW 0.011 -0.045 -0.023 0.054**(0.537) (0.132) (0.367) (0.030)

VIC 0.026 -0.059** 0.007 0.024(0.138) (0.046) (0.795) (0.351)

QLD -0.011 -0.087*** -0.061** 0.025(0.563) (0.008) (0.037) (0.393)

SA -0.003 -0.058* -0.019 -0.004(0.883) (0.095) (0.528) (0.886)

WA 0.003 -0.048 0.032 0.115***(0.883) (0.182) (0.306) (0.000)

Father born overseas -0.007 -0.014 0.044* -0.008(0.690) (0.622) (0.087) (0.762)

Mother born overseas 0.037** 0.006 -0.023 0.036(0.032) (0.845) (0.397) (0.189)

Married 0.111*** 0.007 0.096*** 0.070***(0.000) (0.782) (0.000) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.046** 0.016 -0.040 0.022(0.021) (0.635) (0.172) (0.430)

Child age 3 to 4 0.002 -0.028 0.008 0.064(0.930) (0.524) (0.844) (0.110)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.044** -0.029 -0.018 0.020(0.033) (0.403) (0.562) (0.526)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.041** 0.049 0.012 0.033(0.041) (0.137) (0.673) (0.243)

Union member 0.103*** 0.297*** 0.173*** 0.039**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.032)

Has disability -0.077*** -0.030 -0.026 -0.043**(0.000) (0.164) (0.182) (0.026)

Constant 0.737*** 0.735** 0.565** 5.901***(0.000) (0.018) (0.023) (0.000)


NCVER 85

Table 14b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.033* 0.088*** 0.106*** 0.350***(0.074) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.116 0.375* 0.548*** 0.334(0.446) (0.099) (0.004) (0.188)

Age 25 to 29 0.158 0.534** 0.571*** 0.495**(0.294) (0.017) (0.002) (0.048)

Age 30 to 34 0.177 0.316 0.646*** 0.563**(0.239) (0.159) (0.001) (0.025)

Age 35 to 39 0.146 0.327 0.663*** 0.647**(0.333) (0.147) (0.000) (0.010)

Age 40 to 44 0.161 0.363 0.630*** 0.723***(0.284) (0.107) (0.001) (0.004)

Age 45 to 49 0.151 0.332 0.587*** 0.758***(0.316) (0.141) (0.002) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 0.149 0.259 0.635*** 0.768***(0.322) (0.249) (0.001) (0.002)

Age 55 to 59 0.079 0.239 0.564*** 0.675***(0.603) (0.289) (0.003) (0.008)

Age 60 to 64 0.011 0.192 0.470** 0.539**(0.945) (0.411) (0.019) (0.038)



NSW 0.010 -0.063 -0.016 0.013(0.754) (0.202) (0.717) (0.777)

VIC 0.022 -0.020 -0.004 0.017(0.487) (0.692) (0.938) (0.717)

QLD -0.016 0.004 -0.026 -0.049(0.640) (0.944) (0.581) (0.298)

SA 0.061 0.038 -0.001 -0.002(0.110) (0.512) (0.978) (0.974)

WA 0.039 0.007 0.020 0.061(0.288) (0.902) (0.695) (0.251)


Mother born overseas 0.021 0.026 0.056 0.022(0.518) (0.594) (0.218) (0.640)

Married 0.117*** -0.041 0.100*** 0.064*(0.000) (0.286) (0.003) (0.068)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.061* 0.037 0.012 -0.012(0.093) (0.497) (0.807) (0.807)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.009 0.048 0.018 0.048(0.844) (0.498) (0.784) (0.451)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.049 0.006 -0.043 -0.016(0.185) (0.912) (0.402) (0.767)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.015 -0.001 0.005 -0.028(0.657) (0.983) (0.922) (0.554)

Union member 0.126*** 0.320*** 0.207*** 0.036(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.226)

Has disability -0.100*** -0.026 0.001 -0.093***(0.000) (0.420) (0.970) (0.003)

Constant 0.624*** 0.244 -0.004 5.750***(0.000) (0.319) (0.984) (0.000)



Table 15b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.066*** -0.050*** 0.036** 0.129***(0.000) (0.000) (0.017) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.019 0.044 0.048 0.291**(0.825) (0.756) (0.683) (0.019)

Age 25 to 29 -0.007 0.003 0.071 0.420***(0.930) (0.983) (0.542) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.027 -0.104 0.068 0.470***(0.749) (0.457) (0.558) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.007 -0.146 0.104 0.594***(0.933) (0.298) (0.371) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.039 -0.175 0.074 0.559***(0.645) (0.211) (0.523) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.007 -0.171 0.086 0.573***(0.933) (0.221) (0.461) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.021 -0.223 0.070 0.606***(0.803) (0.113) (0.554) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.031 -0.270* 0.018 0.584***(0.715) (0.055) (0.880) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.099 -0.353** -0.091 0.417***(0.258) (0.015) (0.465) (0.002)

English is first language 0.023 0.030 -0.062 0.074*(0.353) (0.413) (0.135) (0.053)


NSW 0.042*** -0.023 0.007 0.038(0.010) (0.362) (0.800) (0.124)

VIC 0.039** -0.041 -0.007 0.034(0.018) (0.108) (0.792) (0.181)

QLD 0.011 0.018 -0.032 -0.019(0.515) (0.474) (0.227) (0.438)

SA 0.014 0.003 -0.033 -0.064**(0.440) (0.917) (0.257) (0.022)

WA 0.039** -0.004 0.019 0.106***(0.034) (0.877) (0.513) (0.000)

Father born overseas -0.026* 0.000 0.018 0.018(0.086) (0.985) (0.477) (0.445)

Mother born overseas 0.036** -0.006 0.007 0.005(0.029) (0.832) (0.797) (0.837)

Married 0.123*** -0.039** 0.111*** 0.060***(0.000) (0.044) (0.000) (0.002)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.048*** 0.048* -0.005 0.038(0.005) (0.062) (0.849) (0.121)

Child age 3 to 4 0.002 0.060* 0.000 0.028(0.939) (0.074) (0.997) (0.395)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.029* 0.028 -0.009 0.010(0.086) (0.289) (0.755) (0.695)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.024 -0.004 0.016 -0.034(0.191) (0.871) (0.586) (0.226)

Union member 0.123*** 0.380*** 0.211*** 0.126***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.084*** -0.014 -0.059*** -0.013(0.000) (0.390) (0.001) (0.415)

Constant 0.734*** 0.751*** 0.638*** 5.846***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 87

Table 16b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.017 -0.009 0.001 0.073**(0.479) (0.793) (0.986) (0.032)

Age 20 to 24 0.019 0.074 0.030 0.288***(0.786) (0.445) (0.737) (0.003)

Age 25 to 29 0.040 0.013 0.014 0.417***(0.564) (0.893) (0.882) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.142** -0.026 0.066 0.519***(0.048) (0.800) (0.506) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.129* -0.022 0.143 0.664***(0.067) (0.828) (0.132) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.143** -0.122 -0.001 0.605***(0.049) (0.234) (0.991) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.120 -0.112 0.057 0.765***(0.108) (0.285) (0.589) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.120 -0.154 0.083 0.667***(0.103) (0.135) (0.417) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.069 -0.266** -0.047 0.565***(0.403) (0.022) (0.694) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.006 -0.347*** -0.092 0.717***(0.942) (0.004) (0.487) (0.000)


Non-English speaking country -0.063 -0.034 -0.043 -0.100(0.406) (0.767) (0.704) (0.377)

NSW 0.035 -0.149** -0.098 0.046(0.454) (0.015) (0.136) (0.456)

VIC -0.055 -0.058 -0.095 -0.065(0.259) (0.368) (0.152) (0.287)

QLD -0.010 -0.112* -0.172*** -0.009(0.832) (0.075) (0.008) (0.889)

SA -0.001 -0.153** -0.124* -0.045(0.977) (0.021) (0.071) (0.489)

WA -0.039 -0.067 -0.096 0.011(0.473) (0.359) (0.196) (0.876)


Mother born overseas 0.013 -0.095* -0.094 0.031(0.771) (0.098) (0.120) (0.633)

Married 0.143*** 0.050 0.122*** 0.024(0.000) (0.275) (0.009) (0.598)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.107** -0.026 0.018 0.056(0.027) (0.686) (0.792) (0.369)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.010 -0.123 -0.062 0.053(0.867) (0.138) (0.506) (0.561)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.073 -0.030 -0.038 -0.005(0.149) (0.663) (0.614) (0.946)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.015 -0.025 0.057 0.099(0.765) (0.715) (0.442) (0.158)

Union member 0.182*** 0.273*** 0.221*** 0.092**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.020)

Has disability -0.162*** -0.028 -0.088** -0.065*(0.000) (0.469) (0.027) (0.097)

Constant 0.630*** 0.727*** 0.737*** 5.836***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 17b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.374*** (dropped) (dropped). (0.000) . .

Age 25 to 29 0.020 0.394*** 0.047 0.192***(0.486) (0.000) (0.302) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.009 0.393*** 0.047 0.293***(0.755) (0.000) (0.299) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.018 0.273*** 0.056 0.397***(0.528) (0.000) (0.236) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.019 0.224*** 0.029 0.405***(0.505) (0.000) (0.530) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.008 0.185*** 0.033 0.438***(0.758) (0.001) (0.472) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.025 0.137** 0.004 0.457***(0.372) (0.011) (0.933) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.047 0.085 -0.063 0.395***(0.111) (0.129) (0.202) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.080** (dropped) -0.107 0.447***(0.027) . (0.108) (0.000)

English is first language 0.014 0.001 -0.071* 0.203***(0.558) (0.990) (0.066) (0.000)

Non-English speaking country 0.007 -0.044 -0.138*** 0.051(0.759) (0.309) (0.000) (0.288)

NSW 0.008 -0.089*** -0.028 0.052(0.664) (0.005) (0.349) (0.111)

VIC -0.012 -0.050* -0.020 0.049(0.505) (0.098) (0.484) (0.106)

QLD 0.010 -0.075** -0.062** 0.012(0.577) (0.020) (0.036) (0.722)

SA 0.009 -0.034 0.000 -0.076*(0.677) (0.365) (0.990) (0.051)

WA 0.037* -0.032 0.001 0.042(0.073) (0.362) (0.979) (0.244)


Mother born overseas -0.015 0.027 0.004 -0.013(0.403) (0.377) (0.903) (0.698)

Married 0.106*** 0.060** 0.088*** 0.097***(0.000) (0.019) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.028 -0.076** -0.017 0.048(0.163) (0.025) (0.597) (0.163)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.032 -0.100** -0.090** -0.021(0.233) (0.034) (0.038) (0.658)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.015 -0.056 0.009 0.054(0.459) (0.102) (0.784) (0.139)

Child age 10 to 14 0.008 -0.065** -0.055* 0.035(0.667) (0.049) (0.085) (0.317)

Union member 0.090*** 0.278*** 0.161*** 0.002(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.918)

Has disability -0.109*** 0.004 0.018 -0.111***(0.000) (0.851) (0.408) (0.000)

Constant 0.819*** 0.421*** 0.744*** 6.084***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 89

Table 18b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.053*** 0.018 0.066** 0.285***(0.001) (0.531) (0.019) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.021 0.246 0.533** 0.311(0.875) (0.294) (0.013) (0.276)

Age 25 to 29 -0.082 0.263 0.581*** 0.468*(0.532) (0.253) (0.006) (0.098)

Age 30 to 34 -0.080 0.288 0.587*** 0.507*(0.543) (0.211) (0.005) (0.073)

Age 35 to 39 -0.060 0.119 0.593*** 0.530*(0.645) (0.605) (0.005) (0.061)

Age 40 to 44 -0.061 0.148 0.613*** 0.541*(0.639) (0.516) (0.003) (0.055)

Age 45 to 49 -0.075 0.061 0.571*** 0.575**(0.567) (0.790) (0.006) (0.042)

Age 50 to 54 -0.056 0.066 0.582*** 0.662**(0.669) (0.775) (0.006) (0.019)

Age 55 to 59 -0.118 -0.064 0.544*** 0.614**(0.370) (0.780) (0.010) (0.031)

Age 60 to 64 -0.120 -0.200 0.389* 0.638**(0.368) (0.391) (0.072) (0.031)



NSW 0.015 -0.038 -0.020 0.095*(0.601) (0.472) (0.692) (0.091)

VIC -0.032 -0.059 -0.006 0.117**(0.289) (0.274) (0.911) (0.039)

QLD 0.039 -0.091* -0.064 0.030(0.201) (0.098) (0.229) (0.619)

SA -0.003 -0.001 -0.034 0.015(0.923) (0.981) (0.556) (0.813)

WA 0.020 -0.044 0.000 0.111*(0.546) (0.478) (0.996) (0.085)


Mother born overseas -0.059** 0.035 0.021 -0.036(0.022) (0.457) (0.655) (0.484)

Married 0.103*** 0.054 0.096** 0.094**(0.000) (0.159) (0.012) (0.021)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.014 -0.063 -0.036 -0.014(0.666) (0.270) (0.511) (0.812)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.015 -0.102 -0.077 0.148*(0.713) (0.161) (0.297) (0.056)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.031 -0.088* -0.031 0.079(0.300) (0.092) (0.555) (0.181)

Child age 10 to 14 0.018 -0.108** -0.088* 0.113*(0.551) (0.041) (0.091) (0.059)

Union member 0.096*** 0.259*** 0.144*** 0.076**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.028)

Has disability -0.108*** 0.001 -0.029 -0.155***(0.000) (0.968) (0.379) (0.000)

Constant 0.931*** 0.474** 0.046 5.917***(0.000) (0.045) (0.832) (0.000)



Table 19b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.050*** -0.033** 0.019 0.125***(0.000) (0.027) (0.220) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.014 0.360*** 0.047 0.551***(0.840) (0.001) (0.657) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.056 0.338*** 0.045 0.678***(0.402) (0.002) (0.670) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.026 0.301*** 0.112 0.740***(0.692) (0.007) (0.290) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.046 0.184* 0.077 0.743***(0.491) (0.099) (0.470) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.051 0.136 0.124 0.776***(0.442) (0.223) (0.244) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.037 0.093 0.041 0.764***(0.582) (0.404) (0.701) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.038 0.112 0.072 0.783***(0.574) (0.317) (0.500) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.006 -0.013 0.034 0.731***(0.935) (0.907) (0.752) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.026 0.025 0.049 0.739***(0.710) (0.829) (0.662) (0.000)

English is first language 0.000 0.080* -0.032 0.173***(0.996) (0.093) (0.562) (0.004)

Non-English speaking country 0.033 -0.129*** -0.119** 0.085(0.213) (0.003) (0.017) (0.121)

NSW 0.015 -0.080*** -0.014 0.027(0.349) (0.002) (0.617) (0.342)

VIC -0.001 -0.087*** -0.041 0.032(0.944) (0.002) (0.156) (0.266)

QLD 0.029* -0.052** -0.070** 0.016(0.058) (0.048) (0.011) (0.571)

SA 0.005 -0.058* -0.027 -0.044(0.764) (0.056) (0.400) (0.167)

WA 0.036** -0.032 0.006 0.081**(0.042) (0.287) (0.850) (0.011)


Mother born overseas -0.030** 0.014 -0.002 -0.027(0.038) (0.565) (0.930) (0.303)

Married 0.114*** 0.042** 0.098*** 0.099***(0.000) (0.034) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.035** -0.079*** -0.056* 0.035(0.033) (0.004) (0.057) (0.235)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.048** -0.064* 0.002 0.026(0.027) (0.083) (0.968) (0.517)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.023 -0.052* -0.021 0.049(0.167) (0.067) (0.494) (0.118)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.021 -0.002 -0.019 0.092***(0.223) (0.956) (0.533) (0.003)

Union member 0.092*** 0.296*** 0.176*** 0.135***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.100*** -0.028* -0.042** -0.066***(0.000) (0.089) (0.019) (0.000)

Constant 0.793*** 0.439*** 0.662*** 5.682***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 91

Table 20b:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.003 0.048 0.047 0.050(0.870) (0.125) (0.173) (0.144)

Age 20 to 24 0.043 -0.066 0.032 0.372***(0.508) (0.508) (0.739) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.107 -0.081 0.091 0.544***(0.104) (0.416) (0.375) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.091 -0.033 0.088 0.610***(0.157) (0.734) (0.352) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.091 -0.162* 0.053 0.578***(0.151) (0.097) (0.572) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.059 -0.244** 0.018 0.580***(0.363) (0.016) (0.859) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.083 -0.290*** 0.062 0.640***(0.210) (0.004) (0.532) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.113* -0.340*** 0.152 0.699***(0.096) (0.001) (0.153) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.109 -0.429*** 0.001 0.593***(0.113) (0.000) (0.989) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.015 -0.418*** -0.002 0.596***(0.843) (0.000) (0.986) (0.000)

English is first language -0.085* 0.037 -0.103 0.174*(0.090) (0.630) (0.194) (0.054)

Non-English speaking country 0.054 -0.110 -0.204** 0.181*(0.329) (0.170) (0.020) (0.088)

NSW -0.019 -0.017 0.086 -0.103(0.639) (0.779) (0.186) (0.105)

VIC -0.004 -0.051 0.034 0.008(0.914) (0.379) (0.584) (0.902)

QLD -0.002 -0.065 -0.054 -0.051(0.964) (0.303) (0.432) (0.459)

SA -0.057 0.030 0.048 -0.105(0.190) (0.629) (0.494) (0.118)

WA 0.037 -0.035 0.016 -0.009(0.449) (0.629) (0.836) (0.900)


Mother born overseas -0.087** 0.072 -0.067 0.004(0.016) (0.188) (0.246) (0.945)

Married 0.132*** 0.105** 0.162*** 0.162***(0.000) (0.014) (0.001) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.086** -0.102* -0.082 -0.133**(0.035) (0.095) (0.226) (0.041)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.112* -0.025 -0.067 0.009(0.056) (0.772) (0.485) (0.915)

Child age 5 to 9 0.008 -0.086 0.055 0.018(0.848) (0.179) (0.438) (0.797)

Child age 10 to 14 0.013 -0.100 0.010 -0.053(0.768) (0.114) (0.886) (0.463)

Union member 0.118*** 0.276*** 0.151*** 0.080**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.038)

Has disability -0.131*** -0.003 -0.051 -0.039(0.000) (0.929) (0.190) (0.327)

Constant 0.858*** 0.790*** 0.662*** 5.899***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 21b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.116** 0.020 0.047 0.297***(0.025) (0.649) (0.478) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.009 -0.175 -0.205 0.802*(0.977) (0.418) (0.530) (0.052)

Age 25 to 29 -0.109 0.131 0.359 0.752*(0.685) (0.546) (0.269) (0.062)

Age 30 to 34 -0.035 0.092 0.232 0.829***(0.890) (0.614) (0.420) (0.008)

Age 35 to 39 0.029 0.067 0.238 0.863***(0.909) (0.705) (0.397) (0.005)

Age 40 to 44 0.085 0.050 0.312 0.931***(0.732) (0.776) (0.259) (0.002)

Age 45 to 49 0.053 0.027 0.233 0.965***(0.837) (0.880) (0.416) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 -0.059 -0.076 0.278 1.170***(0.824) (0.690) (0.356) (0.001)

Age 55 to 64 -0.054 -0.041 0.299 0.918***(0.835) (0.823) (0.312) (0.004)

Capital City 0.020 0.049 0.130 -0.007(0.780) (0.436) (0.206) (0.952)

Non-English speaking country -0.023 0.096 -0.425** 0.054(0.893) (0.517) (0.047) (0.881)


NSW -0.008 -0.041 0.091 0.101(0.942) (0.665) (0.551) (0.563)

VIC -0.007 -0.104 0.013 0.048(0.943) (0.218) (0.929) (0.770)

QLD 0.044 -0.051 0.107 -0.047(0.667) (0.559) (0.451) (0.781)

SA -0.117 -0.005 0.076 0.104(0.327) (0.963) (0.635) (0.567)

WA -0.008 -0.062 0.057 0.157(0.944) (0.514) (0.715) (0.367)

Married 0.087 0.097 0.118 0.107(0.257) (0.157) (0.241) (0.384)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.000 -0.050 -0.028 0.025(1.000) (0.568) (0.817) (0.854)

Child age 3 to 4 0.013 -0.009 -0.029 0.046(0.905) (0.925) (0.824) (0.759)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.019 0.034 -0.016 -0.017(0.824) (0.650) (0.874) (0.885)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.038 0.023 0.047 0.062(0.670) (0.757) (0.669) (0.638)

Union member 0.149** 0.050 0.112 -0.025(0.015) (0.332) (0.111) (0.749)

Constant 0.763** 0.597*** 0.413 5.107***(0.014) (0.010) (0.270) (0.000)


NCVER 93

Table 22b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.103*** 0.024 0.041 0.210***(0.000) (0.224) (0.226) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.150 0.067 0.130 0.827***(0.503) (0.706) (0.618) (0.005)

Age 25 to 29 0.092 0.020 0.118 1.021***(0.671) (0.905) (0.633) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.057 0.068 0.146 1.088***(0.793) (0.685) (0.553) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.060 0.056 0.084 1.181***(0.782) (0.738) (0.735) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.062 0.048 0.092 1.171***(0.774) (0.773) (0.710) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.054 0.044 0.101 1.244***(0.804) (0.796) (0.684) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.061 -0.003 0.076 1.189***(0.781) (0.986) (0.760) (0.000)

Age 55 to 64 -0.099 -0.051 0.099 1.113***(0.649) (0.765) (0.694) (0.000)

Capital City -0.015 0.007 0.048 0.058(0.599) (0.755) (0.216) (0.238)


English is first language -0.041 -0.017 0.182** 0.213**(0.481) (0.713) (0.020) (0.037)

NSW 0.051 0.034 0.026 0.067(0.230) (0.298) (0.624) (0.328)

VIC 0.022 -0.013 -0.008 -0.016(0.613) (0.710) (0.887) (0.821)

QLD 0.070 0.032 -0.043 -0.018(0.125) (0.380) (0.453) (0.810)

SA -0.011 0.036 0.034 -0.053(0.837) (0.391) (0.646) (0.558)

WA 0.078 -0.035 -0.073 0.061(0.146) (0.413) (0.343) (0.560)

Married 0.121*** 0.023 0.026 0.123*(0.001) (0.438) (0.594) (0.057)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.074 0.021 -0.053 -0.001(0.114) (0.569) (0.384) (0.986)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.065 0.008 0.021 -0.056(0.271) (0.853) (0.792) (0.570)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.084* 0.023 0.044 0.044(0.073) (0.532) (0.467) (0.558)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.044 0.020 0.094 -0.018(0.333) (0.585) (0.132) (0.806)

Union member 0.167*** 0.045** 0.165*** 0.031(0.000) (0.036) (0.000) (0.472)

Constant 0.698*** 0.853*** 0.434* 4.793***(0.002) (0.000) (0.096) (0.000)



Table 23b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.112*** -0.002 0.088** 0.202***(0.001) (0.936) (0.021) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.236 0.196 0.079 0.170(0.201) (0.183) (0.674) (0.491)

Age 25 to 29 -0.041 0.210 0.134 0.370(0.822) (0.141) (0.459) (0.120)

Age 30 to 34 -0.108 0.214 0.134 0.493**(0.546) (0.129) (0.457) (0.038)

Age 35 to 39 -0.168 0.194 0.148 0.563**(0.357) (0.179) (0.427) (0.023)

Age 40 to 44 -0.081 0.222 0.194 0.642***(0.656) (0.121) (0.290) (0.007)

Age 45 to 49 -0.169 0.199 0.171 0.715***(0.357) (0.173) (0.358) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 -0.111 0.139 0.154 0.696***(0.554) (0.346) (0.424) (0.008)

Age 55 to 64 -0.204 -0.066 0.089 0.788***(0.275) (0.659) (0.656) (0.007)

Capital City -0.013 0.019 0.051 0.057(0.736) (0.547) (0.254) (0.378)



NSW 0.034 -0.018 -0.042 0.164*(0.568) (0.706) (0.530) (0.074)

VIC 0.062 -0.044 -0.028 0.065(0.333) (0.391) (0.694) (0.498)

QLD 0.006 -0.006 -0.030 0.010(0.934) (0.917) (0.694) (0.927)

SA 0.038 -0.015 -0.108 -0.017(0.585) (0.797) (0.195) (0.882)

WA 0.055 -0.026 -0.067 0.095(0.470) (0.676) (0.410) (0.391)

Married 0.083* 0.037 0.093* 0.064(0.090) (0.350) (0.091) (0.428)

Child age 0 to 2 0.003 0.030 0.035 0.039(0.965) (0.524) (0.593) (0.661)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.043 -0.047 -0.027 0.098(0.613) (0.480) (0.785) (0.475)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.027 0.009 0.035 0.029(0.699) (0.879) (0.657) (0.790)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.032 0.021 0.003 0.064(0.632) (0.702) (0.968) (0.566)

Union member 0.179*** 0.046 0.134*** 0.013(0.000) (0.122) (0.001) (0.820)

Constant 0.913*** 0.703*** 0.614*** 5.609***(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.000)


NCVER 95

Table 24b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.071* 0.029 0.063 0.181***

(0.099) (0.370) (0.202) (0.008)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) 0.089 (dropped)

. . (0.591) .Age 25 to 29 -0.158 -0.019 (dropped) 0.325

(0.327) (0.869) . (0.140)Age 30 to 34 -0.110 -0.019 0.149 0.426**

(0.435) (0.853) (0.260) (0.037)Age 35 to 39 -0.054 -0.043 0.083 0.546***

(0.693) (0.665) (0.533) (0.006)Age 40 to 44 -0.040 0.004 0.104 0.434**

(0.775) (0.971) (0.474) (0.039)Age 45 to 49 -0.049 -0.014 0.139 0.515**

(0.709) (0.883) (0.319) (0.010)Age 50 to 54 -0.156 -0.001 0.074 0.644**

(0.269) (0.993) (0.639) (0.013)Age 55 to 64 -0.287** -0.048 0.014 0.349

(0.036) (0.650) (0.927) (0.111)Capital City -0.028 0.003 0.019 0.158

(0.657) (0.948) (0.802) (0.155)Non-English speaking country -0.008 -0.066 -0.068 -0.619**


(0.268) (0.580) (0.607) (0.458)NSW -0.037 0.046 0.072 0.076

(0.628) (0.393) (0.401) (0.515)VIC -0.072 0.032 0.063 0.081

(0.388) (0.607) (0.558) (0.603)QLD -0.004 0.070 0.003 -0.156

(0.962) (0.274) (0.977) (0.263)SA -0.053 0.061 0.002 -0.161

(0.511) (0.294) (0.979) (0.207)WA 0.066 0.056 0.116 -0.150

(0.572) (0.508) (0.388) (0.392)Married 0.179*** 0.004 0.095 0.175*

(0.002) (0.926) (0.182) (0.079)Child age 0 to 2 -0.035 0.035 -0.001 0.038

(0.711) (0.594) (0.995) (0.787)Child age 3 to 4 0.002 0.049 -0.059 -0.121

(0.988) (0.516) (0.633) (0.488)Child age 5 to 9 -0.089 0.041 0.028 0.130

(0.274) (0.488) (0.757) (0.291)Child age 10 to 14 0.011 0.037 -0.038 0.084

(0.889) (0.514) (0.716) (0.536)Union member 0.169*** 0.053 0.106** -0.011

(0.001) (0.130) (0.044) (0.874)Constant 0.953*** 0.929*** 0.681*** 5.826***



Table 25b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.098*** 0.020** 0.045*** 0.082***

(0.000) (0.028) (0.004) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.115 0.045 -0.041 0.490***

(0.201) (0.505) (0.680) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.099 0.051 -0.047 0.630***

(0.272) (0.457) (0.637) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.092 0.047 -0.023 0.698***

(0.309) (0.488) (0.816) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.088 0.035 -0.072 0.689***

(0.330) (0.607) (0.479) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.069 0.020 -0.048 0.727***

(0.451) (0.773) (0.634) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.066 0.011 -0.039 0.777***

(0.470) (0.875) (0.702) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.050 0.014 -0.050 0.713***

(0.588) (0.840) (0.627) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.193** -0.059 -0.040 0.669***

(0.035) (0.390) (0.700) (0.000)Capital City 0.003 0.027*** 0.087*** 0.027


(0.831) (0.982) (0.627) (0.660)English is first language 0.052 -0.017 -0.013 -0.010

(0.138) (0.528) (0.791) (0.853)NSW 0.001 -0.001 0.046 0.070**

(0.956) (0.951) (0.100) (0.027)VIC 0.003 -0.016 0.029 0.046

(0.898) (0.330) (0.319) (0.165)QLD 0.015 0.007 0.026 -0.010

(0.478) (0.666) (0.367) (0.755)SA -0.045* -0.006 -0.004 -0.007

(0.075) (0.754) (0.898) (0.861)WA 0.022 0.014 0.048 0.111***

(0.364) (0.455) (0.142) (0.002)Married 0.123*** 0.036*** 0.073*** 0.061**

(0.000) (0.007) (0.001) (0.018)Child age 0 to 2 -0.033 -0.014 0.017 0.036

(0.117) (0.398) (0.552) (0.255)Child age 3 to 4 -0.036 -0.009 -0.000 0.031

(0.207) (0.679) (0.991) (0.460)Child age 5 to 9 -0.045* 0.028 0.027 0.046

(0.056) (0.121) (0.392) (0.182)Child age 10 to 14 -0.019 -0.008 0.023 0.058

(0.428) (0.673) (0.497) (0.115)Union member 0.198*** 0.058*** 0.186*** 0.078***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Constant 0.719*** 0.853*** 0.650*** 5.432***


NCVER 97

Table 26b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.098*** 0.013 0.045* 0.084***

(0.000) (0.445) (0.092) (0.009)Age 20 to 24 -0.024 0.055 -0.052 -0.267***

(0.635) (0.183) (0.441) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 0.024 0.064* -0.035 -0.107

(0.614) (0.096) (0.597) (0.176)Age 30 to 34 0.024 0.065* 0.044 -0.080

(0.626) (0.092) (0.495) (0.308)Age 35 to 39 0.009 0.068* -0.000 0.010

(0.855) (0.082) (0.997) (0.895)Age 40 to 44 0.012 0.014 -0.004 0.048

(0.799) (0.717) (0.946) (0.540)Age 45 to 49 0.036 0.004 0.038 0.112


. . . .Age 55 to 64 -0.048 -0.046 -0.045 -0.130

(0.323) (0.243) (0.496) (0.103)Capital City 0.020 0.019 0.076*** 0.055

(0.371) (0.268) (0.007) (0.110)Non-English speaking country -0.004 0.062 -0.237* -0.171


(0.594) (0.609) (0.194) (0.408)NSW -0.032 -0.041 0.040 0.079

(0.372) (0.143) (0.357) (0.130)VIC 0.028 -0.023 0.041 -0.025

(0.464) (0.432) (0.389) (0.652)QLD 0.007 -0.009 -0.014 -0.004

(0.859) (0.763) (0.767) (0.948)SA -0.024 -0.038 -0.041 -0.063

(0.562) (0.248) (0.435) (0.329)WA 0.035 0.005 0.055 0.052

(0.394) (0.874) (0.283) (0.392)Married 0.126*** 0.054** 0.038 0.072

(0.000) (0.023) (0.321) (0.132)Child age 0 to 2 -0.066* -0.015 -0.012 0.040

(0.093) (0.617) (0.807) (0.505)Child age 3 to 4 -0.067 -0.016 -0.036 -0.010

(0.209) (0.709) (0.602) (0.899)Child age 5 to 9 -0.031 -0.032 0.039 0.099

(0.476) (0.346) (0.470) (0.110)Child age 10 to 14 -0.021 -0.004 0.076 0.084

(0.628) (0.916) (0.172) (0.190)Union member 0.198*** 0.055*** 0.185*** 0.051

(0.000) (0.002) (0.000) (0.122)Constant 0.624*** 0.817*** 0.787*** 6.266***



Table 27b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.095 0.016 0.045 0.223**

(0.163) (0.747) (0.550) (0.028)Age 20 to 24 -0.241 -0.123 -0.241 (dropped)

(0.206) (0.296) (0.140) .Age 25 to 29 -0.096 0.020 -0.002 0.124

(0.569) (0.871) (0.989) (0.604)Age 30 to 34 -0.036 (dropped) -0.023 0.367

(0.840) . (0.893) (0.138)Age 35 to 39 -0.050 0.015 -0.160 0.359

(0.783) (0.894) (0.376) (0.162)Age 40 to 44 (dropped) -0.042 -0.003 0.379

. (0.744) (0.987) (0.211)Age 45 to 49 -0.003 -0.099 (dropped) 0.518**

(0.987) (0.389) . (0.037)Age 50 to 54 -0.039 -0.075 -0.020 0.319

(0.828) (0.524) (0.906) (0.173)Age 55 to 64 -0.302* -0.138 -0.069 0.206

(0.094) (0.232) (0.670) (0.418)Capital City 0.057 -0.009 -0.038 0.146



(0.600) (0.531) (0.929) (0.808)NSW 0.123 -0.026 0.018 0.016

(0.452) (0.814) (0.915) (0.940)VIC 0.035 -0.039 0.038 0.012

(0.828) (0.725) (0.833) (0.955)QLD 0.113 -0.011 -0.023 0.100

(0.499) (0.919) (0.891) (0.622)SA 0.100 -0.074 0.020 0.039

(0.584) (0.574) (0.917) (0.877)WA 0.105 -0.241* 0.011 0.128

(0.603) (0.085) (0.961) (0.742)Married 0.088 0.151** 0.067 0.014

(0.324) (0.018) (0.490) (0.918)Child age 0 to 2 -0.024 -0.064 -0.085 -0.035

(0.862) (0.519) (0.566) (0.853)Child age 3 to 4 -0.061 -0.113 0.062 0.180

(0.749) (0.390) (0.767) (0.485)Child age 5 to 9 -0.088 -0.147 0.033 -0.065

(0.574) (0.195) (0.850) (0.774)Child age 10 to 14 -0.012 -0.027 -0.081 -0.030

(0.930) (0.777) (0.596) (0.867)Union member 0.206** 0.024 0.125 -0.014

(0.012) (0.668) (0.141) (0.899)Constant 0.503 0.780** 0.886** 6.045***


NCVER 99

Table 28b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.045 0.087 -0.097 0.035

(0.662) (0.195) (0.397) (0.797)Age 20 to 24 -0.027 0.044 0.031 0.776**

(0.922) (0.803) (0.917) (0.014)Age 25 to 29 0.398 0.102 0.334 0.545

(0.299) (0.730) (0.418) (0.398)Age 30 to 34 0.214 0.115 0.266 0.906**

(0.278) (0.433) (0.251) (0.010)Age 35 to 39 0.272 0.110 0.248 0.906**

(0.302) (0.517) (0.393) (0.012)Age 40 to 44 0.153 0.111 0.334 0.958*

(0.547) (0.637) (0.232) (0.069)Age 45 to 49 0.234 0.086 0.327 0.869**

(0.349) (0.639) (0.265) (0.026)Age 50 to 54 0.132 0.064 0.432 0.445

(0.670) (0.739) (0.197) (0.298)Age 55 to 64 0.265 0.088 0.341 0.981

(0.514) (0.752) (0.443) (0.105)Capital City 0.124 0.036 0.158 0.142

(0.355) (0.745) (0.322) (0.610)Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) -0.241 (dropped)

. . (0.586) .English is first language 0.064 0.039 (dropped) -0.405

(0.873) (0.876) . (0.405)NSW 0.074 -0.020 0.027 -0.155

(0.654) (0.874) (0.889) (0.582)VIC 0.156 -0.010 0.023 (dropped)

(0.647) (0.965) (0.952) .QLD 0.222 -0.022 -0.034 -0.150

(0.230) (0.873) (0.864) (0.612)SA 0.256 -0.012 -0.301 0.126

(0.283) (0.949) (0.337) (0.814)WA 0.199 -0.019 0.024 0.126

(0.306) (0.912) (0.911) (0.718)Married 0.122 -0.013 0.128 0.042

(0.496) (0.908) (0.520) (0.856)Child age 0 to 2 -0.112 0.004 -0.036 -0.001

(0.623) (0.976) (0.892) (0.997)Child age 3 to 4 0.084 -0.000 0.004 0.050

(0.697) (0.999) (0.987) (0.864)Child age 5 to 9 -0.253 -0.010 -0.462* 0.348

(0.273) (0.951) (0.070) (0.249)Child age 10 to 14 -0.083 0.023 -0.104 0.266

(0.653) (0.863) (0.644) (0.336)Union member 0.286*** 0.015 0.160 0.107

(0.009) (0.826) (0.179) (0.470)Constant 0.245 0.787*** 0.384* 5.684***



Table 29b:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.099** -0.053 -0.025 0.145**

(0.031) (0.205) (0.667) (0.034)Age 20 to 24 0.153 0.232 0.364* 0.145

(0.302) (0.122) (0.053) (0.633)Age 25 to 29 0.137 0.271* 0.418** 0.321

(0.355) (0.073) (0.033) (0.316)Age 30 to 34 0.114 0.238 0.399** 0.446

(0.479) (0.137) (0.050) (0.192)Age 35 to 39 0.111 0.144 0.304 0.543*

(0.474) (0.360) (0.127) (0.097)Age 40 to 44 0.179 0.263* 0.421** 0.627*

(0.239) (0.078) (0.029) (0.052)Age 45 to 49 0.151 0.194 0.407** 0.692**

(0.336) (0.216) (0.046) (0.031)Age 50 to 54 0.204 0.153 0.396* 0.560*

(0.193) (0.325) (0.054) (0.081)Age 55 to 64 0.140 0.238 0.404* 0.382

(0.403) (0.154) (0.070) (0.252)Capital City -0.004 -0.004 0.119* 0.196**



(0.600) (0.840) (0.377) (0.209)NSW 0.043 -0.018 0.052 0.117

(0.602) (0.811) (0.618) (0.338)VIC 0.054 -0.013 0.015 0.072

(0.557) (0.882) (0.908) (0.624)QLD -0.042 -0.004 0.033 -0.034

(0.600) (0.953) (0.751) (0.781)SA 0.027 -0.037 -0.046 0.076

(0.761) (0.628) (0.696) (0.622)WA 0.026 -0.066 -0.001 0.062

(0.755) (0.382) (0.995) (0.627)Married 0.070 0.152** 0.089 0.089

(0.279) (0.012) (0.284) (0.405)Child age 0 to 2 -0.051 -0.034 0.047 0.003

(0.547) (0.658) (0.652) (0.982)Child age 3 to 4 0.026 0.007 0.109 0.070

(0.843) (0.954) (0.489) (0.699)Child age 5 to 9 0.003 0.094 0.159 0.028

(0.977) (0.260) (0.206) (0.841)Child age 10 to 14 0.045 -0.001 0.111 0.002

(0.619) (0.986) (0.368) (0.987)Union member 0.201*** 0.130*** 0.218*** -0.007

(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.922)Constant 0.619*** 0.553*** 0.306 5.306***


NCVER 101




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.081 0.136* 0.122* 0.248***(0.115) (0.052) (0.062) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.452* 0.112 0.179. (0.078) (0.624) (0.556)

Age 25 to 29 0.072 0.293 0.049 0.358(0.599) (0.167) (0.801) (0.210)

Age 30 to 34 0.035 0.235 0.022 0.505*(0.805) (0.270) (0.907) (0.080)

Age 35 to 39 0.133 0.286 0.134 0.563*(0.340) (0.188) (0.497) (0.050)

Age 40 to 44 0.116 0.145 0.028 0.451(0.414) (0.490) (0.888) (0.114)

Age 45 to 49 0.092 0.300 0.094 0.649**(0.513) (0.154) (0.619) (0.023)

Age 50 to 54 0.078 0.227 0.121 0.734**(0.622) (0.292) (0.530) (0.011)

Age 55 to 59 -0.045 (dropped) (dropped) 0.702*(0.802) . . (0.065)

Age 60 to 64 -0.037 -0.009 -0.317 (dropped)(0.843) (0.974) (0.219) .


Non-English speaking country -0.067 -0.049 -0.136 0.008(0.665) (0.813) (0.463) (0.966)

NSW 0.015 0.091 0.023 0.107(0.863) (0.417) (0.835) (0.381)

VIC -0.008 0.218 0.031 -0.056(0.941) (0.115) (0.813) (0.695)

QLD -0.075 0.274** 0.037 0.013(0.424) (0.031) (0.760) (0.917)

SA -0.012 0.177 -0.034 -0.105(0.890) (0.126) (0.755) (0.414)

WA -0.114 0.182 -0.148 -0.064(0.288) (0.220) (0.275) (0.667)

Married 0.127* 0.010 -0.010 0.057(0.085) (0.923) (0.912) (0.568)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.104 0.127 0.061 0.134(0.277) (0.315) (0.616) (0.275)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.043 0.103 0.030 0.166(0.768) (0.586) (0.856) (0.344)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.084 0.056 0.052 0.024(0.409) (0.685) (0.692) (0.854)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.024 0.075 0.034 0.076(0.801) (0.553) (0.778) (0.541)

Union member 0.153** 0.306*** 0.183** 0.015(0.016) (0.000) (0.014) (0.842)

Has disability -0.093 0.017 -0.048 -0.076(0.129) (0.845) (0.535) (0.362)

Constant 0.757*** 0.145 0.761*** 5.804***(0.000) (0.573) (0.001) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.114*** 0.127** 0.109** 0.300***(0.002) (0.013) (0.025) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.151 -0.056 -0.074 -0.187(0.123) (0.676) (0.676) (0.279)


Age 30 to 34 0.009 -0.033 0.165 0.153(0.918) (0.777) (0.325) (0.330)

Age 35 to 39 0.057 -0.077 0.148 0.142(0.497) (0.503) (0.367) (0.359)

Age 40 to 44 0.030 -0.135 0.103 0.215(0.744) (0.274) (0.546) (0.178)

Age 45 to 49 -0.012 -0.192 0.145 0.255(0.895) (0.124) (0.381) (0.101)

Age 50 to 54 0.039 -0.158 0.095 0.277*(0.697) (0.254) (0.572) (0.087)

Age 55 to 59 -0.108 -0.110 0.204 0.152(0.314) (0.450) (0.234) (0.345)


English is first language 0.074 0.215** 0.013 -0.115(0.283) (0.034) (0.894) (0.285)


NSW -0.028 -0.075 -0.063 0.007(0.657) (0.383) (0.440) (0.932)

VIC 0.036 -0.064 -0.114 -0.016(0.632) (0.520) (0.219) (0.855)

QLD 0.032 -0.012 -0.015 -0.020(0.632) (0.891) (0.860) (0.808)

SA 0.027 -0.072 -0.111 -0.026(0.719) (0.459) (0.243) (0.783)

WA 0.056 0.075 -0.025 0.099(0.474) (0.483) (0.798) (0.287)

Married 0.054 -0.015 0.061 0.079(0.318) (0.843) (0.383) (0.244)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.017 0.025 -0.009 -0.035(0.807) (0.784) (0.921) (0.693)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.041 0.129 -0.046 0.103(0.636) (0.261) (0.678) (0.315)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.065 0.010 0.010 -0.097(0.381) (0.925) (0.919) (0.297)

Child age 10 to 14 0.013 0.058 0.002 -0.027(0.862) (0.566) (0.982) (0.773)

Union member 0.126*** 0.301*** 0.180*** 0.073(0.003) (0.000) (0.000) (0.146)

Has disability -0.056 -0.012 -0.108* -0.023(0.198) (0.842) (0.055) (0.687)

Constant 0.712*** 0.537*** 0.616*** 6.310***(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.000)


NCVER 103




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.060 0.083 0.067 0.219***(0.251) (0.197) (0.305) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.049 0.372** -0.171 -0.280(0.744) (0.043) (0.463) (0.323)

Age 25 to 29 0.009 0.394** 0.024 -0.138(0.953) (0.027) (0.914) (0.618)

Age 30 to 34 -0.073 0.383** -0.087 -0.039(0.624) (0.034) (0.697) (0.886)

Age 35 to 39 -0.046 0.429** -0.041 -0.023(0.773) (0.030) (0.868) (0.938)

Age 40 to 44 0.047 0.359** -0.138 -0.054(0.756) (0.047) (0.561) (0.848)

Age 45 to 49 0.047 0.253 -0.128 0.042(0.768) (0.185) (0.597) (0.887)

Age 50 to 54 -0.055 0.292* -0.063 -0.006(0.703) (0.096) (0.779) (0.982)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) -0.069 (dropped). . (0.812) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.230 0.152 (dropped) -0.103(0.275) (0.646) . (0.784)


Non-English speaking country -0.251* 0.059 -0.122 0.038(0.086) (0.738) (0.512) (0.833)

NSW -0.040 -0.021 -0.033 -0.071(0.709) (0.881) (0.813) (0.608)

VIC -0.049 0.036 -0.038 -0.149(0.636) (0.782) (0.775) (0.252)

QLD -0.068 0.090 -0.049 -0.148(0.527) (0.514) (0.711) (0.257)

SA -0.154 0.015 -0.064 -0.080(0.173) (0.918) (0.651) (0.566)

WA 0.002 -0.020 0.016 -0.037(0.985) (0.884) (0.914) (0.784)

Married 0.182** 0.000 0.102 0.109(0.012) (0.999) (0.272) (0.240)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.077 0.051 -0.021 -0.096(0.413) (0.662) (0.858) (0.380)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.142 -0.082 0.005 -0.049(0.257) (0.608) (0.977) (0.749)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.098 -0.017 0.026 -0.061(0.411) (0.911) (0.865) (0.662)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.080 -0.051 0.038 0.019(0.465) (0.702) (0.792) (0.888)

Union member 0.182*** 0.243*** 0.191*** 0.043(0.002) (0.001) (0.007) (0.522)

Has disability -0.145** -0.017 -0.088 -0.110(0.017) (0.827) (0.259) (0.166)

Constant 0.887*** 0.262 0.719** 6.439***(0.000) (0.293) (0.012) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.123 -0.036 0.111 0.209


. . . .Age 25 to 29 -0.019 0.136 0.047 -0.213


(0.228) (0.617) . .Age 35 to 39 -0.076 -0.064 0.081 (dropped)

(0.808) (0.899) (0.938) .Age 40 to 44 -0.121 -0.256 0.229 0.029

(0.675) (0.584) (0.691) (0.967)Age 45 to 49 -0.076 -0.256 0.210 0.070

(0.787) (0.573) (0.783) (0.893)Age 50 to 54 -0.098 -0.394 0.165 0.250

(0.732) (0.397) (0.784) (0.756)Age 55 to 59 -0.108 -0.322 0.260 0.233

(0.730) (0.524) (0.760) (0.745)Age 60 to 64 -0.135 -0.408 0.027 0.026


(0.596) (0.728) (0.690) (0.429)Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .NSW 0.084 -0.019 -0.076 -0.046

(0.531) (0.934) (0.895) (0.918)VIC 0.039 -0.141 0.088 0.087

(0.841) (0.654) (0.876) (0.846)QLD (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.100

. . . (0.903)SA 0.104 0.181 -0.165 0.017

(0.567) (0.544) (0.665) (0.955)WA 0.069 -0.078 0.047 0.071

(0.670) (0.770) (0.952) (0.909)Married 0.141 -0.056 -0.097 0.181

(0.248) (0.779) (0.742) (0.448)Child age 0 to 2 0.039 -0.173 0.051 -0.003

(0.860) (0.643) (0.934) (0.996)Child age 3 to 4 0.006 -0.292 -0.023 -0.073

(0.981) (0.473) (0.975) (0.906)Child age 5 to 9 -0.075 -0.234 0.014 -0.138

(0.631) (0.356) (0.977) (0.718)Child age 10 to 14 -0.032 0.064 0.149 0.021

(0.847) (0.806) (0.720) (0.949)Union member 0.134 0.483*** 0.071 -0.010

(0.219) (0.005) (0.776) (0.959)Has disability -0.081 0.146 -0.054 -0.095

(0.424) (0.378) (0.818) (0.639)Constant 0.637* 0.660 0.946 6.647***


NCVER 105




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.089*** -0.028* 0.042** 0.125***

(0.000) (0.064) (0.011) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.181** 0.098 0.181 0.526***

(0.043) (0.426) (0.112) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.181** 0.025 0.186 0.594***

(0.042) (0.841) (0.100) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.185** -0.015 0.189* 0.655***

(0.037) (0.901) (0.096) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.248*** -0.091 0.220* 0.693***

(0.005) (0.460) (0.054) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.212** -0.173 0.210* 0.728***

(0.018) (0.161) (0.068) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.213** -0.171 0.179 0.726***

(0.017) (0.165) (0.120) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.199** -0.218* 0.242** 0.677***

(0.028) (0.079) (0.038) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.182** -0.159 0.216* 0.690***

(0.045) (0.204) (0.064) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.088 -0.142 0.174 0.581***

(0.346) (0.271) (0.151) (0.000)English is first language 0.039 0.114*** -0.057 0.081**

(0.198) (0.005) (0.171) (0.041)Non-English speaking country -0.018 0.132** -0.015 0.016

(0.662) (0.016) (0.797) (0.766)NSW -0.022 0.022 0.013 0.041

(0.242) (0.408) (0.649) (0.124)VIC -0.008 0.041 0.023 0.006

(0.676) (0.129) (0.432) (0.822)QLD -0.013 0.053** 0.002 0.008

(0.505) (0.044) (0.931) (0.760)SA -0.007 0.008 -0.027 -0.027

(0.755) (0.796) (0.407) (0.367)WA 0.023 0.102*** 0.038 0.105***

(0.288) (0.001) (0.238) (0.000)Married 0.106*** -0.004 0.053** 0.089***

(0.000) (0.856) (0.022) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.043** 0.000 0.006 0.004

(0.023) (0.999) (0.838) (0.878)Child age 3 to 4 -0.025 -0.024 0.016 -0.011

(0.339) (0.512) (0.688) (0.777)Child age 5 to 9 -0.063*** -0.017 0.003 -0.005

(0.003) (0.575) (0.918) (0.875)Child age 10 to 14 -0.026 0.061** 0.051 0.057*

(0.234) (0.039) (0.128) (0.063)Union member 0.150*** 0.378*** 0.178*** 0.127***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.103*** 0.004 -0.059*** -0.057***

(0.000) (0.816) (0.002) (0.002)Constant 0.541*** 0.548*** 0.541*** 5.530***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.092*** 0.041 0.079* 0.072

(0.010) (0.356) (0.092) (0.102)Age 20 to 24 0.195 0.194 0.239 0.452*

(0.179) (0.369) (0.254) (0.074)Age 25 to 29 0.216 0.102 0.178 0.572**

(0.140) (0.637) (0.397) (0.025)Age 30 to 34 0.233 0.078 0.281 0.660**

(0.115) (0.720) (0.186) (0.010)Age 35 to 39 0.277* 0.035 0.284 0.659**

(0.063) (0.875) (0.186) (0.010)Age 40 to 44 0.257* -0.006 0.313 0.773***

(0.090) (0.977) (0.151) (0.003)Age 45 to 49 0.199 0.002 0.290 0.706***

(0.205) (0.994) (0.194) (0.008)Age 50 to 54 0.173 -0.060 0.115 0.683**

(0.288) (0.797) (0.624) (0.011)Age 55 to 59 0.216 -0.086 0.279 0.594**

(0.171) (0.707) (0.221) (0.030)Age 60 to 64 0.300 -0.189 -0.011 0.154

(0.174) (0.526) (0.970) (0.664)English is first language 0.035 -0.004 -0.266 0.130


(0.760) (0.898) (0.135) (0.600)NSW -0.039 0.132 -0.020 0.067

(0.532) (0.105) (0.820) (0.419)VIC 0.009 0.065 0.018 0.081

(0.878) (0.399) (0.829) (0.322)QLD -0.017 0.151* -0.090 0.014

(0.786) (0.054) (0.282) (0.854)SA -0.102 0.150 0.002 0.038

(0.165) (0.118) (0.983) (0.672)WA -0.040 0.093 0.011 0.122

(0.573) (0.314) (0.915) (0.201)Married 0.091* 0.017 0.127* 0.130**

(0.072) (0.795) (0.059) (0.043)Child age 0 to 2 -0.039 -0.013 -0.098 -0.125

(0.531) (0.870) (0.246) (0.113)Child age 3 to 4 -0.003 0.073 -0.121 -0.003

(0.970) (0.504) (0.288) (0.975)Child age 5 to 9 -0.032 -0.000 -0.046 -0.123

(0.657) (0.997) (0.637) (0.164)Child age 10 to 14 0.037 0.037 -0.071 -0.049

(0.592) (0.668) (0.454) (0.564)Union member 0.170*** 0.281*** 0.174*** 0.162***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001)Has disability -0.091** 0.002 -0.039 -0.052

(0.034) (0.969) (0.497) (0.342)Constant 0.515** 0.508* 0.710** 5.476***


NCVER 107




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.039 0.117** 0.055 0.216***

(0.337) (0.029) (0.307) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.117 -0.012 0.171 0.524***

(0.353) (0.944) (0.275) (0.004)Age 25 to 29 0.127 -0.072 0.016 0.602***

(0.339) (0.682) (0.921) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 0.192 -0.137 0.141 0.835***

(0.151) (0.438) (0.392) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.182 -0.156 0.111 0.761***

(0.141) (0.351) (0.485) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.182 -0.223 0.171 0.942***

(0.154) (0.196) (0.299) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.221* -0.224 0.212 0.980***

(0.087) (0.194) (0.198) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.100 -0.305* 0.220 0.944***

(0.437) (0.084) (0.202) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.179 -0.425** 0.014 0.999***

(0.184) (0.017) (0.943) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.028 -0.184 0.016 0.990***



(0.220) (0.429) (0.912) (0.790)NSW -0.039 0.055 0.077 -0.099

(0.574) (0.552) (0.408) (0.349)VIC -0.049 0.110 0.075 -0.049

(0.531) (0.293) (0.478) (0.677)QLD -0.002 0.089 0.025 -0.264**

(0.977) (0.377) (0.806) (0.027)SA -0.041 -0.028 0.014 -0.244*

(0.629) (0.811) (0.904) (0.062)WA 0.026 0.076 0.185 0.038

(0.768) (0.506) (0.111) (0.766)Married 0.080 0.103 -0.007 0.014

(0.142) (0.161) (0.929) (0.878)Child age 0 to 2 -0.028 0.035 -0.032 0.001

(0.743) (0.749) (0.770) (0.995)Child age 3 to 4 -0.053 -0.035 -0.054 0.155

(0.625) (0.810) (0.708) (0.364)Child age 5 to 9 -0.026 -0.009 -0.061 -0.029

(0.736) (0.928) (0.565) (0.803)Child age 10 to 14 -0.031 0.029 0.032 0.079

(0.659) (0.754) (0.733) (0.462)Union member 0.167*** 0.303*** 0.215*** 0.017

(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.802)Has disability -0.126*** -0.039 -0.120* -0.211***

(0.010) (0.558) (0.068) (0.006)Constant 0.795*** 0.666*** 0.614*** 5.921***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.035 -0.019 0.038 0.119***

(0.197) (0.606) (0.310) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.090 0.039 0.386*** 0.533***

(0.390) (0.777) (0.003) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.161 -0.062 0.403*** 0.619***

(0.117) (0.644) (0.001) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.120 0.006 0.440*** 0.741***

(0.254) (0.963) (0.001) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.244** -0.091 0.492*** 0.697***

(0.021) (0.511) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.138 -0.199 0.404*** 0.811***

(0.198) (0.157) (0.003) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.137 -0.075 0.475*** 0.830***

(0.201) (0.594) (0.000) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.147 -0.215 0.492*** 0.847***

(0.180) (0.135) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.106 -0.176 0.327** 0.743***

(0.342) (0.230) (0.018) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.012 -0.190 0.495*** 0.628***


(0.819) (0.251) (0.562) (0.323)Non-English speaking country -0.058 0.135 0.027 0.010

(0.484) (0.287) (0.831) (0.943)NSW -0.029 -0.042 -0.059 0.053

(0.513) (0.487) (0.341) (0.405)VIC -0.036 0.025 -0.049 0.082

(0.449) (0.701) (0.453) (0.216)QLD -0.011 0.024 -0.030 0.044

(0.833) (0.723) (0.663) (0.531)SA -0.062 0.040 -0.037 -0.025

(0.298) (0.616) (0.650) (0.759)WA -0.045 0.039 -0.047 0.070

(0.419) (0.604) (0.541) (0.391)Married 0.148*** 0.018 0.049 0.047

(0.000) (0.719) (0.344) (0.380)Child age 0 to 2 -0.133*** 0.007 -0.018 0.102

(0.006) (0.911) (0.792) (0.147)Child age 3 to 4 -0.095 -0.035 -0.062 0.076

(0.166) (0.703) (0.504) (0.411)Child age 5 to 9 -0.163*** -0.036 -0.039 0.002

(0.002) (0.620) (0.598) (0.978)Child age 10 to 14 -0.053 0.013 0.045 0.083

(0.313) (0.850) (0.535) (0.274)Union member 0.185*** 0.349*** 0.156*** 0.113***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.005)Has disability -0.143*** 0.039 -0.037 -0.033

(0.000) (0.366) (0.378) (0.463)Constant 0.677*** 0.582*** 0.372** 5.425***


NCVER 109




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.027 -0.029 -0.026 0.077**

(0.309) (0.395) (0.481) (0.042)Age 20 to 24 0.049 0.051 0.104 0.267**

(0.517) (0.618) (0.311) (0.015)Age 25 to 29 0.021 0.012 0.020 0.329***

(0.789) (0.911) (0.854) (0.004)Age 30 to 34 0.043 -0.091 0.111 0.418***

(0.577) (0.388) (0.307) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.147* -0.102 0.176 0.478***

(0.072) (0.354) (0.119) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.116 -0.185* 0.109 0.528***

(0.151) (0.089) (0.343) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.112 -0.188* 0.127 0.595***

(0.172) (0.091) (0.269) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.098 -0.199* 0.099 0.583***

(0.270) (0.093) (0.443) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.048 -0.211 0.031 0.645***

(0.635) (0.120) (0.834) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.125 -0.250* 0.072 0.485***



(0.363) (0.443) (0.663) (0.125)NSW 0.047 0.031 -0.031 0.038

(0.338) (0.616) (0.644) (0.594)VIC 0.031 0.080 -0.004 -0.043

(0.545) (0.223) (0.958) (0.560)QLD 0.025 0.106 -0.010 -0.078

(0.621) (0.102) (0.879) (0.282)SA 0.036 0.034 -0.041 -0.031

(0.499) (0.623) (0.593) (0.693)WA 0.084 0.084 0.083 0.116

(0.122) (0.224) (0.275) (0.134)Married 0.104*** 0.015 0.115** 0.099*

(0.007) (0.757) (0.035) (0.084)Child age 0 to 2 -0.012 0.043 -0.015 0.036

(0.816) (0.498) (0.834) (0.614)Child age 3 to 4 -0.026 0.091 0.007 0.020

(0.682) (0.265) (0.936) (0.818)Child age 5 to 9 -0.039 -0.024 -0.087 -0.035

(0.474) (0.725) (0.276) (0.667)Child age 10 to 14 -0.041 0.049 -0.111 -0.013

(0.453) (0.468) (0.143) (0.873)Union member 0.208*** 0.296*** 0.213*** 0.094**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.023)Has disability -0.115*** -0.003 -0.028 -0.104**

(0.000) (0.943) (0.508) (0.020)Constant 0.688*** 0.872*** 0.681*** 6.032***






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.076* 0.119* 0.090 0.298***(0.093) (0.086) (0.210) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.502** 0.097 -0.206. (0.034) (0.599) (0.271)

Age 25 to 29 -0.007 0.477** 0.041 0.175(0.946) (0.029) (0.810) (0.317)

Age 30 to 34 -0.066 0.267 0.035 0.114(0.582) (0.247) (0.858) (0.572)

Age 35 to 39 -0.042 0.356 -0.049 0.236(0.695) (0.112) (0.775) (0.175)

Age 40 to 44 0.068 0.288 0.090 0.202(0.544) (0.174) (0.588) (0.239)

Age 45 to 49 0.097 0.194 0.077 0.204(0.349) (0.363) (0.652) (0.250)


Age 55 to 59 -0.039 0.353* 0.155 0.290*(0.746) (0.099) (0.368) (0.086)

Age 60 to 64 -0.284** (dropped) -0.515 -0.383(0.038) . (0.258) (0.394)



NSW 0.135* -0.063 -0.052 -0.066(0.062) (0.573) (0.643) (0.551)

VIC 0.031 -0.057 0.097 0.016(0.704) (0.663) (0.464) (0.898)

QLD 0.047 -0.055 0.024 -0.080(0.583) (0.681) (0.857) (0.538)

SA 0.031 -0.070 -0.050 -0.079(0.705) (0.587) (0.702) (0.548)

WA 0.098 -0.108 0.029 0.140(0.289) (0.448) (0.849) (0.345)


Mother born overseas 0.000 0.094 0.269* 0.027(0.998) (0.547) (0.092) (0.870)

Married 0.133** -0.051 0.075 0.142(0.022) (0.575) (0.410) (0.135)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.024 0.128 0.094 -0.033(0.779) (0.307) (0.461) (0.792)

Child age 3 to 4 0.042 0.031 -0.043 -0.126(0.723) (0.862) (0.802) (0.474)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.058 0.114 -0.000 0.030(0.477) (0.370) (0.998) (0.814)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.008 0.076 0.064 -0.181(0.941) (0.642) (0.669) (0.280)

Union member 0.133** 0.303*** 0.195** 0.126(0.028) (0.001) (0.017) (0.131)

Has disability -0.124** -0.011 -0.043 -0.117(0.014) (0.891) (0.589) (0.145)

Constant 0.599*** 0.196 0.517** 6.108***(0.000) (0.500) (0.040) (0.000)


NCVER 111




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.028 0.037 0.075 0.330***(0.456) (0.496) (0.135) (0.000)


Age 25 to 29 0.016 0.070 0.222 0.028(0.895) (0.687) (0.107) (0.858)

Age 30 to 34 -0.010 -0.083 0.318** 0.208(0.939) (0.650) (0.033) (0.219)

Age 35 to 39 -0.040 -0.144 0.348** 0.304*(0.742) (0.409) (0.015) (0.060)

Age 40 to 44 0.020 -0.022 0.391*** 0.259(0.870) (0.897) (0.005) (0.106)

Age 45 to 49 -0.040 -0.133 0.379*** 0.272*(0.740) (0.437) (0.006) (0.088)

Age 50 to 54 -0.036 -0.091 0.310** 0.347**(0.773) (0.611) (0.031) (0.029)

Age 55 to 59 -0.071 -0.205 0.160 0.137(0.585) (0.277) (0.337) (0.463)

Age 60 to 64 -0.198 -0.182 0.112 0.221(0.156) (0.366) (0.575) (0.291)


Non-English speaking country 0.054 0.133 0.233* -0.029(0.584) (0.347) (0.063) (0.832)

NSW -0.031 -0.087 -0.083 -0.039(0.631) (0.352) (0.340) (0.649)

VIC 0.038 -0.095 -0.110 0.009(0.563) (0.306) (0.212) (0.916)

QLD 0.033 0.023 -0.049 -0.026(0.674) (0.834) (0.621) (0.798)

SA 0.034 0.110 -0.228** -0.050(0.685) (0.367) (0.028) (0.625)

WA 0.034 0.100 -0.014 0.104(0.665) (0.391) (0.894) (0.317)

Father born overseas -0.075 -0.075 -0.023 0.101(0.252) (0.418) (0.794) (0.262)


Married 0.152*** -0.057 0.157** 0.036(0.003) (0.458) (0.022) (0.603)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.032 0.022 0.003 -0.069(0.675) (0.833) (0.978) (0.496)

Child age 3 to 4 0.057 0.272** 0.098 0.005(0.566) (0.046) (0.444) (0.969)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.046 0.119 -0.000 -0.049(0.507) (0.226) (0.996) (0.593)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.028 0.048 -0.003 0.043(0.661) (0.609) (0.972) (0.617)

Union member 0.144*** 0.419*** 0.205*** 0.025(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.659)

Has disability -0.072* -0.021 -0.092* -0.030(0.077) (0.728) (0.096) (0.595)

Constant 0.845*** 0.631*** 0.221 6.364***(0.000) (0.006) (0.242) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.039 0.073 0.002 0.241***(0.390) (0.251) (0.980) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.162 0.215 0.381 0.220(0.386) (0.397) (0.103) (0.456)

Age 25 to 29 -0.004 0.353 0.518** 0.351(0.984) (0.164) (0.026) (0.238)

Age 30 to 34 -0.034 0.156 0.480** 0.424(0.852) (0.524) (0.036) (0.152)

Age 35 to 39 -0.036 0.200 0.465** 0.486(0.848) (0.426) (0.046) (0.103)

Age 40 to 44 0.019 0.137 0.438* 0.474(0.919) (0.587) (0.062) (0.112)

Age 45 to 49 -0.068 0.107 0.454* 0.496(0.719) (0.680) (0.060) (0.100)

Age 50 to 54 -0.025 0.224 0.574** 0.563*(0.900) (0.401) (0.019) (0.064)

Age 55 to 59 0.062 0.287 0.705*** 0.470(0.761) (0.296) (0.005) (0.124)

Age 60 to 64 -0.194 0.186 0.287 0.586(0.364) (0.544) (0.320) (0.108)

English is first language 0.122 -0.045 -0.089 0.050(0.575) (0.856) (0.740) (0.838)


NSW 0.063 -0.012 0.095 0.011(0.435) (0.917) (0.398) (0.921)

VIC 0.009 0.062 0.023 0.032(0.900) (0.559) (0.820) (0.755)

QLD -0.044 0.072 0.059 0.010(0.563) (0.512) (0.579) (0.930)

SA 0.089 0.151 0.165 -0.013(0.349) (0.225) (0.177) (0.914)

WA 0.033 0.060 0.061 0.061(0.730) (0.658) (0.626) (0.654)

Father born overseas -0.024 0.024 0.050 -0.040(0.722) (0.812) (0.600) (0.673)


Married 0.123** -0.127 -0.005 0.033(0.039) (0.130) (0.947) (0.694)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.000 0.066 0.149 0.041(0.998) (0.550) (0.167) (0.697)

Child age 3 to 4 0.038 0.148 0.160 -0.021(0.711) (0.273) (0.259) (0.879)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.016 0.051 0.089 0.052(0.861) (0.691) (0.462) (0.674)

Child age 10 to 14 0.023 0.053 0.147 -0.016(0.787) (0.664) (0.224) (0.898)

Union member 0.142** 0.256*** 0.254*** 0.088(0.012) (0.001) (0.000) (0.206)

Has disability -0.149*** -0.055 -0.030 -0.068(0.003) (0.436) (0.659) (0.322)

Constant 0.670** 0.524 0.219 5.967***(0.022) (0.136) (0.538) (0.000)


NCVER 113




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.043 -0.218* -0.002 -0.087

(0.645) (0.099) (0.993) (0.808)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.307 -1.096 0.530

. (0.563) (0.605) (0.873)Age 25 to 29 0.048 -0.036 -0.157 0.377

(0.886) (0.931) (0.929) (0.890)Age 30 to 34 -0.080 (dropped) (dropped) 0.708

(0.821) . . (0.841)Age 35 to 39 0.076 -0.196 0.206 (dropped)

(0.801) (0.641) (0.960) .Age 40 to 44 0.192 -0.045 0.093 0.514

(0.544) (0.900) (0.914) (0.877)Age 45 to 49 0.126 -0.422 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.684) (0.304) . .Age 50 to 54 0.166 -0.299 0.086 0.337

(0.544) (0.459) (0.977) (0.835)Age 55 to 59 0.153 -0.300 0.254 0.687


. . . .English is first language -0.219 -0.093 -0.241 -0.099

(0.560) (0.866) (0.688) (0.909)Non-English speaking country -0.502 -0.050 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.281) (0.939) . .NSW -0.094 0.331 0.284 0.759

(0.740) (0.418) (0.891) (0.741)VIC -0.053 0.016 0.924 (dropped)

(0.856) (0.968) (0.581) .QLD -0.131 0.278 0.005 1.176

(0.656) (0.504) (0.999) (0.718)SA -0.200 0.112 0.462 0.634

(0.374) (0.740) (0.585) (0.754)WA 0.092 0.664 0.653 0.768



(0.745) (0.415) (0.980) (0.522)Married 0.006 -0.158 -0.132 0.142

(0.962) (0.394) (0.720) (0.774)Child age 0 to 2 -0.007 0.010 -0.079 -0.297

(0.968) (0.970) (0.886) (0.711)Child age 3 to 4 0.148 0.135 0.078 -0.232

(0.716) (0.821) (0.941) (0.845)Child age 5 to 9 -0.143 0.095 -0.178 0.008

(0.452) (0.747) (0.808) (0.994)Child age 10 to 14 0.042 -0.107 0.113 0.125

(0.824) (0.693) (0.880) (0.909)Union member 0.174 0.463** 0.188 0.090

(0.206) (0.018) (0.634) (0.866)Has disability -0.113 -0.103 -0.165 0.091

(0.274) (0.499) (0.597) (0.843)Constant 1.073** 0.754 0.829 5.459






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.069*** -0.044*** 0.046*** 0.150***

(0.000) (0.007) (0.009) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.127 -0.044 -0.041 0.350

(0.377) (0.888) (0.837) (0.158)Age 25 to 29 0.137 -0.090 0.001 0.479*

(0.338) (0.772) (0.995) (0.052)Age 30 to 34 0.182 -0.231 -0.031 0.542**

(0.206) (0.456) (0.874) (0.029)Age 35 to 39 0.165 -0.246 0.041 0.675***

(0.249) (0.426) (0.837) (0.006)Age 40 to 44 0.179 -0.290 -0.000 0.629**

(0.212) (0.347) (1.000) (0.011)Age 45 to 49 0.161 -0.261 0.018 0.644***

(0.262) (0.398) (0.928) (0.009)Age 50 to 54 0.177 -0.326 -0.007 0.673***

(0.218) (0.292) (0.973) (0.007)Age 55 to 59 0.102 -0.384 -0.086 0.625**

(0.479) (0.215) (0.667) (0.012)Age 60 to 64 0.062 -0.421 -0.226 0.470*

(0.672) (0.177) (0.266) (0.064)English is first language 0.008 0.089** -0.121** 0.111**


(0.182) (0.112) (0.436) (0.559)NSW 0.032* -0.031 -0.003 0.032

(0.089) (0.295) (0.917) (0.274)VIC 0.038** -0.045 0.000 0.026

(0.041) (0.118) (0.996) (0.378)QLD 0.003 0.002 -0.046 -0.012

(0.869) (0.932) (0.132) (0.668)SA 0.016 -0.013 -0.027 -0.059*

(0.441) (0.683) (0.423) (0.064)WA 0.028 0.001 0.027 0.117***

(0.166) (0.973) (0.419) (0.000)Father born overseas -0.031* -0.015 0.016 0.022

(0.086) (0.596) (0.587) (0.438)Mother born overseas 0.044** 0.012 -0.011 0.006

(0.022) (0.698) (0.722) (0.848)Married 0.120*** -0.023 0.122*** 0.065***

(0.000) (0.301) (0.000) (0.003)Child age 0 to 2 -0.057*** 0.054* -0.011 0.054*

(0.003) (0.068) (0.729) (0.060)Child age 3 to 4 -0.010 0.097** -0.025 0.017

(0.686) (0.011) (0.547) (0.656)Child age 5 to 9 -0.023 -0.005 -0.032 -0.000

(0.238) (0.864) (0.341) (0.994)Child age 10 to 14 -0.022 0.024 0.017 -0.022

(0.286) (0.452) (0.633) (0.501)Union member 0.117*** 0.389*** 0.212*** 0.138***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.084*** -0.014 -0.058*** -0.019

(0.000) (0.440) (0.003) (0.305)Constant 0.610*** 0.783** 0.773*** 5.729***


NCVER 115




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.061** -0.024 0.052 0.006

(0.027) (0.567) (0.234) (0.881)Age 20 to 24 -0.083 -0.088 -0.082 0.291**

(0.535) (0.649) (0.649) (0.045)Age 25 to 29 -0.082 -0.126 -0.160 0.497***

(0.534) (0.515) (0.373) (0.001)Age 30 to 34 -0.018 -0.134 -0.023 0.461***

(0.894) (0.488) (0.900) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 -0.088 -0.262 -0.136 0.485***

(0.509) (0.183) (0.464) (0.001)Age 40 to 44 -0.048 -0.269 -0.132 0.562***

(0.724) (0.172) (0.482) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.126 -0.285 -0.163 0.528***

(0.356) (0.159) (0.392) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 -0.077 -0.395** -0.119 0.616***

(0.570) (0.049) (0.541) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.084 -0.520** -0.215 0.482***

(0.550) (0.011) (0.326) (0.009)Age 60 to 64 -0.171 -0.507** -0.308 0.548***

(0.257) (0.024) (0.237) (0.006)English is first language 0.011 0.098 -0.024 0.211**


(0.899) (0.262) (0.884) (0.753)NSW 0.088* 0.036 0.077 0.062

(0.058) (0.612) (0.280) (0.331)VIC 0.050 0.042 0.081 0.039

(0.313) (0.570) (0.300) (0.565)QLD 0.046 0.054 0.078 -0.026

(0.332) (0.451) (0.308) (0.697)SA 0.033 0.066 0.018 -0.108

(0.553) (0.431) (0.831) (0.161)WA 0.101** -0.035 0.034 0.082

(0.047) (0.642) (0.679) (0.267)Father born overseas -0.007 -0.028 0.046 0.056


(0.182) (0.989) (0.923) (0.643)Married 0.140*** -0.006 0.125** 0.019

(0.000) (0.919) (0.035) (0.722)Child age 0 to 2 -0.065 -0.024 -0.020 0.111*

(0.186) (0.742) (0.784) (0.089)Child age 3 to 4 0.023 -0.062 -0.003 0.122

(0.715) (0.501) (0.978) (0.161)Child age 5 to 9 -0.065 0.037 0.022 0.043

(0.219) (0.644) (0.796) (0.557)Child age 10 to 14 -0.030 -0.068 0.009 -0.014

(0.576) (0.402) (0.918) (0.855)Union member 0.148*** 0.282*** 0.176*** 0.062

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.180)Has disability -0.091*** -0.013 -0.026 -0.018

(0.003) (0.786) (0.601) (0.682)Constant 0.775*** 0.778*** 0.708*** 5.738***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.049 0.068 0.043 0.126*

(0.270) (0.293) (0.501) (0.065)Age 20 to 24 0.427*** 0.419 0.666*** -0.267

(0.004) (0.219) (0.002) (0.236)Age 25 to 29 0.341** 0.448 0.461** -0.127

(0.015) (0.184) (0.026) (0.564)Age 30 to 34 0.515*** 0.316 0.630*** 0.177

(0.001) (0.374) (0.007) (0.513)Age 35 to 39 0.434*** 0.382 0.717*** 0.228

(0.005) (0.271) (0.001) (0.330)Age 40 to 44 0.412*** 0.245 0.615*** 0.177

(0.004) (0.474) (0.004) (0.430)Age 45 to 49 0.408*** 0.319 0.502** 0.391*

(0.007) (0.357) (0.032) (0.092)Age 50 to 54 0.407*** 0.263 0.552*** 0.216

(0.005) (0.436) (0.008) (0.324)Age 55 to 59 0.381** 0.155 0.370 (dropped)

(0.034) (0.672) (0.168) .Age 60 to 64 0.233 0.041 0.433* 0.530*



(0.735) (0.297) (0.488) (0.101)NSW -0.009 -0.053 0.037 0.199*

(0.896) (0.608) (0.718) (0.058)VIC -0.048 -0.078 -0.081 -0.020

(0.546) (0.505) (0.513) (0.866)QLD -0.062 -0.030 -0.098 0.032

(0.425) (0.798) (0.380) (0.777)SA -0.110 -0.065 -0.037 0.052

(0.241) (0.632) (0.776) (0.711)WA -0.013 -0.107 0.128 0.151

(0.887) (0.417) (0.383) (0.334)Father born overseas -0.146** 0.198* 0.212** -0.048

(0.049) (0.085) (0.036) (0.694)Mother born overseas 0.175** -0.110 -0.165 0.093

(0.029) (0.366) (0.123) (0.489)Married 0.202*** -0.043 0.109 -0.025

(0.000) (0.610) (0.178) (0.779)Child age 0 to 2 -0.128 0.059 0.032 0.090

(0.162) (0.649) (0.808) (0.465)Child age 3 to 4 -0.053 -0.037 -0.109 0.058

(0.661) (0.829) (0.535) (0.758)Child age 5 to 9 -0.107 -0.074 -0.157 -0.011

(0.297) (0.615) (0.306) (0.946)Child age 10 to 14 0.005 0.072 0.026 0.078

(0.953) (0.546) (0.838) (0.540)Union member 0.134** 0.332*** 0.205** 0.123

(0.035) (0.000) (0.011) (0.149)Has disability -0.137*** -0.035 -0.033 -0.165**

(0.007) (0.644) (0.660) (0.040)Constant 0.313 0.149 0.205 6.165***


NCVER 117




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.024 -0.043 -0.014 0.146**

(0.608) (0.447) (0.838) (0.011)Age 20 to 24 0.093 0.033 0.078 0.222*

(0.383) (0.805) (0.575) (0.083)Age 25 to 29 0.097 -0.099 0.122 0.370***

(0.386) (0.482) (0.438) (0.008)Age 30 to 34 0.196 -0.014 0.012 0.512***

(0.113) (0.930) (0.944) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 0.197* -0.074 0.145 0.649***

(0.084) (0.609) (0.359) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.214 -0.120 0.071 0.336*

(0.105) (0.463) (0.714) (0.056)Age 45 to 49 0.185 -0.254 0.135 0.601***

(0.150) (0.121) (0.474) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 0.183 -0.254 0.088 0.607***

(0.185) (0.135) (0.662) (0.002)Age 55 to 59 0.051 -0.351* 0.075 0.417*

(0.761) (0.087) (0.785) (0.067)Age 60 to 64 0.058 -0.248 -0.133 0.572*


(0.489) (0.955) (0.886) (0.221)Non-English speaking country -0.074 0.012 0.249 -0.007

(0.637) (0.949) (0.298) (0.969)NSW 0.100 -0.262** -0.262** -0.035

(0.298) (0.022) (0.043) (0.739)VIC 0.000 -0.118 -0.097 0.016

(0.997) (0.307) (0.437) (0.878)QLD 0.053 -0.169 -0.157 0.001

(0.598) (0.158) (0.224) (0.993)SA 0.094 -0.248** -0.025 0.047

(0.367) (0.046) (0.868) (0.717)WA 0.017 -0.058 -0.100 0.052

(0.888) (0.687) (0.517) (0.713)Father born overseas 0.084 0.028 -0.029 0.050

(0.242) (0.754) (0.774) (0.586)Mother born overseas -0.071 -0.115 0.038 -0.012

(0.340) (0.209) (0.740) (0.910)Married 0.133* -0.022 0.072 0.030

(0.057) (0.800) (0.471) (0.737)Child age 0 to 2 -0.062 -0.099 0.071 0.073

(0.499) (0.381) (0.584) (0.511)Child age 3 to 4 -0.024 -0.032 0.080 -0.030

(0.820) (0.808) (0.611) (0.827)Child age 5 to 9 -0.083 0.088 -0.093 0.011

(0.393) (0.471) (0.530) (0.930)Child age 10 to 14 0.004 -0.051 -0.012 0.062

(0.972) (0.693) (0.942) (0.684)Union member 0.203*** 0.332*** 0.219*** 0.120*

(0.001) (0.000) (0.009) (0.085)Has disability -0.152*** 0.026 -0.081 -0.023

(0.004) (0.707) (0.313) (0.752)Constant 0.463** 0.960*** 0.654** 5.757***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.016 -0.062 -0.046 0.037

(0.638) (0.173) (0.337) (0.421)Age 20 to 24 -0.074 -0.013 -0.028 0.371***

(0.471) (0.928) (0.835) (0.008)Age 25 to 29 0.012 -0.010 0.039 0.418***

(0.906) (0.942) (0.769) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 0.052 -0.053 0.080 0.488***

(0.610) (0.708) (0.557) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.090 -0.064 0.095 0.601***

(0.380) (0.652) (0.484) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.106 -0.192 -0.059 0.692***

(0.303) (0.182) (0.678) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.055 -0.097 0.064 0.746***

(0.613) (0.524) (0.664) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.105 -0.209 0.091 0.607***

(0.338) (0.167) (0.548) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.043 -0.253 -0.029 0.654***

(0.702) (0.113) (0.855) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.068 -0.446** -0.141 0.468

(0.596) (0.018) (0.549) (0.103)English is first language -0.013 0.034 0.052 -0.087


(0.553) (0.496) (0.995) (0.377)NSW 0.030 -0.169* -0.125 -0.019

(0.682) (0.090) (0.220) (0.845)VIC -0.032 -0.114 -0.136 -0.090

(0.658) (0.257) (0.186) (0.332)QLD 0.002 -0.098 -0.191* -0.000

(0.977) (0.313) (0.051) (1.000)SA 0.002 -0.165* -0.233** -0.099

(0.977) (0.091) (0.016) (0.270)WA 0.015 -0.135 -0.134 -0.005


(0.105) (0.904) (0.158) (0.505)Mother born overseas 0.140** -0.063 -0.106 0.012

(0.017) (0.463) (0.192) (0.889)Married 0.124*** 0.056 0.166*** 0.081

(0.005) (0.364) (0.008) (0.201)Child age 0 to 2 -0.105 0.025 -0.009 -0.017

(0.102) (0.776) (0.918) (0.841)Child age 3 to 4 0.027 -0.134 -0.077 0.064

(0.749) (0.248) (0.545) (0.611)Child age 5 to 9 -0.067 -0.000 0.054 -0.025

(0.312) (0.998) (0.584) (0.791)Child age 10 to 14 -0.048 -0.007 0.134 0.053

(0.497) (0.943) (0.211) (0.582)Union member 0.163*** 0.293*** 0.210*** 0.104*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.051)Has disability -0.134*** -0.039 -0.039 -0.069

(0.000) (0.445) (0.466) (0.193)Constant 0.745*** 0.823*** 0.665*** 6.009***


NCVER 119

Table 48b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.021 0.144*** 0.131** 0.405***

(0.555) (0.010) (0.012) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.069 0.562 0.444 -0.356

(0.761) (0.102) (0.134) (0.102)Age 25 to 29 0.024 0.702** 0.408 -0.173

(0.917) (0.043) (0.165) (0.404)Age 30 to 34 -0.013 0.357 0.482 -0.151

(0.954) (0.296) (0.100) (0.479)Age 35 to 39 -0.046 0.499 0.453 -0.144

(0.838) (0.151) (0.128) (0.514)Age 40 to 44 -0.000 0.482 0.429 -0.025

(0.998) (0.154) (0.132) (0.902)Age 45 to 49 -0.061 0.490 0.409 -0.010

(0.784) (0.152) (0.158) (0.961)Age 50 to 54 0.002 0.383 0.515* 0.060

(0.991) (0.256) (0.072) (0.770)Age 55 to 59 -0.139 0.367 0.406 -0.017

(0.529) (0.281) (0.163) (0.934)Age 60 to 64 -0.037 0.387 0.408 (dropped)

(0.883) (0.313) (0.233) .English is first language -0.018 0.270 -0.182 0.252


(0.715) (0.225) (0.439) (0.790)NSW -0.044 -0.054 -0.141 0.043

(0.489) (0.589) (0.139) (0.670)VIC -0.040 0.049 -0.060 0.040

(0.563) (0.657) (0.556) (0.683)QLD -0.030 0.071 -0.074 -0.034

(0.648) (0.502) (0.453) (0.729)SA 0.045 0.029 0.015 0.054

(0.506) (0.786) (0.881) (0.595)WA -0.006 -0.002 -0.070 0.067

(0.931) (0.984) (0.525) (0.551)Father born overseas -0.025 -0.143 -0.091 -0.077


(0.783) (0.364) (0.302) (0.496)Married 0.114** -0.088 0.152** 0.087

(0.013) (0.230) (0.021) (0.208)Child age 0 to 2 -0.024 0.095 0.034 -0.026

(0.727) (0.370) (0.735) (0.798)Child age 3 to 4 -0.016 0.073 0.048 0.109

(0.836) (0.561) (0.691) (0.367)Child age 5 to 9 -0.030 -0.018 -0.074 0.034

(0.660) (0.862) (0.449) (0.742)Child age 10 to 14 -0.069 -0.037 -0.023 -0.076

(0.332) (0.745) (0.815) (0.476)Union member 0.112** 0.357*** 0.196*** 0.048

(0.019) (0.000) (0.002) (0.443)Has disability -0.103** -0.021 0.001 -0.146**

(0.010) (0.744) (0.980) (0.020)Constant 0.907*** -0.104 0.412 6.302***



Table 49b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.056* 0.128** 0.120*** 0.359***

(0.083) (0.011) (0.007) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.088 (dropped) -0.114

. (0.640) . (0.503)Age 25 to 29 0.063 0.301* 0.123 0.027

(0.575) (0.056) (0.388) (0.835)Age 30 to 34 0.124 -0.001 0.172 0.158

(0.262) (0.996) (0.241) (0.247)Age 35 to 39 0.054 -0.007 0.165 0.324***

(0.618) (0.961) (0.248) (0.009)Age 40 to 44 0.117 0.010 0.202 0.381***

(0.284) (0.946) (0.164) (0.002)Age 45 to 49 0.106 0.025 0.105 0.442***

(0.322) (0.863) (0.454) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.052 -0.045 0.111 0.421***

(0.614) (0.735) (0.411) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.018 -0.092 0.031 0.234*

(0.864) (0.517) (0.832) (0.058)Age 60 to 64 -0.073 (dropped) -0.035 (dropped)

(0.539) . (0.833) .English is first language 0.097 0.063 0.055 0.085


(0.473) (0.376) (0.805) (0.502)NSW -0.030 -0.067 -0.026 -0.012

(0.620) (0.483) (0.758) (0.886)VIC 0.042 -0.025 0.022 -0.039

(0.456) (0.782) (0.781) (0.626)QLD -0.070 -0.001 0.015 -0.021

(0.269) (0.994) (0.875) (0.820)SA 0.029 0.026 -0.088 -0.108

(0.698) (0.824) (0.399) (0.285)WA 0.035 0.041 0.039 0.057



(0.293) (0.536) (0.436) (0.822)Married 0.080* -0.033 0.090 0.008

(0.071) (0.630) (0.125) (0.892)Child age 0 to 2 -0.055 -0.007 -0.056 0.011

(0.418) (0.948) (0.549) (0.901)Child age 3 to 4 0.017 0.050 0.005 0.039

(0.858) (0.727) (0.972) (0.774)Child age 5 to 9 -0.070 0.124 -0.031 -0.004

(0.273) (0.203) (0.720) (0.961)Child age 10 to 14 -0.007 0.044 -0.059 -0.017

(0.903) (0.603) (0.423) (0.808)Union member 0.131*** 0.337*** 0.212*** 0.018

(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.721)Has disability -0.088** -0.013 0.012 -0.058

(0.018) (0.826) (0.821) (0.271)Constant 0.673*** 0.513** 0.477* 6.225***


NCVER 121

Table 50b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.020 0.045 0.063 0.270***

(0.535) (0.343) (0.168) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.258 0.239 0.537* 0.474

(0.278) (0.477) (0.076) (0.214)Age 25 to 29 0.303 0.334 0.524* 0.611

(0.198) (0.314) (0.077) (0.104)Age 30 to 34 0.326 0.236 0.596** 0.654*

(0.168) (0.479) (0.047) (0.084)Age 35 to 39 0.310 0.221 0.626** 0.824**

(0.193) (0.513) (0.040) (0.032)Age 40 to 44 0.266 0.239 0.553* 0.860**

(0.265) (0.479) (0.068) (0.024)Age 45 to 49 0.319 0.193 0.469 0.833**

(0.179) (0.567) (0.120) (0.029)Age 50 to 54 0.278 0.057 0.538* 0.834**

(0.245) (0.867) (0.078) (0.030)Age 55 to 59 0.241 0.015 0.509 0.857**

(0.320) (0.966) (0.101) (0.027)Age 60 to 64 0.153 -0.124 0.311 0.836**

(0.528) (0.722) (0.332) (0.042)English is first language 0.046 0.266* 0.158 0.345**


(0.586) (0.139) (0.425) (0.351)NSW 0.066 -0.004 0.067 -0.001

(0.237) (0.958) (0.389) (0.992)VIC -0.004 0.002 0.069 0.021

(0.944) (0.984) (0.405) (0.808)QLD -0.001 0.001 -0.031 -0.024

(0.987) (0.995) (0.695) (0.773)SA 0.060 0.100 0.017 0.015

(0.384) (0.325) (0.853) (0.872)WA 0.058 -0.060 0.068 -0.016



(0.812) (0.940) (0.417) (0.302)Married 0.146*** -0.038 0.095 0.120*

(0.001) (0.556) (0.115) (0.052)Child age 0 to 2 -0.099* 0.010 0.039 -0.023

(0.098) (0.906) (0.636) (0.776)Child age 3 to 4 -0.014 0.024 -0.027 -0.030

(0.860) (0.834) (0.811) (0.775)Child age 5 to 9 -0.053 -0.099 -0.061 -0.083

(0.417) (0.306) (0.539) (0.407)Child age 10 to 14 -0.014 -0.069 0.065 -0.037

(0.821) (0.435) (0.467) (0.682)Union member 0.131*** 0.316*** 0.218*** 0.058

(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.257)Has disability -0.112*** -0.075 -0.030 -0.065

(0.003) (0.176) (0.566) (0.241)Constant 0.431 0.217 -0.091 5.365***



Table 51b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.040 -0.046 0.070 0.154*(0.406) (0.547) (0.412) (0.069)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.528** -0.251 -0.491**. (0.035) (0.260) (0.030)

Age 25 to 29 -0.010 0.379 -0.146 -0.298(0.945) (0.108) (0.499) (0.142)

Age 30 to 34 -0.029 0.334 -0.131 -0.069(0.839) (0.169) (0.549) (0.757)

Age 35 to 39 0.062 0.314 -0.238 -0.088(0.623) (0.161) (0.240) (0.660)

Age 40 to 44 0.128 0.264 -0.075 -0.015(0.335) (0.232) (0.710) (0.937)

Age 45 to 49 0.092 0.166 0.054 0.002(0.469) (0.429) (0.783) (0.990)

Age 50 to 54 0.128 0.159 -0.207 -0.150(0.309) (0.452) (0.304) (0.448)


Age 60 to 64 -0.205 (dropped) -0.785 -0.334(0.155) . (0.111) (0.469)



NSW 0.012 -0.069 0.213 0.066(0.896) (0.632) (0.153) (0.667)

VIC -0.052 -0.305* 0.258 0.047(0.614) (0.062) (0.190) (0.823)

QLD -0.073 -0.157 0.157 0.026(0.498) (0.346) (0.408) (0.899)

SA -0.183* -0.055 0.149 -0.159(0.069) (0.742) (0.409) (0.406)

WA 0.003 0.063 0.181 0.202(0.982) (0.749) (0.388) (0.342)


Mother born overseas 0.076 0.053 0.243 0.343*(0.415) (0.728) (0.210) (0.090)

Married 0.132** -0.136 -0.025 0.065(0.034) (0.190) (0.823) (0.563)

Child age 0 to 2 0.010 0.158 0.084 0.042(0.915) (0.282) (0.572) (0.775)

Child age 3 to 4 0.010 -0.057 -0.038 -0.168(0.942) (0.796) (0.861) (0.485)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.037 0.137 0.088 -0.109(0.686) (0.352) (0.605) (0.524)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.010 -0.076 -0.022 0.044(0.918) (0.611) (0.908) (0.811)

Union member 0.113* 0.356*** 0.226** 0.102(0.086) (0.000) (0.023) (0.322)

Has disability -0.081 -0.152* -0.205** -0.023(0.136) (0.078) (0.045) (0.826)

Constant 0.688*** 0.583* 0.399 6.461***(0.000) (0.090) (0.215) (0.000)


NCVER 123

Table 52b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.073*** -0.051*** 0.038** 0.145***(0.000) (0.001) (0.026) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.113 -0.033 -0.032 0.379(0.439) (0.916) (0.872) (0.122)

Age 25 to 29 0.133 -0.089 0.012 0.488**(0.358) (0.774) (0.952) (0.046)

Age 30 to 34 0.172 -0.221 -0.016 0.544**(0.237) (0.474) (0.936) (0.026)

Age 35 to 39 0.164 -0.241 0.054 0.680***(0.260) (0.434) (0.784) (0.005)

Age 40 to 44 0.180 -0.285 0.014 0.637***(0.215) (0.355) (0.942) (0.009)

Age 45 to 49 0.155 -0.265 0.035 0.645***(0.285) (0.390) (0.857) (0.008)

Age 50 to 54 0.174 -0.315 0.003 0.678***(0.231) (0.307) (0.988) (0.006)

Age 55 to 59 0.099 -0.360 -0.052 0.630**(0.498) (0.244) (0.793) (0.010)

Age 60 to 64 0.051 -0.441 -0.140 0.476*(0.728) (0.156) (0.486) (0.057)

English is first language 0.053** 0.065 -0.124*** 0.032(0.044) (0.115) (0.007) (0.450)


NSW 0.028 -0.031 -0.005 0.032(0.124) (0.272) (0.865) (0.259)

VIC 0.040** -0.044 -0.009 0.044(0.027) (0.117) (0.774) (0.122)

QLD 0.001 0.011 -0.042 -0.009(0.959) (0.704) (0.154) (0.739)

SA 0.013 0.004 -0.042 -0.047(0.522) (0.907) (0.204) (0.125)

WA 0.032 0.005 0.021 0.116***(0.111) (0.869) (0.521) (0.000)

Father born overseas -0.042** -0.002 0.011 0.032(0.018) (0.944) (0.709) (0.234)

Mother born overseas 0.042** -0.002 0.012 -0.012(0.026) (0.942) (0.707) (0.687)

Married 0.116*** -0.033 0.115*** 0.067***(0.000) (0.134) (0.000) (0.002)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.053*** 0.054* -0.008 0.036(0.005) (0.062) (0.804) (0.200)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.014 0.096*** -0.008 0.016(0.558) (0.009) (0.843) (0.667)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.026 0.011 -0.023 0.001(0.169) (0.692) (0.464) (0.985)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.024 0.009 0.017 -0.027(0.225) (0.760) (0.623) (0.384)

Union member 0.119*** 0.400*** 0.212*** 0.126***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.082*** -0.016 -0.055*** -0.018(0.000) (0.371) (0.003) (0.308)

Constant 0.571*** 0.803*** 0.768*** 5.808***(0.000) (0.010) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 53b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.051** -0.003 0.032 0.009(0.049) (0.930) (0.435) (0.803)

Age 20 to 24 -0.076 0.015 0.074 0.200(0.516) (0.932) (0.648) (0.177)

Age 25 to 29 -0.087 -0.006 0.044 0.386***(0.458) (0.970) (0.788) (0.009)

Age 30 to 34 -0.046 -0.024 0.134 0.374**(0.691) (0.888) (0.415) (0.012)

Age 35 to 39 -0.087 -0.134 0.071 0.446***(0.458) (0.438) (0.672) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 -0.045 -0.132 0.057 0.449***(0.702) (0.445) (0.732) (0.003)

Age 45 to 49 -0.121 -0.172 0.012 0.462***(0.313) (0.336) (0.945) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 -0.097 -0.244 0.101 0.530***(0.424) (0.171) (0.567) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 -0.076 -0.320* 0.066 0.469**(0.546) (0.083) (0.743) (0.010)

Age 60 to 64 -0.159 -0.358* -0.065 0.511**(0.259) (0.094) (0.789) (0.017)



NSW 0.073* 0.029 0.058 0.032(0.098) (0.662) (0.405) (0.604)

VIC 0.033 0.072 0.045 0.031(0.480) (0.308) (0.535) (0.632)

QLD 0.014 0.021 0.019 -0.053(0.762) (0.758) (0.799) (0.438)

SA 0.019 0.030 0.021 -0.062(0.702) (0.703) (0.793) (0.388)

WA 0.066 -0.003 0.029 0.079(0.178) (0.963) (0.714) (0.267)



Married 0.121*** -0.020 0.107* 0.052(0.000) (0.710) (0.050) (0.302)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.033 -0.013 0.027 0.077(0.473) (0.845) (0.703) (0.211)

Child age 3 to 4 0.036 -0.004 0.053 0.076(0.540) (0.960) (0.580) (0.357)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.036 0.062 0.072 0.075(0.467) (0.413) (0.357) (0.265)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.006 -0.071 0.041 -0.062(0.912) (0.356) (0.609) (0.369)

Union member 0.144*** 0.278*** 0.188*** 0.072*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.093)

Has disability -0.101*** -0.008 -0.029 -0.014(0.000) (0.851) (0.529) (0.727)

Constant 0.876*** 0.599*** 0.482** 5.976***(0.000) (0.004) (0.024) (0.000)


NCVER 125

Table 54b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business 0.047 -0.053 0.252 -0.099(0.823) (0.878) . .

Age 20 to 24 -0.104 (dropped) 0.450 (dropped)(0.912) . . .



Age 35 to 39 0.032 0.036 0.534 (dropped)(0.953) (0.964) . .



Age 50 to 54 -0.085 0.059 0.602 0.245(0.910) (0.941) . .





NSW -0.161 0.159 (dropped) (dropped)(0.738) (0.903) . .

VIC -0.296 -0.120 (dropped) (dropped)(0.596) (0.890) . .

QLD -0.095 0.455 -0.062 -0.175(0.864) (0.676) . .

SA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

WA (dropped) 0.394 0.006 0.312. (0.782) . .

Father born overseas 0.037 -0.089 0.042 0.170(0.944) (0.909) . .


Married 0.266 -0.072 -0.019 -0.020(0.351) (0.883) . .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.256 0.280 0.336 0.203(0.699) (0.815) . .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.509 0.368 0.087 -0.132(0.663) (0.828) . .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.125 0.110 0.014 -0.176(0.872) (0.922) . .

Child age 10 to 14 -0.156 -0.110 0.067 0.126(0.810) (0.908) . .

Union member 0.159 0.334 0.294 0.207(0.606) (0.469) . .

Has disability -0.233 -0.130 0.089 -0.051(0.309) (0.736) . .

Constant 0.992 0.413 0.114 6.349(0.151) (0.692) . .



Table 55b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin -0.100 -0.282* -0.376** 0.279(0.430) (0.090) (0.030) (0.445)

Age 20 to 24 -0.324 (dropped) -0.038 (dropped)(0.523) . (0.963) .

Age 25 to 29 -0.483 -0.036 -0.430 -0.001(0.209) (0.937) (0.370) (0.999)

Age 30 to 34 -0.278 -0.083 -0.404 0.035(0.459) (0.858) (0.398) (0.959)

Age 35 to 39 -0.298 -0.833 -0.487 (dropped)(0.545) (0.282) (0.493) .

Age 40 to 44 -0.199 -0.531 -0.316 0.210(0.629) (0.385) (0.571) (0.714)

Age 45 to 49 -0.187 -0.722 -0.394 -0.017(0.665) (0.197) (0.544) (0.977)

Age 50 to 54 -0.534 -0.959 -0.112 (dropped)(0.313) (0.191) (0.903) .


Age 60 to 64 -0.210 -0.785 -0.660 (dropped)(0.558) (0.102) (0.204) .

English is first language 1.201 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.113) . . .

Non-English speaking country 0.109 -0.248 -0.740 (dropped)(0.816) (0.664) (0.237) .

NSW -0.072 -0.324 -0.308 -0.027(0.807) (0.411) (0.522) (0.976)

VIC -0.345 -0.374 -0.219 -0.490(0.346) (0.466) (0.689) (0.465)

QLD -0.275 -0.147 -0.458 -0.275(0.328) (0.703) (0.245) (0.608)

SA 0.063 (dropped) -0.332 (dropped)(0.869) . (0.647) .

WA 0.066 -0.740 -0.707 (dropped)(0.847) (0.240) (0.366) .


Mother born overseas -0.144 -0.111 0.053 (dropped)(0.426) (0.680) (0.852) .

Married 0.038 0.136 0.179 0.065(0.827) (0.553) (0.438) (0.871)

Child age 0 to 2 0.029 -0.027 0.218 0.407(0.929) (0.948) (0.554) (0.472)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.049 -0.201 -0.275 0.433(0.870) (0.656) (0.554) (0.656)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.029 0.092 -0.108 -0.270(0.913) (0.791) (0.748) (0.568)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.071 -0.014 -0.048 -0.123(0.831) (0.974) (0.908) (0.849)

Union member 0.259 0.266 0.201 0.096(0.147) (0.235) (0.388) (0.754)

Has disability -0.056 0.149 -0.078 -0.061(0.658) (0.395) (0.680) (0.858)

Constant 0.039 1.266** 1.296** 6.526***(0.961) (0.039) (0.039) (0.000)


NCVER 127

Table 56b:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other 0.024 -0.003 0.009 0.071**(0.342) (0.940) (0.797) (0.042)

Age 20 to 24 0.041 0.077 0.116 0.320***(0.569) (0.463) (0.211) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.106 -0.004 0.099 0.440***(0.144) (0.968) (0.296) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.185** -0.063 0.138 0.579***(0.013) (0.565) (0.171) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.166** -0.000 0.216** 0.694***(0.025) (0.999) (0.027) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.192** -0.135 0.108 0.624***(0.012) (0.225) (0.304) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.167** -0.083 0.123 0.805***(0.031) (0.460) (0.246) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.167** -0.162 0.147 0.707***(0.031) (0.142) (0.170) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.121 -0.229* 0.053 0.603***(0.173) (0.071) (0.672) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.076 -0.294** 0.005 0.837***(0.417) (0.034) (0.972) (0.000)



NSW 0.036 -0.123* -0.077 0.042(0.452) (0.057) (0.246) (0.505)

VIC -0.053 -0.040 -0.111 -0.042(0.295) (0.557) (0.102) (0.501)

QLD 0.011 -0.074 -0.138** 0.018(0.830) (0.268) (0.040) (0.773)

SA -0.013 -0.132* -0.105 -0.042(0.792) (0.056) (0.127) (0.528)

WA -0.045 -0.046 -0.078 -0.015(0.426) (0.545) (0.314) (0.835)



Married 0.133*** 0.029 0.126*** 0.022(0.000) (0.551) (0.010) (0.645)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.100** -0.027 -0.014 0.057(0.044) (0.682) (0.835) (0.384)

Child age 3 to 4 0.013 -0.118 -0.074 0.049(0.837) (0.168) (0.446) (0.597)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.046 -0.044 -0.059 -0.003(0.383) (0.535) (0.438) (0.965)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.018 -0.062 0.055 0.099(0.732) (0.370) (0.475) (0.172)

Union member 0.182*** 0.264*** 0.217*** 0.104**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.012)

Has disability -0.166*** -0.053 -0.076* -0.090**(0.000) (0.190) (0.070) (0.030)

Constant 0.584*** 0.771*** 0.619*** 5.865***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 57b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.053* 0.101* 0.074 0.366***

(0.077) (0.054) (0.173) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.383* (dropped) -0.620***

. (0.062) . (0.007)Age 25 to 29 0.097 0.430** 0.054 -0.319

(0.339) (0.011) (0.752) (0.102)Age 30 to 34 0.014 0.381** 0.236 -0.302

(0.886) (0.016) (0.172) (0.123)Age 35 to 39 -0.001 0.287* 0.042 -0.332*

(0.990) (0.065) (0.800) (0.083)Age 40 to 44 0.015 0.290** 0.082 -0.193

(0.876) (0.050) (0.608) (0.286)Age 45 to 49 -0.017 0.176 -0.017 -0.208

(0.860) (0.236) (0.920) (0.256)Age 50 to 54 -0.022 0.249* -0.000 -0.114

(0.820) (0.095) (0.999) (0.536)Age 55 to 59 -0.039 0.095 -0.034 -0.166


(0.615) . (0.368) .English is first language 0.116* 0.078 0.236* 0.065

(0.093) (0.487) (0.059) (0.629)Non-English speaking country 0.115 -0.066 -0.136 0.096

(0.138) (0.601) (0.300) (0.539)NSW 0.017 0.087 0.050 0.059

(0.751) (0.342) (0.586) (0.544)VIC -0.046 0.036 0.026 0.164

(0.415) (0.717) (0.793) (0.118)QLD 0.037 0.003 0.003 -0.004

(0.492) (0.976) (0.971) (0.968)SA -0.057 0.091 0.011 0.087

(0.347) (0.398) (0.919) (0.435)WA -0.059 0.021 0.048 0.086

(0.346) (0.851) (0.661) (0.458)Father born overseas 0.107** -0.197** 0.016 -0.108

(0.044) (0.040) (0.868) (0.299)Mother born overseas -0.111** 0.156 0.050 0.037

(0.042) (0.122) (0.615) (0.720)Married 0.140*** 0.010 0.093 0.017

(0.000) (0.887) (0.192) (0.822)Child age 0 to 2 0.000 -0.038 -0.097 0.145

(0.994) (0.719) (0.351) (0.187)Child age 3 to 4 0.006 -0.029 -0.116 0.283**

(0.938) (0.829) (0.400) (0.034)Child age 5 to 9 -0.001 -0.071 -0.069 0.098

(0.977) (0.441) (0.460) (0.332)Child age 10 to 14 -0.006 0.060 0.023 0.067

(0.921) (0.507) (0.803) (0.503)Union member 0.117*** 0.276*** 0.117* 0.080

(0.004) (0.000) (0.067) (0.226)Has disability -0.095*** 0.023 0.025 -0.105*

(0.004) (0.701) (0.682) (0.099)Constant 0.692*** 0.221 0.352* 6.777***


NCVER 129

Table 58b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.048 0.058 0.083 0.282***

(0.128) (0.283) (0.111) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.504*** (dropped) -0.170

. (0.005) . (0.685)Age 25 to 29 -0.070 0.483*** -0.103 -0.104

(0.454) (0.002) (0.493) (0.798)Age 30 to 34 -0.059 0.667*** -0.092 0.012

(0.570) (0.000) (0.578) (0.977)Age 35 to 39 -0.058 0.442*** -0.078 0.023

(0.552) (0.006) (0.624) (0.956)Age 40 to 44 -0.046 0.419*** -0.074 -0.093

(0.601) (0.002) (0.589) (0.820)Age 45 to 49 -0.038 0.276** -0.170 0.008

(0.667) (0.047) (0.227) (0.985)Age 50 to 54 -0.007 0.341** -0.103 0.052

(0.936) (0.014) (0.470) (0.897)Age 55 to 59 -0.077 0.154 -0.140 -0.062


(0.320) . (0.309) .English is first language -0.051 -0.354** -0.050 0.018

(0.628) (0.034) (0.749) (0.924)Non-English speaking country 0.039 -0.060 -0.014 -0.002

(0.576) (0.607) (0.906) (0.988)NSW -0.050 0.033 0.050 0.096

(0.450) (0.771) (0.654) (0.440)VIC -0.044 0.030 0.054 0.045

(0.504) (0.787) (0.631) (0.719)QLD 0.009 0.004 -0.101 0.046

(0.899) (0.973) (0.392) (0.748)SA -0.090 0.117 0.007 -0.037

(0.202) (0.324) (0.951) (0.774)WA -0.036 0.074 -0.029 0.109

(0.613) (0.552) (0.809) (0.407)Father born overseas 0.089* 0.038 -0.051 0.117

(0.094) (0.677) (0.545) (0.227)Mother born overseas -0.091* -0.075 0.001 -0.055

(0.089) (0.411) (0.995) (0.559)Married 0.091** 0.063 0.103 0.173**

(0.024) (0.385) (0.143) (0.024)Child age 0 to 2 -0.019 -0.031 -0.162 -0.129

(0.780) (0.795) (0.149) (0.254)Child age 3 to 4 -0.051 -0.069 0.055 0.191

(0.591) (0.657) (0.721) (0.212)Child age 5 to 9 -0.015 0.024 0.013 0.038

(0.795) (0.811) (0.895) (0.742)Child age 10 to 14 0.009 -0.113 -0.157* 0.132

(0.871) (0.232) (0.075) (0.255)Union member 0.102*** 0.268*** 0.197*** 0.126*

(0.008) (0.000) (0.001) (0.058)Has disability -0.129*** 0.007 -0.026 -0.106

(0.000) (0.920) (0.684) (0.151)Constant 0.985*** 0.523** 0.828*** 6.541***



Table 59b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.072*** -0.084* 0.046 0.209***

(0.005) (0.058) (0.321) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.162 0.241 0.460* 0.430

(0.273) (0.329) (0.075) (0.145)Age 25 to 29 0.046 0.242 0.651*** 0.464

(0.746) (0.311) (0.010) (0.107)Age 30 to 34 0.076 0.270 0.635** 0.531*

(0.593) (0.259) (0.012) (0.063)Age 35 to 39 0.111 0.050 0.659*** 0.546*

(0.433) (0.834) (0.009) (0.057)Age 40 to 44 0.068 0.093 0.631** 0.561*

(0.630) (0.696) (0.012) (0.052)Age 45 to 49 0.081 0.075 0.622** 0.593**

(0.566) (0.755) (0.013) (0.038)Age 50 to 54 0.091 0.038 0.667*** 0.729**

(0.533) (0.876) (0.010) (0.013)Age 55 to 59 0.012 -0.046 0.680*** 0.648**

(0.932) (0.852) (0.010) (0.029)Age 60 to 64 0.060 -0.176 0.397 0.614**



(0.666) (0.510) (0.470) (0.737)NSW 0.027 -0.201** -0.163* 0.099

(0.590) (0.019) (0.059) (0.279)VIC 0.005 -0.126 -0.071 0.119

(0.924) (0.143) (0.418) (0.192)QLD 0.069 -0.174** -0.145* 0.037

(0.153) (0.041) (0.096) (0.686)SA 0.063 -0.131 -0.089 -0.017

(0.247) (0.164) (0.354) (0.872)WA 0.044 -0.142 -0.015 0.016

(0.439) (0.158) (0.881) (0.881)Father born overseas -0.001 -0.008 -0.037 0.134*

(0.986) (0.900) (0.575) (0.074)Mother born overseas -0.013 0.038 0.003 -0.093

(0.759) (0.580) (0.964) (0.239)Married 0.089** 0.033 0.055 0.040

(0.011) (0.583) (0.377) (0.537)Child age 0 to 2 -0.042 -0.050 0.039 -0.052

(0.401) (0.560) (0.656) (0.555)Child age 3 to 4 -0.027 -0.167 -0.020 0.076

(0.685) (0.146) (0.858) (0.570)Child age 5 to 9 -0.015 -0.130 -0.043 0.148

(0.766) (0.141) (0.631) (0.146)Child age 10 to 14 0.029 -0.180** -0.109 0.045

(0.594) (0.048) (0.232) (0.677)Union member 0.091*** 0.308*** 0.155*** 0.086

(0.004) (0.000) (0.002) (0.110)Has disability -0.084*** -0.020 -0.041 -0.162***

(0.004) (0.700) (0.458) (0.005)Constant 0.639*** 0.569** 0.114 5.919***


NCVER 131

Table 60b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.058* 0.062 0.106* 0.130*(0.071) (0.290) (0.062) (0.056)

Age 20 to 24 0.089 -0.064 -0.080 0.295(0.512) (0.795) (0.720) (0.247)

Age 25 to 29 0.149 -0.149 0.057 0.581**(0.275) (0.551) (0.801) (0.020)

Age 30 to 34 0.038 -0.158 0.024 0.651**(0.784) (0.534) (0.916) (0.012)

Age 35 to 39 0.080 -0.148 0.078 0.649**(0.565) (0.562) (0.738) (0.012)

Age 40 to 44 0.032 -0.279 0.012 0.674***(0.817) (0.264) (0.959) (0.009)

Age 45 to 49 0.040 -0.238 0.035 0.574**(0.775) (0.344) (0.878) (0.031)

Age 50 to 54 0.075 -0.289 0.031 0.679**(0.599) (0.269) (0.896) (0.011)

Age 55 to 59 0.027 -0.288 0.095 0.645**(0.847) (0.271) (0.693) (0.020)

Age 60 to 64 0.030 -0.376 0.089 0.748***(0.843) (0.167) (0.718) (0.007)


Non-English speaking country 0.096 -0.129 0.006 0.246(0.346) (0.509) (0.975) (0.277)

NSW -0.012 -0.050 -0.057 0.134(0.817) (0.610) (0.561) (0.248)

VIC -0.021 0.037 -0.064 -0.142(0.722) (0.730) (0.541) (0.261)

QLD 0.008 -0.008 -0.132 0.006(0.874) (0.936) (0.153) (0.960)

SA 0.035 -0.002 -0.225** -0.101(0.568) (0.987) (0.034) (0.447)

WA -0.002 0.038 -0.104 0.149(0.971) (0.761) (0.409) (0.325)



Married 0.084* 0.183** 0.065 0.210**(0.050) (0.023) (0.417) (0.029)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.123** -0.018 0.010 -0.022(0.045) (0.878) (0.924) (0.852)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.006 -0.083 0.076 0.090(0.944) (0.584) (0.631) (0.605)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.036 -0.164 0.085 0.112(0.594) (0.193) (0.495) (0.475)

Child age 10 to 14 0.006 -0.103 -0.061 0.023(0.923) (0.364) (0.575) (0.867)

Union member 0.074* 0.230*** 0.145** 0.031(0.068) (0.002) (0.026) (0.685)

Has disability -0.104*** 0.003 -0.079 -0.176**(0.005) (0.966) (0.243) (0.030)

Constant 0.783*** 0.968*** 0.929*** 5.811***(0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000)



Table 61b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.048*** -0.042** 0.011 0.157***(0.000) (0.013) (0.530) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.050 0.426 0.060 -0.146***(0.781) (0.173) (0.300) (0.004)

Age 25 to 29 -0.009 0.392 0.068 -0.045(0.961) (0.209) (0.198) (0.321)

Age 30 to 34 -0.062 0.347 0.098* 0.004(0.733) (0.266) (0.063) (0.935)

Age 35 to 39 -0.049 0.221 0.054 -0.005(0.785) (0.480) (0.305) (0.921)

Age 40 to 44 -0.028 0.198 0.116** 0.037(0.876) (0.526) (0.022) (0.415)

Age 45 to 49 -0.042 0.141 0.025 0.024(0.818) (0.653) (0.611) (0.586)

Age 50 to 54 -0.036 0.167 0.054 0.038(0.841) (0.593) (0.291) (0.404)

Age 55 to 59 -0.084 0.041 0.015 (dropped)(0.642) (0.896) (0.778) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.113 0.082 (dropped) -0.016(0.532) (0.794) . (0.785)

English is first language 0.026 0.104* -0.001 0.187***(0.402) (0.072) (0.986) (0.009)

Non-English speaking country 0.039 -0.093* -0.140** 0.110*(0.186) (0.060) (0.014) (0.098)

NSW 0.011 -0.084*** 0.006 0.028(0.545) (0.006) (0.848) (0.386)

VIC -0.002 -0.094*** -0.016 0.050(0.933) (0.003) (0.636) (0.144)

QLD 0.022 -0.050 -0.052 0.032(0.212) (0.103) (0.108) (0.315)

SA -0.001 -0.050 0.010 -0.022(0.941) (0.153) (0.790) (0.549)

WA 0.028 -0.051 0.015 0.099***(0.165) (0.142) (0.698) (0.007)


Mother born overseas -0.020 -0.001 -0.002 -0.018(0.224) (0.980) (0.942) (0.563)

Married 0.108*** 0.015 0.092*** 0.090***(0.000) (0.524) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.022 -0.071** -0.075** 0.030(0.238) (0.028) (0.029) (0.380)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.045* -0.065 -0.017 -0.001(0.068) (0.132) (0.728) (0.975)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.019 -0.036 -0.026 0.046(0.313) (0.260) (0.449) (0.190)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.002 0.023 -0.008 0.100***(0.905) (0.471) (0.811) (0.004)

Union member 0.088*** 0.326*** 0.171*** 0.146***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.093*** -0.027 -0.041** -0.055***(0.000) (0.160) (0.048) (0.010)

Constant 0.852*** 0.372 0.637*** 6.387***(0.000) (0.242) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 133

Table 62b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.045* 0.004 0.007 0.001(0.054) (0.904) (0.863) (0.975)

Age 20 to 24 -0.048 0.402*** 0.139 0.374*(0.611) (0.004) (0.303) (0.055)

Age 25 to 29 0.003 0.367*** 0.087 0.533***(0.977) (0.008) (0.524) (0.007)

Age 30 to 34 0.059 0.338** 0.197 0.594***(0.534) (0.014) (0.146) (0.003)

Age 35 to 39 0.061 0.253* 0.187 0.636***(0.531) (0.069) (0.173) (0.001)

Age 40 to 44 0.021 0.179 0.139 0.616***(0.838) (0.221) (0.347) (0.003)

Age 45 to 49 0.047 0.172 0.190 0.596***(0.633) (0.227) (0.179) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 0.053 0.137 0.177 0.661***(0.593) (0.340) (0.218) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 -0.006 -0.013 0.113 0.521**(0.954) (0.928) (0.442) (0.012)

Age 60 to 64 -0.028 0.077 0.089 0.580**(0.811) (0.662) (0.630) (0.013)



NSW 0.044 -0.038 -0.055 0.026(0.314) (0.570) (0.454) (0.702)

VIC 0.038 -0.037 -0.063 0.053(0.378) (0.576) (0.376) (0.420)

QLD 0.072* -0.024 -0.093 0.003(0.081) (0.708) (0.178) (0.960)

SA 0.050 -0.050 -0.029 -0.028(0.296) (0.506) (0.728) (0.715)

WA 0.083 0.065 0.002 0.035(0.112) (0.420) (0.983) (0.645)

Father born overseas -0.045 0.035 0.062 0.089*(0.171) (0.500) (0.234) (0.082)


Married 0.104*** 0.108** 0.170*** 0.130***(0.001) (0.021) (0.001) (0.005)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.046 -0.074 -0.055 0.034(0.285) (0.255) (0.423) (0.587)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.071 -0.121 -0.018 0.043(0.191) (0.151) (0.844) (0.603)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.009 -0.097 -0.107 0.038(0.845) (0.167) (0.164) (0.595)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.051 -0.087 -0.076 0.035(0.322) (0.268) (0.368) (0.666)

Union member 0.110*** 0.197*** 0.219*** 0.131***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002)

Has disability -0.108*** -0.024 -0.063 -0.041(0.000) (0.554) (0.150) (0.316)

_cons 0.831*** 0.377** 0.567*** 5.926***(0.000) (0.041) (0.003) (0.000)



Table 63b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business 0.032 0.070 0.167*** 0.120(0.442) (0.283) (0.007) (0.110)

Age 20 to 24 0.218 -0.135 -0.153 0.325(0.319) (0.689) (0.549) (0.327)

Age 25 to 29 0.232 -0.174 -0.138 0.469(0.281) (0.600) (0.593) (0.155)

Age 30 to 34 0.236 -0.010 -0.092 0.603*(0.273) (0.977) (0.708) (0.073)

Age 35 to 39 0.239 -0.160 -0.145 0.561(0.278) (0.636) (0.576) (0.102)

Age 40 to 44 0.262 -0.472 -0.248 0.406(0.248) (0.177) (0.401) (0.339)

Age 45 to 49 0.292 -0.191 -0.088 0.667**(0.183) (0.571) (0.730) (0.050)

Age 50 to 54 0.267 -0.343 -0.017 0.649*(0.216) (0.298) (0.948) (0.055)

Age 55 to 59 0.233 -0.440 -0.065 0.702**(0.281) (0.185) (0.804) (0.039)

Age 60 to 64 0.239 -0.510 -0.116 0.429(0.287) (0.139) (0.664) (0.286)


Non-English speaking country 0.128 -0.274* -0.479*** -0.063(0.189) (0.050) (0.001) (0.799)

NSW -0.014 -0.018 0.086 -0.176(0.863) (0.887) (0.479) (0.187)

VIC 0.058 -0.031 0.040 -0.083(0.461) (0.799) (0.744) (0.551)

QLD -0.003 -0.066 -0.032 -0.065(0.974) (0.599) (0.796) (0.662)

SA -0.002 -0.049 -0.110 -0.216(0.984) (0.736) (0.441) (0.187)

WA 0.097 -0.064 -0.019 -0.019(0.306) (0.653) (0.897) (0.909)

Father born overseas 0.107 -0.062 0.190 0.074(0.150) (0.593) (0.114) (0.585)

Mother born overseas -0.119 0.038 -0.274** 0.067(0.117) (0.763) (0.027) (0.622)

Married 0.065 0.099 0.139 0.153(0.232) (0.257) (0.108) (0.146)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.002 -0.013 -0.046 -0.085(0.981) (0.912) (0.697) (0.530)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.015 0.017 -0.054 -0.043(0.917) (0.933) (0.793) (0.850)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.061 -0.100 0.032 0.066(0.520) (0.517) (0.836) (0.740)

Child age 10 to 14 0.032 -0.028 0.101 0.066(0.732) (0.835) (0.457) (0.688)

Union member 0.128** 0.259*** 0.115 0.080(0.012) (0.001) (0.103) (0.327)

Has disability -0.151*** 0.004 -0.111 0.000(0.002) (0.956) (0.154) (1.000)

Constant 0.578** 0.894** 0.788*** 5.907***(0.015) (0.017) (0.004) (0.000)


NCVER 135

Table 64b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin 0.033 0.060 0.042 0.050(0.313) (0.237) (0.439) (0.386)

Age 20 to 24 0.046 0.012 0.253* 0.255(0.647) (0.935) (0.096) (0.107)

Age 25 to 29 0.155* -0.150 0.237 0.485***(0.096) (0.300) (0.128) (0.006)

Age 30 to 34 0.013 -0.080 0.238* 0.519***(0.877) (0.542) (0.080) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.075 -0.208 0.109 0.455***(0.372) (0.104) (0.431) (0.003)

Age 40 to 44 0.077 -0.256* 0.243* 0.573***(0.374) (0.054) (0.076) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.065 -0.365*** 0.220 0.625***(0.457) (0.005) (0.114) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.131 -0.379*** 0.327** 0.635***(0.160) (0.008) (0.049) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.110 -0.516*** 0.239 0.553***(0.245) (0.000) (0.157) (0.003)

Age 60 to 64 -0.165 -0.465** 0.249 0.510**(0.169) (0.017) (0.312) (0.012)


Non-English speaking country 0.007 0.058 0.270* 0.106(0.939) (0.701) (0.092) (0.720)

NSW 0.048 -0.069 -0.049 -0.127(0.484) (0.498) (0.684) (0.299)

VIC -0.004 -0.057 -0.092 -0.010(0.951) (0.546) (0.390) (0.926)

QLD 0.015 -0.138 -0.208 0.025(0.846) (0.248) (0.124) (0.858)

SA -0.068 0.066 -0.058 -0.095(0.339) (0.538) (0.627) (0.442)

WA -0.030 -0.067 -0.078 -0.104(0.741) (0.634) (0.616) (0.501)


Mother born overseas -0.058 0.036 -0.100 -0.031(0.300) (0.691) (0.260) (0.737)

Married 0.170*** 0.165** 0.067 0.191**(0.000) (0.020) (0.387) (0.019)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.089 -0.135 0.060 -0.122(0.164) (0.170) (0.560) (0.259)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.057 -0.144 0.003 -0.024(0.533) (0.305) (0.984) (0.882)

Child age 5 to 9 0.008 -0.132 0.143 0.004(0.902) (0.163) (0.171) (0.970)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.003 -0.171* 0.049 -0.028(0.963) (0.070) (0.661) (0.811)

Union member 0.101** 0.300*** 0.167*** 0.111(0.018) (0.000) (0.009) (0.113)

Has disability -0.135*** -0.013 -0.058 -0.044(0.000) (0.822) (0.345) (0.506)

Constant 0.863*** 0.663*** 0.338 6.143***(0.000) (0.001) (0.115) (0.000)



Table 65b:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.072* 0.047 -0.057 0.035(0.071) (0.411) (0.365) (0.564)

Age 20 to 24 0.107 0.053 -0.355* 0.297(0.403) (0.799) (0.085) (0.307)

Age 25 to 29 0.226* 0.080 -0.305 0.359(0.099) (0.716) (0.180) (0.236)

Age 30 to 34 0.214 0.090 -0.274 0.533*(0.118) (0.680) (0.201) (0.076)

Age 35 to 39 0.209 0.009 -0.276 0.479(0.105) (0.965) (0.175) (0.109)

Age 40 to 44 0.101 -0.050 -0.492** 0.458(0.454) (0.818) (0.023) (0.133)

Age 45 to 49 0.124 -0.199 -0.399* 0.375(0.366) (0.362) (0.069) (0.224)

Age 50 to 54 0.126 -0.188 -0.308 0.567*(0.395) (0.420) (0.213) (0.077)

Age 55 to 59 0.145 -0.197 -0.529** 0.261(0.324) (0.395) (0.023) (0.416)

Age 60 to 64 0.060 -0.156 -0.447* 0.496(0.687) (0.501) (0.061) (0.121)

English is first language -0.119 0.050 -0.120 0.327**(0.181) (0.759) (0.393) (0.044)


NSW -0.066 -0.024 0.185 -0.055(0.373) (0.818) (0.116) (0.592)

VIC -0.028 -0.194* 0.025 -0.062(0.717) (0.082) (0.836) (0.597)

QLD -0.009 -0.047 0.033 -0.105(0.908) (0.661) (0.775) (0.310)

SA -0.091 -0.050 0.175 -0.118(0.244) (0.653) (0.185) (0.281)

WA 0.052 -0.012 0.057 -0.110(0.542) (0.919) (0.644) (0.340)

Father born overseas 0.004 -0.175* -0.165* 0.025(0.955) (0.053) (0.100) (0.819)

Mother born overseas -0.102 0.184* 0.121 -0.018(0.173) (0.089) (0.285) (0.872)

Married 0.142*** 0.022 0.217** 0.161*(0.008) (0.781) (0.014) (0.051)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.209*** -0.150 -0.210 -0.210*(0.009) (0.223) (0.118) (0.093)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.166 0.075 0.012 -0.115(0.107) (0.629) (0.941) (0.437)

Child age 5 to 9 0.014 -0.022 -0.007 -0.015(0.865) (0.853) (0.956) (0.902)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.014 -0.019 0.111 -0.155(0.870) (0.872) (0.403) (0.219)

Union member 0.151*** 0.294*** 0.202*** 0.029(0.003) (0.000) (0.005) (0.671)

Has disability -0.101** -0.014 0.040 -0.059(0.022) (0.834) (0.577) (0.384)

Constant 0.857*** 0.680** 0.977*** 5.962***(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 137

Section C: Using Year 12 Completers as the Comparison Group, Females


Table 1c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.105*** 0.033 0.047** 0.299***(0.000) (0.163) (0.025) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.076* 0.114* 0.115** -0.284***(0.071) (0.090) (0.023) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.088** 0.226*** 0.213*** -0.098**(0.025) (0.000) (0.000) (0.050)

Age 30 to 34 0.085** 0.200*** 0.192*** 0.019(0.038) (0.003) (0.000) (0.716)

Age 35 to 39 0.061 0.136** 0.154*** 0.027(0.127) (0.038) (0.002) (0.607)

Age 40 to 44 0.067 0.154** 0.162*** -0.012(0.107) (0.022) (0.001) (0.819)

Age 45 to 49 0.022 0.046 0.156*** -0.050(0.603) (0.492) (0.002) (0.352)

Age 50 to 54 (dropped) -0.149** (dropped) (dropped). (0.038) . .

Age 55 to 64 -0.017 (dropped) 0.170** -0.121*(0.738) . (0.023) (0.091)

Capital City -0.004 0.093*** 0.110*** 0.076***(0.856) (0.001) (0.000) (0.005)

Non-English speaking country 0.117*** -0.075 -0.018 -0.103**(0.005) (0.198) (0.717) (0.030)

English is first language 0.082** -0.106** -0.057 0.063(0.017) (0.030) (0.176) (0.105)

NSW -0.011 -0.018 -0.032 -0.037(0.679) (0.612) (0.323) (0.234)

VIC -0.027 -0.071* -0.038 -0.085***(0.327) (0.052) (0.246) (0.008)

QLD -0.058* -0.006 -0.052 -0.149***(0.059) (0.880) (0.157) (0.000)

SA -0.001 -0.059 -0.127*** -0.148***(0.969) (0.160) (0.001) (0.000)

WA 0.013 -0.015 0.031 -0.056(0.677) (0.720) (0.427) (0.134)

Married 0.046** -0.083*** 0.022 0.017(0.027) (0.003) (0.362) (0.453)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.175*** -0.318*** -0.166*** -0.006(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.885)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.170*** -0.341*** -0.253*** -0.106*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.064)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.086*** -0.330*** -0.206*** -0.049(0.008) (0.000) (0.000) (0.263)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.104*** -0.136*** -0.067 -0.075*(0.003) (0.003) (0.109) (0.069)

Union member 0.198*** 0.124*** 0.263*** 0.051**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.015)

Constant 0.623*** 0.674*** 0.526*** 6.203***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,590 1,485 1,425 858R2 0.146 0.163 0.176 0.330Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 139

Table 2c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.065* 0.042 -0.040 -0.036(0.056) (0.325) (0.350) (0.490)

Age 20 to 24 0.098 0.253 0.172 0.454(0.546) (0.261) (0.437) (0.115)

Age 25 to 29 0.118 0.280 0.242 0.646**(0.470) (0.215) (0.277) (0.026)

Age 30 to 34 0.098 0.269 0.208 0.706**(0.563) (0.246) (0.367) (0.019)

Age 35 to 39 0.087 0.177 0.201 0.741**(0.604) (0.445) (0.381) (0.014)

Age 40 to 44 0.015 0.144 0.116 0.739**(0.931) (0.541) (0.619) (0.018)

Age 45 to 49 -0.038 -0.037 0.026 0.692**(0.822) (0.873) (0.911) (0.024)

Age 50 to 54 0.000 -0.043 -0.001 0.576*(0.998) (0.856) (0.996) (0.061)

Age 55 to 64 -0.025 0.011 0.010 0.257(0.890) (0.964) (0.967) (0.422)

Capital City 0.008 0.068 0.082 0.108(0.845) (0.172) (0.125) (0.119)



NSW 0.042 -0.088 -0.048 -0.001(0.458) (0.219) (0.506) (0.990)

VIC -0.014 -0.148* -0.068 -0.094(0.815) (0.052) (0.372) (0.301)

QLD -0.017 -0.054 -0.152* -0.162(0.798) (0.507) (0.059) (0.115)

SA 0.047 -0.185** -0.206** -0.266**(0.484) (0.032) (0.014) (0.023)

WA 0.002 -0.054 0.064 -0.045(0.982) (0.539) (0.486) (0.686)

Married 0.082** -0.074 0.004 0.043(0.047) (0.148) (0.938) (0.483)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.302*** -0.303*** -0.136* -0.026(0.000) (0.000) (0.091) (0.832)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.302*** -0.395*** -0.372*** 0.261(0.001) (0.002) (0.004) (0.257)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.224*** -0.467*** -0.376*** 0.057(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.765)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.005 -0.255*** -0.062 -0.141(0.945) (0.001) (0.454) (0.242)

Union member 0.211*** 0.067 0.197*** 0.093*(0.000) (0.174) (0.000) (0.096)

Constant 0.549*** 0.668** 0.616** 5.274***(0.007) (0.017) (0.021) (0.000)



Table 3c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.058** -0.013 -0.010 0.057*

(0.029) (0.713) (0.771) (0.098)Age 20 to 24 -0.033 0.037 0.194 0.406***

(0.816) (0.830) (0.238) (0.005)Age 25 to 29 -0.069 0.027 0.183 0.512***

(0.628) (0.879) (0.273) (0.001)Age 30 to 34 -0.088 -0.022 0.035 0.599***

(0.540) (0.901) (0.834) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.128 -0.070 0.053 0.628***

(0.375) (0.692) (0.762) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.052 -0.037 0.143 0.615***

(0.719) (0.831) (0.398) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.168 -0.205 -0.004 0.660***

(0.242) (0.241) (0.983) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.151 -0.315* 0.020 0.618***

(0.301) (0.075) (0.904) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.157 -0.209 -0.033 0.507***

(0.288) (0.248) (0.860) (0.003)Capital City -0.006 0.060 0.160*** 0.134***

(0.837) (0.109) (0.000) (0.001)Non-English speaking country -0.109 0.040 0.162 -0.171*

(0.228) (0.730) (0.211) (0.089)English is first language -0.057 -0.051 0.073 -0.035

(0.456) (0.591) (0.500) (0.703)NSW -0.012 -0.016 0.013 -0.063

(0.788) (0.775) (0.822) (0.260)VIC -0.064 -0.019 0.026 -0.090

(0.166) (0.748) (0.680) (0.151)QLD -0.076 0.033 0.030 -0.176***

(0.116) (0.593) (0.640) (0.009)SA -0.018 -0.042 -0.131* -0.114

(0.737) (0.542) (0.074) (0.104)WA -0.048 0.024 0.105 -0.044

(0.383) (0.745) (0.128) (0.499)Married 0.068** -0.089** -0.044 0.027

(0.031) (0.032) (0.290) (0.468)Child age 0 to 2 -0.230*** -0.377*** -0.222*** 0.007

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.934)Child age 3 to 4 -0.149** -0.245*** -0.167* -0.076

(0.020) (0.006) (0.063) (0.579)Child age 5 to 9 -0.077 -0.328*** -0.217*** -0.204***

(0.142) (0.000) (0.002) (0.010)Child age 10 to 14 -0.091* -0.282*** -0.099 -0.067

(0.057) (0.000) (0.164) (0.445)Union member 0.240*** 0.096** 0.243*** 0.097***

(0.000) (0.017) (0.000) (0.008)Constant 0.924*** 0.813*** 0.401** 5.599***


NCVER 141

Table 4c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.030 -0.045* 0.018 0.003

(0.124) (0.074) (0.463) (0.916)Age 20 to 24 0.007 0.217*** 0.221*** 0.369***

(0.889) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.083 0.237*** 0.264*** 0.583***

(0.132) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.030 0.203*** 0.217*** 0.659***

(0.599) (0.006) (0.002) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.043 0.185** 0.180*** 0.593***

(0.456) (0.011) (0.009) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.056 0.120 0.252*** 0.575***

(0.325) (0.103) (0.000) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.013 -0.064 0.059 0.473***

(0.826) (0.395) (0.405) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.015 -0.084 0.138* 0.466***

(0.809) (0.287) (0.074) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.058 -0.109 0.140 0.470***

(0.390) (0.217) (0.115) (0.000)Capital City -0.000 0.078*** 0.109*** 0.120***



(0.737) (0.087) (0.618) (0.229)NSW 0.003 -0.090** -0.049 -0.072*

(0.923) (0.035) (0.242) (0.090)VIC -0.012 -0.140*** -0.042 0.001

(0.742) (0.003) (0.354) (0.991)QLD -0.017 -0.102** -0.085* -0.127***

(0.658) (0.037) (0.066) (0.009)SA -0.007 -0.152*** -0.127*** -0.162***

(0.863) (0.003) (0.009) (0.002)WA -0.058 -0.090* -0.046 -0.100*

(0.156) (0.094) (0.377) (0.063)Married 0.073*** -0.107*** 0.008 -0.003

(0.002) (0.001) (0.786) (0.926)Child age 0 to 2 -0.256*** -0.322*** -0.237*** -0.051

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.380)Child age 3 to 4 -0.214*** -0.340*** -0.308*** -0.146*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.096)Child age 5 to 9 -0.132*** -0.417*** -0.232*** -0.156**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.011)Child age 10 to 14 -0.149*** -0.170*** -0.152*** -0.167***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.002) (0.004)Union member 0.250*** -0.004 0.210*** 0.086***

(0.000) (0.881) (0.000) (0.002)Constant 0.738*** 0.794*** 0.525*** 5.525***






Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.046*** 0.046** 0.049** 0.276***(0.001) (0.030) (0.011) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.031 0.384*** 0.063 -0.055(0.494) (0.000) (0.323) (0.770)

Age 25 to 29 0.060 0.472*** 0.158** 0.144(0.165) (0.000) (0.010) (0.447)

Age 30 to 34 -0.004 0.445*** 0.147** 0.220(0.929) (0.000) (0.022) (0.247)

Age 35 to 39 0.059 0.336*** 0.151** 0.260(0.185) (0.000) (0.018) (0.170)

Age 40 to 44 0.065 0.279*** 0.129** 0.245(0.142) (0.000) (0.046) (0.198)

Age 45 to 49 0.022 0.326*** 0.114* 0.312(0.617) (0.000) (0.076) (0.101)

Age 50 to 54 0.013 0.374*** 0.225*** 0.225(0.775) (0.000) (0.001) (0.237)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) 0.343. . . (0.139)

Age 60 to 64 -0.191** 0.156 -0.169 (dropped)(0.013) (0.227) (0.327) .

English is first language -0.011 -0.089** -0.034 0.000(0.692) (0.027) (0.349) (1.000)

Non-English speaking country -0.095*** -0.042 -0.005 0.002(0.008) (0.425) (0.926) (0.955)

NSW 0.022 -0.054 0.043 -0.016(0.322) (0.105) (0.159) (0.515)

VIC 0.060*** 0.006 0.122*** -0.026(0.005) (0.851) (0.000) (0.310)

QLD 0.068*** 0.008 0.025 -0.081***(0.005) (0.817) (0.450) (0.002)

SA 0.022 -0.042 0.015 -0.115***(0.439) (0.315) (0.684) (0.001)

WA -0.008 0.033 0.076** -0.062*(0.762) (0.432) (0.039) (0.058)

Married 0.060*** -0.134*** -0.001 0.036**(0.000) (0.000) (0.971) (0.040)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.188*** -0.358*** -0.124*** 0.020(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.538)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.129*** -0.258*** -0.097* -0.085*(0.000) (0.000) (0.074) (0.095)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.122*** -0.175*** -0.170*** -0.059*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.070)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.049** -0.074** -0.074** -0.016(0.042) (0.046) (0.028) (0.556)

Union member 0.133*** 0.196*** 0.228*** 0.035*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.052)

Has disability -0.025 -0.120*** -0.062** -0.006(0.204) (0.000) (0.023) (0.803)

Constant 0.788*** 0.409*** 0.574*** 6.174***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 143

Table 6c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma -0.010 0.060 0.003 0.022(0.737) (0.148) (0.929) (0.507)

Age 20 to 24 0.045 0.076 0.356* 0.216(0.798) (0.741) (0.099) (0.120)

Age 25 to 29 -0.006 0.093 0.428** 0.361**(0.973) (0.690) (0.050) (0.011)

Age 30 to 34 -0.087 0.089 0.332 0.554***(0.627) (0.708) (0.133) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.016 0.005 0.391* 0.476***(0.928) (0.982) (0.080) (0.001)

Age 40 to 44 0.007 -0.053 0.408* 0.412***(0.969) (0.826) (0.070) (0.006)

Age 45 to 49 -0.077 -0.120 0.355 0.517***(0.667) (0.615) (0.111) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 -0.073 0.037 0.384* 0.361**(0.690) (0.880) (0.091) (0.017)

Age 55 to 59 0.085 -0.130 0.390 (dropped)(0.693) (0.658) (0.155) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.203 -0.410 0.034 (dropped)(0.342) (0.184) (0.926) .

English is first language 0.066 -0.170** -0.100 -0.016(0.276) (0.045) (0.208) (0.795)


NSW 0.042 -0.145* -0.024 -0.063(0.443) (0.059) (0.726) (0.249)

VIC 0.072 -0.045 0.054 -0.108**(0.204) (0.569) (0.451) (0.046)

QLD 0.075 -0.224*** -0.171** -0.067(0.216) (0.008) (0.031) (0.330)

SA -0.022 -0.152 -0.059 -0.106(0.739) (0.115) (0.498) (0.143)

WA 0.020 -0.049 -0.051 -0.024(0.760) (0.586) (0.530) (0.706)

Married 0.107*** -0.116** 0.006 0.039(0.002) (0.020) (0.894) (0.290)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.208*** -0.285*** -0.176*** 0.050(0.000) (0.000) (0.009) (0.432)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.218*** -0.472*** -0.251** -0.058(0.007) (0.000) (0.022) (0.686)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.237*** -0.184* -0.261*** -0.037(0.000) (0.079) (0.003) (0.665)

Child age 10 to 14 0.042 -0.044 -0.120 -0.021(0.468) (0.585) (0.121) (0.734)

Union member 0.197*** -0.006 0.176*** 0.053(0.000) (0.906) (0.000) (0.185)

Has disability -0.069* -0.077 0.005 0.064(0.095) (0.193) (0.931) (0.187)

Constant 0.725*** 0.976*** 0.504** 5.956***(0.000) (0.000) (0.033) (0.000)



Table 7c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications -0.030 -0.115** -0.070 -0.142***

(0.356) (0.013) (0.147) (0.001)Age 20 to 24 -0.043 0.170 0.304** 0.167

(0.718) (0.268) (0.040) (0.121)Age 25 to 29 -0.025 0.235 0.252 0.260**

(0.837) (0.146) (0.105) (0.025)Age 30 to 34 0.016 0.133 0.367** 0.497***

(0.896) (0.394) (0.016) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.020 -0.075 0.341** 0.601***

(0.871) (0.647) (0.037) (0.008)Age 40 to 44 0.080 -0.022 0.321** 0.483***

(0.518) (0.892) (0.044) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.031 0.019 0.197 0.432***

(0.802) (0.908) (0.207) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 -0.038 0.075 0.367** 0.288**

(0.758) (0.641) (0.023) (0.020)Age 55 to 59 -0.116 -0.283 0.250 0.762**

(0.488) (0.263) (0.346) (0.010)Age 60 to 64 -0.342* (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.097) . . .English is first language 0.099 -0.057 0.137 0.090

(0.133) (0.563) (0.229) (0.415)Non-English speaking country -0.020 -0.129 0.307* 0.336**

(0.820) (0.399) (0.077) (0.042)NSW -0.003 0.000 0.060 -0.007

(0.962) (1.000) (0.502) (0.925)VIC 0.027 0.037 0.058 0.024

(0.630) (0.648) (0.500) (0.767)QLD 0.029 0.094 -0.053 -0.131*

(0.591) (0.234) (0.517) (0.053)SA 0.001 -0.040 -0.150 -0.134

(0.987) (0.650) (0.102) (0.154)WA 0.016 0.079 -0.001 -0.013

(0.800) (0.381) (0.991) (0.882)Married 0.101*** -0.094* 0.003 0.039

(0.006) (0.090) (0.951) (0.437)Child age 0 to 2 -0.312*** -0.347*** -0.264*** -0.011

(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.904)Child age 3 to 4 -0.189*** -0.431*** -0.232** -0.235

(0.010) (0.000) (0.049) (0.206)Child age 5 to 9 -0.294*** -0.196** -0.286*** -0.197

(0.000) (0.037) (0.002) (0.101)Child age 10 to 14 -0.084 -0.111 -0.239*** -0.078

(0.141) (0.167) (0.004) (0.331)Union member 0.149*** 0.132** 0.195*** 0.045

(0.001) (0.039) (0.002) (0.433)Has disability -0.086** -0.091 -0.040 -0.079

(0.044) (0.147) (0.534) (0.227)Constant 0.785*** 0.645*** 0.365* 5.924***


NCVER 145

Table 8c: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.043*** -0.002 -0.032 -0.051***

(0.003) (0.907) (0.120) (0.001)Age 20 to 24 0.016 0.177*** 0.251*** 0.347***

(0.704) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.001 0.249*** 0.283*** 0.512***

(0.977) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.015 0.142** 0.284*** 0.558***

(0.746) (0.021) (0.000) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.010 0.075 0.260*** 0.554***

(0.830) (0.229) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.032 -0.003 0.240*** 0.556***

(0.479) (0.961) (0.000) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.022 -0.030 0.107* 0.609***

(0.627) (0.637) (0.080) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.049 0.049 0.275*** 0.470***

(0.294) (0.452) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.045 -0.306*** 0.155** 0.543***

(0.413) (0.000) (0.045) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.082 -0.287** -0.016 0.136

(0.222) (0.015) (0.960) (0.430)English is first language 0.024 -0.001 0.032 -0.015


(0.398) (0.403) (0.914) (0.781)NSW 0.054** -0.068* 0.018 0.005

(0.030) (0.052) (0.617) (0.849)VIC 0.041 0.004 0.068* -0.021

(0.142) (0.925) (0.093) (0.483)QLD 0.088*** -0.015 -0.021 -0.089***

(0.001) (0.684) (0.581) (0.002)SA 0.050* -0.050 -0.065 -0.092***

(0.087) (0.223) (0.117) (0.004)WA 0.043 0.044 0.075* -0.020

(0.134) (0.270) (0.063) (0.496)Married 0.094*** -0.155*** 0.009 0.046***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.701) (0.006)Child age 0 to 2 -0.268*** -0.312*** -0.193*** -0.030

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.349)Child age 3 to 4 -0.151*** -0.278*** -0.113* -0.028

(0.000) (0.000) (0.059) (0.584)Child age 5 to 9 -0.172*** -0.201*** -0.213*** -0.067**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.042)Child age 10 to 14 -0.025 -0.168*** -0.117*** -0.027

(0.345) (0.000) (0.002) (0.365)Union member 0.181*** 0.138*** 0.237*** 0.018

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.340)Has disability -0.088*** -0.049* -0.011 0.008

(0.000) (0.073) (0.681) (0.712)Constant 0.778*** 0.611*** 0.428*** 5.846***






Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.067*** 0.027 0.065*** 0.274***(0.000) (0.161) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.109* 0.445*** (dropped) -0.256***(0.081) (0.000) . (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.076 0.533*** 0.079** -0.063(0.222) (0.000) (0.017) (0.196)

Age 30 to 34 -0.040 0.498*** 0.147*** 0.049(0.526) (0.000) (0.000) (0.342)

Age 35 to 39 -0.117* 0.509*** 0.134*** 0.083(0.063) (0.000) (0.000) (0.106)

Age 40 to 44 -0.088 0.434*** 0.119*** 0.084(0.163) (0.000) (0.002) (0.111)

Age 45 to 49 -0.057 0.405*** 0.115*** 0.110**(0.362) (0.000) (0.002) (0.035)

Age 50 to 54 -0.132** 0.277*** 0.008 0.030(0.035) (0.003) (0.840) (0.559)

Age 55 to 59 -0.106 0.055 0.079 (dropped)(0.107) (0.580) (0.161) .


English is first language -0.027 -0.195*** -0.133*** 0.043(0.405) (0.000) (0.003) (0.279)


NSW 0.028 -0.047 -0.021 0.034(0.196) (0.138) (0.491) (0.245)

VIC 0.012 -0.059** 0.042 -0.067**(0.579) (0.049) (0.137) (0.016)

QLD 0.001 -0.023 -0.045 -0.088***(0.961) (0.507) (0.166) (0.003)

SA -0.005 -0.049 -0.017 -0.123***(0.850) (0.196) (0.643) (0.001)

WA 0.038 -0.024 -0.013 -0.089***(0.121) (0.503) (0.718) (0.009)

Father born overseas 0.008 -0.041 -0.052* -0.024(0.692) (0.153) (0.051) (0.336)


Married 0.014 -0.019 0.025 -0.015(0.333) (0.395) (0.225) (0.416)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.213*** -0.471*** -0.211*** -0.014(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.690)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.178*** -0.519*** -0.366*** 0.074(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.207)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.049** -0.450*** -0.206*** 0.064*(0.044) (0.000) (0.000) (0.073)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.022 -0.321*** -0.070** -0.130***(0.375) (0.000) (0.048) (0.000)

Union member 0.141*** 0.154*** 0.185*** 0.023(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.267)

Has disability -0.115*** 0.003 0.042* -0.098***(0.000) (0.913) (0.070) (0.000)

Constant 0.969*** 0.462*** 0.768*** 6.558***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 147

Table 10c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.050* 0.029 0.059 0.049(0.072) (0.455) (0.146) (0.148)

Age 20 to 24 0.232 0.103 0.022 0.318**(0.171) (0.652) (0.926) (0.028)

Age 25 to 29 0.218 0.177 0.030 0.468***(0.194) (0.434) (0.897) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.261 0.108 0.129 0.559***(0.129) (0.641) (0.582) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.165 0.074 0.079 0.697***(0.339) (0.753) (0.738) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.110 -0.106 0.063 0.653***(0.527) (0.653) (0.795) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.207 -0.064 0.062 0.612***(0.228) (0.784) (0.792) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.114 -0.176 -0.028 0.477***(0.522) (0.464) (0.907) (0.003)

Age 55 to 59 0.123 -0.500** -0.145 0.524***(0.482) (0.033) (0.556) (0.004)

Age 60 to 64 0.147 -0.276 (dropped) (dropped)(0.468) (0.415) . .

English is first language -0.075 -0.170 -0.235** 0.086(0.293) (0.102) (0.024) (0.265)


NSW 0.036 -0.112 -0.083 -0.031(0.453) (0.109) (0.229) (0.600)

VIC 0.057 -0.102 0.053 -0.064(0.242) (0.141) (0.470) (0.254)

QLD 0.028 -0.184** -0.067 -0.136*(0.574) (0.012) (0.378) (0.059)

SA 0.064 -0.036 -0.059 -0.145**(0.265) (0.676) (0.490) (0.039)

WA 0.075 -0.159** 0.072 -0.127*(0.149) (0.034) (0.346) (0.071)

Father born overseas -0.005 -0.173*** -0.112* -0.030(0.918) (0.006) (0.093) (0.606)

Mother born overseas -0.021 0.166** 0.043 0.030(0.673) (0.012) (0.555) (0.631)

Married 0.050 -0.070 0.033 -0.042(0.130) (0.139) (0.510) (0.261)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.236*** -0.460*** -0.217*** -0.038(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.556)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.171*** -0.532*** -0.366*** 0.086(0.003) (0.000) (0.000) (0.422)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.092 -0.352*** -0.251*** 0.010(0.101) (0.000) (0.002) (0.888)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.053 -0.302*** -0.190** -0.093(0.336) (0.000) (0.027) (0.281)

Union member 0.152*** 0.053 0.175*** -0.050(0.000) (0.327) (0.001) (0.262)

Has disability -0.062* 0.065 -0.042 -0.104**(0.071) (0.192) (0.417) (0.016)

Constant 0.711*** 0.934*** 0.938*** 6.040***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 11c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications -0.029 -0.044 -0.067* -0.143***

(0.233) (0.191) (0.060) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.018 0.053 0.064 0.264***

(0.819) (0.639) (0.573) (0.002)Age 25 to 29 -0.051 0.128 0.095 0.436***

(0.530) (0.270) (0.412) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.004 -0.060 0.030 0.548***

(0.960) (0.627) (0.815) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.051 -0.059 0.042 0.582***

(0.561) (0.630) (0.734) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.085 -0.115 -0.043 0.526***

(0.332) (0.353) (0.727) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.008 -0.093 -0.126 0.394***

(0.928) (0.433) (0.298) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.032 -0.281** -0.135 0.423***

(0.729) (0.030) (0.301) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.082 -0.403*** -0.073 0.619***

(0.368) (0.002) (0.587) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.170 -0.485** (dropped) (dropped)

(0.237) (0.022) . .English is first language -0.087 0.119 0.055 0.104

(0.324) (0.302) (0.643) (0.316)Non-English speaking country -0.177* 0.107 0.020 -0.047

(0.090) (0.436) (0.894) (0.702)NSW -0.000 -0.078 -0.017 0.056

(0.992) (0.198) (0.793) (0.402)VIC 0.009 -0.068 0.054 -0.026

(0.852) (0.263) (0.401) (0.666)QLD -0.025 -0.110* -0.083 -0.115*

(0.575) (0.069) (0.198) (0.058)SA 0.018 -0.104 -0.142** -0.081

(0.718) (0.122) (0.046) (0.217)WA 0.006 -0.043 0.016 -0.094

(0.902) (0.513) (0.820) (0.137)Father born overseas 0.001 0.036 -0.083* 0.042

(0.976) (0.472) (0.093) (0.386)Mother born overseas -0.042 0.095* 0.109* -0.009

(0.290) (0.084) (0.051) (0.858)Married 0.082*** -0.082** -0.043 0.059

(0.003) (0.040) (0.289) (0.111)Child age 0 to 2 -0.336*** -0.357*** -0.371*** -0.034

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.684)Child age 3 to 4 -0.251*** -0.435*** -0.224** 0.056

(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.691)Child age 5 to 9 -0.095** -0.311*** -0.215*** -0.091

(0.034) (0.000) (0.001) (0.203)Child age 10 to 14 -0.012 -0.337*** 0.004 -0.107

(0.815) (0.000) (0.952) (0.266)Union member 0.175*** 0.137*** 0.259*** 0.085*

(0.000) (0.003) (0.000) (0.053)Has disability -0.117*** -0.029 -0.040 -0.075*

(0.000) (0.483) (0.350) (0.082)Constant 1.008*** 0.657*** 0.721*** 5.959***


NCVER 149

Table 12c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.024 -0.013 -0.023 -0.071***

(0.150) (0.555) (0.344) (0.004)Age 20 to 24 -0.006 0.126* 0.191*** 0.437***

(0.919) (0.082) (0.008) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.002 0.181** 0.211*** 0.622***

(0.970) (0.013) (0.004) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.076 0.144* 0.219*** 0.648***

(0.193) (0.055) (0.004) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.065 0.079 0.185** 0.711***

(0.274) (0.306) (0.017) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.021 -0.001 0.193** 0.791***

(0.717) (0.993) (0.011) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.009 0.066 0.214*** 0.723***

(0.879) (0.373) (0.004) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.039 -0.149** 0.075 0.541***

(0.504) (0.043) (0.313) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.095 -0.295*** 0.131 0.630***

(0.118) (0.000) (0.114) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.044 -0.439*** (dropped) (dropped)

(0.648) (0.000) . .English is first language -0.035 -0.048 -0.081 0.035

(0.426) (0.435) (0.226) (0.617)Non-English speaking country -0.190*** 0.175** -0.014 -0.023

(0.000) (0.026) (0.864) (0.774)NSW 0.016 -0.061 -0.002 0.025

(0.569) (0.103) (0.964) (0.506)VIC 0.012 -0.093** 0.032 -0.049

(0.681) (0.020) (0.453) (0.251)QLD 0.006 -0.127*** -0.115*** -0.148***

(0.837) (0.001) (0.007) (0.001)SA -0.019 -0.096** -0.002 -0.126***

(0.540) (0.030) (0.968) (0.007)WA 0.046 -0.135*** -0.012 -0.054

(0.147) (0.002) (0.792) (0.254)Father born overseas 0.061** 0.012 -0.021 0.050


(0.230) (0.735) (0.409) (0.895)Married 0.078*** -0.082*** -0.004 -0.011

(0.000) (0.003) (0.897) (0.687)Child age 0 to 2 -0.297*** -0.371*** -0.189*** -0.098*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.063)Child age 3 to 4 -0.192*** -0.500*** -0.225*** 0.077

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.376)Child age 5 to 9 -0.141*** -0.396*** -0.242*** 0.005

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.923)Child age 10 to 14 -0.074** -0.305*** -0.121*** -0.207***

(0.014) (0.000) (0.010) (0.000)Union member 0.188*** 0.138*** 0.221*** -0.016

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.617)Has disability -0.117*** 0.001 -0.019 -0.046

(0.000) (0.978) (0.520) (0.122)Constant 0.889*** 0.739*** 0.648*** 5.915***



Table 13c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.000 0.389*** -0.033 -0.364***(0.992) (0.000) (0.527) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.030 0.454*** 0.035 -0.176***(0.358) (0.000) (0.491) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.066* 0.430*** 0.110** -0.064*(0.054) (0.000) (0.037) (0.064)

Age 35 to 39 -0.009 0.391*** 0.091* -0.011(0.796) (0.000) (0.091) (0.751)

Age 40 to 44 0.019 0.344*** 0.067 0.045(0.573) (0.000) (0.216) (0.182)

Age 45 to 49 0.045 0.310*** 0.052 (dropped)(0.186) (0.000) (0.316) .

Age 50 to 54 -0.040 0.163*** -0.016 -0.087**(0.242) (0.001) (0.758) (0.012)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.125***. . . (0.010)


English is first language 0.001 -0.161*** -0.120*** 0.082**(0.986) (0.001) (0.007) (0.033)

Non-English speaking country -0.096** -0.071 -0.079 0.093*(0.016) (0.244) (0.119) (0.059)

NSW 0.037* -0.046 -0.028 0.031(0.081) (0.143) (0.349) (0.267)

VIC 0.023 -0.050 0.018 -0.038(0.254) (0.101) (0.511) (0.156)

QLD 0.009 -0.044 -0.051 -0.091***(0.694) (0.187) (0.115) (0.002)

SA 0.003 -0.060 -0.034 -0.112***(0.903) (0.119) (0.335) (0.001)

WA 0.043* -0.051 -0.015 -0.078**(0.078) (0.158) (0.670) (0.012)

Father born overseas 0.017 -0.001 -0.067** -0.001(0.392) (0.980) (0.014) (0.980)

Mother born overseas -0.013 -0.001 0.051* 0.021(0.542) (0.971) (0.083) (0.430)

Married 0.019 -0.017 0.011 -0.002(0.194) (0.441) (0.597) (0.908)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.219*** -0.460*** -0.203*** 0.040(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.269)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.213*** -0.484*** -0.338*** 0.094*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.087)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.066*** -0.404*** -0.175*** 0.044(0.005) (0.000) (0.000) (0.213)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.034 -0.280*** -0.066* -0.158***(0.168) (0.000) (0.062) (0.000)

Union member 0.141*** 0.142*** 0.198*** 0.014(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.469)

Has disability -0.112*** 0.026 0.037 -0.083***(0.000) (0.282) (0.103) (0.000)

Constant 0.831*** 0.492*** 0.807*** 6.604***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 151

Table 14c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.026 0.020 0.045* 0.029(0.168) (0.456) (0.095) (0.269)

Age 20 to 24 0.043 0.584*** 0.253** 0.090(0.646) (0.000) (0.038) (0.667)

Age 25 to 29 0.067 0.580*** 0.281** 0.270(0.458) (0.000) (0.017) (0.194)

Age 30 to 34 0.076 0.470*** 0.350*** 0.358*(0.416) (0.000) (0.004) (0.089)

Age 35 to 39 0.016 0.426*** 0.341*** 0.509**(0.863) (0.001) (0.006) (0.017)

Age 40 to 44 0.075 0.414*** 0.361*** 0.479**(0.421) (0.001) (0.003) (0.023)

Age 45 to 49 0.125 0.378*** 0.362*** 0.411*(0.175) (0.002) (0.003) (0.052)

Age 50 to 54 0.014 0.219* 0.287** 0.328(0.882) (0.082) (0.019) (0.117)

Age 55 to 59 0.053 -0.024 0.265** 0.388*(0.576) (0.848) (0.040) (0.078)


English is first language -0.024 -0.051 -0.044 0.163***(0.569) (0.382) (0.461) (0.003)


NSW 0.029 -0.034 0.023 0.075(0.384) (0.477) (0.635) (0.119)

VIC -0.026 0.039 0.105** -0.028(0.446) (0.421) (0.043) (0.560)

QLD 0.010 -0.037 -0.048 -0.129***(0.773) (0.456) (0.364) (0.010)

SA -0.003 0.025 -0.027 -0.065(0.933) (0.661) (0.638) (0.244)

WA 0.016 -0.099* 0.011 -0.122**(0.665) (0.062) (0.844) (0.032)

Father born overseas -0.049 -0.109** -0.048 0.030(0.129) (0.021) (0.288) (0.512)

Mother born overseas 0.075** 0.056 0.093* -0.004(0.034) (0.266) (0.064) (0.938)

Married 0.030 -0.121*** -0.039 -0.003(0.180) (0.000) (0.225) (0.908)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.192*** -0.438*** -0.205*** 0.080(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.191)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.150*** -0.467*** -0.241*** 0.041(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.653)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.054 -0.374*** -0.162*** -0.044(0.132) (0.000) (0.001) (0.405)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.074** -0.326*** -0.166*** -0.136**(0.035) (0.000) (0.001) (0.018)

Union member 0.148*** 0.133*** 0.185*** 0.016(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.616)

Has disability -0.079*** 0.045 0.041 -0.088***(0.001) (0.178) (0.225) (0.009)

Constant 0.828*** 0.347** 0.482*** 6.106***(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 15c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV -0.013 -0.040 -0.048* -0.096***(0.502) (0.142) (0.091) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.038 -0.009 0.081 0.350***(0.609) (0.931) (0.439) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.009 0.071 0.070 0.509***(0.904) (0.500) (0.503) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.037 -0.079 0.116 0.644***(0.636) (0.485) (0.310) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.030 -0.081 0.070 0.669***(0.704) (0.467) (0.525) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.066 -0.163 0.010 0.704***(0.397) (0.145) (0.929) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.010 -0.177 -0.035 0.483***(0.895) (0.106) (0.751) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.018 -0.309*** -0.102 0.469***(0.825) (0.007) (0.385) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.069 -0.490*** 0.028 0.633***(0.396) (0.000) (0.808) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.114 -0.595*** (dropped) (dropped)(0.410) (0.000) . .

English is first language -0.109* -0.083 0.016 0.056(0.069) (0.333) (0.842) (0.433)

Non-English speaking country -0.148** -0.107 -0.018 -0.020(0.039) (0.301) (0.845) (0.825)

NSW 0.009 -0.078 -0.021 0.030(0.811) (0.117) (0.677) (0.509)

VIC 0.035 -0.073 0.074 -0.055(0.319) (0.137) (0.150) (0.215)

QLD -0.001 -0.136*** -0.049 -0.134***(0.978) (0.006) (0.338) (0.004)

SA 0.031 -0.115** -0.095* -0.153***(0.429) (0.031) (0.084) (0.002)

WA 0.041 -0.061 0.049 -0.127***(0.293) (0.254) (0.374) (0.007)

Father born overseas 0.027 0.007 -0.050 0.037(0.370) (0.875) (0.261) (0.320)

Mother born overseas -0.066** 0.120*** 0.078* -0.021(0.042) (0.010) (0.100) (0.577)

Married 0.076*** -0.074** -0.024 0.032(0.001) (0.023) (0.470) (0.252)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.308*** -0.345*** -0.284*** 0.027(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.656)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.232*** -0.497*** -0.296*** 0.006(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.957)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.094*** -0.320*** -0.244*** -0.095*(0.008) (0.000) (0.000) (0.081)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.024 -0.304*** -0.066 -0.108*(0.536) (0.000) (0.239) (0.099)

Union member 0.174*** 0.117*** 0.230*** 0.007(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.838)

Has disability -0.125*** -0.045 -0.035 -0.066**(0.000) (0.179) (0.311) (0.041)

Constant 0.979*** 0.916*** 0.714*** 5.980***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 153

Table 16c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.031* -0.017 -0.045* -0.095***(0.085) (0.498) (0.079) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.016 0.097 0.194** 0.428***(0.835) (0.304) (0.041) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.001 0.152 0.172* 0.632***(0.987) (0.106) (0.066) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.060 0.113 0.229** 0.648***(0.422) (0.235) (0.016) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.101 0.054 0.182* 0.717***(0.186) (0.581) (0.066) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.017 -0.038 0.176* 0.745***(0.820) (0.693) (0.067) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.000 0.077 0.223** 0.720***(0.998) (0.417) (0.019) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.054 -0.176* 0.107 0.543***(0.467) (0.063) (0.260) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.094 -0.332*** 0.164 0.617***(0.222) (0.001) (0.116) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.040 -0.505*** (dropped) (dropped)(0.687) (0.000) . .

English is first language -0.008 0.015 -0.152** 0.028(0.866) (0.819) (0.019) (0.682)

Non-English speaking country -0.192*** 0.278*** -0.042 -0.027(0.000) (0.001) (0.601) (0.733)

NSW 0.000 -0.070* -0.041 0.026(0.994) (0.080) (0.329) (0.546)

VIC -0.015 -0.083* 0.018 -0.022(0.641) (0.058) (0.700) (0.641)

QLD 0.006 -0.126*** -0.107** -0.119**(0.851) (0.003) (0.018) (0.011)

SA -0.036 -0.061 -0.036 -0.103**(0.316) (0.214) (0.471) (0.047)

WA 0.041 -0.132*** -0.002 -0.042(0.222) (0.003) (0.971) (0.412)



Married 0.083*** -0.073** 0.023 -0.022(0.000) (0.014) (0.455) (0.467)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.325*** -0.391*** -0.218*** -0.094(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.102)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.220*** -0.497*** -0.268*** 0.006(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.954)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.164*** -0.385*** -0.269*** -0.007(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.902)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.091*** -0.301*** -0.143*** -0.158***(0.007) (0.000) (0.003) (0.006)

Union member 0.188*** 0.119*** 0.206*** 0.007(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.847)

Has disability -0.120*** 0.003 -0.019 -0.084***(0.000) (0.931) (0.547) (0.010)

Constant 0.890*** 0.699*** 0.728*** 5.939***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 17c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.191*** (dropped) 0.174*** -0.434***(0.000) . (0.003) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.201*** 0.140*** 0.257*** -0.207***(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.002)

Age 30 to 34 0.237*** 0.117*** 0.364*** -0.126*(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.060)

Age 35 to 39 0.254*** -0.008 0.277*** -0.028(0.000) (0.850) (0.000) (0.687)

Age 40 to 44 0.195*** -0.083* 0.181*** -0.159**(0.000) (0.062) (0.002) (0.025)

Age 45 to 49 0.225*** -0.162*** 0.147*** -0.113*(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.094)

Age 50 to 54 0.196*** -0.103** 0.269*** -0.076(0.000) (0.020) (0.000) (0.271)

Age 55 to 59 0.180*** -0.359*** 0.095 -0.121(0.000) (0.000) (0.120) (0.106)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.293*** (dropped) (dropped). (0.000) . .

English is first language -0.025 0.057 0.057 0.089**(0.337) (0.196) (0.171) (0.038)

Non-English speaking country -0.007 0.004 0.053 0.102**(0.794) (0.924) (0.220) (0.026)

NSW 0.010 -0.050* -0.018 0.012(0.580) (0.093) (0.519) (0.667)

VIC 0.027 -0.070** 0.046* -0.096***(0.112) (0.014) (0.088) (0.000)

QLD -0.024 -0.043 -0.028 -0.130***(0.197) (0.153) (0.331) (0.000)

SA -0.014 -0.110*** -0.099*** -0.104***(0.500) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)

WA 0.017 -0.116*** -0.025 -0.097***(0.414) (0.001) (0.442) (0.009)

Father born overseas 0.001 0.107*** 0.022 -0.063**(0.960) (0.000) (0.408) (0.016)


Married 0.036*** -0.118*** -0.040** -0.023(0.005) (0.000) (0.041) (0.224)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.180*** -0.442*** -0.204*** -0.023(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.531)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.180*** -0.499*** -0.158*** 0.090(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.183)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.058*** -0.281*** -0.165*** 0.041(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.246)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.066*** -0.190*** -0.039 -0.023(0.001) (0.000) (0.200) (0.536)

Union member 0.095*** 0.132*** 0.228*** -0.009(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.648)

Has disability -0.060*** -0.036 -0.075*** -0.041(0.000) (0.136) (0.001) (0.112)

Constant 0.713*** 0.724*** 0.477*** 6.798***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 155

Table 18c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.013 0.020 0.054** 0.113***(0.472) (0.464) (0.049) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.018 -0.007 0.108 0.063(0.937) (0.982) (0.715) (0.777)

Age 25 to 29 -0.046 0.151 0.115 0.265(0.839) (0.638) (0.698) (0.233)

Age 30 to 34 -0.016 0.087 0.236 0.349(0.944) (0.785) (0.423) (0.117)

Age 35 to 39 -0.018 0.040 0.199 0.363(0.935) (0.901) (0.502) (0.105)

Age 40 to 44 -0.091 -0.048 0.161 0.369*(0.684) (0.881) (0.585) (0.099)

Age 45 to 49 -0.006 -0.219 0.035 0.383*(0.978) (0.495) (0.905) (0.085)

Age 50 to 54 -0.034 -0.259 0.089 0.428*(0.880) (0.419) (0.763) (0.058)

Age 55 to 59 -0.089 -0.380 0.023 0.434*(0.693) (0.237) (0.938) (0.062)

Age 60 to 64 -0.324 -0.215 0.083 0.388(0.153) (0.511) (0.784) (0.102)


Non-English speaking country -0.102** -0.138* -0.108 0.070(0.048) (0.080) (0.169) (0.386)

NSW -0.008 -0.112** -0.016 -0.069(0.800) (0.021) (0.731) (0.161)

VIC -0.002 -0.027 0.064 -0.026(0.949) (0.577) (0.176) (0.569)

QLD -0.033 -0.070 -0.037 -0.145***(0.308) (0.155) (0.445) (0.003)

SA -0.023 -0.143** -0.120** -0.073(0.556) (0.015) (0.035) (0.217)

WA 0.034 -0.154*** 0.012 -0.070(0.355) (0.005) (0.825) (0.233)



Married 0.076*** -0.122*** 0.003 -0.019(0.001) (0.000) (0.923) (0.546)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.250*** -0.376*** -0.231*** 0.015(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.799)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.230*** -0.440*** -0.107 0.093(0.000) (0.000) (0.179) (0.336)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.075** -0.402*** -0.260*** 0.112*(0.022) (0.000) (0.000) (0.054)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.085*** -0.188*** -0.132*** -0.040(0.008) (0.000) (0.005) (0.437)

Union member 0.122*** 0.152*** 0.234*** 0.061*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.060)

Has disability -0.086*** -0.076** -0.054 0.006(0.000) (0.038) (0.136) (0.878)

Constant 0.956*** 0.809** 0.615** 6.344***(0.000) (0.013) (0.041) (0.000)



Table 19c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.030* 0.003 0.066** -0.036(0.069) (0.901) (0.011) (0.119)

Age 20 to 24 0.092 0.146 0.124 0.242***(0.134) (0.105) (0.183) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.106* 0.226** 0.228** 0.446***(0.087) (0.013) (0.015) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.093 0.051 0.246** 0.439***(0.140) (0.586) (0.012) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.070 0.028 0.245** 0.519***(0.274) (0.767) (0.013) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.058 -0.013 0.184* 0.509***(0.367) (0.891) (0.061) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.117* -0.168* 0.120 0.419***(0.065) (0.069) (0.212) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.099 -0.047 0.218** 0.515***(0.124) (0.616) (0.027) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.033 -0.347*** -0.020 0.487***(0.625) (0.000) (0.847) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.173** 0.053 0.171 0.479***(0.050) (0.692) (0.260) (0.000)


Non-English speaking country 0.003 -0.206*** 0.077 -0.097(0.952) (0.003) (0.329) (0.241)

NSW -0.024 -0.071 0.019 -0.030(0.434) (0.102) (0.689) (0.475)

VIC 0.027 -0.081* 0.077 -0.102**(0.367) (0.062) (0.101) (0.015)

QLD 0.007 -0.043 -0.047 -0.134***(0.818) (0.297) (0.299) (0.001)

SA -0.009 -0.065 -0.089* -0.062(0.780) (0.175) (0.083) (0.174)

WA 0.020 -0.094** -0.032 -0.130***(0.550) (0.048) (0.534) (0.005)



Married 0.040** -0.139*** 0.019 -0.035(0.035) (0.000) (0.518) (0.167)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.251*** -0.334*** -0.139*** 0.029(0.000) (0.000) (0.005) (0.537)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.220*** -0.528*** -0.295*** -0.132(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.191)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.070** -0.329*** -0.247*** 0.016(0.018) (0.000) (0.000) (0.774)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.026 -0.211*** -0.103** -0.074(0.391) (0.000) (0.034) (0.153)

Union member 0.128*** 0.076** 0.184*** 0.035(0.000) (0.018) (0.000) (0.245)

Has disability -0.092*** -0.098*** -0.063* -0.042(0.000) (0.001) (0.050) (0.171)

Constant 0.826*** 0.742*** 0.473*** 6.246***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 157

Table 20c:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.041** -0.012 0.035 -0.021(0.030) (0.674) (0.219) (0.481)

Age 20 to 24 0.077 0.163 0.032 0.241***(0.249) (0.117) (0.745) (0.003)

Age 25 to 29 0.035 0.186* 0.220** 0.554***(0.605) (0.081) (0.032) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.073 0.150 0.178* 0.530***(0.259) (0.148) (0.073) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.129** 0.013 0.191** 0.669***(0.046) (0.896) (0.048) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.034 -0.026 0.040 0.526***(0.599) (0.797) (0.678) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.071 -0.137 0.061 0.533***(0.252) (0.167) (0.514) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.028 -0.056 0.184* 0.560***(0.665) (0.581) (0.057) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.017 -0.195* 0.088 0.525***(0.798) (0.064) (0.386) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.105 -0.245** -0.159 0.650***(0.187) (0.048) (0.214) (0.000)


Non-English speaking country -0.051 -0.007 -0.050 0.149*(0.312) (0.924) (0.525) (0.061)

NSW 0.002 -0.083* -0.037 -0.035(0.942) (0.075) (0.452) (0.447)

VIC 0.025 -0.088 0.068 -0.058(0.491) (0.105) (0.229) (0.290)

QLD 0.017 -0.110** -0.111** -0.168***(0.633) (0.032) (0.035) (0.001)

SA 0.012 -0.188*** -0.168*** -0.110(0.776) (0.003) (0.009) (0.127)

WA 0.010 -0.068 -0.027 -0.094*(0.794) (0.200) (0.628) (0.064)

Father born overseas -0.052* 0.004 -0.076 -0.015(0.095) (0.935) (0.134) (0.764)

Mother born overseas 0.078** -0.022 0.071 -0.019(0.022) (0.663) (0.177) (0.725)

Married 0.108*** -0.096*** -0.024 -0.074**(0.000) (0.006) (0.505) (0.025)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.338*** -0.329*** -0.226*** -0.043(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.523)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.303*** -0.453*** -0.183** -0.082(0.000) (0.000) (0.022) (0.532)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.066** -0.288*** -0.129*** -0.033(0.047) (0.000) (0.009) (0.583)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.094*** -0.175*** -0.054 -0.088(0.002) (0.000) (0.249) (0.101)

Union member 0.157*** 0.072* 0.217*** -0.026(0.000) (0.065) (0.000) (0.516)

Has disability -0.078*** -0.006 -0.023 -0.018(0.001) (0.863) (0.522) (0.647)

Constant 0.795*** 0.693*** 0.654*** 6.204***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 21c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.073 0.080 -0.107 -0.104(0.275) (0.326) (0.211) (0.314)

Age 20 to 24 -0.057 0.276 0.184 0.104(0.786) (0.259) (0.461) (0.764)

Age 25 to 29 0.002 0.372 0.266 0.111(0.994) (0.150) (0.316) (0.753)

Age 30 to 34 0.080 0.456 0.341 0.372(0.743) (0.109) (0.248) (0.368)

Age 35 to 39 0.021 0.174 0.284 0.422(0.929) (0.522) (0.306) (0.262)

Age 40 to 44 -0.016 0.260 0.339 0.421(0.948) (0.353) (0.243) (0.315)

Age 45 to 49 -0.252 0.012 0.153 0.403(0.352) (0.972) (0.635) (0.429)

Age 50 to 54 -0.056 -0.003 0.128 0.212(0.824) (0.993) (0.672) (0.621)


Capital City 0.027 0.064 -0.105 0.372*(0.826) (0.678) (0.551) (0.091)


English is first language 0.030 0.428 0.154 (dropped)(0.915) (0.193) (0.569) .

NSW -0.124 -0.188 -0.156 -0.034(0.413) (0.295) (0.396) (0.881)

VIC -0.210 -0.200 -0.346* -0.143(0.162) (0.262) (0.054) (0.520)

QLD -0.197 -0.133 -0.323* -0.329(0.227) (0.508) (0.094) (0.202)

SA -0.090 -0.267 -0.519*** -0.022(0.573) (0.143) (0.006) (0.937)

WA -0.171 -0.288 -0.280 -0.184(0.302) (0.151) (0.180) (0.500)

Married -0.002 -0.158 -0.062 0.129(0.983) (0.122) (0.553) (0.322)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.469*** -0.208 -0.077 -0.131(0.000) (0.202) (0.652) (0.644)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.460** -0.633** -0.484* -0.041(0.012) (0.019) (0.073) (0.961)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.235* -0.499*** -0.338* -0.006(0.092) (0.006) (0.077) (0.987)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.088 -0.126 -0.076 -0.114(0.525) (0.439) (0.663) (0.575)

Union member 0.184** 0.153 0.239** 0.149(0.039) (0.134) (0.022) (0.189)

Constant 0.951** 0.245 0.773* 5.707***(0.013) (0.583) (0.057) (0.000)


NCVER 159

Table 22c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.102 0.341 0.235 -0.251. . . .

Age 20 to 24 -0.434 0.125 (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Age 25 to 29 (dropped) 0.064 -0.079 0.065. . . .

Age 30 to 34 (dropped) 0.075 (dropped) 0.187. . . .


Age 40 to 44 -0.378 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .




Capital City -0.504 (dropped) 0.065 (dropped). . . .



NSW (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

VIC 0.368 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

QLD (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .


WA 0.429 -0.011 -0.052 (dropped). . . .

Married 0.356 -0.152 -0.138 -0.054. . . .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.504 0.044 0.153 -0.159. . . .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.732 -0.098 -0.480 (dropped). . . .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.954 -0.550 -0.633 (dropped). . . .

Child age 10 to 14 0.541 -0.025 -0.004 (dropped). . . .

Union member 0.148 0.157 0.277 -0.024. . . .

Constant 0.948 0.638 0.758 6.296. . . .



Table 23c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.076* 0.025 -0.001 -0.020(0.062) (0.629) (0.978) (0.758)

Age 20 to 24 0.360 0.137 0.280** -0.235(0.198) (0.251) (0.037) (0.194)

Age 25 to 29 0.367 0.144 0.320** 0.067(0.190) (0.203) (0.013) (0.715)

Age 30 to 34 0.336 0.108 0.348** 0.058(0.238) (0.393) (0.022) (0.770)

Age 35 to 39 0.343 0.063 0.225 0.057(0.229) (0.600) (0.112) (0.781)

Age 40 to 44 0.293 (dropped) 0.081 (dropped)(0.308) . (0.594) .

Age 45 to 49 0.230 -0.177 0.068 0.012(0.417) (0.121) (0.626) (0.951)

Age 50 to 54 0.218 -0.207 (dropped) -0.352(0.454) (0.149) . (0.186)

Age 55 to 64 0.214 -0.157 0.056 -0.320(0.459) (0.258) (0.703) (0.150)

Capital City 0.018 0.081 0.147** -0.005(0.698) (0.164) (0.015) (0.948)



NSW 0.089 -0.071 -0.052 -0.016(0.156) (0.384) (0.522) (0.862)

VIC 0.030 -0.141 0.045 -0.128(0.674) (0.121) (0.625) (0.254)

QLD 0.022 -0.037 -0.139 -0.198(0.769) (0.698) (0.136) (0.110)

SA 0.071 -0.176 -0.163 -0.388***(0.379) (0.101) (0.108) (0.006)

WA 0.049 0.001 0.161 -0.104(0.580) (0.995) (0.163) (0.504)

Married 0.098* -0.026 0.050 0.019(0.051) (0.685) (0.408) (0.805)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.229*** -0.371*** -0.175* 0.038(0.002) (0.000) (0.064) (0.791)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.244** -0.312** -0.277* 0.306(0.022) (0.038) (0.069) (0.201)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.214** -0.449*** -0.381*** 0.129(0.011) (0.000) (0.000) (0.587)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.002 -0.305*** -0.025 -0.125(0.981) (0.002) (0.800) (0.431)

Union member 0.232*** 0.054 0.204*** 0.083(0.000) (0.367) (0.001) (0.230)

Constant 0.156 0.909*** 0.238 6.000***(0.624) (0.000) (0.290) (0.000)


NCVER 161

Table 24c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.089 0.049 0.099 0.061

(0.104) (0.513) (0.173) (0.357)Age 20 to 24 0.063 0.186 0.115 0.406**

(0.769) (0.513) (0.650) (0.035)Age 25 to 29 0.025 0.267 0.259 0.552***

(0.905) (0.328) (0.283) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 -0.010 0.154 0.157 0.574***

(0.963) (0.575) (0.528) (0.003)Age 35 to 39 0.052 -0.143 0.029 0.681**

(0.808) (0.624) (0.915) (0.014)Age 40 to 44 0.072 0.141 0.136 0.696***

(0.731) (0.610) (0.583) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.093 0.002 0.012 0.697***

(0.659) (0.993) (0.963) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 -0.002 -0.170 -0.007 0.642***

(0.992) (0.551) (0.977) (0.001)Age 55 to 64 -0.067 0.053 0.155 0.452**

(0.748) (0.849) (0.585) (0.033)Capital City 0.028 -0.002 0.072 0.186*

(0.682) (0.985) (0.474) (0.053)Non-English speaking country -0.348* -0.056 0.140 -0.250

(0.077) (0.843) (0.595) (0.380)English is first language -0.207 -0.132 0.024 -0.003

(0.263) (0.555) (0.899) (0.991)NSW -0.017 -0.142 -0.109 0.022

(0.850) (0.242) (0.347) (0.845)VIC -0.137 -0.024 0.040 0.138

(0.180) (0.869) (0.769) (0.279)QLD -0.085 -0.161 -0.277 -0.004

(0.493) (0.339) (0.121) (0.985)SA -0.037 0.004 -0.090 0.005

(0.741) (0.979) (0.517) (0.968)WA -0.058 0.015 0.004 0.025

(0.615) (0.927) (0.980) (0.837)Married 0.007 -0.029 0.040 -0.003

(0.906) (0.741) (0.615) (0.965)Child age 0 to 2 -0.189* -0.353** -0.089 -0.004

(0.073) (0.024) (0.534) (0.981)Child age 3 to 4 -0.214 -0.225 -0.358* -0.145

(0.130) (0.333) (0.088) (0.557)Child age 5 to 9 -0.170* -0.421*** -0.475*** -0.350**

(0.062) (0.002) (0.000) (0.033)Child age 10 to 14 -0.085 -0.157 0.077 -0.205

(0.421) (0.297) (0.588) (0.170)Union member 0.191*** 0.076 0.160** 0.047

(0.003) (0.361) (0.041) (0.527)Constant 1.024*** 0.756** 0.526* 5.459***



Table 25c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.122 0.056 0.052 0.167

(0.607) (0.803) (0.847) (0.624)Age 20 to 24 0.026 0.198 -0.322 0.258

(0.983) (0.757) (0.682) (0.617)Age 25 to 29 -0.241 0.144 -0.379 0.019

(0.813) (0.861) (0.694) (0.974)Age 30 to 34 -0.304 0.112 -0.014 (dropped)

(0.825) (0.858) (0.984) .Age 35 to 39 (dropped) 0.323 -0.590 (dropped)

. (0.815) (0.721) .Age 40 to 44 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Age 45 to 49 0.018 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.991) . . .Age 50 to 54 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Age 55 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Capital City -0.106 0.309 0.238 (dropped)

(0.754) (0.301) (0.520) .Non-English speaking country 0.200 0.153 -0.296 -0.352

(0.859) (0.842) (0.751) (0.451)English is first language (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .NSW -0.044 -0.245 0.144 0.473

(0.969) (0.760) (0.886) (0.359)VIC -0.314 (dropped) (dropped) 0.777

(0.654) . . (0.352)QLD -0.091 0.002 -0.422 -0.499

(0.860) (0.997) (0.448) (0.369)SA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .WA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Married 0.085 -0.142 -0.034 0.214

(0.750) (0.570) (0.910) (0.597)Child age 0 to 2 0.167 -0.457 -0.395 0.229

(0.695) (0.276) (0.461) (0.783)Child age 3 to 4 -0.134 -0.242 0.224 -0.170

(0.870) (0.777) (0.826) (0.863)Child age 5 to 9 0.038 -0.462 -0.409 -0.235

(0.934) (0.246) (0.430) (0.778)Child age 10 to 14 -0.182 0.504 0.136 0.595

(0.793) (0.500) (0.865) (0.492)Union member 0.303 0.000 0.158 0.341

(0.433) (1.000) (0.716) (0.480)Constant 0.849 0.580 1.049 5.737***


NCVER 163

Table 26c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.058* -0.038 -0.021 0.053

(0.070) (0.351) (0.621) (0.215)Age 20 to 24 -0.057 -0.156 0.342 0.369*

(0.783) (0.518) (0.151) (0.074)Age 25 to 29 -0.070 -0.186 0.271 0.462**

(0.739) (0.446) (0.264) (0.027)Age 30 to 34 -0.091 -0.218 0.102 0.562***

(0.663) (0.372) (0.675) (0.008)Age 35 to 39 -0.170 -0.190 0.177 0.461**

(0.418) (0.446) (0.476) (0.046)Age 40 to 44 -0.086 -0.206 0.270 0.446**

(0.681) (0.400) (0.270) (0.040)Age 45 to 49 -0.183 -0.398 0.119 0.524**

(0.381) (0.104) (0.626) (0.013)Age 50 to 54 -0.188 -0.491** 0.044 0.618***

(0.372) (0.048) (0.857) (0.003)Age 55 to 64 -0.216 -0.436* 0.022 0.376

(0.313) (0.086) (0.934) (0.108)Capital City -0.019 0.061 0.130*** 0.106**


(0.173) (0.742) (0.208) (0.751)English is first language -0.061 -0.137 0.024 0.136

(0.506) (0.227) (0.854) (0.233)NSW -0.016 0.029 0.035 -0.157**

(0.760) (0.669) (0.625) (0.036)VIC -0.048 0.013 0.054 -0.190**

(0.380) (0.846) (0.457) (0.022)QLD -0.061 0.074 0.055 -0.280***

(0.278) (0.299) (0.468) (0.001)SA -0.010 -0.050 -0.162* -0.255***

(0.875) (0.536) (0.069) (0.007)WA -0.041 0.051 0.123 -0.112

(0.542) (0.563) (0.143) (0.208)Married 0.087** -0.107** -0.075 0.084*

(0.024) (0.032) (0.151) (0.083)Child age 0 to 2 -0.249*** -0.369*** -0.215*** 0.009

(0.000) (0.000) (0.005) (0.938)Child age 3 to 4 -0.142* -0.247** -0.082 -0.106

(0.056) (0.010) (0.433) (0.552)Child age 5 to 9 -0.043 -0.283*** -0.099 -0.100

(0.523) (0.001) (0.296) (0.307)Child age 10 to 14 -0.087 -0.326*** -0.161* 0.009

(0.123) (0.000) (0.061) (0.937)Union member 0.261*** 0.115** 0.281*** 0.129***

(0.000) (0.017) (0.000) (0.005)Constant 0.929*** 1.071*** 0.332 5.546***



Table 27c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.014 -0.035 0.006 0.007

(0.587) (0.284) (0.863) (0.807)Age 20 to 24 -0.014 0.269*** 0.288*** 0.352***

(0.837) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.061 0.285*** 0.317*** 0.546***

(0.384) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.001 0.249*** 0.196** 0.667***

(0.989) (0.006) (0.022) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.066 0.228*** 0.208** 0.647***

(0.365) (0.010) (0.013) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.034 0.181** 0.277*** 0.635***

(0.643) (0.041) (0.001) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.070 -0.092 0.069 0.373***

(0.354) (0.315) (0.429) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.025 -0.030 0.133 0.495***

(0.765) (0.770) (0.199) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.058 -0.010 0.257** 0.449***

(0.507) (0.927) (0.017) (0.000)Capital City 0.010 0.052 0.119*** 0.122***



(0.448) (0.079) (0.281) (0.164)NSW -0.011 -0.068 -0.021 -0.042

(0.798) (0.179) (0.669) (0.367)VIC -0.062 -0.120* -0.024 0.008

(0.239) (0.061) (0.708) (0.901)QLD -0.025 -0.050 -0.026 -0.057

(0.620) (0.421) (0.670) (0.368)SA -0.038 -0.140** -0.096 -0.140**

(0.489) (0.038) (0.142) (0.030)WA -0.091* -0.049 -0.018 -0.080

(0.077) (0.468) (0.779) (0.197)Married 0.057* -0.088** 0.017 -0.018

(0.074) (0.031) (0.666) (0.604)Child age 0 to 2 -0.275*** -0.324*** -0.245*** -0.042

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.572)Child age 3 to 4 -0.252*** -0.363*** -0.331*** -0.164

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.139)Child age 5 to 9 -0.114** -0.450*** -0.242*** -0.165**

(0.019) (0.000) (0.000) (0.044)Child age 10 to 14 -0.119** -0.190*** -0.126* -0.298***

(0.026) (0.006) (0.072) (0.000)Union member 0.240*** -0.006 0.175*** 0.059*

(0.000) (0.883) (0.000) (0.078)Constant 0.820*** 0.778*** 0.505*** 5.520***


NCVER 165

Table 28c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.049 -0.425 -0.496 -0.455

. . . .Age 20 to 24 -0.046 (dropped) (dropped) -0.059

. . . .Age 25 to 29 -0.170 (dropped) 0.062 (dropped)



. . . .Age 40 to 44 (dropped) (dropped) -0.066 (dropped)

. . . .Age 45 to 49 -0.042 -0.173 (dropped) (dropped)



. . . .Capital City (dropped) -0.125 0.013 (dropped)

. . . .Non-English speaking country (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .English is first language (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .NSW (dropped) -0.499 -0.105 (dropped)

. . . .VIC (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .QLD 0.315 (dropped) 0.312 (dropped)

. . . .SA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)


. . . .Married -0.029 0.349 0.300 -0.037

. . . .Child age 0 to 2 -0.319 0.139 -0.080 0.128

. . . .Child age 3 to 4 0.194 (dropped) 0.124 (dropped)

. . . .Child age 5 to 9 -0.806 -0.739 -0.309 (dropped)

. . . .Child age 10 to 14 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Union member 0.116 0.134 0.338 0.256

. . . .Constant 1.004 0.863 0.367 6.130

. . . .Number of observations 9 8 9 4R2 0.784 0.614 0.576 0.783Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 29c:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.059* -0.060 0.045 -0.066

(0.065) (0.144) (0.246) (0.144)Age 20 to 24 0.078 0.084 0.094 0.448***

(0.390) (0.503) (0.422) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.167* 0.107 0.149 0.741***

(0.067) (0.394) (0.208) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.126 0.058 0.218* 0.704***

(0.195) (0.663) (0.080) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.056 0.040 0.100 0.620***

(0.554) (0.765) (0.421) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.085 0.037 0.163 0.686***

(0.374) (0.782) (0.191) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.095 -0.099 0.051 0.695***

(0.344) (0.468) (0.684) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.115 -0.252* 0.088 0.548***

(0.254) (0.065) (0.494) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 0.044 -0.317** -0.107 0.885***

(0.698) (0.037) (0.512) (0.000)Capital City -0.021 0.083* 0.129*** 0.106*


(0.424) (0.510) (0.440) (0.664)English is first language -0.032 0.079 0.007 0.018

(0.644) (0.408) (0.933) (0.878)NSW 0.042 -0.141* -0.101 -0.093

(0.489) (0.079) (0.197) (0.275)VIC 0.064 -0.179** -0.083 0.022

(0.270) (0.019) (0.253) (0.792)QLD 0.019 -0.189** -0.137* -0.101

(0.760) (0.026) (0.078) (0.244)SA 0.071 -0.198** -0.195** -0.096

(0.264) (0.018) (0.015) (0.261)WA 0.031 -0.166* -0.061 -0.178

(0.658) (0.069) (0.495) (0.146)Married 0.085** -0.131*** 0.018 -0.016

(0.027) (0.007) (0.694) (0.758)Child age 0 to 2 -0.232*** -0.329*** -0.278*** -0.059

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.534)Child age 3 to 4 -0.165** -0.311*** -0.238** 0.012

(0.035) (0.004) (0.024) (0.935)Child age 5 to 9 -0.125** -0.395*** -0.213*** -0.059

(0.041) (0.000) (0.005) (0.598)Child age 10 to 14 -0.120** -0.144* -0.200*** 0.021

(0.036) (0.062) (0.005) (0.810)Union member 0.256*** -0.014 0.222*** 0.117**

(0.000) (0.763) (0.000) (0.014)Constant 0.613*** 0.806*** 0.598*** 5.470***


NCVER 167




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.011 0.166*** 0.032 -0.033(0.798) (0.006) (0.566) (0.462)

Age 20 to 24 0.041 0.147 0.384* 0.189(0.809) (0.514) (0.061) (0.179)

Age 25 to 29 0.037 0.096 0.474** 0.303**(0.831) (0.680) (0.024) (0.043)

Age 30 to 34 -0.122 0.174 0.519** 0.559***(0.502) (0.496) (0.024) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.104 0.118 0.517** 0.425***(0.564) (0.630) (0.020) (0.007)

Age 40 to 44 0.061 0.108 0.515** 0.372**(0.743) (0.672) (0.023) (0.021)

Age 45 to 49 0.010 -0.056 0.440** 0.548***(0.954) (0.816) (0.047) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.107 0.365 0.342 0.357*(0.602) (0.184) (0.163) (0.057)

Age 55 to 59 0.047 -0.159 0.506 (dropped)(0.870) (0.675) (0.257) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.080 -0.459 0.250 (dropped)(0.729) (0.193) (0.421) .

English is first language -0.017 -0.132 -0.148 -0.001(0.829) (0.204) (0.126) (0.993)


NSW 0.065 -0.117 0.010 -0.124*(0.393) (0.261) (0.910) (0.079)

VIC 0.100 0.029 0.070 -0.122*(0.208) (0.790) (0.471) (0.076)

QLD 0.075 -0.309** -0.151 -0.126(0.395) (0.010) (0.176) (0.189)

SA 0.075 -0.323** -0.072 -0.176(0.461) (0.039) (0.586) (0.273)

WA 0.115 0.060 -0.076 -0.041(0.271) (0.667) (0.545) (0.652)

Married 0.102** -0.072 0.022 0.052(0.050) (0.348) (0.741) (0.327)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.303*** -0.261** -0.201** 0.111(0.000) (0.020) (0.042) (0.228)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.318** -0.415* -0.576*** -0.060(0.020) (0.095) (0.001) (0.774)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.394*** -0.216 -0.402*** -0.059(0.000) (0.249) (0.006) (0.648)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.001 -0.099 -0.246** -0.015(0.988) (0.424) (0.032) (0.865)

Union member 0.166*** -0.039 0.085 0.085(0.003) (0.613) (0.209) (0.136)

Has disability -0.109* -0.063 -0.024 0.076(0.068) (0.465) (0.753) (0.236)

Constant 0.780*** 0.824*** 0.517** 5.997***(0.000) (0.002) (0.029) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin -0.342 0.280 0.192 0.233(0.167) (0.442) (0.466) .

Age 20 to 24 -0.110 0.189 -0.147 -0.159(0.906) (0.897) (0.844) .

Age 25 to 29 -0.253 0.089 -0.060 (dropped)(0.789) (0.952) (0.919) .

Age 30 to 34 -0.292 0.185 (dropped) 0.341(0.766) (0.888) . .







English is first language 0.038 -0.145 -0.190 0.036(0.940) (0.856) (0.707) .

Non-English speaking country 0.564 -0.372 0.124 (dropped)(0.617) (0.840) (0.923) .

NSW -0.028 0.026 -0.156 -0.076(0.944) (0.970) (0.789) .

VIC 0.046 0.053 -0.061 -0.181(0.927) (0.935) (0.932) .

QLD 0.258 -0.022 -0.076 -0.033(0.530) (0.972) (0.894) .

SA 0.066 0.201 -0.409 -0.434(0.934) (0.869) (0.690) .

WA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Married 0.064 -0.210 -0.114 0.062(0.829) (0.619) (0.734) .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.207 -0.161 0.017 -0.032(0.520) (0.766) (0.967) .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.376 -0.144 -0.492 -0.098(0.569) (0.911) (0.480) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.138 0.132 -0.179 -0.256(0.838) (0.911) (0.749) .

Child age 10 to 14 0.422 -0.598 0.313 -0.192(0.532) (0.586) (0.626) .

Union member 0.218 -0.077 0.282 0.100(0.576) (0.894) (0.508) .

Has disability 0.322 -0.252 -0.107 0.067(0.396) (0.644) (0.792) .

Constant 0.965 0.803 1.153 6.230(0.230) (0.501) (0.215) .


NCVER 169




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other -0.014 -0.004 -0.073 0.050(0.750) (0.945) (0.216) (0.362)

Age 20 to 24 0.337* 0.291 -0.063 -0.187(0.080) (0.217) (0.778) (0.137)

Age 25 to 29 0.283 0.268 -0.001 -0.130(0.143) (0.262) (0.995) (0.330)

Age 30 to 34 0.210 0.235 -0.140 0.070(0.287) (0.336) (0.540) (0.626)

Age 35 to 39 0.297 0.119 -0.105 0.069(0.140) (0.630) (0.655) (0.642)

Age 40 to 44 0.273 0.084 -0.087 0.051(0.163) (0.736) (0.716) (0.712)

Age 45 to 49 0.173 0.003 -0.085 (dropped)(0.367) (0.991) (0.703) .

Age 50 to 54 0.230 0.170 0.024 -0.078(0.239) (0.486) (0.918) (0.562)

Age 55 to 59 0.379 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.125) . . .

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) 0.094 -0.351 (dropped). (0.820) (0.368) .

English is first language 0.192 -0.206 -0.063 -0.226(0.151) (0.302) (0.775) (0.168)


NSW 0.060 -0.221 -0.106 0.043(0.520) (0.103) (0.381) (0.698)

VIC 0.099 -0.175 -0.006 -0.066(0.291) (0.198) (0.958) (0.548)

QLD 0.090 -0.267* -0.249* 0.049(0.367) (0.064) (0.062) (0.710)

SA -0.030 -0.153 -0.096 0.012(0.774) (0.318) (0.493) (0.926)

WA 0.024 -0.131 -0.072 0.024(0.813) (0.374) (0.590) (0.840)

Married 0.120** -0.103 0.023 -0.001(0.020) (0.170) (0.746) (0.992)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.134* -0.294*** -0.182* 0.051(0.083) (0.009) (0.082) (0.654)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.115 -0.463*** -0.014 -0.056(0.293) (0.004) (0.930) (0.815)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.179* -0.191 -0.065 -0.005(0.054) (0.184) (0.607) (0.972)

Child age 10 to 14 0.034 -0.032 -0.064 -0.020(0.680) (0.785) (0.576) (0.849)

Union member 0.198*** 0.073 0.228*** 0.031(0.001) (0.355) (0.002) (0.657)

Has disability -0.067 -0.062 -0.003 -0.028(0.288) (0.505) (0.976) (0.764)

Constant 0.286 0.892*** 0.935*** 6.564***(0.258) (0.009) (0.006) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings


(0.446) (0.357) (0.643) (0.981)Age 20 to 24 0.002 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.997) . . .Age 25 to 29 0.038 -0.131 -0.035 -0.119

(0.929) (0.773) (0.939) (0.715)Age 30 to 34 0.025 -0.252 -0.018 -0.088

(0.952) (0.565) (0.967) (0.783)Age 35 to 39 0.092 -0.315 0.089 (dropped)

(0.842) (0.558) (0.873) .Age 40 to 44 0.204 -0.681 -0.231 -0.226

(0.548) (0.262) (0.679) (0.720)Age 45 to 49 0.095 -0.410 -0.132 -0.442

(0.802) (0.421) (0.810) (0.268)Age 50 to 54 0.048 -0.792* -0.135 -0.391

(0.896) (0.090) (0.775) (0.474)Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -0.886 -0.703 (dropped)

. (0.182) (0.267) .Age 60 to 64 -0.298 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.432) . . .English is first language 0.501 -0.732 -0.609 (dropped)

(0.446) (0.410) (0.508) .Non-English speaking country -0.038 -0.763 -0.148 (dropped)

(0.943) (0.298) (0.839) .NSW 0.107 -0.233 -0.051 -0.238

(0.570) (0.366) (0.865) (0.281)VIC 0.098 0.791* 0.237 0.034

(0.770) (0.089) (0.642) (0.933)QLD 0.056 -0.376 -0.487 (dropped)

(0.869) (0.431) (0.297) .SA -0.030 -0.245 -0.355 (dropped)

(0.905) (0.521) (0.596) .WA -0.001 0.369 0.302 0.197

(0.996) (0.338) (0.388) (0.714)Married 0.107 -0.242 -0.044 0.065

(0.497) (0.282) (0.854) (0.787)Child age 0 to 2 -0.208 -0.402 -0.120 0.177

(0.370) (0.214) (0.758) (0.630)Child age 3 to 4 0.120 -0.538 -0.531 0.096

(0.706) (0.225) (0.244) (0.864)Child age 5 to 9 -0.208 -0.304 -0.277 -0.286

(0.466) (0.495) (0.523) (0.577)Child age 10 to 14 0.008 -0.065 -0.008 0.662**

(0.978) (0.857) (0.981) (0.034)Union member 0.196 0.181 0.224 0.165

(0.310) (0.478) (0.375) (0.485)Has disability -0.038 -0.021 -0.173 0.073

(0.841) (0.934) (0.515) (0.795)Constant 0.194 1.904* 1.507 6.445***


NCVER 171




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.027 -0.028 -0.007 -0.305

(0.831) (0.882) (0.972) (0.321)Age 20 to 24 0.050 -0.347 -0.217 -0.289

(0.873) (0.510) (0.698) (0.666)Age 25 to 29 -0.041 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.928) . . .Age 30 to 34 -0.125 -0.040 -0.037 -0.001

(0.717) (0.934) (0.938) (0.999)Age 35 to 39 -0.018 -0.327 0.063 (dropped)

(0.957) (0.532) (0.902) .Age 40 to 44 -0.383 (dropped) -0.278 (dropped)

(0.337) . (0.642) .Age 45 to 49 (dropped) -0.747 -0.629 (dropped)

. (0.213) (0.292) .Age 50 to 54 0.035 -0.089 -0.072 -0.307



. . . .English is first language -0.121 0.378 0.344 (dropped)

(0.764) (0.508) (0.554) .Non-English speaking country -0.014 -0.415 0.311 (dropped)

(0.978) (0.607) (0.702) .NSW -0.152 -0.266 -0.353 0.326

(0.583) (0.512) (0.468) (0.681)VIC -0.052 -0.060 0.085 0.343

(0.842) (0.861) (0.814) (0.541)QLD 0.055 -0.175 -0.266 -0.085

(0.850) (0.665) (0.503) (0.903)SA 0.001 0.037 -0.252 0.309

(0.996) (0.930) (0.565) (0.728)WA 0.130 -0.201 -0.536 -0.084

(0.716) (0.678) (0.317) (0.912)Married 0.082 -0.120 -0.134 0.059

(0.566) (0.583) (0.565) (0.845)Child age 0 to 2 -0.280 -0.235 -0.184 0.318

(0.179) (0.432) (0.556) (0.535)Child age 3 to 4 -0.178 -0.430 0.050 -0.480

(0.550) (0.334) (0.916) (0.481)Child age 5 to 9 -0.171 -0.384 -0.307 -0.312

(0.437) (0.272) (0.351) (0.629)Child age 10 to 14 -0.085 0.286 -0.219 -0.055

(0.689) (0.364) (0.502) (0.903)Union member 0.166 0.100 0.208 -0.236

(0.457) (0.733) (0.491) (0.560)Has disability -0.228 -0.109 -0.184 -0.446

(0.138) (0.653) (0.475) (0.245)Constant 1.078** 0.713 0.818 6.418***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other -0.044 -0.149*** -0.092 -0.127**

(0.224) (0.004) (0.102) (0.012)Age 20 to 24 -0.055 0.129 0.283* 0.157

(0.646) (0.422) (0.081) (0.143)Age 25 to 29 -0.027 0.162 0.236 0.250**

(0.827) (0.342) (0.167) (0.038)Age 30 to 34 0.033 0.013 0.354** 0.509***

(0.789) (0.937) (0.038) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.021 -0.168 0.242 (dropped)

(0.867) (0.341) (0.194) .Age 40 to 44 0.087 -0.097 0.264 0.408***

(0.501) (0.574) (0.137) (0.003)Age 45 to 49 -0.064 0.016 0.185 0.431***

(0.621) (0.925) (0.293) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 -0.070 0.018 0.321* 0.301**

(0.585) (0.918) (0.080) (0.031)Age 55 to 59 -0.121 -0.495 0.423 (dropped)

(0.515) (0.107) (0.248) .Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .English is first language 0.116 -0.098 0.106 0.098

(0.107) (0.370) (0.393) (0.442)Non-English speaking country 0.009 -0.064 0.287 0.272

(0.922) (0.725) (0.207) (0.247)NSW 0.027 0.013 0.097 0.006

(0.688) (0.899) (0.379) (0.950)VIC 0.030 0.001 0.039 0.000

(0.644) (0.987) (0.699) (0.999)QLD 0.055 0.103 -0.028 -0.140*

(0.377) (0.243) (0.769) (0.067)SA -0.003 -0.026 -0.110 -0.157

(0.964) (0.792) (0.294) (0.108)WA 0.003 0.023 -0.007 -0.035

(0.972) (0.823) (0.947) (0.731)Married 0.099** -0.119* 0.027 0.070

(0.017) (0.051) (0.675) (0.235)Child age 0 to 2 -0.338*** -0.326*** -0.278*** -0.102

(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.393)Child age 3 to 4 -0.202** -0.384*** -0.212 -0.217

(0.014) (0.002) (0.131) (0.405)Child age 5 to 9 -0.264*** -0.114 -0.250** -0.134

(0.000) (0.249) (0.026) (0.337)Child age 10 to 14 -0.054 -0.146 -0.193* -0.073

(0.397) (0.105) (0.053) (0.480)Union member 0.140*** 0.153** 0.193*** 0.035

(0.007) (0.033) (0.009) (0.600)Has disability -0.055 -0.134* -0.015 -0.055

(0.258) (0.057) (0.842) (0.514)Constant 0.768*** 0.763*** 0.393* 5.914***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.069) (0.000)Number of observations 380 319 269 118R2 0.178 0.232 0.131 0.371note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 173




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business -0.029 0.040 -0.003 -0.037**

(0.109) (0.107) (0.892) (0.043)Age 20 to 24 0.002 0.196*** 0.265*** 0.366***

(0.962) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.035 0.295*** 0.298*** 0.544***

(0.476) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.033 0.122* 0.287*** 0.619***

(0.523) (0.084) (0.000) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.010 0.078 0.253*** 0.587***

(0.852) (0.271) (0.000) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.021 0.037 0.271*** 0.582***

(0.689) (0.598) (0.000) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.059 -0.032 0.100 0.607***

(0.256) (0.646) (0.148) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.067 0.061 0.265*** 0.499***

(0.220) (0.413) (0.000) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.111* -0.316*** 0.112 0.602***

(0.083) (0.000) (0.198) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.139* -0.346*** 0.149 0.176



(0.115) (0.555) (0.990) (0.190)NSW 0.054* -0.092** 0.028 0.010

(0.083) (0.035) (0.530) (0.761)VIC 0.051 -0.022 0.054 -0.009

(0.177) (0.684) (0.314) (0.826)QLD 0.081** -0.034 -0.032 -0.099***

(0.016) (0.471) (0.508) (0.003)SA 0.050 -0.043 -0.049 -0.102***

(0.187) (0.416) (0.367) (0.007)WA 0.036 0.012 0.106** -0.015

(0.306) (0.812) (0.034) (0.682)Married 0.100*** -0.148*** -0.010 0.045**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.744) (0.027)Child age 0 to 2 -0.271*** -0.313*** -0.161*** -0.069*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.074)Child age 3 to 4 -0.101** -0.330*** -0.144** -0.126*

(0.035) (0.000) (0.047) (0.051)Child age 5 to 9 -0.251*** -0.205*** -0.181*** -0.029

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.460)Child age 10 to 14 -0.013 -0.186*** -0.114** -0.040

(0.688) (0.000) (0.015) (0.298)Union member 0.182*** 0.112*** 0.192*** -0.014

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.549)Has disability -0.082*** -0.032 -0.023 0.020

(0.001) (0.359) (0.502) (0.442)Constant 0.790*** 0.644*** 0.456*** 5.775***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.007 -0.054 -0.039 -0.086

(0.940) (0.722) (0.800) (0.699)Age 20 to 24 0.214 -0.407 -0.082 0.061

(0.392) (0.467) (0.889) (0.940)Age 25 to 29 0.279 -0.204 -0.017 0.384

(0.315) (0.723) (0.977) (0.653)Age 30 to 34 0.194 -0.168 0.148 0.308

(0.458) (0.762) (0.794) (0.643)Age 35 to 39 0.190 -0.198 0.012 0.287

(0.452) (0.715) (0.982) (0.763)Age 40 to 44 0.263 -0.505 0.229 -0.053


. . . .Age 50 to 54 0.395 -0.256 0.180 (dropped)

(0.316) (0.709) (0.794) .Age 55 to 59 0.289 -0.534 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.369) (0.364) . .Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)



. . . .NSW 0.088 -0.108 -0.072 -0.380

(0.666) (0.742) (0.829) (0.581)VIC 0.192 -0.353 -0.167 (dropped)

(0.364) (0.270) (0.600) .QLD 0.177 0.078 0.187 -0.310

(0.336) (0.770) (0.523) (0.659)SA 0.176 -0.126 0.086 -0.293

(0.413) (0.690) (0.793) (0.715)WA 0.322 0.168 0.217 0.136

(0.198) (0.667) (0.590) (0.790)Married 0.157 -0.186 0.079 -0.050

(0.209) (0.352) (0.690) (0.861)Child age 0 to 2 -0.325* -0.032 -0.241 -0.267

(0.062) (0.909) (0.394) (0.631)Child age 3 to 4 0.011 -0.402 0.025 -0.012

(0.970) (0.356) (0.955) (0.987)Child age 5 to 9 -0.073 -0.220 -0.332 -0.098

(0.663) (0.403) (0.224) (0.844)Child age 10 to 14 -0.010 -0.283 -0.308 0.115

(0.963) (0.387) (0.373) (0.857)Union member 0.178 0.212 0.210 0.002

(0.168) (0.255) (0.259) (0.993)Has disability -0.191 -0.093 0.039 -0.030

(0.118) (0.624) (0.839) (0.921)Constant 0.451 0.985 0.598 6.408***


NCVER 175




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other -0.067** -0.087** -0.142*** -0.093***

(0.011) (0.018) (0.000) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.029 0.251* 0.278** 0.304***

(0.753) (0.053) (0.012) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 0.058 0.267** 0.311*** 0.447***

(0.527) (0.041) (0.006) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.004 0.288** 0.336*** 0.449***

(0.967) (0.030) (0.004) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.042 0.166 0.343*** 0.480***

(0.658) (0.221) (0.004) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.057 0.026 0.244** 0.440***

(0.551) (0.852) (0.042) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.041 0.027 0.296** 0.584***

(0.664) (0.842) (0.016) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.003 0.225 0.416*** 0.451***

(0.976) (0.104) (0.001) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.070 -0.206 0.395** 0.442***

(0.538) (0.195) (0.011) (0.003)Age 60 to 64 -0.181 0.090 0.473 0.032


(0.827) (0.453) (0.236) (0.731)Non-English speaking country 0.006 -0.076 0.168 0.029

(0.950) (0.606) (0.235) (0.760)NSW 0.052 -0.112* -0.018 0.035

(0.262) (0.085) (0.781) (0.546)VIC 0.038 0.040 0.125* 0.023

(0.388) (0.530) (0.053) (0.680)QLD 0.104** -0.034 0.019 -0.024

(0.027) (0.605) (0.776) (0.664)SA 0.038 -0.063 -0.032 -0.037

(0.429) (0.359) (0.642) (0.568)WA 0.046 0.024 0.017 -0.008

(0.377) (0.748) (0.817) (0.896)Married 0.081*** -0.182*** 0.010 0.038

(0.008) (0.000) (0.814) (0.277)Child age 0 to 2 -0.238*** -0.309*** -0.125** 0.065

(0.000) (0.000) (0.050) (0.289)Child age 3 to 4 -0.278*** -0.164 -0.017 0.141*

(0.000) (0.122) (0.877) (0.091)Child age 5 to 9 -0.096** -0.183*** -0.143** -0.107*

(0.044) (0.007) (0.038) (0.076)Child age 10 to 14 -0.049 -0.076 -0.079 0.012

(0.279) (0.232) (0.212) (0.824)Union member 0.184*** 0.152*** 0.315*** 0.105***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.003)Has disability -0.085** -0.092* 0.013 -0.015

(0.010) (0.055) (0.793) (0.742)Constant 0.792*** 0.496*** 0.467*** 5.845***






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.064 0.131** 0.117** 0.050(0.136) (0.020) (0.047) (0.241)

Age 20 to 24 0.310* 0.142 0.005 0.403***(0.064) (0.546) (0.981) (0.010)

Age 25 to 29 0.247 0.314 -0.039 0.494***(0.141) (0.184) (0.854) (0.002)

Age 30 to 34 0.305* 0.275 0.179 0.646***(0.077) (0.258) (0.423) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.140 0.239 0.138 0.707***(0.430) (0.340) (0.546) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.154 0.023 0.198 0.925***(0.407) (0.930) (0.463) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.292 0.111 0.125 0.718***(0.102) (0.653) (0.581) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.237 -0.116 -0.173 0.628***(0.252) (0.680) (0.510) (0.002)

Age 55 to 59 0.246 -0.462* -0.388 0.382(0.185) (0.072) (0.121) (0.206)


English is first language -0.010 -0.090 -0.117 0.250**(0.930) (0.515) (0.425) (0.019)

Non-English speaking country -0.195* -0.175 -0.072 0.182(0.097) (0.254) (0.649) (0.152)

NSW 0.011 -0.040 -0.144 0.079(0.876) (0.681) (0.154) (0.265)

VIC 0.058 0.024 -0.032 0.023(0.456) (0.813) (0.763) (0.748)

QLD 0.028 -0.055 -0.038 -0.121(0.735) (0.617) (0.744) (0.198)

SA 0.053 0.106 -0.059 -0.162*(0.568) (0.387) (0.636) (0.050)

WA 0.073 -0.028 0.001 -0.034(0.399) (0.807) (0.993) (0.698)


Mother born overseas -0.045 0.160 0.021 0.032(0.549) (0.109) (0.819) (0.653)

Married 0.004 -0.075 0.004 0.027(0.943) (0.281) (0.960) (0.566)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.189*** -0.499*** -0.265*** 0.002(0.006) (0.000) (0.008) (0.982)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.110 -0.596*** -0.438*** 0.121(0.198) (0.000) (0.000) (0.363)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.007 -0.434*** -0.301** -0.119(0.941) (0.000) (0.014) (0.226)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.024 -0.383*** -0.262* -0.222*(0.804) (0.003) (0.050) (0.081)

Union member 0.170*** 0.095 0.063 -0.066(0.006) (0.239) (0.422) (0.251)

Has disability -0.064 0.016 -0.029 -0.041(0.243) (0.828) (0.701) (0.471)

Constant 0.600*** 0.651** 0.939*** 5.748***(0.005) (0.023) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 177




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.151 0.087 0.093 -0.072(0.383) (0.786) (0.738) (0.891)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) 1.227 (dropped). . (0.388) .

Age 25 to 29 0.917 -0.039 0.253 -0.628(0.148) (0.954) (0.709) (0.601)


Age 35 to 39 0.972 -0.208 0.349 -0.067(0.128) (0.785) (0.672) (0.955)


Age 45 to 49 0.899 -0.471 0.291 -0.257(0.167) (0.587) (0.743) (0.822)


Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -1.121 (dropped) (dropped). (0.322) . .


English is first language -0.233 0.016 (dropped) (dropped)(0.657) (0.986) . .


NSW 0.992 -1.035 -0.176 (dropped)(0.121) (0.313) (0.861) .

VIC 0.063 -0.060 0.071 0.057(0.861) (0.924) (0.894) (0.941)

QLD 1.003 (dropped) 0.459 (dropped)(0.126) . (0.674) .

SA 0.030 -0.240 0.147 0.131(0.933) (0.728) (0.801) (0.878)

WA 0.113 -0.511 0.219 -0.317(0.787) (0.502) (0.760) (0.863)

Father born overseas -0.283 0.794 -0.567 (dropped)(0.699) (0.551) (0.643) .

Mother born overseas 0.181 -1.326 (dropped) (dropped)(0.783) (0.285) . .

Married 0.044 -0.090 0.051 -0.348(0.840) (0.830) (0.885) (0.617)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.190 -0.290 -0.076 0.059(0.508) (0.596) (0.872) (0.943)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.430 -0.740 -0.823 (dropped)(0.435) (0.608) (0.502) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.002 -0.226 -0.472 0.007(0.995) (0.676) (0.301) (0.992)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.006 0.013 0.185 -0.163(0.987) (0.985) (0.749) (0.911)

Union member 0.156 0.106 0.259 -0.048(0.651) (0.875) (0.630) (0.973)

Has disability -0.091 -0.038 -0.075 -0.055(0.682) (0.927) (0.823) (0.934)

Constant 0.140 1.154 0.423 7.158***(0.879) (0.294) (0.652) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.061 -0.122** -0.017 0.024(0.140) (0.040) (0.787) (0.701)

Age 20 to 24 0.133 0.505*** -0.074 -0.285(0.429) (0.001) (0.642) (0.245)

Age 25 to 29 0.134 0.517*** -0.069 -0.093(0.404) (0.000) (0.618) (0.693)

Age 30 to 34 0.177 0.435*** 0.027 -0.067(0.312) (0.007) (0.880) (0.801)

Age 35 to 39 0.081 0.484*** -0.122 0.043(0.632) (0.002) (0.464) (0.887)

Age 40 to 44 0.064 0.318** -0.091 -0.110(0.701) (0.034) (0.581) (0.683)

Age 45 to 49 0.078 0.245* -0.126 -0.080(0.636) (0.087) (0.419) (0.767)

Age 50 to 54 -0.021 0.168 0.010 -0.135(0.903) (0.252) (0.952) (0.599)



English is first language -0.080 -0.370* -0.338 0.082(0.538) (0.054) (0.110) (0.589)


NSW 0.082 -0.127 -0.074 0.004(0.288) (0.288) (0.564) (0.983)

VIC 0.088 -0.076 0.096 -0.036(0.230) (0.491) (0.417) (0.828)

QLD 0.032 -0.224** -0.034 -0.074(0.656) (0.045) (0.774) (0.681)

SA 0.052 -0.067 -0.124 -0.050(0.612) (0.658) (0.439) (0.808)

WA 0.092 -0.152 0.176 -0.129(0.246) (0.209) (0.167) (0.469)



Married 0.118** -0.057 0.035 -0.079(0.019) (0.444) (0.651) (0.244)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.272*** -0.459*** -0.138 0.031(0.000) (0.000) (0.250) (0.829)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.255*** -0.558*** -0.211 0.037(0.004) (0.000) (0.157) (0.870)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.195** -0.374*** -0.112 0.364**(0.019) (0.003) (0.394) (0.017)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.118 -0.331*** -0.129 0.039(0.148) (0.008) (0.327) (0.838)

Union member 0.148** 0.044 0.251*** 0.014(0.011) (0.587) (0.002) (0.870)

Has disability -0.077 0.107 0.015 -0.050(0.133) (0.163) (0.848) (0.530)

Constant 0.756*** 0.807*** 1.040*** 6.567***(0.000) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 179




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business -0.007 0.139** 0.024 -0.111*

(0.892) (0.045) (0.739) (0.069)Age 20 to 24 0.122 0.123 0.223 0.264**

(0.233) (0.388) (0.130) (0.026)Age 25 to 29 0.105 0.256 0.202 0.411***

(0.356) (0.119) (0.234) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 0.372*** 0.056 0.053 0.632***

(0.009) (0.793) (0.800) (0.002)Age 35 to 39 0.075 0.028 0.106 0.487***

(0.586) (0.880) (0.589) (0.001)Age 40 to 44 0.042 -0.128 0.098 0.634***

(0.782) (0.532) (0.649) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.074 0.007 -0.025 0.468***

(0.586) (0.967) (0.893) (0.004)Age 50 to 54 0.134 -0.301 0.059 0.569

(0.458) (0.210) (0.831) (0.109)Age 55 to 59 -0.073 -0.482** -0.072 0.899***


. . . .English is first language -0.121 -0.067 0.139 0.201


(0.304) (0.624) (0.445) (0.699)NSW 0.019 -0.247* -0.180 0.044

(0.850) (0.065) (0.213) (0.746)VIC -0.026 -0.028 -0.017 -0.059

(0.816) (0.856) (0.921) (0.624)QLD 0.024 -0.182 -0.136 -0.126

(0.789) (0.125) (0.278) (0.181)SA -0.025 -0.229 -0.164 -0.073

(0.806) (0.108) (0.293) (0.546)WA 0.024 -0.072 -0.065 -0.174

(0.821) (0.602) (0.667) (0.153)Father born overseas 0.061 0.113 0.132 0.082

(0.440) (0.324) (0.263) (0.435)Mother born overseas -0.133 -0.108 -0.012 0.019

(0.170) (0.446) (0.932) (0.868)Married 0.045 0.008 -0.061 0.093

(0.450) (0.920) (0.466) (0.174)Child age 0 to 2 -0.523*** -0.634*** -0.264* -0.023

(0.000) (0.000) (0.065) (0.902)Child age 3 to 4 -0.307** -0.563*** -0.310 -0.062

(0.020) (0.003) (0.150) (0.823)Child age 5 to 9 -0.123 -0.321** -0.127 0.022

(0.257) (0.026) (0.410) (0.870)Child age 10 to 14 0.032 -0.051 0.086 -0.104

(0.802) (0.750) (0.617) (0.546)Union member 0.159** -0.000 0.167 0.078

(0.031) (0.999) (0.111) (0.361)Has disability -0.060 -0.077 -0.049 0.028

(0.330) (0.355) (0.579) (0.717)Constant 0.921*** 0.835*** 0.575** 5.814***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.018 0.027 -0.048 -0.068

(0.838) (0.841) (0.785) (0.646)Age 20 to 24 -0.040 -0.650 -0.360 -0.535

(0.911) (0.201) (0.515) (0.369)Age 25 to 29 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.156

. . . (0.798)Age 30 to 34 0.057 -0.595 -0.151 -0.062

(0.851) (0.220) (0.774) (0.912)Age 35 to 39 0.020 -0.804* -0.365 (dropped)

(0.950) (0.094) (0.518) .Age 40 to 44 -0.080 -0.824* -0.178 0.051


. . . .Age 50 to 54 0.072 -0.791* -0.066 -0.371

(0.818) (0.077) (0.901) (0.504)Age 55 to 59 0.032 -0.859* -0.259 -0.140

(0.921) (0.060) (0.628) (0.814)Age 60 to 64 -0.025 -1.221* (dropped) (dropped)

(0.938) (0.058) . .English is first language -0.001 -0.351 -1.136 -0.062

(0.998) (0.577) (0.237) (0.905)Non-English speaking country -0.171 0.125 -0.987 (dropped)

(0.586) (0.830) (0.240) .NSW 0.011 -0.270 -0.061 (dropped)

(0.942) (0.370) (0.858) .VIC 0.096 0.210 0.372 0.047

(0.602) (0.548) (0.327) (0.889)QLD -0.310* 0.161 0.592 0.027

(0.079) (0.662) (0.266) (0.924)SA -0.076 -0.072 0.219 -0.151

(0.624) (0.795) (0.554) (0.570)WA -0.089 0.123 -0.316 (dropped)

(0.645) (0.777) (0.620) .Father born overseas -0.018 -0.751* -1.015 0.291

(0.938) (0.070) (0.150) (0.375)Mother born overseas 0.058 0.303 0.182 -0.085

(0.790) (0.338) (0.622) (0.705)Married -0.008 0.020 0.069 -0.014

(0.944) (0.913) (0.761) (0.935)Child age 0 to 2 -0.070 -0.037 0.112 0.127

(0.668) (0.880) (0.755) (0.657)Child age 3 to 4 -0.301 -0.291 -0.076 (dropped)

(0.174) (0.450) (0.880) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.052 -0.096 -0.107 -0.281

(0.756) (0.725) (0.760) (0.423)Child age 10 to 14 -0.120 -0.462 0.225 -0.318

(0.500) (0.127) (0.584) (0.554)Union member 0.119 0.393** 0.382* -0.015

(0.354) (0.027) (0.093) (0.938)Has disability -0.041 -0.003 0.237 -0.091

(0.693) (0.988) (0.313) (0.589)Constant 0.957** 1.541** 1.795** 6.856***


NCVER 181




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other -0.040 -0.124*** -0.109** -0.183***

(0.180) (0.002) (0.011) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.150 0.028 -0.061 0.352**

(0.322) (0.885) (0.751) (0.025)Age 25 to 29 -0.197 0.121 -0.015 0.505***

(0.195) (0.530) (0.940) (0.001)Age 30 to 34 -0.209 -0.061 -0.042 0.653***

(0.182) (0.764) (0.838) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.207 -0.055 -0.085 0.680***

(0.188) (0.783) (0.674) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.224 -0.106 -0.170 0.613***

(0.153) (0.595) (0.398) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.136 -0.121 -0.204 0.287

(0.382) (0.537) (0.308) (0.129)Age 50 to 54 -0.193 -0.219 -0.287 0.480**

(0.231) (0.289) (0.166) (0.015)Age 55 to 59 -0.239 -0.407** -0.171 -0.075

(0.134) (0.049) (0.415) (0.836)Age 60 to 64 -0.169 0.194 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.660) (0.689) . .English is first language 0.034 -0.034 0.006 0.178


(0.860) (0.819) (0.380) (0.844)NSW -0.030 0.025 -0.002 0.003

(0.617) (0.750) (0.979) (0.971)VIC -0.003 -0.064 0.103 -0.067

(0.958) (0.395) (0.178) (0.446)QLD -0.033 -0.098 -0.084 -0.129

(0.581) (0.211) (0.301) (0.196)SA 0.007 -0.066 -0.074 -0.134

(0.910) (0.440) (0.398) (0.168)WA 0.017 0.031 0.086 -0.082



(0.524) (0.145) (0.127) (0.533)Married 0.103*** -0.089* 0.014 0.032

(0.003) (0.069) (0.778) (0.534)Child age 0 to 2 -0.293*** -0.323*** -0.397*** -0.025

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.821)Child age 3 to 4 -0.210*** -0.358*** -0.110 0.158

(0.001) (0.000) (0.282) (0.284)Child age 5 to 9 -0.088* -0.300*** -0.220*** -0.171*

(0.093) (0.000) (0.005) (0.075)Child age 10 to 14 0.016 -0.342*** 0.106 -0.095

(0.797) (0.000) (0.254) (0.595)Union member 0.181*** 0.165*** 0.283*** 0.063

(0.000) (0.004) (0.000) (0.302)Has disability -0.140*** -0.041 -0.066 -0.168***

(0.000) (0.434) (0.225) (0.007)Constant 1.024*** 0.774*** 0.802*** 5.905***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business -0.021 0.046 0.018 -0.092***

(0.323) (0.104) (0.547) (0.004)Age 20 to 24 0.010 0.134 0.228** 0.392***

(0.910) (0.218) (0.034) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.020 0.199* 0.268** 0.615***

(0.807) (0.061) (0.012) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.066 0.139 0.222** 0.601***

(0.432) (0.199) (0.041) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.066 0.077 0.198* 0.737***

(0.436) (0.482) (0.073) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.031 0.005 0.201* 0.799***

(0.710) (0.960) (0.068) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.022 0.065 0.169 0.697***

(0.792) (0.541) (0.113) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.017 -0.131 0.087 0.510***

(0.840) (0.217) (0.416) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.039 -0.301*** 0.145 0.589***

(0.641) (0.006) (0.212) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.010 -0.467*** (dropped) (dropped)

(0.939) (0.001) . .English is first language -0.036 0.013 -0.164** 0.104

(0.490) (0.863) (0.046) (0.189)Non-English speaking country -0.198*** 0.060 -0.153 0.103

(0.001) (0.523) (0.125) (0.291)NSW -0.002 -0.086* -0.012 0.042

(0.942) (0.058) (0.807) (0.399)VIC -0.019 -0.021 0.062 -0.006

(0.616) (0.694) (0.268) (0.907)QLD 0.025 -0.103** -0.069 -0.162***

(0.512) (0.040) (0.195) (0.003)SA -0.001 -0.091 0.018 -0.083

(0.987) (0.132) (0.775) (0.178)WA 0.050 -0.161*** -0.015 0.008

(0.195) (0.002) (0.785) (0.904)Father born overseas 0.012 0.028 -0.007 -0.009


(0.798) (0.957) (0.970) (0.243)Married 0.081*** -0.096*** 0.019 -0.045

(0.001) (0.006) (0.615) (0.194)Child age 0 to 2 -0.294*** -0.411*** -0.221*** -0.110

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.131)Child age 3 to 4 -0.191*** -0.494*** -0.268*** 0.024

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.824)Child age 5 to 9 -0.142*** -0.401*** -0.275*** -0.034

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.630)Child age 10 to 14 -0.101*** -0.316*** -0.113* -0.226***

(0.010) (0.000) (0.056) (0.001)Union member 0.180*** 0.153*** 0.239*** -0.022

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.597)Has disability -0.143*** -0.000 0.007 -0.056

(0.000) (0.997) (0.854) (0.141)Constant 0.899*** 0.676*** 0.691*** 5.886***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 1,176 1,000 856 473R2 0.131 0.218 0.107 0.237Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 183




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.154 -0.018 -0.366 -0.336


. . . .Age 25 to 29 0.858 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.432) . . .Age 30 to 34 0.163 (dropped) -0.780 (dropped)

(0.880) . (0.801) .Age 35 to 39 0.141 0.141 -0.453 0.066

(0.796) (0.902) (0.908) .Age 40 to 44 0.336 -0.336 -1.085 (dropped)


. . . .Age 50 to 54 0.420 -0.353 -0.165 (dropped)


. . . .Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -1.092 (dropped) (dropped)

. (0.501) . .English is first language -0.573 -1.420 0.341 (dropped)

(0.603) (0.457) (0.895) .Non-English speaking country -0.144 -0.323 (dropped) 0.262

(0.910) (0.856) . .NSW -0.440 (dropped) 1.304 (dropped)

(0.522) . (0.615) .VIC -0.123 -0.608 1.477 (dropped)

(0.865) (0.590) (0.648) .QLD -0.137 -0.445 1.020 (dropped)

(0.807) (0.608) (0.751) .SA -0.057 -0.481 1.562 (dropped)

(0.943) (0.718) (0.613) .WA (dropped) (dropped) 0.141 (dropped)

. . (0.928) .Father born overseas -0.384 -0.799 0.027 (dropped)

(0.462) (0.528) (0.984) .Mother born overseas 0.415 0.028 -0.036 (dropped)

(0.705) (0.974) (0.986) .Married 0.155 0.237 0.198 (dropped)

(0.628) (0.706) (0.793) .Child age 0 to 2 -0.436 -0.219 -0.331 (dropped)


(0.728) (0.450) (0.842) .Child age 5 to 9 0.264 -0.038 -0.449 0.059

(0.482) (0.962) (0.669) .Child age 10 to 14 0.040 0.063 -0.265 (dropped)

(0.923) (0.943) (0.800) .Union member 0.105 0.134 0.505 0.325

(0.838) (0.870) (0.613) .Has disability -0.144 0.048 0.268 0.214

(0.618) (0.938) (0.780) .Constant 1.132 2.228 0.039 6.289

(0.385) (0.397) (0.993) .Number of observations 33 24 23 6R2 0.401 0.480 0.536 0.726Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1





Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other -0.034 -0.078** -0.080** -0.048

(0.210) (0.041) (0.044) (0.219)Age 20 to 24 -0.042 0.057 0.162* 0.439***

(0.594) (0.568) (0.096) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.034 0.101 0.160 0.594***

(0.678) (0.338) (0.120) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.069 0.090 0.278** 0.709***

(0.420) (0.413) (0.012) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.098 -0.085 0.107 0.685***

(0.260) (0.466) (0.347) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.021 -0.027 0.219** 0.741***

(0.807) (0.804) (0.044) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.031 -0.032 0.258** 0.802***

(0.712) (0.769) (0.014) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.080 -0.224** 0.133 0.554***

(0.353) (0.045) (0.248) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.135 -0.268* 0.338** 0.601***

(0.166) (0.052) (0.024) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.147 -0.510** (dropped) (dropped)

(0.412) (0.014) . .English is first language -0.091 -0.086 -0.031 -0.042


(0.715) (0.106) (0.108) (0.307)NSW 0.045 0.063 0.093 0.034

(0.376) (0.366) (0.205) (0.615)VIC 0.029 -0.134** 0.052 -0.128*

(0.558) (0.049) (0.475) (0.095)QLD 0.014 -0.095 -0.057 -0.125

(0.777) (0.170) (0.428) (0.104)SA 0.005 -0.043 0.033 -0.192**

(0.929) (0.553) (0.654) (0.014)WA 0.047 -0.048 0.060 -0.133

(0.417) (0.538) (0.467) (0.103)Father born overseas 0.055 -0.050 0.011 0.102*

(0.178) (0.365) (0.841) (0.064)Mother born overseas -0.033 0.061 0.019 -0.098*

(0.483) (0.334) (0.763) (0.097)Married 0.067** -0.076* 0.019 0.007

(0.035) (0.092) (0.685) (0.879)Child age 0 to 2 -0.307*** -0.305*** -0.180** -0.085

(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.277)Child age 3 to 4 -0.197*** -0.496*** -0.182* 0.149

(0.001) (0.000) (0.058) (0.495)Child age 5 to 9 -0.149*** -0.373*** -0.178** 0.048

(0.003) (0.000) (0.020) (0.659)Child age 10 to 14 -0.026 -0.266*** -0.154** -0.218***

(0.597) (0.000) (0.036) (0.006)Union member 0.184*** 0.046 0.194*** 0.005

(0.000) (0.373) (0.000) (0.926)Has disability -0.118*** -0.019 -0.062 -0.104**

(0.000) (0.684) (0.192) (0.039)Constant 0.963*** 0.811*** 0.552*** 6.023***


NCVER 185

Table 48c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.065* 0.118** 0.125*** 0.094**

(0.073) (0.027) (0.008) (0.043)Age 20 to 24 0.207 0.553*** -0.007 0.417*

(0.151) (0.008) (0.970) (0.067)Age 25 to 29 0.158 0.543*** 0.079 0.629***

(0.263) (0.008) (0.655) (0.006)Age 30 to 34 0.243* 0.476** 0.134 0.736***

(0.094) (0.024) (0.461) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 0.128 0.363 0.169 0.928***

(0.407) (0.108) (0.392) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.220 0.428** 0.122 0.894***

(0.145) (0.050) (0.520) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.245 0.440** 0.129 0.803***

(0.110) (0.048) (0.501) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 0.165 0.294 0.048 0.739***

(0.277) (0.182) (0.805) (0.002)Age 55 to 59 0.203 -0.016 -0.075 0.719***

(0.192) (0.945) (0.720) (0.004)Age 60 to 64 0.275 0.688 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.191) (0.164) . .English is first language 0.005 -0.081 -0.013 0.071

(0.946) (0.461) (0.891) (0.483)Non-English speaking country -0.183* 0.103 0.051 0.129

(0.066) (0.481) (0.684) (0.309)NSW -0.079 0.043 0.012 0.139

(0.272) (0.665) (0.902) (0.128)VIC -0.147** 0.058 0.077 -0.044

(0.041) (0.567) (0.439) (0.604)QLD -0.071 -0.078 -0.082 -0.083

(0.347) (0.455) (0.431) (0.388)SA -0.013 0.044 0.042 -0.042

(0.879) (0.724) (0.721) (0.699)WA -0.110 -0.033 0.044 -0.071

(0.167) (0.779) (0.689) (0.530)Father born overseas -0.027 -0.062 -0.191** -0.061


(0.196) (0.881) (0.117) (0.483)Married 0.042 -0.113* -0.072 -0.018

(0.309) (0.076) (0.191) (0.722)Child age 0 to 2 -0.191*** -0.366*** -0.114 -0.007

(0.002) (0.000) (0.184) (0.938)Child age 3 to 4 -0.196*** -0.444*** -0.301*** -0.022

(0.005) (0.000) (0.004) (0.872)Child age 5 to 9 -0.081 -0.354*** -0.135 -0.023

(0.296) (0.001) (0.189) (0.835)Child age 10 to 14 0.001 -0.185 -0.086 -0.271**

(0.988) (0.107) (0.396) (0.015)Union member 0.140*** 0.028 0.103* -0.080

(0.005) (0.696) (0.095) (0.217)Has disability -0.082* 0.105 0.024 -0.117**

(0.066) (0.121) (0.679) (0.043)Constant 0.743*** 0.334 0.747*** 5.839***



Table 49c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings


(0.830) (0.742) (0.668) (0.836)Age 20 to 24 -0.244 -0.067 0.188 0.051

(0.613) (0.939) (0.851) (0.967)Age 25 to 29 -0.313 0.262 -0.244 (dropped)

(0.575) (0.727) (0.751) .Age 30 to 34 -0.003 0.103 0.187 -0.248

(0.996) (0.905) (0.788) (0.854)Age 35 to 39 0.216 0.197 (dropped) (dropped)


. . . .Age 45 to 49 -0.142 (dropped) -0.180 0.319

(0.851) . (0.836) (0.779)Age 50 to 54 (dropped) -0.012 0.346 -0.264

. (0.993) (0.807) (0.846)Age 55 to 59 -0.292 -0.488 0.242 -0.214


. . . .English is first language 0.281 0.485 0.688 0.020


(0.527) (0.270) (0.452) (0.831)NSW 0.138 -0.021 -0.569 -0.009

(0.725) (0.976) (0.432) (0.995)VIC 0.121 -0.006 -0.331 0.350

(0.703) (0.991) (0.499) (0.737)QLD -0.044 -0.087 0.387 (dropped)

(0.910) (0.906) (0.757) .SA -0.099 -0.258 -0.316 0.411

(0.773) (0.684) (0.590) (0.729)WA 0.233 -0.281 0.172 (dropped)


(0.238) (0.782) (0.808) (0.917)Mother born overseas -0.286 0.257 -0.119 -0.085

(0.457) (0.730) (0.909) (0.946)Married 0.069 -0.055 -0.041 0.194

(0.676) (0.845) (0.893) (0.759)Child age 0 to 2 -0.197 -0.621* -0.212 0.197

(0.325) (0.093) (0.609) (0.931)Child age 3 to 4 -0.200 -0.573 0.010 -0.086

(0.486) (0.214) (0.985) (0.955)Child age 5 to 9 -0.286 -0.372 -0.048 -0.073

(0.403) (0.532) (0.944) (0.957)Child age 10 to 14 -0.253 -1.036 -0.449 -0.518

(0.691) (0.395) (0.608) (0.768)Union member 0.137 0.614* 0.094 0.080

(0.487) (0.063) (0.838) (0.915)Has disability -0.301* 0.073 0.157 -0.057

(0.071) (0.842) (0.676) (0.946)Constant 0.789 0.262 0.356 6.233**


NCVER 187

Table 50c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.002 -0.049 0.045 -0.027

(0.920) (0.129) (0.191) (0.468)Age 20 to 24 -0.064 0.599*** 0.423** -0.235***

(0.630) (0.001) (0.019) (0.009)Age 25 to 29 -0.010 0.589*** 0.440** -0.037

(0.936) (0.001) (0.010) (0.647)Age 30 to 34 -0.025 0.474*** 0.500*** (dropped)

(0.846) (0.007) (0.005) .Age 35 to 39 -0.045 0.444** 0.438** 0.161*

(0.728) (0.010) (0.012) (0.078)Age 40 to 44 -0.008 0.448*** 0.473*** 0.116

(0.952) (0.009) (0.006) (0.160)Age 45 to 49 0.041 0.394** 0.517*** 0.090

(0.747) (0.021) (0.003) (0.314)Age 50 to 54 -0.086 0.309* 0.392** 0.059

(0.508) (0.076) (0.027) (0.514)Age 55 to 59 0.004 0.015 0.311* 0.002

(0.976) (0.932) (0.083) (0.989)Age 60 to 64 0.033 -0.076 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.815) (0.691) . .English is first language -0.029 -0.167** -0.141* 0.019

(0.574) (0.018) (0.067) (0.801)Non-English speaking country 0.006 -0.147* -0.078 0.026

(0.919) (0.094) (0.410) (0.762)NSW 0.069* -0.018 0.001 0.027

(0.081) (0.746) (0.993) (0.689)VIC 0.012 0.017 0.105 -0.020

(0.769) (0.785) (0.124) (0.758)QLD 0.037 0.004 -0.023 -0.114*

(0.383) (0.946) (0.728) (0.098)SA 0.028 0.019 0.024 -0.039

(0.536) (0.771) (0.738) (0.641)WA 0.046 -0.116* 0.051 -0.121*

(0.285) (0.061) (0.450) (0.098)Father born overseas -0.035 -0.074 -0.185*** -0.013

(0.363) (0.169) (0.001) (0.860)Mother born overseas 0.057 0.059 0.146** 0.009

(0.177) (0.319) (0.024) (0.902)Married 0.019 -0.146*** 0.009 -0.017

(0.477) (0.000) (0.823) (0.660)Child age 0 to 2 -0.194*** -0.442*** -0.255*** 0.055

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.569)Child age 3 to 4 -0.133** -0.503*** -0.265*** 0.070

(0.013) (0.000) (0.001) (0.639)Child age 5 to 9 -0.024 -0.329*** -0.127** -0.015

(0.552) (0.000) (0.032) (0.840)Child age 10 to 14 -0.093** -0.369*** -0.147** -0.165**

(0.021) (0.000) (0.014) (0.028)Union member 0.150*** 0.146*** 0.243*** 0.084*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.056)Has disability -0.059** 0.024 0.004 -0.148***

(0.036) (0.543) (0.927) (0.002)Constant 0.889*** 0.463** 0.377** 6.597***



Table 51c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business -0.014 0.135*** 0.082 -0.020(0.703) (0.006) (0.113) (0.632)

Age 20 to 24 0.118 0.024 0.134 0.346***(0.191) (0.844) (0.279) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.132 0.141 0.138 0.590***(0.163) (0.268) (0.289) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.297*** 0.119 0.275* 0.772***(0.008) (0.420) (0.078) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.124 -0.007 0.220 0.693***(0.247) (0.959) (0.133) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.044 -0.159 0.097 0.868***(0.711) (0.340) (0.594) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.115 -0.159 0.104 0.518***(0.288) (0.264) (0.479) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.117 -0.316* -0.088 0.666***(0.391) (0.060) (0.653) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.005 -0.586*** -0.205 0.587***(0.964) (0.000) (0.306) (0.000)


English is first language -0.063 -0.022 0.157 0.138(0.500) (0.871) (0.238) (0.197)


NSW -0.024 -0.158* -0.131 -0.048(0.724) (0.075) (0.146) (0.520)

VIC 0.036 -0.023 0.106 -0.095(0.640) (0.821) (0.314) (0.208)

QLD -0.010 -0.093 -0.099 -0.195***(0.882) (0.310) (0.280) (0.005)

SA -0.000 -0.152 -0.095 -0.149*(0.997) (0.150) (0.380) (0.071)

WA 0.076 -0.122 -0.061 -0.131*(0.298) (0.208) (0.533) (0.084)


Mother born overseas -0.122* 0.081 -0.020 0.009(0.054) (0.338) (0.805) (0.891)

Married 0.036 -0.019 -0.030 0.018(0.419) (0.750) (0.627) (0.695)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.394*** -0.536*** -0.345*** -0.096(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.319)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.284*** -0.747*** -0.566*** -0.028(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.893)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.116 -0.364*** -0.341*** -0.182**(0.132) (0.000) (0.001) (0.038)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.058 -0.306*** -0.100 -0.239*(0.490) (0.007) (0.389) (0.052)

Union member 0.172*** 0.067 0.154** 0.012(0.002) (0.341) (0.035) (0.840)

Has disability -0.068 -0.088 -0.063 -0.060(0.139) (0.153) (0.327) (0.283)

Constant 0.856*** 0.830*** 0.546*** 5.870***(0.000) (0.000) (0.005) (0.000)


NCVER 189

Table 52c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin -0.007 0.087 0.033 -0.073(0.922) (0.449) (0.793) (0.531)

Age 20 to 24 0.061 0.745 0.060 -0.420(0.832) (0.125) (0.852) (0.210)

Age 25 to 29 0.028 0.920** -0.059 -0.187(0.918) (0.044) (0.851) (0.577)

Age 30 to 34 0.226 0.662 0.096 -0.133(0.431) (0.114) (0.739) (0.588)

Age 35 to 39 0.149 0.405 -0.162 (dropped)(0.621) (0.344) (0.622) .

Age 40 to 44 0.061 0.346 -0.145 0.222(0.830) (0.458) (0.621) (0.588)

Age 45 to 49 (dropped) 0.539 -0.010 0.005. (0.342) (0.982) (0.990)

Age 50 to 54 0.158 0.492 (dropped) -0.398(0.595) (0.267) . (0.137)

Age 55 to 59 0.058 0.321 -0.022 0.047(0.837) (0.492) (0.942) (0.910)


English is first language -0.227 -0.611* -0.862* 0.451(0.399) (0.100) (0.056) (0.449)

Non-English speaking country -0.001 -0.126 -1.070** 0.336(0.998) (0.772) (0.050) (0.520)

NSW 0.172 -0.271 0.071 -0.127(0.188) (0.246) (0.740) (0.619)

VIC 0.200 0.022 0.224 -0.245(0.196) (0.934) (0.336) (0.374)

QLD -0.108 -0.104 0.416 -0.230(0.479) (0.724) (0.133) (0.338)

SA 0.076 -0.164 0.120 -0.315(0.594) (0.454) (0.592) (0.198)

WA 0.055 -0.097 -0.182 -0.031(0.737) (0.735) (0.580) (0.949)

Father born overseas -0.146 -0.505* -0.665 0.512(0.447) (0.082) (0.136) (0.313)


Married 0.002 -0.129 0.052 -0.102(0.981) (0.390) (0.737) (0.454)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.078 -0.062 0.094 0.058(0.545) (0.748) (0.682) (0.765)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.384** -0.258 -0.271 -0.327(0.049) (0.461) (0.408) (0.687)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.028 -0.089 -0.220 -0.197(0.844) (0.688) (0.353) (0.404)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.139 -0.136 0.285 -0.079(0.373) (0.576) (0.297) (0.825)

Union member 0.157 0.270* 0.209 0.068(0.150) (0.092) (0.185) (0.673)

Has disability 0.042 -0.013 0.074 -0.036(0.646) (0.926) (0.634) (0.802)

Constant 0.949** 0.710 1.405*** 6.471***(0.011) (0.186) (0.005) (0.000)



Table 53c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other -0.014 -0.123*** -0.109*** -0.144***(0.552) (0.000) (0.002) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.098 0.019 -0.027 0.438***(0.499) (0.920) (0.883) (0.003)

Age 25 to 29 -0.162 0.070 -0.002 0.577***(0.260) (0.709) (0.993) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.180 -0.057 0.008 0.692***(0.222) (0.769) (0.966) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.217 -0.065 -0.070 0.688***(0.142) (0.736) (0.715) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.230 -0.112 -0.080 0.791***(0.116) (0.558) (0.671) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.165 -0.180 -0.133 0.480***(0.258) (0.344) (0.483) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 -0.179 -0.269 -0.116 0.562***(0.229) (0.170) (0.555) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.224 -0.456** 0.067 0.419*(0.133) (0.021) (0.735) (0.063)



Non-English speaking country -0.224** -0.037 -0.178 -0.097(0.043) (0.814) (0.288) (0.415)

NSW -0.004 -0.005 -0.002 0.046(0.942) (0.934) (0.982) (0.492)

VIC 0.027 -0.084 0.071 -0.060(0.555) (0.174) (0.276) (0.367)

QLD 0.005 -0.122* -0.070 -0.110(0.912) (0.056) (0.298) (0.123)

SA 0.023 -0.114 -0.038 -0.165**(0.642) (0.107) (0.601) (0.032)

WA 0.050 -0.020 0.119 -0.108(0.319) (0.766) (0.100) (0.127)


Mother born overseas -0.062 0.155*** 0.058 -0.106*(0.140) (0.008) (0.328) (0.056)

Married 0.108*** -0.065 -0.006 0.025(0.000) (0.108) (0.890) (0.538)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.290*** -0.371*** -0.350*** 0.031(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.743)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.212*** -0.390*** -0.098 0.034(0.000) (0.000) (0.242) (0.811)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.099** -0.321*** -0.210*** -0.073(0.020) (0.000) (0.001) (0.385)

Child age 10 to 14 0.003 -0.339*** 0.027 -0.164(0.953) (0.000) (0.700) (0.143)

Union member 0.171*** 0.110** 0.269*** 0.026(0.000) (0.016) (0.000) (0.584)

Has disability -0.159*** -0.015 -0.064 -0.107**(0.000) (0.725) (0.140) (0.029)

Constant 1.125*** 0.797*** 0.796*** 5.891***(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 191

Table 54c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business -0.077 -0.025 -0.192** -0.032(0.270) (0.804) (0.046) (0.757)


Age 25 to 29 0.071 0.041 0.124 (dropped)(0.832) (0.928) (0.752) .

Age 30 to 34 0.087 0.392 0.719* 0.499(0.731) (0.304) (0.053) (0.224)

Age 35 to 39 -0.157 0.083 0.141 1.109**(0.571) (0.866) (0.705) (0.032)

Age 40 to 44 0.039 -0.315 0.287 0.895***(0.864) (0.304) (0.261) (0.001)

Age 45 to 49 0.039 -0.084 0.395 0.841***(0.858) (0.782) (0.111) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 -0.095 -0.394 0.199 0.821***(0.651) (0.166) (0.396) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.139 -0.540* 0.446 0.879***(0.543) (0.085) (0.103) (0.002)


English is first language 0.077 -0.056 (dropped) -0.035(0.730) (0.926) . (0.943)


NSW 0.140 -0.190 -0.063 0.063(0.296) (0.300) (0.730) (0.678)

VIC 0.020 -0.002 -0.171 -0.015(0.885) (0.993) (0.369) (0.923)

QLD 0.106 -0.300 -0.205 0.134(0.554) (0.206) (0.393) (0.640)

SA 0.025 -0.217 -0.262 0.293(0.897) (0.347) (0.240) (0.264)

WA 0.063 -0.452 -0.511* (dropped)(0.745) (0.109) (0.054) .

Father born overseas -0.026 0.469* 0.469 -0.139(0.894) (0.063) (0.158) (0.755)


Married 0.131* -0.046 -0.118 -0.223*(0.094) (0.699) (0.289) (0.062)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.355** -0.993*** -0.824** 0.111(0.037) (0.007) (0.041) (0.881)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.057 -0.271 -0.072 -0.247(0.842) (0.531) (0.835) (0.549)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.113 -0.683** -0.600** -0.261(0.472) (0.019) (0.015) (0.726)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.271** -0.151 -0.041 -0.484**(0.021) (0.426) (0.819) (0.034)

Union member 0.127 0.362*** 0.303** 0.069(0.184) (0.008) (0.016) (0.524)

Has disability -0.125 -0.033 0.048 0.002(0.120) (0.788) (0.707) (0.986)

Constant 0.705** 1.026 0.639** 5.878***(0.029) (0.158) (0.022) (0.000)



Table 55c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin -0.000 -0.114 -0.356 0.129. . . .


Age 25 to 29 1.000 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .



Age 40 to 44 (dropped) (dropped) -0.156 (dropped). . . .

Age 45 to 49 1.000 -0.451 0.007 (dropped). . . .


Age 55 to 59 1.000 -0.599 (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Age 60 to 64 -0.000 -0.290 (dropped) (dropped). . . .



NSW -1.000 0.571 (dropped) (dropped). . . .

VIC (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .

QLD 0.000 (dropped) 0.644 (dropped). . . .


WA -1.000 0.174 -0.007 (dropped). . . .

Father born overseas -1.000 -0.848 -1.133 (dropped). . . .


Married -0.000 -0.022 -0.126 (dropped). . . .

Child age 0 to 2 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .


Child age 5 to 9 1.000 (dropped) 0.015 (dropped). . . .

Child age 10 to 14 -0.000 0.873 0.370 (dropped). . . .

Union member 0.000 0.347 0.593 (dropped). . . .

Has disability 0.000 0.362 0.726 -0.067. . . .

Constant 1.000 0.426 0.756 6.430. . . .


NCVER 193

Table 56c:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.029 -0.010 -0.026 -0.090***(0.118) (0.709) (0.342) (0.002)

Age 20 to 24 -0.017 0.109 0.132 0.403***(0.830) (0.280) (0.196) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.018 0.165 0.129 0.611***(0.820) (0.102) (0.203) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.061 0.113 0.166 0.616***(0.444) (0.268) (0.109) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.085 0.065 0.135 0.697***(0.299) (0.535) (0.208) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.016 -0.015 0.139 0.683***(0.841) (0.887) (0.191) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.002 0.055 0.174* 0.690***(0.984) (0.592) (0.096) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.054 -0.171* 0.040 0.493***(0.503) (0.098) (0.704) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.071 -0.328*** 0.063 0.580***(0.394) (0.002) (0.584) (0.000)


English is first language -0.010 -0.013 -0.163** 0.061(0.827) (0.838) (0.015) (0.410)

Non-English speaking country -0.214*** 0.196** -0.024 -0.002(0.000) (0.021) (0.777) (0.985)

NSW 0.001 -0.063 -0.048 0.049(0.967) (0.136) (0.291) (0.307)

VIC -0.014 -0.094** 0.044 -0.034(0.674) (0.036) (0.363) (0.495)

QLD 0.011 -0.122*** -0.093** -0.146***(0.730) (0.005) (0.049) (0.003)

SA -0.026 -0.083 -0.025 -0.111**(0.484) (0.104) (0.627) (0.043)

WA 0.044 -0.111** -0.005 -0.055(0.197) (0.017) (0.916) (0.292)



Married 0.075*** -0.079** 0.022 -0.018(0.001) (0.012) (0.489) (0.580)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.315*** -0.385*** -0.197*** -0.116**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.045)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.229*** -0.518*** -0.261*** -0.015(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.891)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.164*** -0.375*** -0.250*** 0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.963)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.076** -0.330*** -0.124** -0.151**(0.029) (0.000) (0.020) (0.017)

Union member 0.183*** 0.077** 0.188*** 0.003(0.000) (0.042) (0.000) (0.942)

Has disability -0.124*** 0.007 -0.018 -0.089***(0.000) (0.811) (0.580) (0.010)

Constant 0.898*** 0.721*** 0.772*** 5.939***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 57c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.050 0.092* 0.160*** 0.160***

(0.182) (0.076) (0.002) (0.002)Age 20 to 24 0.219* 0.215 0.167 -0.328

(0.057) (0.179) (0.326) (0.126)Age 25 to 29 0.093 0.484*** 0.346** -0.161

(0.349) (0.001) (0.023) (0.433)Age 30 to 34 0.137 0.331** 0.384** -0.056

(0.172) (0.019) (0.013) (0.784)Age 35 to 39 0.130 0.341** 0.384** -0.035

(0.200) (0.019) (0.012) (0.867)Age 40 to 44 0.083 0.329** 0.238 -0.218

(0.435) (0.029) (0.127) (0.305)Age 45 to 49 0.165 0.070 0.062 -0.035

(0.119) (0.639) (0.689) (0.868)Age 50 to 54 0.157 0.071 0.269* 0.046

(0.134) (0.644) (0.095) (0.833)Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.104

. . . (0.689)Age 60 to 64 -0.388*** 0.251 0.314 (dropped)

(0.008) (0.324) (0.324) .English is first language -0.126* 0.055 0.009 0.005

(0.086) (0.589) (0.921) (0.956)Non-English speaking country -0.089 -0.103 -0.133 0.049

(0.283) (0.375) (0.325) (0.730)NSW 0.001 -0.175* -0.033 -0.069

(0.986) (0.084) (0.722) (0.486)VIC -0.050 -0.093 -0.049 -0.091

(0.493) (0.361) (0.597) (0.308)QLD -0.105 -0.074 -0.186* -0.161

(0.170) (0.493) (0.067) (0.106)SA -0.046 -0.243** -0.155 0.063

(0.600) (0.048) (0.167) (0.579)WA -0.005 -0.237* -0.095 -0.043


(0.871) (0.771) (0.131) (0.208)Mother born overseas -0.012 0.056 0.040 -0.188**

(0.867) (0.529) (0.663) (0.040)Married 0.142*** -0.123* 0.029 -0.038

(0.003) (0.063) (0.665) (0.505)Child age 0 to 2 -0.194*** -0.420*** -0.244*** -0.068

(0.002) (0.000) (0.008) (0.532)Child age 3 to 4 -0.192** -0.396*** -0.063 -0.119

(0.036) (0.004) (0.642) (0.536)Child age 5 to 9 -0.032 -0.501*** -0.226*** 0.151

(0.627) (0.000) (0.007) (0.113)Child age 10 to 14 -0.072 -0.215** -0.151 -0.080

(0.343) (0.037) (0.138) (0.396)Union member 0.114** 0.211*** 0.232*** 0.024

(0.038) (0.003) (0.001) (0.699)Has disability -0.068 0.025 0.030 0.013

(0.206) (0.741) (0.699) (0.862)Constant 0.827*** 0.514*** 0.512*** 6.801***


NCVER 195

Table 58c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.011 0.382 -0.036 0.194

(0.979) (0.593) (0.942) .Age 20 to 24 0.230 1.010 0.739 -0.999


. . . .Age 30 to 34 -0.156 0.386 0.044 -0.057

(0.903) (0.887) (0.977) .Age 35 to 39 -0.011 1.524 0.749 0.248


. . . .Age 45 to 49 -0.197 0.532 -0.076 0.145

(0.898) (0.843) (0.965) .Age 50 to 54 0.048 1.283 1.028 -0.439

(0.972) (0.579) (0.534) .Age 55 to 59 -0.148 0.399 -0.365 0.344


. . . .English is first language 0.304 0.967 -0.818 (dropped)

(0.830) (0.609) (0.569) .Non-English speaking country 0.251 1.012 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.892) (0.635) . .NSW (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .VIC -0.064 -0.673 -0.521 0.035

(0.925) (0.388) (0.515) .QLD -0.113 -1.033 -0.963 0.411

(0.922) (0.591) (0.401) .SA 0.088 -1.058 -0.284 (dropped)

(0.889) (0.671) (0.702) .WA 0.262 -0.394 0.518 -0.667

(0.816) (0.888) (0.678) .Father born overseas -0.005 -0.836 -0.449 -0.152

(0.994) (0.388) (0.546) .Mother born overseas -0.095 0.014 -0.226 0.451

(0.910) (0.993) (0.792) .Married 0.104 -0.067 -0.107 0.124

(0.792) (0.927) (0.824) .Child age 0 to 2 0.085 -0.082 0.313 -0.233

(0.916) (0.948) (0.735) .Child age 3 to 4 0.129 -0.776 0.779 (dropped)

(0.936) (0.746) (0.461) .Child age 5 to 9 0.057 0.214 0.522 0.039

(0.936) (0.867) (0.540) .Child age 10 to 14 0.082 -0.471 0.090 (dropped)

(0.873) (0.528) (0.883) .Union member 0.144 -0.363 0.106 -0.110

(0.788) (0.688) (0.871) .Has disability 0.003 0.155 -0.056 -0.140

(0.995) (0.882) (0.916) .Constant 0.619 -0.509 1.666 6.698



Table 59c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.010 -0.018 0.064* 0.128***

(0.644) (0.587) (0.053) (0.001)Age 20 to 24 -0.025 0.017 0.110 0.075

(0.913) (0.957) (0.717) (0.752)Age 25 to 29 0.005 0.127 0.109 0.287

(0.983) (0.694) (0.720) (0.226)Age 30 to 34 0.002 0.068 0.263 0.362

(0.994) (0.833) (0.385) (0.127)Age 35 to 39 0.014 -0.005 0.207 0.422*

(0.953) (0.989) (0.498) (0.084)Age 40 to 44 -0.064 -0.037 0.198 0.369

(0.781) (0.908) (0.514) (0.123)Age 45 to 49 -0.004 -0.191 0.081 0.351

(0.985) (0.553) (0.788) (0.139)Age 50 to 54 -0.023 -0.259 0.049 0.458*

(0.921) (0.424) (0.873) (0.059)Age 55 to 59 -0.085 -0.409 0.013 0.471*

(0.711) (0.206) (0.965) (0.064)Age 60 to 64 -0.281 -0.181 -0.064 0.474*


(0.216) (0.951) (0.461) (0.835)Non-English speaking country -0.228*** -0.000 -0.180* 0.107

(0.001) (0.999) (0.067) (0.417)NSW -0.004 -0.083 -0.038 -0.091

(0.927) (0.149) (0.509) (0.201)VIC 0.005 -0.015 0.128** -0.018

(0.909) (0.797) (0.030) (0.791)QLD -0.033 -0.066 -0.008 -0.138**

(0.394) (0.245) (0.893) (0.040)SA -0.041 -0.118* -0.074 -0.151**

(0.384) (0.089) (0.284) (0.042)WA 0.016 -0.166*** 0.067 -0.041


(0.134) (0.809) (0.494) (0.574)Mother born overseas -0.007 -0.024 -0.058 -0.001

(0.839) (0.651) (0.269) (0.985)Married 0.055** -0.176*** -0.015 -0.053

(0.044) (0.000) (0.719) (0.215)Child age 0 to 2 -0.246*** -0.298*** -0.265*** 0.103

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.188)Child age 3 to 4 -0.256*** -0.381*** -0.181* 0.009

(0.000) (0.000) (0.068) (0.956)Child age 5 to 9 -0.092** -0.371*** -0.267*** 0.061

(0.022) (0.000) (0.000) (0.448)Child age 10 to 14 -0.088** -0.191*** -0.171*** 0.050

(0.022) (0.000) (0.003) (0.483)Union member 0.140*** 0.127*** 0.273*** 0.049

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.259)Has disability -0.088*** -0.100** -0.061 -0.021

(0.001) (0.017) (0.162) (0.676)Constant 0.988*** 0.855** 0.533* 6.321***


NCVER 197

Table 60c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.051* 0.161*** 0.173*** 0.019(0.059) (0.000) (0.000) (0.527)

Age 20 to 24 -0.010 0.047 0.195 0.122(0.935) (0.780) (0.214) (0.285)

Age 25 to 29 -0.022 0.153 0.310** 0.297**(0.855) (0.362) (0.048) (0.010)

Age 30 to 34 -0.046 -0.044 0.287* 0.266**(0.703) (0.803) (0.081) (0.033)

Age 35 to 39 -0.082 -0.063 0.251 0.388***(0.503) (0.722) (0.130) (0.002)

Age 40 to 44 -0.047 -0.030 0.264 0.340***(0.709) (0.867) (0.118) (0.008)

Age 45 to 49 -0.018 -0.251 0.235 0.292**(0.883) (0.146) (0.149) (0.016)

Age 50 to 54 0.005 -0.093 0.211 0.432***(0.971) (0.594) (0.199) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.046 -0.487*** 0.030 0.287**(0.719) (0.008) (0.860) (0.044)

Age 60 to 64 -0.130 -0.031 0.452* 0.396**(0.474) (0.911) (0.063) (0.041)

English is first language -0.127** 0.042 0.096 0.095(0.048) (0.661) (0.310) (0.206)

Non-English speaking country -0.145* -0.109 -0.092 -0.143(0.051) (0.361) (0.437) (0.231)

NSW -0.103** -0.085 -0.040 -0.032(0.034) (0.227) (0.554) (0.573)

VIC -0.067 -0.063 0.114 -0.054(0.174) (0.385) (0.104) (0.350)

QLD -0.012 0.028 -0.058 -0.158***(0.791) (0.666) (0.363) (0.002)

SA -0.078 -0.030 -0.156** -0.105(0.175) (0.718) (0.048) (0.102)

WA 0.005 -0.100 -0.009 -0.164**(0.934) (0.251) (0.912) (0.014)

Father born overseas 0.009 0.157** 0.032 0.008(0.838) (0.024) (0.642) (0.887)

Mother born overseas -0.007 -0.133* -0.033 0.004(0.891) (0.075) (0.665) (0.950)

Married 0.034 -0.084* 0.039 -0.050(0.280) (0.073) (0.397) (0.140)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.177*** -0.314*** -0.155** 0.022(0.000) (0.000) (0.022) (0.723)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.257*** -0.600*** -0.357*** -0.237(0.000) (0.000) (0.006) (0.236)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.045 -0.258*** -0.114 0.079(0.381) (0.001) (0.156) (0.266)

Child age 10 to 14 0.004 -0.192*** -0.086 -0.087(0.934) (0.009) (0.271) (0.230)

Union member 0.116*** 0.121** 0.188*** 0.037(0.003) (0.030) (0.000) (0.390)

Has disability -0.075** -0.102** -0.027 -0.041(0.025) (0.047) (0.581) (0.303)

_cons 1.074*** 0.684*** 0.358* 6.315***(0.000) (0.001) (0.058) (0.000)



Table 61c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.061 -0.020 -0.010 -0.053(0.370) (0.849) (0.935) (0.763)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.398 -0.423 0.169. (0.232) (0.394) (0.826)

Age 25 to 29 0.019 0.135 -0.216 0.628(0.925) (0.625) (0.625) (0.372)

Age 30 to 34 0.067 -0.021 -0.245 0.569(0.768) (0.942) (0.583) (0.501)

Age 35 to 39 0.080 -0.040 -0.284 0.997(0.702) (0.887) (0.528) (0.214)

Age 40 to 44 -0.031 0.056 -0.360 0.754(0.885) (0.827) (0.377) (0.254)

Age 45 to 49 0.097 -0.293 -0.492 (dropped)(0.651) (0.281) (0.270) .

Age 50 to 54 0.024 -0.011 -0.150 0.751(0.914) (0.967) (0.714) (0.256)



English is first language -0.044 0.255 0.190 (dropped)(0.842) (0.430) (0.563) .

Non-English speaking country 0.091 -1.097** 0.519 (dropped)(0.736) (0.044) (0.374) .

NSW -0.091 -0.023 0.017 0.017(0.494) (0.910) (0.949) (0.966)

VIC -0.046 0.136 0.293 -0.273(0.778) (0.566) (0.298) (0.589)

QLD -0.061 0.073 0.235 0.074(0.686) (0.748) (0.381) (0.870)

SA -0.107 0.189 -0.046 0.154(0.442) (0.367) (0.856) (0.738)

WA -0.115 -0.021 0.200 -0.280(0.454) (0.924) (0.455) (0.613)



Married 0.022 -0.095 0.149 -0.083(0.819) (0.495) (0.359) (0.695)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.225* -0.293 -0.324 0.271(0.067) (0.137) (0.159) (0.505)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.199 -0.508 -0.506 -0.282(0.309) (0.101) (0.177) (0.843)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.206 -0.397* -0.336 0.335(0.147) (0.068) (0.142) (0.675)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.047 -0.240 -0.160 -0.318(0.689) (0.142) (0.407) (0.343)

Union member 0.086 0.149 0.349** 0.432(0.414) (0.322) (0.025) (0.170)

Has disability -0.002 -0.212 -0.259 -0.025(0.987) (0.141) (0.111) (0.945)

_cons 0.979*** 0.370 0.621 5.944***(0.002) (0.410) (0.219) (0.000)


NCVER 199

Table 62c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.004 -0.096*** -0.016 -0.087**(0.869) (0.003) (0.659) (0.018)

Age 20 to 24 0.076 0.115 0.092 0.258***(0.308) (0.294) (0.428) (0.002)

Age 25 to 29 0.107 0.191* 0.122 0.443***(0.163) (0.091) (0.313) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.094 0.039 0.231* 0.474***(0.220) (0.733) (0.064) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.082 0.049 0.201 0.522***(0.292) (0.673) (0.114) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.073 0.036 0.158 0.517***(0.345) (0.755) (0.205) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.118 -0.167 0.092 0.420***(0.122) (0.140) (0.450) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.091 -0.099 0.225* 0.361***(0.242) (0.386) (0.070) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.033 -0.312*** -0.010 0.559***(0.678) (0.009) (0.937) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.243** -0.006 -0.044 0.308**(0.025) (0.969) (0.832) (0.046)

English is first language 0.066 -0.148* -0.082 0.060(0.279) (0.095) (0.507) (0.591)


NSW 0.024 -0.006 0.048 0.020(0.570) (0.926) (0.484) (0.757)

VIC 0.086** -0.071 0.059 -0.105(0.036) (0.227) (0.365) (0.120)

QLD 0.009 -0.056 -0.062 -0.110*(0.833) (0.335) (0.328) (0.091)

SA 0.057 -0.083 -0.049 -0.095(0.222) (0.202) (0.491) (0.214)

WA 0.040 -0.056 -0.019 -0.137*(0.350) (0.374) (0.776) (0.053)

Father born overseas -0.027 0.040 0.021 -0.132**(0.436) (0.448) (0.713) (0.046)


Married 0.042* -0.157*** 0.002 0.010(0.099) (0.000) (0.966) (0.798)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.244*** -0.313*** -0.094 -0.075(0.000) (0.000) (0.210) (0.360)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.205*** -0.460*** -0.209** -0.153(0.000) (0.000) (0.033) (0.290)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.043 -0.309*** -0.232*** -0.019(0.258) (0.000) (0.000) (0.821)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.008 -0.251*** -0.074 -0.015(0.843) (0.000) (0.233) (0.857)

Union member 0.141*** 0.062 0.207*** 0.046(0.000) (0.134) (0.000) (0.317)

Has disability -0.099*** -0.065* -0.088** -0.014(0.000) (0.096) (0.045) (0.783)

Constant 0.701*** 0.906*** 0.670*** 6.199***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 63c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business -0.022 0.005 0.061* 0.023(0.315) (0.878) (0.067) (0.504)

Age 20 to 24 0.038 0.115 -0.039 0.226**(0.700) (0.468) (0.779) (0.050)

Age 25 to 29 -0.035 0.092 0.154 0.477***(0.727) (0.567) (0.267) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.024 0.074 0.108 0.562***(0.805) (0.632) (0.421) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.095 -0.023 0.103 0.638***(0.322) (0.880) (0.436) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.040 -0.082 -0.024 0.458***(0.677) (0.592) (0.856) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.019 -0.195 -0.047 0.531***(0.837) (0.197) (0.715) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.007 -0.122 0.116 0.556***(0.938) (0.427) (0.383) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.064 -0.240 -0.113 0.571***(0.511) (0.127) (0.415) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.135 -0.315* -0.293* 0.573***(0.212) (0.066) (0.058) (0.000)



NSW 0.009 -0.090 -0.040 -0.063(0.821) (0.117) (0.497) (0.252)

VIC 0.023 -0.132* 0.029 -0.114(0.627) (0.059) (0.693) (0.131)

QLD 0.034 -0.102 -0.073 -0.161**(0.424) (0.107) (0.249) (0.010)

SA -0.033 -0.192** -0.164** -0.087(0.514) (0.014) (0.036) (0.303)

WA 0.023 -0.088 -0.059 -0.169***(0.609) (0.185) (0.374) (0.009)


Mother born overseas 0.083** -0.017 -0.032 0.008(0.049) (0.783) (0.601) (0.902)

Married 0.085*** -0.120*** -0.061 -0.137***(0.002) (0.005) (0.157) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.321*** -0.327*** -0.228*** -0.029(0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.701)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.262*** -0.455*** -0.185** -0.110(0.000) (0.000) (0.032) (0.423)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.048 -0.322*** -0.115** -0.061(0.216) (0.000) (0.040) (0.350)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.152*** -0.172*** -0.060 -0.063(0.000) (0.001) (0.272) (0.316)

Union member 0.142*** 0.144*** 0.256*** -0.005(0.000) (0.002) (0.000) (0.908)

Has disability -0.053* -0.051 0.016 -0.047(0.054) (0.223) (0.704) (0.325)

Constant 0.784*** 0.792*** 0.766*** 6.171***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 201

Table 64c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin 0.007 -0.234 -0.040 -0.707(0.966) (0.517) (0.925) .




Age 35 to 39 0.483 0.033 -0.208 -0.085(0.376) (0.978) (0.857) .

Age 40 to 44 (dropped) -0.575 -1.252 (dropped). (0.708) (0.392) .

Age 45 to 49 0.294 -0.534 -0.579 (dropped)(0.534) (0.511) (0.448) .

Age 50 to 54 0.144 0.085 (dropped) -0.306(0.757) (0.920) . .



English is first language -0.321 -0.783 -0.566 (dropped)(0.565) (0.470) (0.623) .


NSW -0.388 -0.321 -0.604 (dropped)(0.446) (0.869) (0.666) .

VIC -0.465 -0.699 -0.403 (dropped)(0.530) (0.719) (0.791) .

QLD -0.148 -0.543 -0.648 (dropped)(0.808) (0.712) (0.594) .




Mother born overseas -0.082 -0.222 (dropped) (dropped)(0.922) (0.837) . .

Married 0.206 -0.336 0.171 -0.204(0.378) (0.508) (0.771) .


Child age 3 to 4 -0.029 -0.239 0.178 (dropped)(0.951) (0.800) (0.853) .


Child age 10 to 14 0.085 -0.201 0.166 0.463(0.774) (0.694) (0.748) .

Union member 0.139 0.015 0.183 (dropped)(0.648) (0.979) (0.746) .

Has disability -0.123 0.154 0.419 0.717(0.644) (0.790) (0.485) .

Constant 1.096 2.279 1.906 7.208(0.117) (0.270) (0.330) .



Table 65c:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Year 12 Completion by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.085** -0.063 -0.001 -0.084(0.026) (0.269) (0.988) (0.158)

Age 20 to 24 0.004 0.175 0.065 0.230*(0.964) (0.214) (0.642) (0.051)

Age 25 to 29 0.008 0.252* 0.103 0.607***(0.943) (0.094) (0.531) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.093 0.090 0.119 0.412***(0.372) (0.558) (0.451) (0.003)

Age 35 to 39 0.064 -0.103 0.150 0.372**(0.536) (0.503) (0.335) (0.046)

Age 40 to 44 0.047 -0.065 -0.076 0.586***(0.650) (0.661) (0.635) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.009 -0.122 0.048 0.447***(0.926) (0.391) (0.750) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 0.041 -0.013 0.075 0.430***(0.714) (0.933) (0.639) (0.003)

Age 55 to 59 -0.084 -0.236 0.077 0.390(0.452) (0.156) (0.658) (0.127)

Age 60 to 64 -0.355** -0.049 -0.362 0.502(0.020) (0.840) (0.308) (0.180)


Non-English speaking country -0.084 0.266* -0.112 0.065(0.447) (0.082) (0.562) (0.704)

NSW 0.003 -0.103 -0.166 -0.011(0.958) (0.270) (0.106) (0.917)

VIC 0.021 0.006 0.100 0.001(0.735) (0.951) (0.307) (0.994)

QLD -0.018 -0.068 -0.278*** -0.195*(0.780) (0.488) (0.009) (0.067)

SA 0.064 -0.159 -0.267** -0.161(0.393) (0.158) (0.023) (0.196)

WA 0.011 -0.093 0.008 -0.110(0.879) (0.377) (0.940) (0.313)



Married 0.114** -0.050 0.081 0.060(0.014) (0.464) (0.281) (0.395)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.438*** -0.393*** -0.335** -0.150(0.000) (0.002) (0.016) (0.393)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.417*** -0.575*** -0.280 0.004(0.000) (0.006) (0.171) (0.993)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.199*** -0.294** -0.249** 0.051(0.008) (0.010) (0.033) (0.734)

Child age 10 to 14 0.013 -0.277*** -0.075 -0.222*(0.835) (0.003) (0.460) (0.083)

Union member 0.172*** -0.064 0.208*** -0.005(0.001) (0.376) (0.005) (0.956)

Has disability -0.143*** 0.030 -0.123 0.003(0.002) (0.674) (0.118) (0.970)

Constant 0.918*** 0.701*** 0.571*** 6.510***(0.000) (0.000) (0.008) (0.000)


NCVER 203

Section D: Using Less than Year 12as the Comparison Group, Females


Table 1d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.052 0.127* -0.031 -0.085(0.237) (0.059) (0.667) (0.235)

Age 25 to 29 0.040 0.236*** 0.054 0.069(0.334) (0.000) (0.436) (0.308)

Age 30 to 34 0.077* 0.204*** 0.017 0.089(0.069) (0.002) (0.808) (0.203)

Age 35 to 39 0.112*** 0.129** 0.028 0.159**(0.007) (0.049) (0.687) (0.023)

Age 40 to 44 0.055 0.132* -0.012 0.153**(0.199) (0.051) (0.872) (0.032)

Age 45 to 49 0.050 0.068 0.060 0.129*(0.249) (0.316) (0.413) (0.072)

Age 50 to 54 (dropped) 0.014 -0.052 0.170**. (0.842) (0.498) (0.023)


Capital City 0.027 0.078*** 0.065** 0.063**(0.203) (0.006) (0.016) (0.033)

Non-English speaking country 0.078* -0.014 0.044 -0.045(0.065) (0.815) (0.392) (0.420)

English is first language 0.051 -0.028 -0.003 0.118**(0.150) (0.574) (0.949) (0.018)

NSW -0.012 0.060* 0.004 -0.012(0.656) (0.094) (0.917) (0.720)

VIC -0.011 0.059 0.024 -0.076**(0.697) (0.107) (0.501) (0.034)

QLD -0.021 0.035 -0.067* -0.067(0.508) (0.394) (0.092) (0.106)

SA -0.012 -0.015 -0.080** -0.075*(0.723) (0.724) (0.048) (0.078)

WA 0.001 0.021 0.070* -0.028(0.968) (0.613) (0.086) (0.497)

Married 0.097*** -0.098*** 0.005 0.043*(0.000) (0.000) (0.841) (0.077)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.246*** -0.380*** -0.171*** 0.019(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.684)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.207*** -0.391*** -0.210*** 0.032(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.641)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.139*** -0.326*** -0.203*** -0.069(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.139)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.066** -0.222*** -0.110*** -0.024(0.050) (0.000) (0.007) (0.597)

Union member 0.208*** 0.108*** 0.235*** 0.033(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.155)

Constant 0.564*** 0.526*** 0.584*** 5.817***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 205

Table 2d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.097*** 0.090** 0.031 0.067(0.006) (0.037) (0.487) (0.218)

Age 20 to 24 0.146 0.244 0.099 0.516*(0.374) (0.288) (0.669) (0.082)

Age 25 to 29 0.147 0.204 0.169 0.615**(0.374) (0.375) (0.468) (0.039)

Age 30 to 34 0.163 0.228 0.102 0.639**(0.342) (0.337) (0.675) (0.041)

Age 35 to 39 0.195 0.115 0.174 0.692**(0.254) (0.626) (0.469) (0.025)

Age 40 to 44 0.082 0.042 -0.009 0.826**(0.634) (0.861) (0.972) (0.011)

Age 45 to 49 0.080 -0.079 -0.011 0.782**(0.640) (0.741) (0.964) (0.013)

Age 50 to 54 0.093 0.114 0.112 0.574*(0.596) (0.637) (0.649) (0.068)

Age 55 to 64 -0.039 -0.107 -0.035 0.503(0.829) (0.663) (0.888) (0.130)

Capital City 0.032 0.057 0.053 0.128*(0.436) (0.262) (0.335) (0.074)

Non-English speaking country 0.057 0.002 0.096 0.033(0.677) (0.993) (0.590) (0.927)


NSW 0.061 -0.068 -0.037 0.060(0.286) (0.350) (0.629) (0.493)

VIC 0.016 -0.029 0.015 -0.032(0.794) (0.711) (0.853) (0.730)

QLD 0.046 -0.003 -0.137 -0.061(0.484) (0.969) (0.107) (0.551)

SA 0.028 -0.184** -0.184** -0.205*(0.688) (0.038) (0.038) (0.081)

WA 0.045 -0.057 0.149 -0.051(0.520) (0.525) (0.125) (0.655)

Married 0.098** -0.047 -0.018 0.064(0.015) (0.358) (0.729) (0.297)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.372*** -0.365*** -0.161* -0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.058) (0.984)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.296*** -0.358*** -0.397*** 0.141(0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.438)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.205*** -0.412*** -0.329*** 0.057(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.740)

Child age 10 to 14 0.007 -0.280*** -0.068 -0.068(0.920) (0.001) (0.429) (0.612)

Union member 0.243*** 0.046 0.203*** 0.080(0.000) (0.357) (0.000) (0.161)

Constant 0.383* 0.523* 0.535* 5.230***(0.069) (0.064) (0.069) (0.000)



Table 3d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.115*** 0.020 0.028 0.167***

(0.000) (0.550) (0.444) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.007 0.065 0.018 0.370***

(0.963) (0.742) (0.926) (0.008)Age 25 to 29 -0.054 0.061 -0.028 0.429***

(0.724) (0.759) (0.884) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 -0.042 -0.034 -0.186 0.439***

(0.781) (0.863) (0.347) (0.003)Age 35 to 39 -0.052 -0.095 -0.121 0.573***

(0.736) (0.641) (0.547) (0.001)Age 40 to 44 -0.037 -0.083 -0.084 0.512***

(0.808) (0.678) (0.668) (0.001)Age 45 to 49 -0.091 -0.148 -0.138 0.576***

(0.549) (0.461) (0.485) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.113 -0.182 -0.078 0.509***

(0.463) (0.367) (0.696) (0.001)Age 55 to 64 -0.111 -0.235 -0.130 0.402**

(0.474) (0.251) (0.541) (0.014)Capital City 0.033 0.043 0.093** 0.136***



(0.464) (0.990) (0.730) (0.966)NSW 0.004 0.014 0.007 -0.037

(0.936) (0.801) (0.901) (0.562)VIC -0.050 0.047 0.061 -0.053

(0.304) (0.433) (0.342) (0.474)QLD -0.022 0.075 0.021 -0.067

(0.651) (0.220) (0.749) (0.362)SA -0.027 -0.045 -0.103 -0.082

(0.631) (0.508) (0.171) (0.301)WA -0.050 0.022 0.102 -0.048

(0.379) (0.753) (0.151) (0.517)Married 0.085*** -0.116*** -0.062 0.052

(0.009) (0.005) (0.145) (0.206)Child age 0 to 2 -0.295*** -0.427*** -0.258*** -0.029

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.782)Child age 3 to 4 -0.179*** -0.356*** -0.180* -0.049

(0.005) (0.000) (0.058) (0.768)Child age 5 to 9 -0.114** -0.303*** -0.182*** -0.180**

(0.022) (0.000) (0.007) (0.028)Child age 10 to 14 -0.047 -0.256*** -0.104 0.057

(0.334) (0.000) (0.131) (0.550)Union member 0.267*** 0.094** 0.242*** 0.074*

(0.000) (0.019) (0.000) (0.068)Constant 0.780*** 0.722*** 0.633*** 5.499***


NCVER 207

Table 4d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.082*** -0.016 0.074*** 0.075***

(0.000) (0.539) (0.004) (0.007)Age 20 to 24 0.061 0.095 0.027 0.474***

(0.274) (0.170) (0.683) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.124** 0.081 0.030 0.621***

(0.030) (0.257) (0.664) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.108* 0.048 0.005 0.616***

(0.077) (0.542) (0.946) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.136** 0.006 -0.026 0.592***

(0.024) (0.934) (0.722) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.108* -0.034 0.015 0.618***

(0.071) (0.649) (0.832) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.097 -0.178** -0.048 0.588***

(0.123) (0.023) (0.532) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.095 -0.166** 0.006 0.598***

(0.153) (0.044) (0.937) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 0.006 -0.234*** -0.045 0.558***

(0.934) (0.009) (0.632) (0.000)Capital City 0.036 0.065** 0.081*** 0.107***

(0.103) (0.022) (0.004) (0.001)Non-English speaking country -0.124** 0.038 0.069 -0.012

(0.019) (0.620) (0.329) (0.897)English is first language -0.073* 0.015 0.047 0.093

(0.098) (0.804) (0.390) (0.152)NSW -0.012 -0.056 -0.039 -0.005

(0.720) (0.193) (0.360) (0.914)VIC -0.015 -0.027 0.008 0.014

(0.695) (0.562) (0.871) (0.782)QLD -0.002 -0.040 -0.081* -0.022

(0.956) (0.425) (0.099) (0.689)SA -0.032 -0.126** -0.066 -0.063

(0.437) (0.017) (0.204) (0.274)WA -0.041 -0.035 0.043 -0.042

(0.316) (0.518) (0.415) (0.467)Married 0.080*** -0.113*** -0.016 -0.005

(0.001) (0.000) (0.599) (0.866)Child age 0 to 2 -0.328*** -0.313*** -0.242*** -0.007

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.920)Child age 3 to 4 -0.225*** -0.356*** -0.254*** -0.014

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.877)Child age 5 to 9 -0.139*** -0.384*** -0.218*** -0.073

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.320)Child age 10 to 14 -0.098** -0.201*** -0.155*** 0.036

(0.011) (0.000) (0.001) (0.545)Union member 0.283*** 0.010 0.207*** 0.019

(0.000) (0.747) (0.000) (0.519)Constant 0.654*** 0.748*** 0.585*** 5.321***






Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.065 0.424*** 0.101 -0.246***(0.180) (0.000) (0.121) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.074 0.501*** 0.149** -0.078(0.110) (0.000) (0.019) (0.242)

Age 30 to 34 0.089* 0.426*** 0.148** -0.014(0.062) (0.000) (0.024) (0.838)

Age 35 to 39 0.111** 0.339*** 0.155** 0.019(0.019) (0.003) (0.017) (0.782)

Age 40 to 44 0.102** 0.298** 0.172*** 0.055(0.031) (0.010) (0.008) (0.424)

Age 45 to 49 0.087* 0.314*** 0.128* 0.062(0.071) (0.007) (0.051) (0.366)

Age 50 to 54 0.072 0.219* 0.140** 0.053(0.144) (0.061) (0.036) (0.446)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) 0.096 (dropped) (dropped). (0.445) . .

Age 60 to 64 0.032 (dropped) -0.239** -0.190(0.690) . (0.041) (0.309)

English is first language -0.048 -0.019 -0.064* 0.021(0.113) (0.651) (0.091) (0.535)

Non-English speaking country -0.051 -0.008 -0.129*** 0.050(0.180) (0.878) (0.009) (0.244)

NSW -0.003 -0.047 0.026 -0.007(0.907) (0.160) (0.410) (0.807)

VIC 0.030 -0.018 0.065** 0.013(0.225) (0.580) (0.039) (0.641)

QLD 0.017 -0.008 -0.025 -0.012(0.525) (0.837) (0.464) (0.695)

SA 0.008 -0.117*** -0.058 -0.001(0.788) (0.006) (0.139) (0.975)

WA 0.021 -0.054 0.032 0.010(0.499) (0.210) (0.419) (0.792)

Married 0.099*** -0.066*** 0.049** -0.005(0.000) (0.009) (0.033) (0.789)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.243*** -0.360*** -0.148*** 0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.941)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.164*** -0.306*** -0.212*** -0.062(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.197)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.173*** -0.240*** -0.216*** -0.042(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.231)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.118*** -0.133*** -0.093*** -0.056*(0.000) (0.000) (0.010) (0.087)

Union member 0.183*** 0.167*** 0.231*** 0.039**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.044)

Has disability -0.062*** -0.054* -0.056** -0.028(0.002) (0.059) (0.037) (0.274)

Constant 0.677*** 0.268** 0.494*** 6.216***(0.000) (0.029) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 209

Table 6d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.103*** 0.129*** 0.129*** 0.141***(0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.062 -0.043 0.302 0.291*(0.752) (0.855) (0.181) (0.075)

Age 25 to 29 0.045 -0.055 0.318 0.431***(0.819) (0.817) (0.163) (0.010)

Age 30 to 34 0.016 -0.089 0.243 0.618***(0.936) (0.713) (0.293) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.081 -0.204 0.245 0.481***(0.689) (0.397) (0.292) (0.006)

Age 40 to 44 0.046 -0.141 0.377 0.540***(0.820) (0.561) (0.109) (0.002)

Age 45 to 49 0.005 -0.315 0.285 0.543***(0.978) (0.189) (0.220) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 -0.022 -0.320 0.204 0.503***(0.916) (0.190) (0.389) (0.005)

Age 55 to 59 0.045 -0.207 0.224 0.441**(0.850) (0.463) (0.410) (0.033)

Age 60 to 64 -0.068 -0.678** -0.203 (dropped)(0.776) (0.039) (0.487) .



NSW -0.021 -0.114 -0.008 -0.058(0.736) (0.149) (0.909) (0.371)

VIC 0.018 -0.086 0.010 -0.033(0.776) (0.284) (0.900) (0.612)

QLD 0.017 -0.239*** -0.178** 0.008(0.806) (0.005) (0.033) (0.923)

SA -0.096 -0.218** -0.111 -0.038(0.203) (0.025) (0.221) (0.661)

WA 0.022 -0.085 -0.044 0.048(0.760) (0.352) (0.619) (0.522)

Married 0.131*** -0.032 0.045 -0.036(0.001) (0.518) (0.332) (0.384)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.267*** -0.299*** -0.172** 0.031(0.000) (0.000) (0.014) (0.671)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.242*** -0.505*** -0.358*** 0.032(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.835)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.274*** -0.268*** -0.234*** -0.042(0.000) (0.005) (0.006) (0.647)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.060 -0.090 -0.116 -0.069(0.341) (0.254) (0.137) (0.335)

Union member 0.265*** 0.034 0.206*** 0.080*(0.000) (0.505) (0.000) (0.076)

Has disability -0.121*** -0.060 -0.040 -0.042(0.005) (0.297) (0.457) (0.416)

Constant 0.604*** 0.930*** 0.491** 5.809***(0.005) (0.000) (0.048) (0.000)



Table 7d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.111*** -0.036 0.063 0.028

(0.002) (0.434) (0.219) (0.575)Age 20 to 24 0.019 0.069 0.232 0.274**

(0.888) (0.667) (0.159) (0.028)Age 25 to 29 0.090 0.045 0.166 0.318**

(0.508) (0.790) (0.334) (0.018)Age 30 to 34 0.172 -0.016 0.312* 0.531***

(0.199) (0.921) (0.064) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.135 -0.210 0.236 0.621**

(0.328) (0.221) (0.188) (0.016)Age 40 to 44 0.163 -0.140 0.288* 0.532***

(0.236) (0.406) (0.097) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.101 -0.217 0.171 0.459***

(0.461) (0.194) (0.319) (0.002)Age 50 to 54 0.087 -0.278* 0.189 0.326**

(0.528) (0.098) (0.286) (0.023)Age 55 to 59 -0.045 -0.261 0.027 0.592**

(0.810) (0.282) (0.924) (0.022)Age 60 to 64 -0.603** (dropped) 0.022 (dropped)

(0.045) . (0.952) .English is first language 0.128* 0.127 0.059 0.148


(0.835) (0.844) (0.670) (0.201)NSW -0.023 0.009 0.052 0.054

(0.722) (0.916) (0.584) (0.526)VIC -0.010 -0.053 -0.019 0.089

(0.879) (0.521) (0.835) (0.321)QLD 0.002 0.044 -0.096 -0.045

(0.971) (0.576) (0.277) (0.567)SA -0.024 -0.111 -0.206** -0.004

(0.725) (0.215) (0.034) (0.968)WA 0.063 -0.024 -0.038 0.086

(0.372) (0.791) (0.699) (0.384)Married 0.121*** -0.051 0.008 0.010

(0.003) (0.365) (0.895) (0.860)Child age 0 to 2 -0.390*** -0.299*** -0.226** -0.016

(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.858)Child age 3 to 4 -0.227*** -0.451*** -0.210** -0.119

(0.002) (0.000) (0.044) (0.525)Child age 5 to 9 -0.302*** -0.290*** -0.297*** -0.122

(0.000) (0.001) (0.002) (0.311)Child age 10 to 14 -0.165** -0.206** -0.251*** -0.186*

(0.010) (0.012) (0.006) (0.084)Union member 0.239*** 0.112* 0.199*** 0.044

(0.000) (0.071) (0.003) (0.472)Has disability -0.103** -0.074 -0.106 -0.092

(0.021) (0.215) (0.113) (0.192)Constant 0.531*** 0.589*** 0.426** 5.607***


NCVER 211

Table 8d: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.090*** 0.037* 0.074*** 0.088***

(0.000) (0.075) (0.000) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.038 0.068 0.185*** 0.423***

(0.432) (0.246) (0.001) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.045 0.105* 0.174*** 0.559***

(0.365) (0.081) (0.003) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.064 -0.006 0.192*** 0.569***

(0.210) (0.918) (0.002) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.077 -0.096 0.137** 0.555***

(0.130) (0.125) (0.027) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.087* -0.121* 0.179*** 0.616***

(0.089) (0.052) (0.004) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.051 -0.240*** 0.095 0.611***

(0.327) (0.000) (0.134) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.009 -0.213*** 0.148** 0.611***

(0.867) (0.001) (0.026) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.024 -0.307*** 0.046 0.508***

(0.698) (0.000) (0.550) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.134 -0.330*** 0.104 0.315**



(0.331) (0.203) (0.583) (0.107)NSW 0.030 -0.087** 0.021 0.016

(0.276) (0.015) (0.562) (0.624)VIC 0.017 -0.059 0.022 0.031

(0.578) (0.138) (0.585) (0.394)QLD 0.036 -0.041 -0.051 -0.034

(0.222) (0.276) (0.196) (0.297)SA 0.003 -0.150*** -0.113*** -0.013

(0.917) (0.000) (0.009) (0.723)WA 0.063** -0.040 0.066 0.035

(0.049) (0.322) (0.114) (0.319)Married 0.120*** -0.083*** 0.013 0.012

(0.000) (0.001) (0.593) (0.537)Child age 0 to 2 -0.307*** -0.334*** -0.162*** -0.017

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.640)Child age 3 to 4 -0.204*** -0.336*** -0.195*** 0.006

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.900)Child age 5 to 9 -0.206*** -0.259*** -0.230*** -0.059

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.114)Child age 10 to 14 -0.098*** -0.187*** -0.121*** -0.029

(0.001) (0.000) (0.002) (0.424)Union member 0.254*** 0.098*** 0.251*** 0.036*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.088)Has disability -0.112*** -0.055** -0.057** -0.037

(0.000) (0.041) (0.037) (0.135)Constant 0.645*** 0.716*** 0.507*** 5.629***






Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 -0.058 0.373*** 0.020 -0.206***(0.278) (0.000) (0.786) (0.007)

Age 25 to 29 0.006 0.360*** 0.069 -0.034(0.902) (0.000) (0.339) (0.651)

Age 30 to 34 0.094* 0.370*** 0.171** 0.008(0.076) (0.000) (0.020) (0.920)

Age 35 to 39 0.103* 0.319*** 0.174** 0.043(0.054) (0.000) (0.020) (0.581)

Age 40 to 44 0.097* 0.256*** 0.139* 0.051(0.067) (0.000) (0.060) (0.508)

Age 45 to 49 0.048 0.177** 0.088 0.023(0.361) (0.013) (0.229) (0.762)

Age 50 to 54 0.036 0.172** 0.081 0.075(0.493) (0.016) (0.273) (0.325)

Age 55 to 59 -0.020 0.017 0.069 0.010(0.728) (0.825) (0.392) (0.905)


English is first language 0.004 -0.077 0.054 -0.026(0.911) (0.106) (0.235) (0.525)


NSW 0.011 -0.041 0.023 0.048(0.637) (0.206) (0.448) (0.122)

VIC -0.011 -0.006 0.057* -0.042(0.620) (0.855) (0.054) (0.152)

QLD -0.022 -0.018 -0.033 -0.018(0.377) (0.592) (0.318) (0.565)

SA 0.011 -0.089** -0.072** -0.056(0.705) (0.021) (0.049) (0.128)

WA 0.028 -0.007 0.038 -0.044(0.304) (0.841) (0.273) (0.195)

Father born overseas 0.020 -0.068** -0.024 0.018(0.319) (0.013) (0.354) (0.515)

Mother born overseas 0.006 0.056* 0.081*** -0.027(0.801) (0.068) (0.005) (0.360)

Married 0.096*** -0.055** 0.047** 0.022(0.000) (0.013) (0.023) (0.250)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.312*** -0.464*** -0.239*** -0.009(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.819)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.238*** -0.465*** -0.314*** -0.053(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.373)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.132*** -0.386*** -0.169*** -0.057(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.109)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.123*** -0.240*** -0.140*** -0.120***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)

Union member 0.174*** 0.141*** 0.259*** 0.037*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.065)

Has disability -0.139*** 0.001 -0.065*** -0.061***(0.000) (0.976) (0.004) (0.008)

Constant 0.683*** 0.433*** 0.422*** 6.429***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 213

Table 10d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.197*** 0.063 0.136*** 0.197***(0.000) (0.127) (0.001) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.093 0.017 0.204 0.435***(0.636) (0.951) (0.338) (0.002)

Age 25 to 29 0.108 0.004 0.203 0.584***(0.579) (0.988) (0.335) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.201 -0.008 0.355 0.698***(0.310) (0.976) (0.103) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.175 -0.055 0.296 0.723***(0.378) (0.843) (0.175) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.105 -0.190 0.276 0.743***(0.596) (0.497) (0.219) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.113 -0.249 0.221 0.620***(0.565) (0.366) (0.309) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.103 -0.257 0.176 0.568***(0.610) (0.360) (0.428) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.050 -0.511* 0.067 0.578***(0.802) (0.070) (0.768) (0.005)

Age 60 to 64 -0.165 -0.349 0.046 0.668***(0.480) (0.304) (0.869) (0.010)

English is first language -0.005 -0.099 0.032 -0.008(0.951) (0.345) (0.767) (0.930)


NSW 0.053 -0.089 0.003 0.040(0.339) (0.221) (0.972) (0.550)

VIC 0.054 -0.035 0.052 -0.015(0.339) (0.634) (0.482) (0.819)

QLD -0.017 -0.124 -0.051 -0.001(0.762) (0.107) (0.509) (0.989)

SA 0.033 -0.014 -0.049 -0.076(0.638) (0.883) (0.587) (0.318)

WA 0.085 -0.117 0.070 -0.101(0.165) (0.142) (0.374) (0.190)

Father born overseas -0.001 -0.067 -0.052 -0.108*(0.989) (0.320) (0.438) (0.094)

Mother born overseas -0.021 0.093 0.153** 0.074(0.710) (0.220) (0.042) (0.273)

Married 0.135*** -0.123** 0.023 -0.013(0.000) (0.012) (0.636) (0.753)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.325*** -0.401*** -0.231*** -0.006(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.935)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.229*** -0.434*** -0.278*** -0.063(0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.545)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.140** -0.343*** -0.213*** -0.069(0.017) (0.000) (0.005) (0.367)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.165*** -0.240*** -0.256*** -0.255***(0.008) (0.005) (0.002) (0.005)

Union member 0.238*** 0.077 0.304*** -0.033(0.000) (0.170) (0.000) (0.524)

Has disability -0.105*** 0.057 -0.033 -0.013(0.006) (0.261) (0.522) (0.777)

Constant 0.540** 0.920*** 0.325 5.819***(0.012) (0.002) (0.194) (0.000)



Table 11d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.101*** -0.006 0.053 -0.011

(0.000) (0.868) (0.145) (0.745)Age 20 to 24 -0.013 0.055 -0.066 0.324***

(0.886) (0.624) (0.548) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.024 0.027 -0.019 0.524***

(0.783) (0.809) (0.865) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.054 -0.050 -0.038 0.568***

(0.560) (0.675) (0.762) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.076 -0.074 -0.009 0.496***

(0.423) (0.536) (0.942) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.033 -0.139 -0.098 0.586***

(0.726) (0.248) (0.420) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.070 -0.260** -0.185 0.366***

(0.452) (0.026) (0.120) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.085 -0.278** -0.126 0.586***

(0.384) (0.024) (0.323) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.079 -0.424*** -0.162 0.606***

(0.430) (0.001) (0.220) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.102 -0.355* -0.096 0.290



(0.174) (0.243) (0.464) (0.885)NSW 0.005 -0.091 -0.008 0.061

(0.916) (0.149) (0.901) (0.356)VIC 0.004 -0.012 0.103 0.002

(0.934) (0.847) (0.115) (0.966)QLD -0.016 -0.094 -0.048 -0.003

(0.741) (0.126) (0.451) (0.957)SA 0.010 -0.097 -0.097 -0.067

(0.850) (0.151) (0.178) (0.287)WA 0.038 -0.053 0.050 -0.042


(0.715) (0.885) (0.888) (0.458)Mother born overseas 0.000 0.086 0.111* -0.012

(0.995) (0.130) (0.061) (0.811)Married 0.129*** -0.105*** -0.031 0.027

(0.000) (0.007) (0.440) (0.443)Child age 0 to 2 -0.378*** -0.434*** -0.305*** 0.085

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.258)Child age 3 to 4 -0.249*** -0.446*** -0.320*** -0.011

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.911)Child age 5 to 9 -0.123*** -0.320*** -0.223*** -0.117*

(0.009) (0.000) (0.000) (0.077)Child age 10 to 14 -0.084 -0.314*** -0.024 -0.131

(0.115) (0.000) (0.740) (0.159)Union member 0.226*** 0.118*** 0.317*** 0.111***

(0.000) (0.008) (0.000) (0.008)Has disability -0.184*** -0.066 -0.102** -0.062

(0.000) (0.115) (0.017) (0.137)Constant 0.777*** 0.817*** 0.497*** 5.739***


NCVER 215

Table 12d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.095*** 0.028 0.102*** 0.058**

(0.000) (0.227) (0.000) (0.020)Age 20 to 24 -0.111* 0.164** 0.115 0.394***

(0.081) (0.025) (0.125) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.030 0.097 0.156** 0.565***

(0.635) (0.186) (0.039) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.067 0.094 0.189** 0.541***

(0.298) (0.208) (0.014) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.025 0.048 0.187** 0.638***

(0.701) (0.531) (0.016) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.018 -0.057 0.137* 0.643***

(0.771) (0.440) (0.074) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.036 -0.040 0.155** 0.576***

(0.567) (0.593) (0.043) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.013 -0.118 0.094 0.535***

(0.841) (0.108) (0.215) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.128* -0.189** 0.123 0.541***

(0.057) (0.015) (0.142) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.149* -0.323*** 0.099 0.653***


(0.769) (0.217) (0.374) (0.938)Non-English speaking country -0.083 0.219*** 0.157** -0.056

(0.130) (0.003) (0.047) (0.457)NSW 0.020 -0.096** 0.000 0.020

(0.516) (0.016) (0.998) (0.616)VIC 0.019 -0.064 0.048 -0.013

(0.574) (0.127) (0.273) (0.765)QLD -0.003 -0.104** -0.101** -0.104**

(0.933) (0.012) (0.018) (0.015)SA 0.017 -0.117** -0.078* -0.095*

(0.640) (0.011) (0.093) (0.053)WA 0.065* -0.117*** 0.047 -0.022

(0.063) (0.007) (0.303) (0.652)Father born overseas 0.052* -0.032 -0.010 0.015


(0.523) (0.139) (0.153) (0.964)Married 0.108*** -0.115*** 0.017 -0.009

(0.000) (0.000) (0.540) (0.732)Child age 0 to 2 -0.347*** -0.357*** -0.195*** -0.073

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.180)Child age 3 to 4 -0.258*** -0.452*** -0.275*** -0.047

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.582)Child age 5 to 9 -0.198*** -0.371*** -0.273*** -0.140***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.009)Child age 10 to 14 -0.141*** -0.244*** -0.174*** -0.170***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)Union member 0.244*** 0.114*** 0.278*** -0.028

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.379)Has disability -0.143*** -0.041 -0.086*** -0.044

(0.000) (0.138) (0.003) (0.145)Constant 0.750*** 0.636*** 0.416*** 5.900***



Table 13d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 -0.059 0.371*** -0.025 -0.237***(0.256) (0.000) (0.735) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.018 0.380*** 0.029 -0.041(0.724) (0.000) (0.695) (0.572)

Age 30 to 34 0.113** 0.386*** 0.132* -0.004(0.027) (0.000) (0.074) (0.958)

Age 35 to 39 0.115** 0.342*** 0.136* 0.020(0.026) (0.000) (0.069) (0.785)

Age 40 to 44 0.102** 0.264*** 0.087 0.007(0.047) (0.000) (0.239) (0.928)

Age 45 to 49 0.064 0.198*** 0.049 0.016(0.207) (0.004) (0.509) (0.830)

Age 50 to 54 0.053 0.189*** 0.048 0.042(0.298) (0.005) (0.518) (0.570)

Age 55 to 59 -0.014 0.013 0.012 -0.004(0.808) (0.864) (0.886) (0.960)


English is first language -0.001 -0.114** -0.001 -0.075*(0.977) (0.016) (0.986) (0.083)


NSW 0.016 -0.041 0.012 0.008(0.491) (0.196) (0.696) (0.793)

VIC -0.007 -0.011 0.054* -0.060**(0.743) (0.710) (0.065) (0.035)

QLD -0.019 -0.013 -0.028 -0.030(0.442) (0.706) (0.396) (0.317)

SA 0.013 -0.079** -0.069* -0.079**(0.646) (0.038) (0.059) (0.030)

WA 0.038 -0.007 0.034 -0.060*(0.161) (0.850) (0.329) (0.063)

Father born overseas 0.014 -0.051* -0.038 0.029(0.479) (0.063) (0.138) (0.257)

Mother born overseas 0.004 0.036 0.079*** -0.052*(0.868) (0.233) (0.005) (0.068)

Married 0.091*** -0.063*** 0.048** 0.009(0.000) (0.004) (0.019) (0.643)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.305*** -0.467*** -0.238*** 0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.951)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.238*** -0.454*** -0.311*** -0.053(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.355)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.134*** -0.392*** -0.162*** -0.025(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.498)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.120*** -0.235*** -0.150*** -0.071**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.043)

Union member 0.172*** 0.133*** 0.246*** 0.025(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.206)

Has disability -0.147*** -0.001 -0.067*** -0.073***(0.000) (0.958) (0.003) (0.001)

Constant 0.675*** 0.460*** 0.522*** 6.530***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 217

Table 14d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.143*** 0.048* 0.170*** 0.181***(0.000) (0.073) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.116 0.284** 0.238* 0.395*(0.260) (0.018) (0.061) (0.072)

Age 25 to 29 -0.065 0.288** 0.232* 0.577***(0.510) (0.013) (0.057) (0.008)

Age 30 to 34 0.017 0.269** 0.324*** 0.618***(0.867) (0.024) (0.010) (0.005)

Age 35 to 39 0.011 0.188 0.273** 0.748***(0.913) (0.123) (0.031) (0.001)

Age 40 to 44 0.023 0.129 0.273** 0.653***(0.822) (0.276) (0.028) (0.003)

Age 45 to 49 0.019 0.024 0.242* 0.620***(0.852) (0.843) (0.052) (0.005)

Age 50 to 54 -0.032 0.064 0.233* 0.644***(0.752) (0.598) (0.067) (0.003)

Age 55 to 59 -0.073 -0.172 0.146 0.635***(0.479) (0.161) (0.261) (0.005)

Age 60 to 64 -0.135 -0.153 0.002 0.662***(0.232) (0.263) (0.988) (0.005)


Non-English speaking country 0.036 0.129* 0.150* 0.107(0.527) (0.080) (0.051) (0.123)

NSW 0.026 0.015 0.032 0.013(0.491) (0.761) (0.534) (0.796)

VIC 0.000 0.045 0.097* -0.045(0.992) (0.374) (0.072) (0.379)

QLD 0.007 -0.047 -0.054 -0.128**(0.860) (0.361) (0.325) (0.018)

SA 0.000 -0.011 -0.026 -0.035(0.994) (0.841) (0.660) (0.552)

WA 0.024 -0.102* 0.095* -0.148**(0.568) (0.060) (0.094) (0.015)

Father born overseas -0.050 -0.122*** -0.107** -0.028(0.130) (0.004) (0.017) (0.630)

Mother born overseas 0.076** 0.116** 0.130*** 0.056(0.037) (0.014) (0.008) (0.323)

Married 0.101*** -0.162*** -0.008 0.003(0.000) (0.000) (0.801) (0.915)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.317*** -0.453*** -0.256*** 0.057(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.424)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.206*** -0.497*** -0.236*** -0.031(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.732)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.118*** -0.361*** -0.169*** -0.064(0.002) (0.000) (0.001) (0.262)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.152*** -0.256*** -0.154*** -0.103*(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.088)

Union member 0.190*** 0.143*** 0.276*** 0.052(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.114)

Has disability -0.127*** -0.010 -0.007 -0.062*(0.000) (0.756) (0.849) (0.072)

Constant 0.744*** 0.474*** 0.249* 5.807***(0.000) (0.001) (0.080) (0.000)



Table 15d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.125*** -0.007 0.057** 0.035(0.000) (0.796) (0.047) (0.179)

Age 20 to 24 0.038 0.041 -0.024 0.362***(0.632) (0.684) (0.821) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.073 0.012 0.024 0.535***(0.356) (0.909) (0.820) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.150* -0.043 0.063 0.606***(0.072) (0.693) (0.574) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.152* -0.093 0.030 0.563***(0.070) (0.384) (0.783) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.085 -0.164 -0.064 0.592***(0.308) (0.124) (0.568) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.095 -0.308*** -0.124 0.399***(0.248) (0.003) (0.256) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.142* -0.291*** -0.090 0.571***(0.097) (0.007) (0.426) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.014 -0.472*** -0.090 0.565***(0.872) (0.000) (0.444) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.050 -0.411** -0.062 0.295(0.693) (0.026) (0.719) (0.169)



NSW 0.015 -0.084 0.018 0.019(0.722) (0.106) (0.734) (0.689)

VIC 0.039 -0.044 0.119** -0.051(0.344) (0.380) (0.022) (0.249)

QLD -0.003 -0.100** -0.031 -0.078*(0.950) (0.050) (0.554) (0.086)

SA 0.034 -0.141** -0.083 -0.139***(0.441) (0.010) (0.140) (0.004)

WA 0.069 -0.070 0.063 -0.103**(0.122) (0.197) (0.256) (0.027)


Mother born overseas -0.038 0.103** 0.111** -0.002(0.306) (0.024) (0.025) (0.954)

Married 0.110*** -0.093*** -0.005 -0.002(0.000) (0.003) (0.874) (0.943)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.354*** -0.421*** -0.276*** 0.035(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.542)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.239*** -0.460*** -0.298*** -0.049(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.533)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.143*** -0.350*** -0.242*** -0.088*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.086)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.098** -0.290*** -0.085 -0.090(0.019) (0.000) (0.125) (0.179)

Union member 0.234*** 0.098*** 0.325*** 0.057*(0.000) (0.006) (0.000) (0.082)

Has disability -0.176*** -0.037 -0.087** -0.051(0.000) (0.277) (0.012) (0.120)

Constant 0.646*** 0.861*** 0.502*** 5.968***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 219

Table 16d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.089*** 0.043* 0.106*** 0.041(0.000) (0.082) (0.000) (0.131)

Age 20 to 24 -0.158* 0.100 0.092 0.374***(0.056) (0.301) (0.334) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.080 0.079 0.121 0.593***(0.326) (0.413) (0.197) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.035 0.078 0.187* 0.548***(0.673) (0.424) (0.052) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.014 0.066 0.212** 0.678***(0.870) (0.510) (0.032) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.009 -0.078 0.122 0.635***(0.913) (0.419) (0.203) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.058 -0.020 0.151 0.578***(0.478) (0.837) (0.114) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.029 -0.132 0.104 0.552***(0.724) (0.168) (0.273) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.153* -0.194* 0.098 0.552***(0.072) (0.052) (0.330) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.196* -0.343*** -0.003 0.678***(0.051) (0.007) (0.983) (0.000)

English is first language -0.025 0.113* 0.038 0.020(0.589) (0.058) (0.574) (0.784)

Non-English speaking country -0.104* 0.244*** 0.086 -0.057(0.068) (0.001) (0.292) (0.493)

NSW 0.024 -0.092** 0.003 -0.006(0.465) (0.029) (0.937) (0.888)

VIC 0.015 -0.039 0.071 -0.039(0.673) (0.382) (0.134) (0.416)

QLD 0.015 -0.102** -0.103** -0.119**(0.666) (0.021) (0.026) (0.012)

SA 0.016 -0.095* -0.061 -0.050(0.678) (0.061) (0.241) (0.345)

WA 0.076** -0.135*** 0.054 -0.043(0.043) (0.004) (0.265) (0.400)



Married 0.098*** -0.116*** 0.024 -0.032(0.000) (0.000) (0.437) (0.287)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.349*** -0.352*** -0.196*** -0.108*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.066)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.265*** -0.443*** -0.317*** -0.066(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.453)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.197*** -0.362*** -0.277*** -0.123**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.028)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.155*** -0.252*** -0.212*** -0.153***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.005)

Union member 0.251*** 0.112*** 0.268*** -0.008(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.826)

Has disability -0.146*** -0.043 -0.076** -0.055*(0.000) (0.144) (0.014) (0.088)

Constant 0.799*** 0.592*** 0.425*** 5.892***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 17d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) 0.042 -0.310***. . (0.393) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.000 -0.028 0.046 -0.127**(0.990) (0.512) (0.299) (0.012)

Age 30 to 34 0.008 0.030 0.108** -0.051(0.782) (0.467) (0.014) (0.324)

Age 35 to 39 0.099*** -0.080* 0.051 0.056(0.001) (0.064) (0.258) (0.310)

Age 40 to 44 0.105*** -0.163*** 0.003 -0.020(0.001) (0.000) (0.950) (0.727)

Age 45 to 49 0.097*** -0.146*** 0.034 0.026(0.001) (0.001) (0.439) (0.626)

Age 50 to 54 0.034 -0.159*** 0.071 0.033(0.290) (0.001) (0.124) (0.547)


Age 60 to 64 -0.043 -0.453*** -0.091 -0.080(0.304) (0.000) (0.141) (0.329)

English is first language -0.059* -0.111** 0.043 0.120**(0.077) (0.012) (0.367) (0.026)


NSW -0.013 0.011 -0.049* 0.071**(0.542) (0.727) (0.088) (0.031)

VIC -0.021 -0.022 -0.028 -0.047(0.309) (0.471) (0.325) (0.160)

QLD -0.017 0.013 -0.066** -0.061*(0.431) (0.690) (0.029) (0.070)

SA -0.004 -0.046 -0.040 -0.066*(0.856) (0.196) (0.225) (0.089)

WA 0.010 -0.062* -0.085** -0.059(0.679) (0.083) (0.012) (0.147)


Mother born overseas -0.030 -0.018 0.058** 0.030(0.141) (0.546) (0.039) (0.347)

Married 0.077*** -0.053** 0.022 0.063***(0.000) (0.011) (0.255) (0.003)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.188*** -0.415*** -0.086*** 0.004(0.000) (0.000) (0.006) (0.913)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.247*** -0.447*** -0.156*** -0.037(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.618)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.160*** -0.312*** -0.136*** -0.010(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.769)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.050** -0.210*** -0.103*** -0.025(0.027) (0.000) (0.001) (0.516)

Union member 0.138*** 0.136*** 0.206*** 0.046**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.033)

Has disability -0.136*** -0.007 -0.040* -0.082***(0.000) (0.762) (0.074) (0.001)

Constant 0.820*** 0.775*** 0.586*** 6.430***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 221

Table 18d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.087*** 0.103*** 0.122*** 0.240***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.070 0.173 -0.041 0.027(0.783) (0.598) (0.896) (0.920)

Age 25 to 29 -0.071 0.150 -0.032 0.224(0.780) (0.648) (0.919) (0.413)

Age 30 to 34 -0.053 0.201 0.095 0.301(0.835) (0.539) (0.760) (0.270)

Age 35 to 39 -0.002 0.157 -0.005 0.329(0.994) (0.632) (0.988) (0.232)

Age 40 to 44 -0.014 0.077 0.014 0.391(0.956) (0.814) (0.963) (0.154)

Age 45 to 49 0.018 0.010 -0.036 0.377(0.943) (0.977) (0.908) (0.169)

Age 50 to 54 -0.029 -0.114 -0.039 0.456(0.907) (0.727) (0.899) (0.102)

Age 55 to 59 -0.062 -0.208 -0.093 0.417(0.807) (0.527) (0.766) (0.134)

Age 60 to 64 -0.151 -0.263 -0.113 0.284(0.554) (0.428) (0.722) (0.337)



NSW -0.018 -0.060 -0.005 -0.023(0.629) (0.234) (0.914) (0.725)

VIC -0.035 0.033 0.015 -0.034(0.362) (0.517) (0.769) (0.586)

QLD -0.030 -0.002 -0.076 -0.079(0.426) (0.967) (0.143) (0.216)

SA -0.001 -0.059 -0.065 -0.084(0.976) (0.323) (0.274) (0.266)

WA -0.016 -0.081 -0.025 -0.086(0.709) (0.148) (0.664) (0.237)


Mother born overseas -0.012 -0.030 0.020 0.023(0.706) (0.488) (0.640) (0.677)

Married 0.077*** -0.086*** 0.040 0.038(0.001) (0.009) (0.221) (0.315)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.247*** -0.339*** -0.081 0.133*(0.000) (0.000) (0.175) (0.055)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.269*** -0.358*** -0.169** 0.014(0.000) (0.000) (0.039) (0.911)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.171*** -0.356*** -0.137*** 0.068(0.000) (0.000) (0.005) (0.315)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.065* -0.263*** -0.166*** 0.024(0.065) (0.000) (0.000) (0.702)

Union member 0.165*** 0.142*** 0.242*** 0.115***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.004)

Has disability -0.136*** -0.056* -0.024 -0.122***(0.000) (0.093) (0.481) (0.003)

Constant 0.898*** 0.606* 0.613* 6.124***(0.000) (0.069) (0.053) (0.000)



Table 19d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.123*** 0.070*** 0.105*** 0.110***(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.095 0.075 0.035 0.332***(0.155) (0.430) (0.715) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.085 0.022 -0.011 0.445***(0.203) (0.820) (0.908) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.101 -0.033 0.052 0.429***(0.136) (0.739) (0.603) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.105 -0.056 0.028 0.471***(0.125) (0.571) (0.780) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.161** -0.069 -0.010 0.572***(0.020) (0.479) (0.923) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.154** -0.125 0.044 0.496***(0.023) (0.196) (0.656) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.153** -0.136 0.049 0.601***(0.026) (0.164) (0.625) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.102 -0.264*** -0.053 0.528***(0.152) (0.009) (0.615) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.015 -0.201 -0.026 0.388***(0.873) (0.133) (0.850) (0.003)

English is first language -0.025 -0.199*** -0.077 0.124(0.616) (0.002) (0.284) (0.138)


NSW -0.020 -0.043 -0.011 0.020(0.548) (0.365) (0.829) (0.710)

VIC 0.003 -0.044 0.024 -0.052(0.923) (0.345) (0.618) (0.335)

QLD 0.006 -0.034 -0.017 -0.022(0.844) (0.447) (0.713) (0.665)

SA 0.047 -0.024 -0.021 -0.038(0.214) (0.643) (0.702) (0.517)

WA 0.035 -0.038 0.026 -0.096*(0.343) (0.451) (0.626) (0.091)

Father born overseas -0.051* -0.001 0.015 -0.039(0.084) (0.989) (0.728) (0.427)


Married 0.087*** -0.070** 0.085*** 0.064**(0.000) (0.012) (0.003) (0.036)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.249*** -0.299*** -0.039 0.125**(0.000) (0.000) (0.440) (0.039)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.294*** -0.408*** -0.194** -0.041(0.000) (0.000) (0.011) (0.697)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.152*** -0.344*** -0.162*** 0.074(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.255)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.010 -0.243*** -0.087* -0.061(0.773) (0.000) (0.060) (0.305)

Union member 0.171*** 0.110*** 0.236*** 0.078**(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.030)

Has disability -0.157*** -0.028 -0.045 -0.092***(0.000) (0.333) (0.140) (0.006)

Constant 0.689*** 0.861*** 0.620*** 5.852***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 223

Table 20d:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.033 0.069** 0.100*** 0.092***(0.107) (0.014) (0.001) (0.008)

Age 20 to 24 0.051 0.137 -0.021 0.301***(0.493) (0.184) (0.845) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.032 0.012 0.083 0.416***(0.680) (0.914) (0.457) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.039 0.071 0.046 0.468***(0.591) (0.492) (0.665) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.144** -0.015 0.050 0.614***(0.046) (0.881) (0.637) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.113 -0.083 -0.007 0.601***(0.110) (0.407) (0.946) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.109 -0.128 0.016 0.553***(0.121) (0.196) (0.874) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.054 -0.084 0.118 0.585***(0.458) (0.409) (0.265) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.040 -0.216** 0.037 0.621***(0.592) (0.039) (0.739) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.030 -0.400*** -0.077 0.423***(0.723) (0.001) (0.534) (0.005)

English is first language -0.012 -0.023 -0.053 0.161*(0.822) (0.744) (0.515) (0.094)


NSW 0.013 -0.072 -0.035 0.041(0.709) (0.130) (0.483) (0.446)

VIC 0.012 -0.027 -0.022 -0.076(0.770) (0.621) (0.703) (0.251)

QLD 0.017 -0.074 -0.137** -0.087(0.654) (0.158) (0.012) (0.159)

SA 0.022 -0.152** -0.174** -0.073(0.628) (0.015) (0.010) (0.375)

WA 0.046 -0.029 -0.073 -0.061(0.243) (0.595) (0.202) (0.316)

Father born overseas -0.043 0.004 -0.021 0.075(0.185) (0.933) (0.685) (0.196)


Married 0.108*** -0.063* 0.027 -0.002(0.000) (0.056) (0.428) (0.966)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.358*** -0.254*** -0.078 0.081(0.000) (0.000) (0.262) (0.275)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.312*** -0.392*** -0.134* -0.018(0.000) (0.000) (0.094) (0.887)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.166*** -0.263*** -0.051 0.007(0.000) (0.000) (0.319) (0.912)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.066* -0.219*** -0.119** -0.036(0.053) (0.000) (0.014) (0.567)

Union member 0.190*** 0.151*** 0.203*** 0.013(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.777)

Has disability -0.156*** -0.004 -0.025 -0.108***(0.000) (0.901) (0.483) (0.008)

Constant 0.725*** 0.656*** 0.685*** 5.872***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 21d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.085 0.103 -0.031 0.096(0.227) (0.208) (0.732) (0.375)

Age 20 to 24 -0.009 0.275 0.135 0.330(0.969) (0.261) (0.613) (0.314)

Age 25 to 29 0.026 0.296 0.203 0.235(0.912) (0.253) (0.474) (0.487)

Age 30 to 34 0.109 0.417 0.257 0.446(0.668) (0.145) (0.420) (0.252)

Age 35 to 39 0.047 0.156 0.232 0.456(0.847) (0.569) (0.438) (0.218)

Age 40 to 44 0.013 0.171 0.211 0.523(0.959) (0.537) (0.491) (0.240)

Age 45 to 49 -0.124 -0.030 -0.034 0.654(0.658) (0.930) (0.921) (0.177)

Age 50 to 54 0.009 0.203 0.286 0.537(0.973) (0.486) (0.372) (0.153)


Capital City -0.035 0.020 -0.127 0.385*(0.780) (0.895) (0.496) (0.083)



NSW -0.088 -0.153 -0.194 0.131(0.579) (0.396) (0.325) (0.551)

VIC -0.140 -0.086 -0.267 0.010(0.368) (0.631) (0.163) (0.965)

QLD -0.137 -0.038 -0.296 -0.098(0.419) (0.849) (0.148) (0.677)

SA -0.069 -0.274 -0.469** -0.049(0.677) (0.135) (0.019) (0.855)

WA -0.144 -0.188 -0.187 -0.082(0.401) (0.346) (0.400) (0.760)

Married 0.006 -0.050 -0.057 0.127(0.945) (0.616) (0.605) (0.299)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.480*** -0.369** -0.224 0.050(0.000) (0.024) (0.228) (0.873)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.350** -0.568** -0.416* 0.047(0.030) (0.010) (0.088) (0.911)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.129 -0.527*** -0.356* 0.030(0.364) (0.002) (0.064) (0.935)

Child age 10 to 14 0.033 -0.338** -0.131 -0.099(0.819) (0.038) (0.464) (0.721)

Union member 0.215** 0.063 0.216** 0.130(0.018) (0.513) (0.043) (0.263)

Constant 0.844** 0.040 0.499 5.197***(0.034) (0.928) (0.302) (0.000)


NCVER 225

Table 22d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.070 0.321 0.250 0.142. . . .

Age 20 to 24 0.230 0.160 (dropped) (dropped). . . .


Age 30 to 34 (dropped) 0.088 -0.169 0.371. . . .


Age 40 to 44 -0.217 (dropped) -0.094 (dropped). . . .




Capital City 0.105 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .



NSW -0.342 -0.156 (dropped) (dropped). . . .


QLD (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped). . . .


WA 0.021 -0.211 0.057 -0.308. . . .

Married 0.326 -0.050 0.050 0.096. . . .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.553 -0.095 -0.234 -0.140. . . .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.566 -0.298 -0.566 0.254. . . .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.260 -0.425 -0.170 0.202. . . .

Child age 10 to 14 0.099 -0.342 -0.527 (dropped). . . .

Union member 0.436 -0.073 0.133 0.040. . . .

Constant 0.676 0.784 0.833 6.013. . . .



Table 23d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Associate Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.105** 0.067 0.045 0.054(0.012) (0.204) (0.396) (0.406)

Age 20 to 24 0.490* 0.235* 0.022 0.097(0.082) (0.052) (0.849) (0.598)

Age 25 to 29 0.476* 0.176 0.044 0.301(0.090) (0.129) (0.689) (0.101)

Age 30 to 34 0.494* 0.156 (dropped) 0.219(0.084) (0.219) . (0.287)

Age 35 to 39 0.547* 0.108 0.020 0.305(0.057) (0.371) (0.868) (0.134)

Age 40 to 44 0.456 (dropped) -0.199 0.368(0.114) . (0.112) (0.113)

Age 45 to 49 0.416 -0.103 -0.160 0.357*(0.144) (0.389) (0.196) (0.079)

Age 50 to 54 0.398 0.054 -0.126 (dropped)(0.172) (0.706) (0.417) .

Age 55 to 64 0.297 -0.089 -0.155 0.120(0.306) (0.531) (0.280) (0.584)

Capital City 0.058 0.051 0.099 0.018(0.208) (0.395) (0.111) (0.832)



NSW 0.108* -0.075 -0.024 0.028(0.089) (0.374) (0.782) (0.774)

VIC 0.044 -0.031 0.128 -0.093(0.535) (0.742) (0.172) (0.412)

QLD 0.081 -0.006 -0.118 -0.095(0.272) (0.947) (0.218) (0.464)

SA 0.025 -0.165 -0.084 -0.240*(0.758) (0.130) (0.424) (0.083)

WA 0.088 -0.051 0.280** 0.015(0.324) (0.661) (0.023) (0.923)

Married 0.125** -0.054 0.006 0.042(0.010) (0.403) (0.923) (0.577)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.338*** -0.392*** -0.149 0.018(0.000) (0.000) (0.136) (0.909)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.271*** -0.288** -0.362** 0.237(0.004) (0.033) (0.016) (0.259)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.221*** -0.359*** -0.321*** 0.089(0.006) (0.001) (0.003) (0.662)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.015 -0.262*** -0.026 -0.033(0.847) (0.008) (0.794) (0.836)

Union member 0.256*** 0.043 0.210*** 0.055(0.000) (0.482) (0.000) (0.435)

Constant 0.038 0.886*** 0.619*** 5.756***(0.904) (0.000) (0.005) (0.000)


NCVER 227

Table 24d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.132** 0.068 0.097 0.223***

(0.018) (0.352) (0.190) (0.004)Age 20 to 24 0.031 0.006 -0.061 0.372

(0.891) (0.983) (0.818) (0.115)Age 25 to 29 -0.017 0.116 -0.028 0.488**

(0.938) (0.667) (0.911) (0.025)Age 30 to 34 -0.062 0.004 -0.089 0.421*

(0.774) (0.989) (0.734) (0.066)Age 35 to 39 0.019 -0.307 -0.149 0.639*

(0.933) (0.286) (0.602) (0.051)Age 40 to 44 0.005 -0.097 -0.056 0.535**

(0.980) (0.721) (0.827) (0.016)Age 45 to 49 -0.096 -0.103 -0.157 0.542**

(0.668) (0.715) (0.568) (0.031)Age 50 to 54 -0.011 -0.195 -0.089 0.465*

(0.959) (0.484) (0.737) (0.058)Age 55 to 64 -0.052 -0.154 0.032 0.597**

(0.812) (0.574) (0.915) (0.023)Capital City 0.071 0.067 0.049 0.234**

(0.322) (0.490) (0.645) (0.037)Non-English speaking country -0.417** 0.119 -0.304 -0.393


(0.197) (0.778) (0.230) (0.536)NSW -0.022 -0.113 0.004 0.003

(0.809) (0.329) (0.971) (0.980)VIC -0.090 0.043 0.139 0.077

(0.405) (0.766) (0.326) (0.623)QLD -0.038 -0.054 -0.172 -0.142

(0.760) (0.737) (0.351) (0.531)SA -0.033 -0.022 -0.007 0.032

(0.775) (0.882) (0.962) (0.831)WA -0.032 0.037 0.071 -0.069

(0.785) (0.805) (0.651) (0.644)Married 0.065 -0.096 -0.048 0.011

(0.305) (0.262) (0.568) (0.907)Child age 0 to 2 -0.264** -0.505*** -0.176 -0.084

(0.013) (0.001) (0.263) (0.723)Child age 3 to 4 -0.278* -0.451** -0.434* -0.233

(0.058) (0.045) (0.053) (0.573)Child age 5 to 9 -0.112 -0.442*** -0.399*** -0.311

(0.215) (0.000) (0.001) (0.102)Child age 10 to 14 -0.000 -0.234* -0.068 0.024

(0.997) (0.094) (0.640) (0.902)Union member 0.235*** 0.050 0.210** 0.037

(0.000) (0.543) (0.010) (0.662)Constant 0.936*** 0.694* 1.012*** 5.600***



Table 25d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings


(0.550) (0.471) (0.808) .Age 20 to 24 0.161 0.127 -0.377 (dropped)

(0.767) (0.850) (0.551) .Age 25 to 29 -0.037 -0.025 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.960) (0.978) . .Age 30 to 34 (dropped) -0.064 (dropped) (dropped)

. (0.919) . .Age 35 to 39 0.505 (dropped) 0.116 -0.133

(0.709) . (0.849) .Age 40 to 44 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Age 45 to 49 0.140 (dropped) 0.100 0.409

(0.813) . (0.882) .Age 50 to 54 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)


. . . .Capital City -0.173 0.264 0.227 0.495

(0.594) (0.443) (0.535) .Non-English speaking country (dropped) 0.065 (dropped) -0.369

. (0.938) . .English is first language -0.605 (dropped) 0.066 (dropped)

(0.576) . (0.946) .NSW -0.275 -0.009 (dropped) 0.261

(0.800) (0.990) . .VIC -0.406 -0.167 (dropped) -0.087

(0.556) (0.910) . .QLD -0.059 0.103 0.116 (dropped)

(0.908) (0.849) (0.859) .SA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .WA (dropped) (dropped) 0.638 0.204

. . (0.451) .Married 0.220 -0.135 -0.064 0.085

(0.416) (0.666) (0.850) .Child age 0 to 2 -0.136 -0.427 -0.493 -0.154

(0.736) (0.408) (0.376) .Child age 3 to 4 -0.165 -0.049 -0.309 0.299

(0.749) (0.936) (0.737) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.206 -0.430 -0.495 -0.017

(0.628) (0.355) (0.307) .Child age 10 to 14 -0.037 0.077 0.017 -0.048

(0.939) (0.875) (0.973) .Union member 0.350 0.143 0.225 0.084

(0.386) (0.730) (0.602) .Constant 1.184 0.549 0.472 5.570


NCVER 229

Table 26d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.112*** 0.001 0.006 0.133***

(0.001) (0.975) (0.899) (0.004)Age 20 to 24 -0.014 0.071 0.131 0.358

(0.949) (0.836) (0.696) (0.126)Age 25 to 29 -0.041 0.052 0.072 0.427*

(0.856) (0.880) (0.832) (0.069)Age 30 to 34 -0.026 -0.055 -0.173 0.397*

(0.907) (0.872) (0.610) (0.096)Age 35 to 39 -0.065 -0.058 -0.039 0.452

(0.773) (0.867) (0.909) (0.101)Age 40 to 44 -0.049 -0.074 -0.012 0.443*

(0.827) (0.830) (0.971) (0.073)Age 45 to 49 -0.100 -0.148 -0.042 0.542**

(0.655) (0.668) (0.901) (0.023)Age 50 to 54 -0.131 -0.172 0.014 0.519**

(0.563) (0.618) (0.967) (0.032)Age 55 to 64 -0.132 -0.276 -0.088 0.222

(0.563) (0.431) (0.803) (0.396)Capital City 0.026 0.031 0.067 0.106*


(0.399) (0.842) (0.582) (0.886)English is first language -0.025 -0.059 0.081 0.253*

(0.785) (0.617) (0.541) (0.056)NSW 0.006 0.054 -0.011 -0.047

(0.915) (0.430) (0.881) (0.568)VIC -0.030 0.070 0.049 -0.084

(0.591) (0.311) (0.512) (0.353)QLD -0.020 0.112 0.058 -0.037

(0.726) (0.120) (0.447) (0.687)SA -0.022 -0.034 -0.129 -0.124

(0.745) (0.674) (0.164) (0.230)WA -0.062 0.030 0.125 0.036

(0.370) (0.735) (0.137) (0.715)Married 0.090** -0.121** -0.069 0.069

(0.021) (0.015) (0.185) (0.176)Child age 0 to 2 -0.313*** -0.397*** -0.248*** -0.064

(0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.593)Child age 3 to 4 -0.177** -0.339*** -0.113 -0.062

(0.018) (0.001) (0.306) (0.737)Child age 5 to 9 -0.114* -0.236*** -0.069 -0.098

(0.069) (0.003) (0.423) (0.315)Child age 10 to 14 -0.059 -0.272*** -0.121 0.084

(0.303) (0.000) (0.139) (0.509)Union member 0.277*** 0.111** 0.254*** 0.115**

(0.000) (0.022) (0.000) (0.024)Constant 0.747*** 0.759** 0.506 5.281***



Table 27d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.075*** 0.003 0.071** 0.094***

(0.005) (0.922) (0.034) (0.006)Age 20 to 24 0.015 0.167** 0.099 0.456***

(0.832) (0.042) (0.219) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.065 0.144* 0.087 0.578***

(0.384) (0.097) (0.309) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.032 0.127 0.014 0.623***

(0.683) (0.186) (0.884) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.113 0.075 0.025 0.633***

(0.147) (0.412) (0.783) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.044 0.024 0.070 0.608***

(0.570) (0.791) (0.438) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.017 -0.168* -0.004 0.454***

(0.838) (0.081) (0.970) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.019 -0.049 0.049 0.535***

(0.834) (0.644) (0.655) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 -0.052 -0.134 0.074 0.684***

(0.567) (0.235) (0.534) (0.000)Capital City 0.045 0.053 0.091** 0.104**



(0.276) (0.207) (0.931) (0.158)NSW -0.023 -0.046 -0.010 0.002

(0.587) (0.370) (0.840) (0.977)VIC -0.045 -0.029 0.022 0.002

(0.404) (0.659) (0.738) (0.979)QLD -0.009 -0.027 -0.033 -0.002

(0.868) (0.673) (0.608) (0.979)SA -0.070 -0.121* -0.026 -0.062

(0.213) (0.084) (0.708) (0.413)WA -0.092* -0.011 0.063 -0.032

(0.079) (0.875) (0.352) (0.648)Married 0.078** -0.112*** -0.033 0.012

(0.015) (0.007) (0.413) (0.745)Child age 0 to 2 -0.339*** -0.323*** -0.245*** 0.010

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.905)Child age 3 to 4 -0.234*** -0.380*** -0.283*** -0.062

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.563)Child age 5 to 9 -0.117** -0.394*** -0.221*** -0.112

(0.015) (0.000) (0.000) (0.228)Child age 10 to 14 -0.071 -0.247*** -0.134** -0.046

(0.187) (0.000) (0.043) (0.577)Union member 0.287*** 0.023 0.178*** 0.021

(0.000) (0.555) (0.000) (0.580)Constant 0.713*** 0.793*** 0.565*** 5.308***


NCVER 231

Table 28d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.080 -0.045 -0.444 -0.085

. . . .Age 20 to 24 -0.038 (dropped) 0.122 (dropped)

. . . .Age 25 to 29 (dropped) -0.096 0.200 0.249




. . . .Age 45 to 49 (dropped) (dropped) 0.051 (dropped)



. . . .Capital City -0.034 0.057 (dropped) (dropped)



. . . .NSW -0.024 -0.555 (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .VIC -0.282 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .QLD (dropped) (dropped) 0.028 (dropped)

. . . .SA (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)


. . . .Married 0.027 -0.076 -0.204 -0.034

. . . .Child age 0 to 2 -0.368 -0.018 0.129 0.065

. . . .Child age 3 to 4 -0.380 -0.494 -0.439 0.099

. . . .Child age 5 to 9 -0.471 0.068 -0.133 0.011

. . . .Child age 10 to 14 -0.340 0.056 -0.098 (dropped)

. . . .Union member 0.351 0.214 0.424 0.141

. . . .Constant 0.885 0.846 0.644 5.692

. . . .Number of observations 9 7 10 4R2 0.492 0.344 0.570 0.337Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 29d:Returns to Education for the 1993 SET (ABSCQ) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Basic Vocational Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.098*** -0.040 0.087** 0.046

(0.002) (0.338) (0.030) (0.338)Age 20 to 24 0.135 -0.012 -0.029 0.514***

(0.137) (0.928) (0.804) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.226** -0.029 -0.010 0.725***

(0.012) (0.825) (0.933) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.228** -0.075 0.040 0.643***

(0.018) (0.592) (0.756) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.181* -0.099 -0.024 0.567***

(0.055) (0.472) (0.851) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.174* -0.092 -0.019 0.664***

(0.065) (0.507) (0.877) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.205** -0.185 -0.061 0.719***

(0.039) (0.188) (0.640) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.192* -0.303** -0.012 0.662***

(0.057) (0.032) (0.926) (0.000)Age 55 to 64 0.128 -0.416*** -0.167 -0.238

(0.255) (0.008) (0.295) (0.389)Capital City 0.032 0.075 0.062 0.066

(0.352) (0.108) (0.152) (0.261)Non-English speaking country -0.147* 0.252** 0.069 0.002


(0.268) (0.036) (0.596) (0.966)NSW -0.003 -0.081 -0.066 -0.052

(0.959) (0.318) (0.410) (0.570)VIC 0.046 -0.070 -0.028 0.038

(0.433) (0.364) (0.704) (0.658)QLD 0.038 -0.081 -0.150* -0.056

(0.545) (0.335) (0.059) (0.542)SA 0.012 -0.149* -0.119 -0.073

(0.844) (0.079) (0.146) (0.434)WA 0.031 -0.103 0.026 -0.064

(0.652) (0.262) (0.770) (0.619)Married 0.111*** -0.146*** 0.001 -0.034

(0.003) (0.003) (0.983) (0.520)Child age 0 to 2 -0.326*** -0.279*** -0.256*** -0.016

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.874)Child age 3 to 4 -0.213*** -0.314*** -0.166 0.008

(0.004) (0.002) (0.120) (0.958)Child age 5 to 9 -0.165*** -0.358*** -0.227*** -0.019

(0.004) (0.000) (0.002) (0.879)Child age 10 to 14 -0.136** -0.126* -0.204*** 0.111

(0.018) (0.095) (0.004) (0.235)Union member 0.273*** 0.003 0.220*** 0.042

(0.000) (0.939) (0.000) (0.404)Constant 0.522*** 0.707*** 0.660*** 5.392***


NCVER 233




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.140*** 0.205*** 0.168*** 0.109**(0.006) (0.001) (0.005) (0.038)

Age 20 to 24 0.058 0.006 0.318 0.253(0.765) (0.979) (0.150) (0.116)

Age 25 to 29 0.071 -0.074 0.342 0.361**(0.720) (0.757) (0.131) (0.036)

Age 30 to 34 -0.045 0.036 0.383 0.646***(0.828) (0.893) (0.121) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.151 -0.107 0.339 0.430**(0.467) (0.668) (0.154) (0.017)

Age 40 to 44 0.089 0.015 0.505** 0.437**(0.675) (0.953) (0.038) (0.017)

Age 45 to 49 0.103 -0.186 0.366 0.554***(0.621) (0.452) (0.127) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 -0.118 -0.215 0.118 0.436**(0.596) (0.426) (0.648) (0.048)

Age 55 to 59 0.002 -0.136 0.384 0.644**(0.994) (0.727) (0.302) (0.017)

Age 60 to 64 -0.057 -0.560 -0.275 (dropped)(0.838) (0.178) (0.484) .



NSW -0.008 -0.118 0.045 -0.121(0.927) (0.278) (0.657) (0.166)

VIC 0.046 0.008 0.034 -0.042(0.621) (0.943) (0.750) (0.614)

QLD 0.017 -0.283** -0.140 -0.039(0.869) (0.023) (0.243) (0.732)

SA -0.029 -0.301* -0.031 -0.052(0.807) (0.058) (0.830) (0.781)

WA 0.097 -0.051 -0.043 0.023(0.418) (0.726) (0.756) (0.829)

Married 0.152*** -0.004 0.060 -0.025(0.008) (0.963) (0.386) (0.670)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.332*** -0.218** -0.165 0.086(0.000) (0.045) (0.104) (0.390)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.304*** -0.443*** -0.539*** -0.027(0.009) (0.008) (0.000) (0.865)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.340*** -0.270* -0.394*** -0.110(0.002) (0.095) (0.009) (0.432)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.108 -0.130 -0.229* -0.001(0.256) (0.283) (0.051) (0.994)

Union member 0.248*** -0.009 0.139* 0.104*(0.000) (0.908) (0.055) (0.096)

Has disability -0.167*** -0.038 -0.044 -0.017(0.008) (0.652) (0.565) (0.812)

Constant 0.630*** 0.865*** 0.448* 5.854***(0.006) (0.002) (0.087) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin -0.104 0.270 0.308 0.325(0.707) (0.435) (0.249) .


Age 25 to 29 -0.629 -0.020 -0.117 0.117(0.505) (0.969) (0.913) .

Age 30 to 34 -0.230 0.070 -0.198 0.425(0.777) (0.931) (0.851) .







English is first language 0.462 0.165 -0.046 0.007(0.495) (0.828) (0.942) .

Non-English speaking country 1.088 0.060 -0.423 (dropped)(0.474) (0.958) (0.681) .

NSW -0.029 -0.081 0.031 -0.016(0.950) (0.913) (0.960) .

VIC -0.217 -0.131 -0.004 -0.139(0.704) (0.883) (0.995) .

QLD 0.233 -0.152 -0.041 -0.001(0.628) (0.832) (0.946) .

SA -0.158 -0.002 0.223 -0.225(0.863) (0.999) (0.820) .


Married 0.175 -0.139 0.050 0.006(0.562) (0.733) (0.879) .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.407 -0.335 -0.231 -0.115(0.281) (0.507) (0.589) .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.401 -0.151 -0.609 -0.072(0.479) (0.841) (0.277) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.132 -0.288 -0.177 -0.066(0.812) (0.709) (0.750) .

Child age 10 to 14 0.058 -0.466 -0.169 -0.396(0.922) (0.528) (0.767) .

Union member 0.354 -0.069 0.100 -0.001(0.374) (0.871) (0.791) .

Has disability 0.132 -0.154 0.013 -0.017(0.728) (0.736) (0.971) .

Constant 0.803 0.771 0.868 6.078(0.206) (0.463) (0.146) .


NCVER 235




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.095* 0.062 0.065 0.152**(0.051) (0.320) (0.294) (0.021)

Age 20 to 24 0.121 0.172 0.471* 0.051(0.570) (0.429) (0.066) (0.798)

Age 25 to 29 0.101 0.124 0.466* 0.083(0.637) (0.580) (0.071) (0.692)

Age 30 to 34 0.089 0.079 0.351 0.255(0.682) (0.729) (0.180) (0.239)

Age 35 to 39 0.128 -0.029 0.361 0.164(0.562) (0.899) (0.176) (0.443)

Age 40 to 44 0.081 0.042 0.472* 0.293(0.708) (0.853) (0.072) (0.178)

Age 45 to 49 0.018 -0.150 0.428* 0.194(0.932) (0.498) (0.099) (0.375)

Age 50 to 54 0.077 -0.109 0.435 0.241(0.720) (0.629) (0.103) (0.251)

Age 55 to 59 0.105 (dropped) 0.388 (dropped)(0.688) . (0.220) .


English is first language 0.319** -0.151 -0.119 -0.486*(0.030) (0.521) (0.644) (0.068)


NSW -0.017 -0.177 -0.081 0.014(0.869) (0.193) (0.511) (0.906)

VIC 0.017 -0.199 -0.015 -0.082(0.866) (0.141) (0.906) (0.508)

QLD 0.015 -0.269* -0.228* 0.083(0.890) (0.062) (0.096) (0.585)

SA -0.144 -0.213 -0.162 0.036(0.207) (0.167) (0.260) (0.811)

WA 0.015 -0.153 -0.062 0.059(0.897) (0.299) (0.654) (0.658)

Married 0.137** -0.018 0.063 -0.106(0.016) (0.813) (0.372) (0.134)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.175** -0.319*** -0.167 0.042(0.038) (0.004) (0.127) (0.766)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.155 -0.493*** -0.145 0.199(0.142) (0.001) (0.311) (0.517)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.233** -0.243* -0.120 0.086(0.012) (0.063) (0.314) (0.557)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.060 -0.077 -0.075 -0.038(0.503) (0.514) (0.523) (0.744)

Union member 0.260*** 0.104 0.274*** 0.071(0.000) (0.179) (0.000) (0.365)

Has disability -0.098 -0.066 -0.061 -0.100(0.133) (0.460) (0.496) (0.284)

Constant 0.296 0.861** 0.336 6.557***(0.284) (0.014) (0.379) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings


(0.173) (0.234) (0.402) (0.576)Age 20 to 24 0.040 0.415 0.366 (dropped)

(0.937) (0.551) (0.630) .Age 25 to 29 0.079 0.450 0.325 -0.106

(0.857) (0.466) (0.647) (0.804)Age 30 to 34 0.150 0.303 0.322 -0.017

(0.733) (0.623) (0.639) (0.966)Age 35 to 39 0.182 0.216 0.294 (dropped)

(0.703) (0.748) (0.722) .Age 40 to 44 0.007 0.046 0.446 -0.405

(0.984) (0.926) (0.436) (0.601)Age 45 to 49 0.083 0.041 0.312 -0.283

(0.825) (0.938) (0.633) (0.619)Age 50 to 54 0.110 -0.195 0.232 -0.383

(0.772) (0.715) (0.687) (0.542)Age 55 to 59 (dropped) (dropped) -0.181 -0.412

. . (0.777) (0.607)Age 60 to 64 -0.669 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.102) . . .English is first language 0.489 0.084 -0.793 (dropped)

(0.432) (0.937) (0.498) .Non-English speaking country 0.101 -0.329 -0.428 (dropped)

(0.835) (0.625) (0.575) .NSW 0.000 -0.136 0.010 -0.080

(0.998) (0.625) (0.977) (0.797)VIC 0.007 0.376 0.110 0.149

(0.983) (0.437) (0.857) (0.732)QLD 0.040 -0.323 -0.519 (dropped)

(0.910) (0.522) (0.352) .SA 0.027 -0.327 -0.239 (dropped)

(0.928) (0.434) (0.755) .WA 0.147 0.166 -0.017 0.535

(0.603) (0.675) (0.971) (0.414)Married 0.106 -0.074 -0.023 -0.006

(0.533) (0.769) (0.932) (0.982)Child age 0 to 2 -0.171 -0.569 -0.053 -0.012

(0.503) (0.128) (0.914) (0.982)Child age 3 to 4 -0.144 -0.494 -0.506 0.149

(0.633) (0.319) (0.369) (0.863)Child age 5 to 9 -0.300 -0.226 -0.380 -0.107

(0.310) (0.607) (0.446) (0.826)Child age 10 to 14 -0.087 -0.121 -0.096 0.091

(0.787) (0.790) (0.851) (0.849)Union member 0.294 0.124 0.225 0.064

(0.145) (0.653) (0.458) (0.815)Has disability -0.163 0.048 -0.024 -0.040

(0.373) (0.859) (0.936) (0.899)Constant 0.128 0.380 1.220 6.267***


NCVER 237




Log Weekly Earnings


(0.361) (0.927) (0.529) (0.951)Age 20 to 24 0.050 -0.277 -0.187 -0.448

(0.886) (0.601) (0.785) (0.455)Age 25 to 29 -0.079 (dropped) 0.056 -0.292

(0.877) . (0.932) (0.756)Age 30 to 34 -0.094 0.031 0.051 -0.157

(0.813) (0.951) (0.926) (0.857)Age 35 to 39 -0.000 -0.314 0.007 (dropped)

(1.000) (0.557) (0.990) .Age 40 to 44 -0.429 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.338) . . .Age 45 to 49 (dropped) -0.787 -0.611 (dropped)

. (0.219) (0.370) .Age 50 to 54 0.066 -0.234 -0.153 -0.514



. . . .English is first language -0.096 0.193 0.069 (dropped)

(0.828) (0.742) (0.918) .Non-English speaking country -0.120 -0.218 -0.000 (dropped)

(0.824) (0.757) (1.000) .NSW -0.145 -0.351 -0.308 0.203

(0.650) (0.412) (0.630) (0.801)VIC -0.050 -0.236 -0.024 0.254

(0.865) (0.523) (0.957) (0.674)QLD 0.120 -0.261 -0.337 -0.035

(0.712) (0.524) (0.513) (0.962)SA 0.022 -0.039 -0.194 (dropped)

(0.952) (0.933) (0.703) .WA 0.337 -0.427 -0.620 0.135

(0.394) (0.388) (0.356) (0.873)Married 0.067 -0.086 -0.095 -0.029

(0.677) (0.700) (0.726) (0.932)Child age 0 to 2 -0.421* -0.192 -0.288 0.033

(0.073) (0.542) (0.422) (0.941)Child age 3 to 4 -0.289 -0.244 -0.050 -0.182

(0.298) (0.541) (0.904) (0.838)Child age 5 to 9 -0.252 -0.453 -0.359 -0.151

(0.297) (0.195) (0.302) (0.788)Child age 10 to 14 -0.144 0.143 -0.366 -0.414

(0.581) (0.686) (0.322) (0.438)Union member 0.279 0.033 0.208 -0.030

(0.275) (0.913) (0.533) (0.942)Has disability -0.171 -0.075 -0.171 -0.143

(0.278) (0.736) (0.528) (0.726)Constant 0.905* 0.893 0.976 6.424***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.102** -0.075 0.049 0.015

(0.011) (0.147) (0.404) (0.794)Age 20 to 24 0.004 0.072 0.218 0.246*

(0.974) (0.657) (0.200) (0.055)Age 25 to 29 0.074 -0.016 0.134 0.248*

(0.603) (0.926) (0.461) (0.091)Age 30 to 34 0.176 -0.094 0.305* 0.492***

(0.209) (0.575) (0.088) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 0.091 -0.269 0.141 (dropped)

(0.526) (0.127) (0.469) .Age 40 to 44 0.181 -0.183 0.241 0.410***

(0.208) (0.282) (0.189) (0.009)Age 45 to 49 0.082 -0.212 0.167 0.417***

(0.571) (0.216) (0.358) (0.006)Age 50 to 54 0.026 -0.336* 0.125 0.317*

(0.856) (0.053) (0.516) (0.060)Age 55 to 59 -0.095 -0.450 0.190 (dropped)


. . . .English is first language 0.153* 0.082 0.145 0.133


(0.850) (0.916) (0.445) (0.297)NSW 0.018 0.041 0.054 0.035

(0.813) (0.675) (0.638) (0.746)VIC -0.004 -0.059 -0.039 0.093

(0.952) (0.527) (0.713) (0.390)QLD 0.017 0.060 -0.081 -0.049

(0.805) (0.491) (0.426) (0.590)SA -0.018 -0.108 -0.210* -0.019

(0.817) (0.267) (0.056) (0.870)WA 0.059 -0.106 -0.053 -0.036

(0.485) (0.318) (0.648) (0.778)Married 0.138*** -0.055 0.047 0.048

(0.003) (0.384) (0.483) (0.479)Child age 0 to 2 -0.399*** -0.289*** -0.227** -0.036

(0.000) (0.001) (0.028) (0.734)Child age 3 to 4 -0.193** -0.441*** -0.216* -0.150

(0.017) (0.000) (0.074) (0.498)Child age 5 to 9 -0.275*** -0.236** -0.253** -0.094

(0.000) (0.014) (0.023) (0.532)Child age 10 to 14 -0.153** -0.222** -0.221** -0.068

(0.033) (0.013) (0.036) (0.628)Union member 0.234*** 0.138** 0.185** 0.050

(0.000) (0.039) (0.013) (0.481)Has disability -0.082 -0.103 -0.097 -0.086

(0.112) (0.126) (0.212) (0.329)Constant 0.492*** 0.672*** 0.344 5.660***


NCVER 239




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.093*** 0.077*** 0.100*** 0.100***

(0.000) (0.002) (0.000) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.052 0.080 0.211*** 0.430***

(0.342) (0.219) (0.001) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.026 0.137** 0.186*** 0.556***

(0.649) (0.044) (0.006) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.070 -0.021 0.189*** 0.612***

(0.230) (0.772) (0.009) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.080 -0.105 0.111 0.572***

(0.170) (0.141) (0.124) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.086 -0.113 0.193*** 0.633***

(0.142) (0.107) (0.007) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.036 -0.242*** 0.057 0.603***

(0.546) (0.001) (0.428) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.007 -0.231*** 0.127* 0.610***

(0.914) (0.002) (0.099) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.053 -0.308*** -0.010 0.499***

(0.454) (0.000) (0.909) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.139 -0.410*** 0.091 0.368*



(0.589) (0.162) (0.391) (0.400)NSW 0.036 -0.101** 0.023 0.003

(0.307) (0.020) (0.607) (0.940)VIC 0.027 -0.076 -0.003 0.039

(0.530) (0.151) (0.963) (0.407)QLD 0.033 -0.053 -0.072 -0.059

(0.373) (0.259) (0.145) (0.145)SA -0.012 -0.154*** -0.113** -0.025

(0.782) (0.004) (0.041) (0.571)WA 0.064 -0.056 0.068 0.019

(0.109) (0.257) (0.183) (0.650)Married 0.113*** -0.076** 0.008 0.017

(0.000) (0.012) (0.787) (0.483)Child age 0 to 2 -0.321*** -0.353*** -0.144*** -0.015

(0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.731)Child age 3 to 4 -0.174*** -0.397*** -0.241*** -0.048

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.454)Child age 5 to 9 -0.248*** -0.285*** -0.235*** -0.046

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.323)Child age 10 to 14 -0.090** -0.223*** -0.128*** -0.035

(0.013) (0.000) (0.008) (0.434)Union member 0.249*** 0.082*** 0.211*** 0.016

(0.000) (0.008) (0.000) (0.517)Has disability -0.109*** -0.030 -0.066* -0.027

(0.000) (0.369) (0.052) (0.359)Constant 0.650*** 0.728*** 0.538*** 5.615***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.126 -0.040 0.059 0.025

(0.259) (0.800) (0.707) (0.915)Age 20 to 24 -0.091 -0.165 -0.353 0.342

(0.761) (0.778) (0.481) (0.663)Age 25 to 29 0.026 -0.038 -0.288 0.612

(0.937) (0.948) (0.571) (0.465)Age 30 to 34 -0.020 -0.008 -0.206 0.347

(0.946) (0.988) (0.672) (0.553)Age 35 to 39 -0.040 -0.051 -0.426 (dropped)

(0.892) (0.927) (0.437) .Age 40 to 44 -0.037 -0.230 -0.122 (dropped)

(0.912) (0.665) (0.823) .Age 45 to 49 -0.273 (dropped) -0.350 -0.122

(0.452) . (0.615) (0.814)Age 50 to 54 0.147 0.078 (dropped) 0.716

(0.744) (0.913) . (0.386)Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -0.342 (dropped) (dropped)

. (0.586) . .Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)



. . . .NSW 0.000 0.006 0.010 0.025

(0.998) (0.985) (0.976) (0.964)VIC 0.122 -0.283 -0.211 (dropped)

(0.614) (0.399) (0.519) .QLD 0.097 0.113 0.189 0.010

(0.639) (0.681) (0.522) (0.986)SA 0.121 -0.125 0.157 0.039

(0.619) (0.697) (0.632) (0.960)WA 0.300 0.101 0.307 0.645

(0.288) (0.803) (0.449) (0.426)Married 0.199 -0.092 0.097 -0.004

(0.123) (0.631) (0.600) (0.989)Child age 0 to 2 -0.360* -0.013 -0.227 0.066

(0.052) (0.961) (0.388) (0.869)Child age 3 to 4 -0.178 -0.348 -0.100 -0.021

(0.481) (0.345) (0.789) (0.977)Child age 5 to 9 -0.094 -0.225 -0.282 0.027

(0.603) (0.375) (0.282) (0.958)Child age 10 to 14 -0.106 -0.226 -0.185 0.267

(0.633) (0.461) (0.551) (0.573)Union member 0.284* 0.136 0.167 -0.001

(0.073) (0.503) (0.404) (0.996)Has disability -0.183 -0.033 0.082 -0.021

(0.164) (0.864) (0.672) (0.953)Constant 0.621* 0.687 0.769* 5.740***


NCVER 241




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.077*** -0.032 0.011 0.041

(0.008) (0.394) (0.769) (0.258)Age 20 to 24 0.053 0.104 0.178 0.384***

(0.614) (0.436) (0.156) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.115 0.098 0.164 0.516***

(0.277) (0.468) (0.200) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.093 0.083 0.212 0.488***

(0.388) (0.549) (0.106) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.111 -0.039 0.185 0.507***

(0.303) (0.781) (0.163) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.126 -0.103 0.154 0.512***

(0.248) (0.459) (0.249) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.107 -0.201 0.218 0.628***

(0.327) (0.153) (0.111) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.045 -0.139 0.219 0.556***

(0.691) (0.332) (0.114) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.057 -0.245 0.201 0.536***

(0.649) (0.126) (0.215) (0.002)Age 60 to 64 -0.106 0.022 0.275 0.217



(0.318) (0.876) (0.885) (0.602)NSW 0.020 -0.091 -0.002 0.077

(0.703) (0.174) (0.979) (0.276)VIC 0.010 0.001 0.092 0.081

(0.835) (0.989) (0.172) (0.240)QLD 0.057 -0.043 -0.018 0.026

(0.283) (0.527) (0.794) (0.707)SA 0.012 -0.126* -0.090 0.057

(0.821) (0.074) (0.214) (0.455)WA 0.054 -0.051 0.017 0.066

(0.362) (0.506) (0.836) (0.384)Married 0.112*** -0.108** 0.033 -0.006

(0.001) (0.017) (0.464) (0.880)Child age 0 to 2 -0.286*** -0.327*** -0.108 0.014

(0.000) (0.000) (0.108) (0.852)Child age 3 to 4 -0.274*** -0.211** -0.137 0.112

(0.000) (0.018) (0.137) (0.201)Child age 5 to 9 -0.142*** -0.206*** -0.189*** -0.067

(0.006) (0.002) (0.007) (0.316)Child age 10 to 14 -0.108** -0.102 -0.069 0.006

(0.033) (0.118) (0.304) (0.928)Union member 0.263*** 0.131*** 0.341*** 0.090**

(0.000) (0.004) (0.000) (0.030)Has disability -0.117*** -0.094** -0.028 -0.068

(0.001) (0.047) (0.577) (0.175)Constant 0.637*** 0.623*** 0.459*** 5.623***






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Business 0.219*** 0.142** 0.171*** 0.198***(0.000) (0.018) (0.004) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.005 0.087 0.119 0.402**(0.985) (0.722) (0.616) (0.010)

Age 25 to 29 0.043 0.105 0.077 0.552***(0.859) (0.663) (0.751) (0.001)

Age 30 to 34 0.116 0.108 0.264 0.653***(0.640) (0.661) (0.288) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.072 0.051 0.185 0.759***(0.775) (0.841) (0.463) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.006 -0.091 0.304 0.830***(0.983) (0.734) (0.284) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.054 -0.157 0.088 0.644***(0.828) (0.532) (0.724) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.121 -0.150 -0.024 0.714***(0.657) (0.592) (0.931) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.007 -0.444* -0.127 0.481*(0.978) (0.094) (0.641) (0.068)

Age 60 to 64 -0.172 -0.001 0.107 0.725***(0.556) (0.999) (0.739) (0.007)



NSW 0.027 -0.096 0.047 0.037(0.751) (0.357) (0.634) (0.676)

VIC 0.060 -0.015 0.078 0.018(0.517) (0.894) (0.465) (0.831)

QLD -0.042 -0.114 -0.072 -0.113(0.663) (0.333) (0.530) (0.302)

SA 0.012 -0.028 -0.086 -0.031(0.914) (0.829) (0.462) (0.748)

WA 0.017 -0.042 0.068 -0.131(0.871) (0.740) (0.572) (0.192)



Married 0.108* -0.126* 0.036 0.002(0.071) (0.081) (0.607) (0.967)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.310*** -0.379*** -0.312*** 0.036(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.671)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.235** -0.474*** -0.260** -0.116(0.019) (0.000) (0.039) (0.373)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.072 -0.423*** -0.239** -0.083(0.421) (0.000) (0.024) (0.418)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.143 -0.300** -0.288** -0.160(0.163) (0.028) (0.028) (0.234)

Union member 0.245*** 0.151* 0.290*** -0.020(0.001) (0.075) (0.001) (0.780)

Has disability -0.094 0.040 -0.082 0.003(0.119) (0.598) (0.277) (0.963)

Constant 0.554** 0.711** 0.464 5.725***(0.050) (0.015) (0.110) (0.000)


NCVER 243




Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Engin 0.330 0.112 0.092 0.182(0.170) (0.714) (0.794) (0.700)


Age 25 to 29 -0.018 0.769 0.122 -0.190(0.971) (0.393) (0.900) (0.855)

Age 30 to 34 -0.204 1.108 (dropped) (dropped)(0.811) (0.398) . .

Age 35 to 39 -0.005 0.662 0.122 0.172(0.992) (0.426) (0.913) (0.843)


Age 45 to 49 (dropped) 0.623 0.136 -0.098. (0.419) (0.908) (0.920)




English is first language -0.172 0.164 0.192 (dropped)(0.854) (0.889) (0.908) .


NSW -0.113 0.157 0.620 (dropped)(0.844) (0.849) (0.716) .

VIC -0.180 0.131 0.044 -0.060(0.716) (0.831) (0.948) (0.934)

QLD 0.552 (dropped) 0.173 (dropped)(0.495) . (0.906) .

SA -0.085 -0.060 0.057 -0.276(0.872) (0.927) (0.938) (0.734)

WA 0.066 -0.296 0.153 (dropped)(0.924) (0.726) (0.870) .


Mother born overseas 0.054 -1.457 (dropped) (dropped)(0.962) (0.296) . .

Married 0.200 -0.072 -0.101 -0.152(0.469) (0.849) (0.807) (0.776)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.253 -0.345 -0.125 -0.371(0.524) (0.509) (0.849) (0.729)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.018 -0.642 -0.372 0.010(0.974) (0.339) (0.691) (0.997)

Child age 5 to 9 0.009 -0.364 -0.592 -0.338(0.985) (0.554) (0.410) (0.696)

Child age 10 to 14 0.039 -0.020 0.052 -0.284(0.935) (0.974) (0.939) (0.727)

Union member 0.532 0.101 0.194 -0.289(0.337) (0.882) (0.755) (0.793)

Has disability -0.088 0.094 0.008 0.024(0.779) (0.824) (0.986) (0.964)

Constant 0.846 -0.121 0.497 6.723***(0.413) (0.933) (0.850) (0.000)






Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma Other 0.158*** -0.050 0.053 0.105*(0.001) (0.411) (0.413) (0.066)

Age 20 to 24 0.213 0.487* 0.044 -0.301(0.255) (0.094) (0.807) (0.181)

Age 25 to 29 0.274 0.413 0.092 -0.068(0.126) (0.146) (0.571) (0.755)

Age 30 to 34 0.340* 0.373 0.114 -0.107(0.079) (0.221) (0.552) (0.673)

Age 35 to 39 0.357* 0.327 0.147 0.089(0.061) (0.273) (0.414) (0.734)

Age 40 to 44 0.291 0.219 0.136 -0.070(0.117) (0.461) (0.444) (0.772)

Age 45 to 49 0.256 0.165 0.019 -0.279(0.166) (0.572) (0.914) (0.267)

Age 50 to 54 0.237 0.164 0.131 -0.117(0.213) (0.580) (0.465) (0.627)





NSW 0.069 -0.088 -0.033 -0.003(0.442) (0.488) (0.802) (0.985)

VIC 0.031 0.008 0.075 -0.049(0.712) (0.948) (0.549) (0.738)

QLD -0.011 -0.133 -0.032 0.003(0.897) (0.256) (0.791) (0.983)

SA 0.088 -0.001 -0.105 -0.034(0.434) (0.997) (0.511) (0.848)

WA 0.094 -0.149 0.106 -0.177(0.299) (0.241) (0.415) (0.283)



Married 0.164*** -0.101 0.022 -0.067(0.002) (0.169) (0.770) (0.291)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.268*** -0.521*** -0.214* 0.074(0.001) (0.000) (0.071) (0.642)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.244** -0.431*** -0.188 -0.035(0.013) (0.001) (0.165) (0.839)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.223*** -0.309*** -0.166 0.107(0.009) (0.007) (0.167) (0.445)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.192** -0.256** -0.225* -0.137(0.028) (0.033) (0.075) (0.401)

Union member 0.226*** 0.023 0.344*** 0.013(0.001) (0.774) (0.000) (0.867)

Has disability -0.139** 0.077 -0.044 -0.022(0.013) (0.309) (0.587) (0.750)

Constant 0.502** 0.660* 0.666** 6.433***(0.028) (0.058) (0.018) (0.000)


NCVER 245




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Business 0.154** 0.167** 0.159** 0.054

(0.010) (0.018) (0.031) (0.313)Age 20 to 24 0.046 0.135 0.032 0.337***

(0.686) (0.341) (0.833) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 0.124 0.220 0.149 0.491***

(0.341) (0.167) (0.385) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.330** -0.002 0.046 0.717***

(0.045) (0.990) (0.820) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.161 0.147 0.036 0.483***

(0.278) (0.408) (0.845) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.119 -0.026 0.083 0.668***

(0.471) (0.895) (0.689) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.050 -0.133 -0.200 0.327**

(0.741) (0.453) (0.289) (0.016)Age 50 to 54 0.116 -0.191 -0.134 0.559**

(0.539) (0.384) (0.627) (0.018)Age 55 to 59 0.170 -0.252 -0.234 0.673***

(0.457) (0.339) (0.395) (0.003)Age 60 to 64 -0.383 (dropped) 0.171 (dropped)

(0.198) . (0.623) .English is first language -0.197 0.009 0.326* 0.200

(0.235) (0.961) (0.097) (0.213)Non-English speaking country 0.035 0.089 0.617 0.624**

(0.901) (0.771) (0.137) (0.013)NSW 0.055 -0.213 -0.121 0.088

(0.633) (0.119) (0.401) (0.466)VIC -0.035 0.063 0.017 -0.117

(0.789) (0.691) (0.920) (0.296)QLD 0.078 -0.130 -0.080 -0.082

(0.443) (0.277) (0.507) (0.319)SA -0.009 -0.158 -0.024 -0.088

(0.937) (0.272) (0.875) (0.410)WA 0.110 -0.086 -0.054 -0.160


(0.365) (0.146) (0.491) (0.554)Mother born overseas -0.162 -0.235* 0.002 -0.024

(0.123) (0.089) (0.990) (0.839)Married 0.095 -0.084 -0.033 0.049

(0.149) (0.285) (0.675) (0.395)Child age 0 to 2 -0.465*** -0.517*** -0.363*** 0.125

(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.420)Child age 3 to 4 -0.453*** -0.342* -0.571*** 0.084

(0.001) (0.064) (0.002) (0.562)Child age 5 to 9 -0.199* -0.462*** -0.266* -0.226*

(0.070) (0.001) (0.057) (0.058)Child age 10 to 14 -0.124 -0.233 -0.019 -0.058

(0.368) (0.150) (0.909) (0.693)Union member 0.245*** 0.129 0.313*** 0.113

(0.004) (0.165) (0.001) (0.129)Has disability -0.132* -0.050 -0.079 0.026

(0.051) (0.556) (0.360) (0.700)Constant 0.786*** 0.714*** 0.330 5.640***






Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Engin 0.106 -0.005 0.032 0.034

(0.326) (0.970) (0.864) (0.845)Age 20 to 24 -0.279 (dropped) 0.044 -0.545

(0.524) . (0.946) (0.483)Age 25 to 29 (dropped) 0.314 0.304 -0.449

. (0.539) (0.687) (0.630)Age 30 to 34 -0.004 -0.039 0.257 -0.456

(0.992) (0.920) (0.581) (0.598)Age 35 to 39 -0.008 -0.353 -0.083 (dropped)

(0.985) (0.360) (0.896) .Age 40 to 44 -0.162 -0.419 0.178 -0.120


. . . .Age 50 to 54 0.036 -0.426 0.323 -0.550

(0.927) (0.234) (0.534) (0.543)Age 55 to 59 -0.197 -0.385 -0.020 -0.154


(0.712) (0.247) . .English is first language 0.322 -0.892 -0.816 -0.129

(0.568) (0.218) (0.441) (0.887)Non-English speaking country 0.155 -0.618 -0.830 0.235

(0.781) (0.352) (0.398) (0.809)NSW 0.024 -0.109 0.168 (dropped)

(0.905) (0.663) (0.704) .VIC 0.132 0.271 0.425 -0.116

(0.597) (0.414) (0.417) (0.833)QLD -0.168 0.513 0.177 0.073

(0.440) (0.155) (0.741) (0.869)SA -0.042 -0.065 0.232 -0.159

(0.845) (0.805) (0.595) (0.680)WA 0.042 -0.124 -0.119 (dropped)

(0.879) (0.755) (0.868) .Father born overseas -0.192 -0.401 -0.618 -0.219


(0.257) (0.999) (0.674) (0.849)Married 0.099 0.067 -0.093 0.052

(0.467) (0.702) (0.706) (0.823)Child age 0 to 2 -0.188 -0.178 0.139 0.231

(0.374) (0.492) (0.705) (0.446)Child age 3 to 4 -0.328 -0.603 -0.357 (dropped)

(0.291) (0.169) (0.627) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.141 -0.205 0.079 -0.231

(0.492) (0.441) (0.837) (0.575)Child age 10 to 14 -0.132 -0.245 -0.006 -0.183

(0.491) (0.337) (0.987) (0.815)Union member 0.179 0.105 0.376 0.044

(0.238) (0.545) (0.112) (0.861)Has disability -0.151 0.043 -0.108 -0.003

(0.231) (0.795) (0.655) (0.989)Constant 0.514 1.588** 1.127 6.962***


NCVER 247




Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications Other 0.081** -0.060 -0.010 -0.083*

(0.014) (0.146) (0.826) (0.080)Age 20 to 24 -0.066 -0.109 -0.113 0.355**

(0.690) (0.574) (0.566) (0.017)Age 25 to 29 -0.063 -0.100 -0.043 0.588***

(0.706) (0.608) (0.829) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.079 -0.146 -0.022 0.629***

(0.642) (0.470) (0.917) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.004 -0.240 -0.007 0.476***

(0.982) (0.234) (0.975) (0.004)Age 40 to 44 -0.040 -0.258 -0.119 0.639***

(0.816) (0.198) (0.559) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.014 -0.395** -0.199 0.413**

(0.933) (0.046) (0.329) (0.023)Age 50 to 54 0.003 -0.406** -0.140 0.682***

(0.986) (0.048) (0.504) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.187 -0.593*** -0.139 0.026

(0.284) (0.005) (0.514) (0.924)Age 60 to 64 -0.031 -0.082 -0.063 0.312


(0.307) (0.289) (0.654) (0.149)Non-English speaking country -0.219* -0.030 -0.039 0.030

(0.075) (0.848) (0.831) (0.873)NSW -0.003 -0.062 0.059 0.108

(0.963) (0.442) (0.483) (0.284)VIC 0.016 -0.001 0.131* 0.039

(0.794) (0.987) (0.096) (0.673)QLD 0.004 -0.101 -0.036 0.148

(0.954) (0.190) (0.666) (0.142)SA 0.033 -0.076 -0.136 -0.065

(0.637) (0.372) (0.127) (0.504)WA 0.054 -0.001 0.115 0.037


(0.705) (0.982) (0.625) (0.601)Mother born overseas 0.021 0.121* 0.171** -0.033

(0.685) (0.068) (0.017) (0.643)Married 0.147*** -0.098** -0.017 -0.032

(0.000) (0.043) (0.732) (0.525)Child age 0 to 2 -0.385*** -0.422*** -0.342*** 0.070

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.510)Child age 3 to 4 -0.197*** -0.430*** -0.283*** -0.142

(0.002) (0.000) (0.003) (0.311)Child age 5 to 9 -0.124** -0.278*** -0.262*** -0.081

(0.026) (0.000) (0.001) (0.363)Child age 10 to 14 -0.074 -0.277*** -0.035 -0.213

(0.237) (0.000) (0.690) (0.118)Union member 0.229*** 0.109** 0.329*** 0.105*

(0.000) (0.045) (0.000) (0.087)Has disability -0.214*** -0.087* -0.083 -0.141**

(0.000) (0.087) (0.122) (0.027)Constant 0.880*** 0.766*** 0.608** 5.610***






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Business 0.092*** 0.081*** 0.124*** 0.054*

(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.100)Age 20 to 24 -0.074 0.254** 0.167 0.471***

(0.435) (0.018) (0.130) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.037 0.243** 0.186* 0.665***

(0.689) (0.020) (0.087) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.046 0.187* 0.162 0.633***

(0.621) (0.076) (0.140) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.025 0.184* 0.211* 0.752***

(0.789) (0.086) (0.058) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.023 0.055 0.138 0.767***

(0.804) (0.598) (0.213) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.017 0.093 0.145 0.633***

(0.853) (0.374) (0.182) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.005 -0.005 0.087 0.634***

(0.955) (0.962) (0.423) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.122 -0.107 0.096 0.666***

(0.196) (0.321) (0.398) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.075 -0.241* -0.063 0.753***


(0.857) (0.150) (0.471) (0.978)Non-English speaking country -0.085 0.157* 0.112 -0.067

(0.168) (0.069) (0.217) (0.489)NSW 0.013 -0.092* -0.008 0.032

(0.740) (0.054) (0.878) (0.537)VIC 0.005 -0.008 0.055 0.011

(0.899) (0.884) (0.338) (0.846)QLD 0.025 -0.085* -0.113** -0.073

(0.548) (0.100) (0.038) (0.202)SA 0.046 -0.105* -0.073 -0.020

(0.353) (0.091) (0.268) (0.774)WA 0.072* -0.100* 0.029 -0.012


(0.171) (0.750) (0.704) (0.100)Mother born overseas -0.039 0.036 0.046 0.149**

(0.326) (0.500) (0.410) (0.024)Married 0.108*** -0.144*** 0.007 -0.005

(0.000) (0.000) (0.837) (0.900)Child age 0 to 2 -0.322*** -0.366*** -0.183*** -0.122

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.101)Child age 3 to 4 -0.233*** -0.445*** -0.268*** -0.011

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.916)Child age 5 to 9 -0.172*** -0.391*** -0.267*** -0.109

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.101)Child age 10 to 14 -0.139*** -0.242*** -0.162*** -0.148**

(0.001) (0.000) (0.004) (0.029)Union member 0.239*** 0.113*** 0.273*** -0.006

(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.889)Has disability -0.168*** -0.034 -0.049 -0.047

(0.000) (0.336) (0.187) (0.243)Constant 0.733*** 0.489*** 0.416*** 5.763***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)Number of observations 1,187 1,008 890 478R2 0.170 0.183 0.132 0.163Note: p-values in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 249




Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Engin -0.126 -0.066 -0.152 0.162


. . . .Age 25 to 29 (dropped) -0.453 -0.211 (dropped)

. (0.834) (0.942) .Age 30 to 34 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .Age 35 to 39 -0.697 0.144 0.510 (dropped)

(0.281) (0.930) (0.800) .Age 40 to 44 -0.624 -0.351 -0.159 (dropped)

(0.323) (0.820) (0.941) .Age 45 to 49 -1.088 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.148) . . .Age 50 to 54 -0.527 -0.034 0.325 0.150


. . . .Age 60 to 64 -0.688 -0.349 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.332) (0.841) . .English is first language -0.545 -0.682 0.508 (dropped)

(0.606) (0.727) (0.823) .Non-English speaking country 0.882 (dropped) (dropped) -0.394

(0.358) . . .NSW -0.305 (dropped) 0.471 (dropped)

(0.600) . (0.726) .VIC 0.166 -0.112 0.569 (dropped)

(0.800) (0.910) (0.632) .QLD 0.053 -0.108 0.146 -0.072

(0.916) (0.880) (0.875) .SA 0.229 0.133 0.476 (dropped)

(0.748) (0.906) (0.721) .WA 0.141 (dropped) 0.071 (dropped)

(0.842) . (0.973) .Father born overseas -0.463 -0.202 0.302 (dropped)

(0.366) (0.871) (0.734) .Mother born overseas -0.632 -0.257 -0.002 (dropped)

(0.265) (0.883) (0.999) .Married -0.065 0.005 0.170 -0.143

(0.799) (0.991) (0.733) .Child age 0 to 2 -0.553 0.085 0.039 0.166


(0.581) (0.620) (0.752) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.023 0.175 -0.183 -0.080

(0.951) (0.778) (0.791) .Child age 10 to 14 -0.255 -0.204 -0.383 -0.052

(0.439) (0.748) (0.497) .Union member 0.205 0.326 0.353 -0.056

(0.494) (0.507) (0.487) .Has disability -0.113 -0.099 -0.090 -0.090

(0.632) (0.821) (0.868) .Constant 2.128 1.327 -0.246 6.497






Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications Other 0.123*** -0.051 0.074* 0.072*

(0.000) (0.180) (0.065) (0.073)Age 20 to 24 -0.100 0.090 0.094 0.400***

(0.253) (0.384) (0.369) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.011 -0.001 0.153 0.623***

(0.906) (0.990) (0.162) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.147 0.066 0.277** 0.595***

(0.116) (0.557) (0.017) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.075 -0.091 0.159 0.619***

(0.426) (0.435) (0.173) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.075 -0.083 0.198* 0.585***

(0.411) (0.449) (0.078) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.005 -0.166 0.184 0.585***

(0.958) (0.135) (0.101) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.032 -0.200* 0.157 0.537***

(0.737) (0.072) (0.166) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.072 -0.147 0.242* 0.538***

(0.512) (0.288) (0.081) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.212 -0.438** 0.226 (dropped)

(0.131) (0.036) (0.324) .English is first language -0.043 0.110 0.130 -0.054

(0.654) (0.302) (0.286) (0.679)Non-English speaking country 0.017 0.354** 0.293* 0.021

(0.893) (0.011) (0.052) (0.882)NSW 0.015 -0.022 0.089 0.006

(0.792) (0.749) (0.227) (0.932)VIC 0.036 -0.096 0.070 -0.078

(0.514) (0.155) (0.340) (0.299)QLD -0.021 -0.128* -0.089 -0.133*

(0.700) (0.069) (0.213) (0.086)SA -0.007 -0.092 -0.062 -0.140*

(0.905) (0.187) (0.386) (0.055)WA 0.064 -0.087 0.107 -0.102

(0.310) (0.244) (0.183) (0.189)Father born overseas 0.022 -0.105* 0.027 0.043

(0.620) (0.058) (0.627) (0.513)Mother born overseas -0.009 0.113* 0.010 -0.108

(0.856) (0.082) (0.873) (0.128)Married 0.106*** -0.101** -0.011 -0.000

(0.003) (0.027) (0.810) (0.992)Child age 0 to 2 -0.355*** -0.348*** -0.171** -0.057

(0.000) (0.000) (0.014) (0.473)Child age 3 to 4 -0.278*** -0.470*** -0.227** -0.066

(0.000) (0.000) (0.019) (0.699)Child age 5 to 9 -0.232*** -0.384*** -0.267*** -0.176*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.088)Child age 10 to 14 -0.138*** -0.210*** -0.166** -0.187**

(0.009) (0.001) (0.019) (0.019)Union member 0.257*** 0.087* 0.281*** 0.003

(0.000) (0.086) (0.000) (0.954)Has disability -0.128*** -0.041 -0.159*** -0.057

(0.000) (0.356) (0.001) (0.229)Constant 0.716*** 0.666*** 0.315* 5.980***


NCVER 251

Table 48d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.203*** 0.182*** 0.271*** 0.219***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.073 0.283 0.293 0.298

(0.683) (0.243) (0.191) (0.365)Age 25 to 29 -0.110 0.269 0.275 0.494

(0.525) (0.259) (0.211) (0.128)Age 30 to 34 0.019 0.278 0.382* 0.580*

(0.913) (0.250) (0.089) (0.077)Age 35 to 39 -0.005 0.138 0.444* 0.710**

(0.977) (0.589) (0.065) (0.039)Age 40 to 44 0.070 0.180 0.382* 0.683**

(0.701) (0.465) (0.095) (0.039)Age 45 to 49 0.011 0.090 0.317 0.601*

(0.952) (0.720) (0.174) (0.070)Age 50 to 54 -0.008 0.053 0.307 0.561*

(0.967) (0.831) (0.190) (0.091)Age 55 to 59 -0.051 -0.197 0.087 0.781**

(0.785) (0.446) (0.723) (0.030)Age 60 to 64 -0.061 -0.073 0.330 0.639

(0.821) (0.835) (0.361) (0.102)English is first language 0.061 0.191* 0.211* 0.044

(0.497) (0.077) (0.071) (0.695)Non-English speaking country 0.030 0.298** 0.198 0.102

(0.785) (0.047) (0.148) (0.421)NSW -0.038 0.018 0.015 0.075

(0.653) (0.862) (0.887) (0.416)VIC -0.074 0.051 0.036 -0.089

(0.382) (0.624) (0.724) (0.304)QLD -0.067 -0.069 -0.102 -0.095

(0.438) (0.519) (0.343) (0.308)SA -0.023 0.014 -0.027 -0.019

(0.809) (0.910) (0.827) (0.860)WA -0.042 -0.048 0.019 -0.100

(0.656) (0.680) (0.867) (0.377)Father born overseas -0.025 -0.087 -0.183** 0.115

(0.725) (0.333) (0.021) (0.303)Mother born overseas 0.079 0.028 0.232*** -0.122

(0.286) (0.768) (0.007) (0.287)Married 0.121** -0.141** 0.010 0.022

(0.011) (0.022) (0.864) (0.663)Child age 0 to 2 -0.336*** -0.418*** -0.321*** -0.049

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.660)Child age 3 to 4 -0.211*** -0.461*** -0.318*** -0.115

(0.008) (0.000) (0.002) (0.372)Child age 5 to 9 -0.116 -0.398*** -0.216** -0.048

(0.142) (0.000) (0.027) (0.639)Child age 10 to 14 -0.105 -0.151 -0.138 -0.211**

(0.209) (0.150) (0.165) (0.043)Union member 0.186*** 0.127* 0.204*** -0.010

(0.002) (0.061) (0.002) (0.864)Has disability -0.142*** 0.026 -0.045 -0.102*

(0.005) (0.693) (0.477) (0.096)Constant 0.708*** 0.299 0.122 5.885***



Table 49d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings


(0.483) (0.642) (0.294) .Age 20 to 24 -0.117 -0.037 0.123 0.052

(0.873) (0.964) (0.925) .Age 25 to 29 -0.156 0.257 -0.021 0.444

(0.816) (0.716) (0.986) .Age 30 to 34 0.125 0.104 0.351 0.486

(0.862) (0.887) (0.787) .Age 35 to 39 0.134 -0.030 0.115 0.259


. . . .Age 45 to 49 (dropped) (dropped) 0.204 (dropped)

. . (0.893) .Age 50 to 54 0.025 -0.168 (dropped) 0.130

(0.981) (0.817) . .Age 55 to 59 -0.142 -0.401 0.173 -0.046


. . . .English is first language 0.227 0.513 0.791 (dropped)

(0.646) (0.463) (0.599) .Non-English speaking country 0.030 0.986 1.110 1.090

(0.962) (0.376) (0.423) .NSW 0.003 0.140 -0.128 -0.261

(0.996) (0.833) (0.903) .VIC -0.004 0.066 -0.035 0.143

(0.994) (0.907) (0.965) .QLD -0.032 -0.131 0.337 (dropped)

(0.960) (0.847) (0.818) .SA -0.062 0.114 -0.077 -0.303

(0.908) (0.864) (0.935) .WA 0.261 -0.446 0.124 (dropped)


(0.743) (0.778) (0.909) .Mother born overseas -0.068 0.379 0.312 -0.285

(0.879) (0.479) (0.730) .Married 0.056 -0.090 0.022 -0.181

(0.789) (0.759) (0.949) .Child age 0 to 2 -0.444 -0.398 -0.067 -0.252

(0.102) (0.331) (0.896) .Child age 3 to 4 -0.256 -0.606 -0.213 -0.032

(0.454) (0.181) (0.701) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.214 -0.503 -0.396 -0.489

(0.605) (0.301) (0.553) .Child age 10 to 14 -0.056 -0.494 -0.246 -0.435

(0.910) (0.538) (0.745) .Union member 0.185 0.354 0.214 -0.005

(0.519) (0.278) (0.610) .Has disability -0.091 0.049 0.111 0.166

(0.685) (0.877) (0.764) .Constant 0.634 0.137 -0.374 6.664


NCVER 253

Table 50d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.123*** -0.003 0.113*** 0.164***

(0.000) (0.928) (0.001) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.176 0.589*** 0.316* -0.323***

(0.203) (0.001) (0.074) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 -0.060 0.510*** 0.301* -0.140*

(0.644) (0.002) (0.069) (0.095)Age 30 to 34 0.002 0.423** 0.340** -0.143

(0.986) (0.011) (0.047) (0.127)Age 35 to 39 0.017 0.376** 0.304* (dropped)

(0.901) (0.023) (0.072) .Age 40 to 44 0.019 0.341** 0.334** -0.115

(0.883) (0.036) (0.045) (0.171)Age 45 to 49 0.010 0.196 0.294* -0.159*

(0.936) (0.231) (0.078) (0.082)Age 50 to 54 -0.057 0.277* 0.291* -0.064

(0.663) (0.096) (0.087) (0.511)Age 55 to 59 -0.066 0.047 0.257 -0.133

(0.622) (0.781) (0.136) (0.236)Age 60 to 64 -0.145 0.045 0.087 -0.082



(0.226) (0.497) (0.236) (0.212)NSW 0.051 -0.009 0.071 -0.018

(0.261) (0.882) (0.262) (0.806)VIC 0.021 0.069 0.129* -0.026

(0.674) (0.269) (0.064) (0.725)QLD 0.026 -0.022 -0.011 -0.129*

(0.598) (0.728) (0.877) (0.087)SA 0.043 -0.028 -0.053 -0.087

(0.410) (0.673) (0.459) (0.313)WA 0.035 -0.087 0.114* -0.183**

(0.486) (0.171) (0.099) (0.024)Father born overseas -0.064 -0.089* -0.070 -0.047


(0.284) (0.273) (0.235) (0.539)Married 0.082*** -0.189*** -0.028 -0.011

(0.008) (0.000) (0.486) (0.798)Child age 0 to 2 -0.272*** -0.416*** -0.193*** 0.053

(0.000) (0.000) (0.005) (0.610)Child age 3 to 4 -0.200*** -0.469*** -0.191** -0.056

(0.002) (0.000) (0.040) (0.673)Child age 5 to 9 -0.112** -0.302*** -0.142** -0.060

(0.012) (0.000) (0.017) (0.432)Child age 10 to 14 -0.145*** -0.288*** -0.162*** -0.057

(0.001) (0.000) (0.008) (0.475)Union member 0.203*** 0.153*** 0.309*** 0.126***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.005)Has disability -0.128*** -0.011 -0.007 -0.079*

(0.000) (0.786) (0.877) (0.091)Constant 0.753*** 0.334* 0.230 6.539***



Table 51d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.176*** 0.163*** 0.166*** 0.044(0.000) (0.002) (0.001) (0.304)

Age 20 to 24 0.011 0.103 0.071 0.344***(0.917) (0.419) (0.576) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.101 0.147 0.085 0.534***(0.355) (0.268) (0.518) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.260** 0.097 0.238 0.687***(0.040) (0.529) (0.125) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.153 0.046 0.127 0.549***(0.209) (0.757) (0.381) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.043 -0.091 0.018 0.565***(0.752) (0.597) (0.920) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.063 -0.270* -0.071 0.402***(0.618) (0.067) (0.635) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 0.152 -0.226 -0.112 0.681***(0.295) (0.185) (0.529) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.024 -0.324* -0.103 0.561***(0.869) (0.057) (0.553) (0.002)

Age 60 to 64 -0.339 (dropped) 0.057 (dropped)(0.129) . (0.806) .



NSW -0.001 -0.146 -0.036 -0.045(0.985) (0.115) (0.703) (0.577)

VIC 0.013 0.019 0.115 -0.086(0.879) (0.856) (0.276) (0.291)

QLD -0.019 -0.068 -0.051 -0.136*(0.806) (0.469) (0.581) (0.056)

SA -0.039 -0.110 -0.041 -0.139*(0.668) (0.320) (0.705) (0.097)

WA 0.075 -0.079 -0.038 -0.208***(0.380) (0.426) (0.705) (0.007)

Father born overseas 0.094 0.133* 0.063 0.107*(0.139) (0.094) (0.426) (0.093)

Mother born overseas -0.152** -0.107 0.084 0.029(0.032) (0.221) (0.338) (0.689)

Married 0.077 -0.091 0.012 -0.003(0.122) (0.135) (0.842) (0.957)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.414*** -0.439*** -0.353*** 0.030(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.740)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.369*** -0.489*** -0.507*** -0.067(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.597)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.161** -0.355*** -0.294*** -0.084(0.036) (0.000) (0.002) (0.319)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.111 -0.229** -0.174 -0.067(0.232) (0.047) (0.132) (0.597)

Union member 0.279*** 0.079 0.289*** 0.041(0.000) (0.268) (0.000) (0.499)

Has disability -0.120** -0.063 -0.099 -0.033(0.020) (0.325) (0.123) (0.556)

Constant 0.683*** 0.854*** 0.416** 5.837***(0.000) (0.000) (0.029) (0.000)


NCVER 255

Table 52d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.154 0.079 0.032 0.003(0.102) (0.499) (0.822) (0.980)

Age 20 to 24 -0.008 0.520 0.389 -0.547(0.982) (0.145) (0.424) (0.182)

Age 25 to 29 0.017 0.537 0.473 -0.348(0.960) (0.112) (0.348) (0.400)

Age 30 to 34 0.212 0.427 0.447 -0.275(0.561) (0.189) (0.328) (0.349)

Age 35 to 39 0.148 0.240 0.264 (dropped)(0.697) (0.490) (0.593) .

Age 40 to 44 0.051 0.090 0.293 -0.070(0.886) (0.787) (0.544) (0.880)

Age 45 to 49 (dropped) 0.382 0.562 -0.239. (0.425) (0.357) (0.610)

Age 50 to 54 0.113 0.141 0.461 -0.436(0.761) (0.662) (0.325) (0.196)

Age 55 to 59 -0.086 0.040 0.376 -0.195(0.811) (0.908) (0.415) (0.678)


English is first language -0.111 -0.418 -0.513 -0.140(0.776) (0.178) (0.321) (0.800)


NSW 0.126 -0.200 -0.004 0.096(0.432) (0.328) (0.985) (0.807)

VIC 0.083 0.163 0.123 -0.040(0.653) (0.496) (0.655) (0.901)

QLD -0.030 0.165 0.090 0.068(0.869) (0.567) (0.752) (0.836)

SA 0.050 -0.135 0.054 -0.120(0.774) (0.538) (0.842) (0.676)

WA -0.002 -0.114 -0.076 0.087(0.992) (0.688) (0.833) (0.799)



Married 0.093 -0.062 -0.104 -0.029(0.390) (0.659) (0.527) (0.829)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.216 -0.246 -0.025 0.091(0.201) (0.251) (0.922) (0.642)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.358 -0.553 -0.249 -0.366(0.161) (0.114) (0.592) (0.677)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.141 -0.187 -0.152 -0.207(0.429) (0.385) (0.585) (0.376)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.150 -0.115 0.108 -0.004(0.391) (0.605) (0.705) (0.990)

Union member 0.158 0.157 0.343* 0.112(0.260) (0.312) (0.055) (0.469)

Has disability -0.047 0.035 -0.044 -0.025(0.662) (0.806) (0.800) (0.852)

Constant 0.736 0.704* 0.775 6.904***(0.147) (0.098) (0.247) (0.000)



Table 53d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.096*** -0.087** 0.031 -0.011(0.000) (0.010) (0.389) (0.772)

Age 20 to 24 -0.025 -0.071 -0.130 0.338**(0.878) (0.704) (0.502) (0.012)

Age 25 to 29 -0.049 -0.084 -0.079 0.547***(0.760) (0.652) (0.682) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.033 -0.148 -0.045 0.497***(0.843) (0.444) (0.822) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.030 -0.178 -0.059 0.475***(0.856) (0.355) (0.767) (0.001)

Age 40 to 44 -0.022 -0.227 -0.134 0.586***(0.893) (0.232) (0.496) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.021 -0.367* -0.207 0.368**(0.897) (0.053) (0.292) (0.012)

Age 50 to 54 0.014 -0.357* -0.132 0.569***(0.933) (0.064) (0.507) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.149 -0.559*** -0.096 0.331*(0.374) (0.005) (0.641) (0.098)

Age 60 to 64 -0.003 -0.363 -0.040 0.283(0.989) (0.204) (0.891) (0.249)

English is first language -0.082 0.105 0.238* 0.144(0.408) (0.351) (0.074) (0.374)

Non-English speaking country -0.207* -0.063 0.060 0.034(0.078) (0.652) (0.708) (0.845)

NSW -0.007 -0.038 0.021 -0.001(0.899) (0.563) (0.762) (0.984)

VIC 0.035 -0.054 0.139** -0.059(0.485) (0.379) (0.034) (0.378)

QLD 0.011 -0.099 -0.037 -0.058(0.831) (0.119) (0.583) (0.391)

SA 0.037 -0.127* -0.104 -0.204***(0.499) (0.061) (0.142) (0.006)

WA 0.061 -0.039 0.090 -0.130**(0.263) (0.559) (0.209) (0.048)


Mother born overseas -0.009 0.201*** 0.128** -0.011(0.845) (0.001) (0.039) (0.855)

Married 0.126*** -0.092** 0.004 0.007(0.000) (0.021) (0.931) (0.869)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.369*** -0.477*** -0.287*** 0.039(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.685)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.203*** -0.429*** -0.211*** -0.086(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.421)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.155*** -0.351*** -0.223*** 0.013(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.859)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.085* -0.297*** -0.058 -0.186*(0.086) (0.000) (0.392) (0.054)

Union member 0.222*** 0.095** 0.352*** 0.053(0.000) (0.028) (0.000) (0.252)

Has disability -0.210*** -0.033 -0.091** -0.061(0.000) (0.432) (0.039) (0.205)

Constant 0.830*** 0.800*** 0.438* 5.829***(0.000) (0.000) (0.066) (0.000)


NCVER 257

Table 54d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business 0.021 0.137 -0.022 0.099(0.780) (0.192) (0.833) (0.262)


Age 25 to 29 0.124 0.031 0.199 (dropped)(0.750) (0.952) (0.670) .

Age 30 to 34 0.047 0.020 0.543 0.417(0.870) (0.962) (0.181) (0.283)

Age 35 to 39 -0.068 -0.094 0.355 0.573(0.830) (0.846) (0.381) (0.172)

Age 40 to 44 -0.101 -0.230 0.193 0.589**(0.692) (0.485) (0.515) (0.018)

Age 45 to 49 -0.017 -0.257 0.444 0.492**(0.946) (0.418) (0.123) (0.027)

Age 50 to 54 -0.075 -0.277 0.324 0.630***(0.750) (0.352) (0.210) (0.003)

Age 55 to 59 -0.219 -0.401 0.406 0.606**(0.392) (0.232) (0.179) (0.018)

Age 60 to 64 0.187 -0.196 0.638 0.703**(0.593) (0.684) (0.160) (0.029)

English is first language 0.220 0.286 (dropped) -0.028(0.542) (0.620) . (0.878)

Non-English speaking country 0.411 0.210 0.176 (dropped)(0.305) (0.734) (0.472) .

NSW 0.090 -0.257 -0.059 -0.023(0.592) (0.241) (0.789) (0.872)

VIC -0.027 -0.114 -0.132 -0.037(0.877) (0.628) (0.576) (0.816)

QLD -0.021 -0.263 -0.242 -0.001(0.918) (0.375) (0.405) (0.997)

SA -0.041 -0.281 -0.361 0.253(0.842) (0.317) (0.192) (0.258)

WA 0.106 -0.566** -0.187 (dropped)(0.630) (0.046) (0.504) .


Mother born overseas -0.057 -0.127 -0.770 (dropped)(0.752) (0.743) (0.162) .

Married 0.164* 0.034 0.060 -0.154(0.056) (0.793) (0.638) (0.150)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.323 -0.504 -0.264 0.279(0.105) (0.168) (0.485) (0.603)


Child age 5 to 9 -0.190 -0.494 -0.228 -0.137(0.320) (0.127) (0.447) (0.764)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.153 -0.043 -0.154 -0.271*(0.259) (0.819) (0.403) (0.096)

Union member 0.212** 0.193 0.329** -0.034(0.046) (0.151) (0.013) (0.749)

Has disability -0.064 -0.052 0.013 -0.015(0.455) (0.673) (0.918) (0.898)

Constant 0.489 0.529 0.289 5.986***(0.300) (0.456) (0.370) (0.000)



Table 55d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin -0.087 0.237 0.257 -0.136(0.880) . . .






Age 45 to 49 (dropped) 0.037 (dropped) (dropped). . . .

Age 50 to 54 0.930 (dropped) -0.337 0.234(0.846) . . .

Age 55 to 59 1.226 0.073 -0.199 (dropped)(0.803) . . .

Age 60 to 64 0.789 0.197 (dropped) (dropped)(0.871) . . .



NSW -0.224 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.792) . . .


QLD (dropped) -0.701 (dropped) (dropped). . . .


WA 1.088 -0.502 -0.136 (dropped)(0.822) . . .

Father born overseas 0.382 (dropped) -0.033 (dropped)(0.934) . . .


Married -0.100 -0.381 0.137 -0.337(0.895) . . .


Child age 3 to 4 0.546 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.828) . . .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.324 -0.528 0.079 (dropped)(0.943) . . .

Child age 10 to 14 -0.359 -0.124 -0.998 -0.428(0.784) . . .

Union member 0.295 0.200 0.376 -0.020(0.689) . . .

Has disability -0.231 -0.097 -0.025 0.058(0.721) . . .

Constant 0.172 0.891 0.706 6.662(0.972) . . .


NCVER 259

Table 56d:Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other 0.098*** 0.030 0.114*** 0.043(0.000) (0.250) (0.000) (0.144)

Age 20 to 24 -0.150* 0.065 0.065 0.465***(0.092) (0.520) (0.524) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.097 0.038 0.053 0.681***(0.268) (0.704) (0.591) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.014 0.049 0.147 0.637***(0.878) (0.630) (0.147) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.023 0.020 0.159 0.724***(0.797) (0.845) (0.129) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.017 -0.114 0.085 0.734***(0.851) (0.267) (0.407) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.077 -0.064 0.090 0.665***(0.387) (0.531) (0.378) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.041 -0.183* 0.055 0.608***(0.647) (0.073) (0.597) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.166* -0.258** 0.025 0.620***(0.069) (0.016) (0.816) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.207* -0.420*** -0.105 0.721***(0.063) (0.003) (0.520) (0.005)


Non-English speaking country -0.068 0.266*** 0.193** -0.077(0.236) (0.001) (0.019) (0.383)

NSW 0.018 -0.077* 0.004 0.033(0.605) (0.077) (0.939) (0.504)

VIC 0.010 -0.024 0.072 -0.012(0.791) (0.613) (0.144) (0.822)

QLD 0.015 -0.090** -0.102** -0.077(0.681) (0.045) (0.032) (0.126)

SA 0.014 -0.089* -0.060 -0.057(0.735) (0.084) (0.273) (0.322)

WA 0.061 -0.092* 0.062 -0.031(0.110) (0.052) (0.219) (0.577)



Married 0.101*** -0.121*** 0.030 -0.027(0.000) (0.000) (0.345) (0.411)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.361*** -0.351*** -0.185*** -0.098(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.109)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.267*** -0.456*** -0.315*** -0.053(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.559)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.200*** -0.360*** -0.271*** -0.141**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.021)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.156*** -0.258*** -0.202*** -0.148**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.012)

Union member 0.253*** 0.093** 0.261*** -0.019(0.000) (0.011) (0.000) (0.639)

Has disability -0.149*** -0.042 -0.082** -0.075**(0.000) (0.180) (0.012) (0.034)

Constant 0.760*** 0.652*** 0.419*** 5.759***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 57d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Business 0.152*** 0.206*** 0.196*** 0.236***

(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.244 0.241 0.107 -0.294

(0.134) (0.150) (0.536) (0.211)Age 25 to 29 0.078 0.287* 0.076 -0.155

(0.613) (0.057) (0.630) (0.481)Age 30 to 34 0.176 0.364** 0.204 -0.128

(0.244) (0.014) (0.201) (0.566)Age 35 to 39 0.261* 0.326** 0.179 0.010

(0.083) (0.030) (0.260) (0.965)Age 40 to 44 0.244 0.262* 0.084 0.029

(0.111) (0.086) (0.595) (0.901)Age 45 to 49 0.317** 0.162 0.026 0.017

(0.039) (0.294) (0.873) (0.938)Age 50 to 54 0.254 -0.020 0.098 0.101

(0.104) (0.900) (0.556) (0.664)Age 55 to 59 0.096 (dropped) (dropped) -0.064

(0.570) . . (0.811)Age 60 to 64 (dropped) -0.053 0.037 (dropped)

. (0.817) (0.883) .English is first language -0.080 -0.048 0.078 0.133

(0.337) (0.638) (0.437) (0.287)Non-English speaking country 0.020 -0.158 -0.334** 0.022

(0.840) (0.209) (0.032) (0.889)NSW -0.063 -0.111 -0.045 -0.035

(0.459) (0.294) (0.641) (0.790)VIC -0.109 0.001 -0.074 -0.070

(0.205) (0.995) (0.464) (0.570)QLD -0.133 -0.002 -0.159 -0.169

(0.137) (0.987) (0.150) (0.199)SA -0.021 -0.143 -0.025 -0.011

(0.835) (0.255) (0.834) (0.947)WA -0.042 -0.193 -0.077 -0.030

(0.685) (0.134) (0.523) (0.853)Father born overseas -0.023 -0.028 -0.062 0.239**

(0.751) (0.763) (0.488) (0.047)Mother born overseas -0.033 0.067 0.154* -0.198

(0.655) (0.469) (0.093) (0.105)Married 0.123** -0.098 0.042 0.064

(0.013) (0.128) (0.487) (0.315)Child age 0 to 2 -0.122 -0.467*** -0.153 0.106

(0.112) (0.000) (0.144) (0.398)Child age 3 to 4 -0.167* -0.483*** -0.194 -0.056

(0.073) (0.000) (0.127) (0.760)Child age 5 to 9 -0.113* -0.478*** -0.164* 0.159

(0.096) (0.000) (0.063) (0.250)Child age 10 to 14 -0.007 -0.271*** -0.219** -0.016

(0.934) (0.006) (0.023) (0.886)Union member 0.218*** 0.134* 0.177*** 0.125*

(0.000) (0.050) (0.006) (0.084)Has disability -0.079 0.052 0.014 -0.115

(0.124) (0.422) (0.838) (0.103)Constant 0.633*** 0.473** 0.517*** 6.448***


NCVER 261

Table 58d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Engin 0.162 0.249 -0.062 0.072

(0.521) (0.463) (0.878) .Age 20 to 24 -1.071 0.405 (dropped) -0.717


. . . .Age 30 to 34 -0.994 0.126 0.805 -0.625

(0.538) (0.922) (0.783) .Age 35 to 39 -0.701 0.198 0.566 -0.194

(0.511) (0.902) (0.782) .Age 40 to 44 -0.624 (dropped) 0.985 (dropped)

(0.729) . (0.776) .Age 45 to 49 -0.890 0.786 1.264 -0.047

(0.516) (0.599) (0.700) .Age 50 to 54 (dropped) 0.645 1.069 -0.260

. (0.653) (0.801) .Age 55 to 59 -0.997 0.696 0.960 -0.265


. . . .English is first language (dropped) (dropped) -1.426 (dropped)

. . (0.639) .Non-English speaking country 0.426 -1.124 (dropped) (dropped)

(0.685) (0.423) . .NSW (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

. . . .VIC 0.192 -0.307 0.904 -0.089

(0.869) (0.753) (0.779) .QLD -0.943 (dropped) -0.022 (dropped)

(0.529) . (0.996) .SA 0.110 -0.682 -0.199 (dropped)

(0.919) (0.664) (0.912) .WA 0.166 -0.199 -0.006 0.116

(0.876) (0.888) (0.997) .Father born overseas -0.326 0.119 -1.130 -0.022

(0.583) (0.862) (0.620) .Mother born overseas -0.077 0.384 0.239 0.405

(0.909) (0.698) (0.822) .Married -0.120 -0.137 -0.268 0.063

(0.737) (0.771) (0.671) .Child age 0 to 2 0.107 0.483 0.815 0.401


(0.763) (0.961) (0.880) .Child age 5 to 9 -0.187 0.358 0.262 0.284

(0.735) (0.669) (0.786) .Child age 10 to 14 -0.703 -0.847 0.194 -0.127

(0.289) (0.438) (0.956) .Union member 0.056 -0.188 0.156 0.263

(0.876) (0.716) (0.775) .Has disability -0.172 0.112 0.214 -0.167

(0.613) (0.794) (0.736) .Constant 1.847 0.137 1.235 6.692



Table 59d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma Other 0.065*** 0.052 0.091*** 0.245***

(0.007) (0.122) (0.009) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.012 0.178 0.027 0.060

(0.960) (0.592) (0.933) (0.832)Age 25 to 29 0.003 0.112 -0.067 0.237

(0.990) (0.738) (0.836) (0.405)Age 30 to 34 -0.025 0.195 0.064 0.332

(0.921) (0.559) (0.841) (0.245)Age 35 to 39 0.031 0.092 -0.025 0.277

(0.903) (0.783) (0.937) (0.341)Age 40 to 44 -0.005 0.044 0.007 0.370

(0.986) (0.895) (0.982) (0.197)Age 45 to 49 0.033 -0.003 -0.018 0.383

(0.894) (0.992) (0.954) (0.181)Age 50 to 54 -0.012 -0.099 -0.048 0.445

(0.962) (0.767) (0.880) (0.129)Age 55 to 59 -0.024 -0.213 -0.063 0.444

(0.923) (0.522) (0.844) (0.131)Age 60 to 64 -0.102 -0.253 -0.125 0.283


(0.628) (0.601) (0.361) (0.789)Non-English speaking country -0.153** 0.071 -0.035 0.081

(0.038) (0.514) (0.747) (0.607)NSW -0.031 -0.023 0.037 0.013

(0.463) (0.697) (0.545) (0.876)VIC -0.038 0.058 0.064 -0.020

(0.394) (0.341) (0.305) (0.804)QLD -0.018 0.032 -0.014 -0.031

(0.671) (0.592) (0.825) (0.709)SA -0.021 0.002 -0.023 -0.073

(0.672) (0.977) (0.743) (0.441)WA -0.029 -0.030 0.008 -0.044


(0.156) (0.503) (0.832) (0.635)Mother born overseas -0.020 -0.070 0.014 0.033

(0.579) (0.174) (0.788) (0.650)Married 0.066** -0.101** 0.044 0.030

(0.017) (0.010) (0.279) (0.553)Child age 0 to 2 -0.305*** -0.288*** -0.045 0.166*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.551) (0.071)Child age 3 to 4 -0.272*** -0.305*** -0.120 0.042

(0.000) (0.006) (0.260) (0.808)Child age 5 to 9 -0.164*** -0.305*** -0.111* 0.065

(0.000) (0.000) (0.068) (0.442)Child age 10 to 14 -0.065 -0.218*** -0.143** 0.064

(0.106) (0.000) (0.013) (0.431)Union member 0.163*** 0.156*** 0.263*** 0.125**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.015)Has disability -0.147*** -0.086** -0.029 -0.098*

(0.000) (0.029) (0.479) (0.072)Constant 0.889*** 0.577* 0.526 6.086***


NCVER 263

Table 60d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Business 0.150*** 0.236*** 0.237*** 0.114***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001)

Age 20 to 24 0.079 0.083 0.078 0.361***(0.536) (0.642) (0.628) (0.009)

Age 25 to 29 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.408***(0.746) (0.812) (0.788) (0.004)

Age 30 to 34 0.055 0.044 0.010 0.377**(0.673) (0.812) (0.953) (0.012)

Age 35 to 39 0.024 -0.023 0.045 0.427***(0.856) (0.900) (0.793) (0.004)

Age 40 to 44 0.124 0.011 0.135 0.502***(0.355) (0.953) (0.436) (0.001)

Age 45 to 49 0.120 -0.042 0.116 0.448***(0.358) (0.818) (0.488) (0.003)

Age 50 to 54 0.113 -0.042 0.047 0.630***(0.391) (0.819) (0.779) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.092 -0.209 -0.066 0.365**(0.497) (0.270) (0.710) (0.025)

Age 60 to 64 -0.024 -0.084 0.172 0.575***(0.893) (0.744) (0.460) (0.006)

English is first language -0.139* -0.063 -0.063 0.240**(0.059) (0.576) (0.526) (0.013)

Non-English speaking country -0.104 -0.204 -0.207 0.191*(0.220) (0.113) (0.103) (0.090)

NSW -0.090 -0.035 -0.046 -0.024(0.102) (0.644) (0.513) (0.735)

VIC -0.125** -0.060 0.092 0.010(0.027) (0.440) (0.203) (0.888)

QLD -0.035 0.019 0.002 -0.092(0.503) (0.787) (0.979) (0.146)

SA -0.035 0.021 -0.096 -0.087(0.599) (0.817) (0.240) (0.262)

WA -0.022 -0.013 0.032 -0.141*(0.749) (0.885) (0.718) (0.095)


Mother born overseas -0.082 -0.044 0.061 -0.005(0.123) (0.543) (0.406) (0.938)

Married 0.092*** -0.063 0.071 0.046(0.006) (0.181) (0.109) (0.239)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.260*** -0.290*** -0.028 0.068(0.000) (0.000) (0.693) (0.346)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.352*** -0.383*** -0.212 -0.037(0.000) (0.001) (0.101) (0.783)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.097* -0.282*** -0.065 0.040(0.063) (0.000) (0.346) (0.594)

Child age 10 to 14 0.066 -0.287*** -0.202*** 0.029(0.246) (0.000) (0.005) (0.704)

Union member 0.186*** 0.099* 0.263*** 0.043(0.000) (0.096) (0.000) (0.356)

Has disability -0.112*** 0.001 0.039 -0.078*(0.001) (0.990) (0.404) (0.058)

Constant 0.875*** 0.617*** 0.533*** 5.821***(0.000) (0.004) (0.006) (0.000)



Table 61d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Engin 0.161** 0.021 0.010 0.092(0.041) (0.851) (0.937) (0.510)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) -0.020 -0.094 0.036. (0.964) (0.865) (0.946)

Age 25 to 29 -0.010 -0.021 -0.198 0.423(0.967) (0.949) (0.691) (0.383)

Age 30 to 34 0.099 0.025 -0.160 0.890(0.704) (0.945) (0.749) (0.225)

Age 35 to 39 0.155 -0.025 -0.305 0.576(0.524) (0.940) (0.548) (0.287)

Age 40 to 44 0.129 0.121 -0.273 0.352(0.614) (0.690) (0.542) (0.421)

Age 45 to 49 0.196 -0.165 -0.372 (dropped)(0.448) (0.610) (0.453) .

Age 50 to 54 0.124 0.049 -0.093 0.373(0.637) (0.886) (0.843) (0.353)





NSW -0.109 -0.076 -0.081 0.283(0.486) (0.738) (0.778) (0.426)

VIC -0.045 0.173 0.092 -0.171(0.807) (0.513) (0.777) (0.709)

QLD -0.035 0.003 0.032 -0.105(0.842) (0.991) (0.915) (0.776)

SA -0.095 0.107 0.008 -0.184(0.556) (0.638) (0.979) (0.601)

WA -0.097 -0.140 0.133 -0.152(0.585) (0.583) (0.655) (0.710)



Married 0.099 -0.099 0.056 0.092(0.298) (0.486) (0.716) (0.628)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.137 -0.306 -0.194 0.020(0.321) (0.143) (0.420) (0.944)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.186 -0.533* -0.320 (dropped)(0.336) (0.067) (0.344) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.349** -0.349 -0.043 -0.195(0.016) (0.160) (0.863) (0.632)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.095 -0.298 -0.182 -0.293(0.504) (0.124) (0.380) (0.356)

Union member 0.117 0.039 0.310* 0.098(0.292) (0.792) (0.057) (0.590)

Has disability -0.087 -0.146 -0.128 0.083(0.392) (0.338) (0.454) (0.657)

Constant 0.766** 0.659 0.838 6.183***(0.028) (0.200) (0.135) (0.000)


NCVER 265

Table 62d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate III/IV Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV Other 0.096*** -0.019 0.038 0.102**(0.000) (0.564) (0.296) (0.026)

Age 20 to 24 0.039 0.079 0.001 0.325***(0.636) (0.491) (0.992) (0.003)

Age 25 to 29 0.040 -0.012 -0.092 0.433***(0.642) (0.916) (0.468) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.059 -0.086 0.001 0.389***(0.485) (0.462) (0.992) (0.002)

Age 35 to 39 0.071 -0.109 0.035 0.474***(0.412) (0.359) (0.788) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.112 -0.116 -0.009 0.551***(0.195) (0.324) (0.946) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.115 -0.155 0.047 0.517***(0.176) (0.182) (0.708) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.097 -0.221* 0.041 0.535***(0.261) (0.059) (0.748) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.053 -0.296** -0.051 0.640***(0.557) (0.016) (0.702) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.050 -0.289* -0.075 0.254(0.654) (0.067) (0.676) (0.172)

English is first language 0.001 -0.174* -0.172 -0.156(0.989) (0.073) (0.235) (0.270)


NSW 0.031 -0.004 0.024 0.016(0.503) (0.951) (0.741) (0.854)

VIC 0.079* -0.024 0.015 -0.070(0.076) (0.703) (0.834) (0.437)

QLD 0.041 -0.075 -0.031 0.005(0.351) (0.219) (0.657) (0.950)

SA 0.090* -0.025 0.035 -0.054(0.077) (0.719) (0.653) (0.601)

WA 0.102** -0.023 0.013 -0.094(0.034) (0.729) (0.859) (0.290)

Father born overseas -0.050 0.000 0.001 -0.145*(0.190) (0.993) (0.992) (0.070)


Married 0.088*** -0.093** 0.040 0.076(0.001) (0.010) (0.327) (0.118)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.239*** -0.304*** 0.015 0.183*(0.000) (0.000) (0.842) (0.059)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.261*** -0.381*** -0.113 0.001(0.000) (0.000) (0.270) (0.997)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.154*** -0.317*** -0.178*** 0.117(0.000) (0.000) (0.006) (0.292)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.035 -0.197*** -0.076 -0.002(0.427) (0.001) (0.250) (0.982)

Union member 0.180*** 0.117*** 0.225*** 0.084(0.000) (0.007) (0.000) (0.146)

Has disability -0.164*** -0.033 -0.058 -0.081(0.000) (0.378) (0.177) (0.141)

Constant 0.668*** 0.892*** 0.764*** 6.109***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 63d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Business



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Business 0.064*** 0.114*** 0.106*** 0.122***(0.008) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)

Age 20 to 24 0.042 0.056 0.027 0.330**(0.717) (0.731) (0.870) (0.016)

Age 25 to 29 -0.010 -0.056 0.025 0.396***(0.929) (0.739) (0.878) (0.005)

Age 30 to 34 0.010 0.029 0.043 0.570***(0.932) (0.857) (0.784) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.137 -0.073 0.005 0.650***(0.216) (0.648) (0.973) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.100 -0.150 -0.017 0.602***(0.361) (0.343) (0.915) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.094 -0.175 -0.012 0.592***(0.388) (0.264) (0.940) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.028 -0.140 0.098 0.638***(0.801) (0.376) (0.528) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.028 -0.259 0.004 0.685***(0.801) (0.109) (0.979) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.038 -0.450*** -0.087 0.457**(0.746) (0.009) (0.615) (0.018)



NSW 0.003 -0.059 -0.005 0.032(0.944) (0.292) (0.938) (0.625)

VIC -0.007 -0.032 -0.025 -0.061(0.896) (0.641) (0.736) (0.474)

QLD 0.021 -0.070 -0.070 -0.077(0.655) (0.261) (0.278) (0.294)

SA -0.003 -0.124 -0.093 -0.034(0.953) (0.106) (0.264) (0.736)

WA 0.045 -0.018 -0.059 -0.091(0.357) (0.776) (0.386) (0.198)



Married 0.098*** -0.113*** 0.018 -0.053(0.000) (0.004) (0.668) (0.211)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.326*** -0.252*** -0.105 0.002(0.000) (0.001) (0.199) (0.986)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.252*** -0.363*** -0.080 -0.147(0.000) (0.000) (0.387) (0.361)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.142*** -0.251*** -0.017 -0.061(0.000) (0.000) (0.774) (0.361)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.091** -0.192*** -0.095 -0.056(0.025) (0.001) (0.105) (0.418)

Union member 0.190*** 0.213*** 0.244*** 0.006(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.906)

Has disability -0.144*** -0.030 -0.017 -0.079*(0.000) (0.434) (0.671) (0.084)

Constant 0.662*** 0.833*** 0.737*** 5.906***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 267

Table 64d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Engineering



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Engin -0.028 -0.226 -0.165 -0.088(0.881) (0.505) (0.706) .




Age 35 to 39 0.439 1.108 -0.016 0.111(0.406) (0.565) (0.989) .

Age 40 to 44 0.172 (dropped) -0.001 -0.210(0.812) . (0.999) .

Age 45 to 49 0.304 0.508 -0.436 (dropped)(0.530) (0.730) (0.604) .

Age 50 to 54 0.169 1.154 (dropped) -0.298(0.723) (0.454) . .


Age 60 to 64 -0.009 0.514 (dropped) (dropped)(0.987) (0.741) . .


Non-English speaking country 0.306 -0.961 0.010 (dropped)(0.681) (0.559) (0.995) .

NSW -0.349 -0.860 0.356 (dropped)(0.496) (0.610) (0.831) .

VIC -0.323 -1.092 0.600 (dropped)(0.622) (0.545) (0.745) .

QLD 0.069 -0.947 0.429 (dropped)(0.875) (0.468) (0.772) .



Father born overseas -0.286 -0.007 0.975 (dropped)(0.450) (0.995) (0.545) .

Mother born overseas 0.165 0.130 -1.177 (dropped)(0.673) (0.904) (0.509) .

Married 0.240 -0.277 0.166 -0.297(0.314) (0.540) (0.782) .

Child age 0 to 2 -0.367 -0.192 -0.080 -0.550(0.523) (0.867) (0.950) .

Child age 3 to 4 -0.026 -0.474 0.013 (dropped)(0.962) (0.589) (0.990) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.044 -0.473 -0.211 -0.520(0.914) (0.482) (0.777) .

Child age 10 to 14 0.011 -0.240 0.274 -0.173(0.974) (0.660) (0.679) .

Union member 0.185 0.183 0.060 -0.257(0.553) (0.720) (0.917) .

Has disability -0.095 0.061 0.194 0.046(0.721) (0.902) (0.757) .

Constant 0.879 0.986 0.640 7.142(0.283) (0.359) (0.579) .



Table 65d:Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED) Relative to Less than Year 12 by Field of Study – Certificate I/II Qualifications Other



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II Other -0.034 -0.014 0.014 0.129(0.407) (0.810) (0.820) (0.107)

Age 20 to 24 0.016 0.174 -0.072 0.213(0.881) (0.236) (0.646) (0.188)

Age 25 to 29 0.049 0.039 0.163 0.536***(0.676) (0.812) (0.349) (0.003)

Age 30 to 34 0.089 -0.021 0.063 0.328*(0.429) (0.894) (0.705) (0.084)

Age 35 to 39 0.087 -0.166 0.031 0.490*(0.439) (0.288) (0.855) (0.084)

Age 40 to 44 0.103 -0.120 -0.010 0.545***(0.351) (0.423) (0.952) (0.004)

Age 45 to 49 0.083 -0.137 0.115 0.497***(0.446) (0.341) (0.476) (0.005)

Age 50 to 54 0.098 -0.150 0.138 0.472**(0.420) (0.353) (0.422) (0.019)

Age 55 to 59 -0.014 -0.339** 0.169 0.452*(0.906) (0.046) (0.389) (0.056)

Age 60 to 64 -0.034 -0.478** -0.268 0.410(0.839) (0.036) (0.345) (0.223)


Non-English speaking country -0.095 0.327** -0.097 0.027(0.391) (0.038) (0.600) (0.912)

NSW 0.023 -0.049 -0.131 0.149(0.748) (0.626) (0.221) (0.292)

VIC 0.013 0.049 0.003 -0.083(0.852) (0.623) (0.978) (0.492)

QLD -0.024 -0.037 -0.282** -0.110(0.736) (0.719) (0.013) (0.402)

SA 0.059 -0.127 -0.225* -0.169(0.482) (0.270) (0.074) (0.352)

WA 0.013 0.017 -0.110 -0.115(0.865) (0.878) (0.337) (0.436)

Father born overseas -0.074 0.027 -0.091 0.108(0.296) (0.786) (0.436) (0.482)


Married 0.082* -0.001 0.011 0.072(0.080) (0.985) (0.876) (0.431)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.421*** -0.248* -0.186 0.211(0.000) (0.052) (0.178) (0.213)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.462*** -0.391** -0.143 0.238(0.000) (0.039) (0.416) (0.504)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.255*** -0.167 -0.253** 0.159(0.001) (0.149) (0.031) (0.369)

Child age 10 to 14 0.018 -0.215** -0.107 0.005(0.796) (0.027) (0.285) (0.977)

Union member 0.201*** 0.035 0.158** 0.065(0.001) (0.638) (0.036) (0.564)

Has disability -0.180*** 0.042 -0.092 -0.101(0.000) (0.544) (0.220) (0.294)

Constant 0.817*** 0.566*** 0.754*** 6.175***(0.000) (0.004) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 269

Section E: Using Year 12 Completers in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Males


Table 1e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.149*** 0.435*** 0.105 -0.305***(0.000) (0.000) (0.191) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 0.199*** 0.481*** 0.224*** -0.068(0.000) (0.000) (0.004) (0.458)

Age 30 to 34 0.202*** 0.401*** 0.214*** 0.086(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.353)

Age 35 to 39 0.132*** 0.323*** 0.202** 0.157*(0.001) (0.000) (0.011) (0.092)

Age 40 to 44 0.142*** 0.327*** 0.193** 0.181**(0.000) (0.000) (0.013) (0.049)

Age 45 to 49 0.127*** 0.273*** 0.199** 0.113(0.001) (0.000) (0.011) (0.222)

Age 50 to 54 0.165*** 0.190** 0.192** 0.201**(0.000) (0.015) (0.016) (0.033)

Age 55 to 59 0.135*** 0.077 0.239*** 0.099(0.002) (0.355) (0.005) (0.323)



Non-English speaking country -0.057* -0.037 0.029 -0.047(0.054) (0.487) (0.512) (0.416)

NSW 0.078*** -0.035 -0.020 -0.000(0.000) (0.285) (0.487) (0.992)

VIC 0.030* -0.047 -0.027 -0.034(0.100) (0.151) (0.354) (0.318)

QLD 0.056*** -0.023 -0.011 -0.071**(0.003) (0.497) (0.701) (0.037)

SA 0.002 -0.128*** -0.050 -0.207***(0.943) (0.001) (0.152) (0.000)

WA 0.062*** -0.079** -0.077** -0.049(0.005) (0.045) (0.024) (0.224)

Married 0.071*** 0.065** 0.070*** 0.133***(0.000) (0.018) (0.003) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.002 -0.027 0.056* -0.011(0.937) (0.449) (0.073) (0.753)

Child age 3 to 4 0.057** -0.083* 0.052 -0.048(0.035) (0.080) (0.223) (0.342)

Child age 5 to 9 0.045** -0.056 0.023 -0.056(0.027) (0.121) (0.481) (0.147)

Child age 10 to 14 0.028 -0.022 0.025 -0.001(0.173) (0.541) (0.431) (0.981)

Union member 0.085*** 0.298*** 0.111*** -0.042*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.064)

Has disability -0.022 -0.040 0.010 -0.017(0.141) (0.140) (0.680) (0.545)

Constant 0.658*** 0.309*** 0.585*** 6.524***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,836 1,782 1,488 1,293R2 0.096 0.155 0.086 0.267note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 271

Table 2e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.017 0.145*** 0.056 0.086*(0.554) (0.002) (0.161) (0.051)

Age 20 to 24 -0.030 0.115 -0.211 -0.320*(0.747) (0.694) (0.176) (0.056)

Age 25 to 29 0.070 0.091 -0.097 -0.107(0.461) (0.754) (0.538) (0.520)

Age 30 to 34 0.019 0.095 -0.112 0.050(0.838) (0.744) (0.474) (0.765)

Age 35 to 39 0.042 0.086 -0.083 0.155(0.662) (0.766) (0.601) (0.360)

Age 40 to 44 0.019 -0.028 -0.143 0.126(0.841) (0.924) (0.377) (0.466)

Age 45 to 49 0.043 -0.107 -0.060 0.146(0.668) (0.719) (0.734) (0.425)

Age 50 to 54 0.019 -0.031 -0.057 0.188(0.844) (0.916) (0.724) (0.277)


Age 60 to 64 -0.378* (dropped) -0.735*** -0.141(0.054) . (0.007) (0.627)


Non-English speaking country -0.173** 0.004 -0.014 0.010(0.019) (0.976) (0.891) (0.928)

NSW 0.041 0.014 -0.049 -0.007(0.432) (0.868) (0.487) (0.926)

VIC 0.021 -0.018 -0.054 -0.019(0.717) (0.848) (0.498) (0.836)

QLD 0.001 0.041 -0.028 -0.027(0.991) (0.629) (0.695) (0.731)

SA -0.039 -0.059 -0.136* -0.151*(0.492) (0.528) (0.073) (0.079)

WA 0.051 -0.032 -0.095 -0.005(0.387) (0.732) (0.238) (0.957)

Married 0.095** -0.032 0.077 0.105*(0.018) (0.617) (0.170) (0.092)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.010 0.127 0.067 -0.035(0.857) (0.142) (0.359) (0.667)

Child age 3 to 4 0.019 0.044 0.086 -0.078(0.792) (0.702) (0.372) (0.453)

Child age 5 to 9 0.024 0.021 0.072 -0.026(0.684) (0.818) (0.380) (0.769)

Child age 10 to 14 0.022 0.147 0.025 0.037(0.757) (0.191) (0.794) (0.730)

Union member 0.089*** 0.264*** 0.124*** -0.043(0.006) (0.000) (0.004) (0.356)

Has disability -0.011 0.034 -0.021 -0.084(0.770) (0.556) (0.664) (0.124)

Constant 0.815*** 0.594* 0.989*** 6.501***(0.000) (0.052) (0.000) (0.000)

Number of observations 302 290 270 242R2 0.126 0.198 0.173 0.282note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 3e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.033 0.002 0.045 0.043

(0.126) (0.953) (0.240) (0.240)Age 20 to 24 0.217* -0.014 0.550*** 0.720***

(0.086) (0.947) (0.006) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.249** -0.069 0.577*** 0.875***

(0.048) (0.744) (0.004) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.276** -0.128 0.604*** 0.994***

(0.032) (0.554) (0.003) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.235* -0.214 0.618*** 1.020***

(0.068) (0.323) (0.003) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.246* -0.263 0.602*** 1.049***

(0.059) (0.230) (0.004) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.227* -0.267 0.531** 1.004***

(0.083) (0.227) (0.013) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.192 -0.315 0.584** 1.093***

(0.156) (0.167) (0.012) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.179 -0.455* 0.631** 1.074***

(0.207) (0.059) (0.017) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.169 -0.408 0.295 1.109***


(0.312) (0.864) (0.508) (0.705)Non-English speaking country -0.180** -0.045 0.006 -0.216*

(0.011) (0.718) (0.963) (0.098)NSW 0.033 -0.007 -0.021 0.139**

(0.406) (0.922) (0.777) (0.039)VIC -0.002 -0.067 -0.077 0.099

(0.954) (0.345) (0.317) (0.165)QLD 0.041 -0.003 -0.054 0.035

(0.292) (0.968) (0.445) (0.588)SA -0.011 -0.046 -0.167** -0.108

(0.802) (0.518) (0.023) (0.105)WA 0.029 -0.113 -0.170** 0.165**

(0.501) (0.125) (0.042) (0.041)Married 0.107*** 0.065 0.033 0.071

(0.000) (0.196) (0.524) (0.139)Child age 0 to 2 -0.011 -0.067 -0.028 -0.021

(0.768) (0.281) (0.672) (0.737)Child age 3 to 4 0.031 -0.052 0.106 -0.016

(0.577) (0.579) (0.293) (0.874)Child age 5 to 9 0.010 -0.142* -0.022 0.008

(0.833) (0.079) (0.824) (0.932)Child age 10 to 14 -0.012 0.008 0.050 0.048

(0.817) (0.926) (0.609) (0.598)Union member 0.096*** 0.253*** 0.112*** 0.086**

(0.000) (0.000) (0.009) (0.031)Has disability -0.038 0.051 0.075 -0.091*

(0.187) (0.301) (0.149) (0.060)Constant 0.623*** 0.821*** 0.271 5.438***


NCVER 273

Table 4e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.004 -0.014 0.011 -0.009

(0.889) (0.749) (0.811) (0.859)Age 20 to 24 0.026 0.171 0.244** 0.228*

(0.746) (0.128) (0.029) (0.091)Age 25 to 29 0.044 0.086 0.188 0.412***

(0.610) (0.461) (0.115) (0.004)Age 30 to 34 0.082 0.067 0.298** 0.589***

(0.364) (0.582) (0.016) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.067 -0.046 0.252** 0.558***

(0.452) (0.706) (0.047) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.093 -0.154 0.152 0.724***

(0.313) (0.229) (0.265) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.081 -0.121 0.264* 0.671***

(0.405) (0.371) (0.058) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.035 -0.232 0.292 0.695***

(0.744) (0.123) (0.150) (0.001)Age 55 to 59 0.064 -0.322* -0.041 0.887***

(0.600) (0.056) (0.862) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.140 -0.281 0.218 0.733***


(0.804) (0.197) (0.145) (0.927)Non-English speaking country 0.011 0.001 -0.139 -0.123

(0.907) (0.994) (0.373) (0.519)NSW -0.034 -0.042 -0.053 -0.043

(0.495) (0.548) (0.474) (0.592)VIC -0.021 -0.027 -0.068 0.031

(0.724) (0.736) (0.441) (0.742)QLD -0.008 -0.047 -0.135 -0.161*

(0.881) (0.542) (0.114) (0.072)SA -0.081 -0.169* -0.195** -0.185*

(0.199) (0.058) (0.043) (0.074)WA -0.038 -0.058 -0.101 -0.013

(0.529) (0.488) (0.255) (0.887)Married 0.110** 0.094 0.011 0.028

(0.012) (0.132) (0.877) (0.699)Child age 0 to 2 -0.046 -0.031 0.020 0.075

(0.460) (0.716) (0.830) (0.434)Child age 3 to 4 0.050 0.031 0.099 0.134

(0.581) (0.800) (0.450) (0.323)Child age 5 to 9 0.045 -0.048 0.034 -0.028

(0.497) (0.591) (0.749) (0.807)Child age 10 to 14 -0.005 0.120 0.068 0.103

(0.948) (0.222) (0.528) (0.403)Union member 0.127*** 0.203*** 0.183*** 0.025

(0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.665)Has disability -0.126*** -0.057 -0.049 -0.162**

(0.002) (0.338) (0.457) (0.024)Constant 0.827*** 0.844*** 0.725*** 6.029***



Table 5e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.295*** 0.350*** 0.094 -0.336***(0.000) (0.000) (0.132) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.238*** 0.383*** 0.095* -0.152**(0.000) (0.000) (0.099) (0.027)

Age 30 to 34 0.234*** 0.361*** 0.118** 0.035(0.000) (0.000) (0.042) (0.610)

Age 35 to 39 0.250*** 0.321*** 0.154*** 0.101(0.000) (0.000) (0.009) (0.148)

Age 40 to 44 0.220*** 0.232*** 0.192*** 0.112(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.105)

Age 45 to 49 0.237*** 0.215*** 0.215*** 0.096(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.162)

Age 50 to 54 0.245*** 0.128** 0.160*** 0.188***(0.000) (0.015) (0.006) (0.007)

Age 55 to 59 0.214*** (dropped) 0.050 0.150*(0.000) . (0.460) (0.054)


English is first language 0.047** 0.009 -0.011 0.054(0.033) (0.841) (0.775) (0.166)

Non-English speaking country 0.039 0.088* -0.025 -0.034(0.123) (0.064) (0.541) (0.435)

NSW 0.010 -0.068** 0.008 0.128***(0.533) (0.028) (0.747) (0.000)

VIC 0.002 -0.119*** 0.008 0.081***(0.893) (0.000) (0.738) (0.003)

QLD -0.002 -0.120*** -0.021 0.015(0.897) (0.000) (0.435) (0.625)

SA -0.005 -0.040 -0.003 -0.058*(0.783) (0.264) (0.927) (0.060)

WA -0.003 -0.089** -0.003 0.084***(0.887) (0.020) (0.921) (0.009)


Mother born overseas 0.014 -0.014 0.013 0.055*(0.359) (0.646) (0.600) (0.060)

Married 0.097*** 0.088*** 0.087*** 0.096***(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.007 -0.059* 0.019 0.052*(0.670) (0.081) (0.476) (0.080)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.012 -0.073 0.057 0.069(0.614) (0.129) (0.145) (0.112)

Child age 5 to 9 0.005 -0.057 -0.037 0.078**(0.787) (0.102) (0.200) (0.016)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.030* -0.024 -0.065** 0.062*(0.096) (0.496) (0.025) (0.056)

Union member 0.064*** 0.231*** 0.083*** -0.030(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.127)

Has disability -0.019 -0.095*** -0.056*** -0.006(0.137) (0.000) (0.007) (0.807)

Constant 0.576*** 0.477*** 0.653*** 6.511***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 275

Table 6e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.008 0.009 0.004 0.132***(0.785) (0.845) (0.931) (0.003)

Age 20 to 24 0.002 0.124 0.129 -0.414*(0.980) (0.399) (0.552) (0.057)

Age 25 to 29 -0.055 0.182 0.199 -0.220(0.532) (0.188) (0.347) (0.300)

Age 30 to 34 -0.083 -0.023 0.157 -0.100(0.344) (0.868) (0.469) (0.642)

Age 35 to 39 -0.118 0.003 0.221 -0.024(0.209) (0.984) (0.321) (0.913)

Age 40 to 44 -0.062 0.018 0.287 0.040(0.485) (0.900) (0.184) (0.850)

Age 45 to 49 0.003 -0.037 0.252 0.076(0.970) (0.800) (0.247) (0.726)


Age 55 to 59 -0.066 -0.028 0.183 0.201(0.506) (0.851) (0.425) (0.376)

Age 60 to 64 -0.246** -0.055 (dropped) (dropped)(0.028) (0.792) . .



NSW 0.042 -0.000 0.010 0.028(0.388) (0.996) (0.889) (0.717)

VIC -0.016 -0.013 -0.037 -0.013(0.780) (0.885) (0.656) (0.887)

QLD -0.042 0.049 0.044 -0.027(0.419) (0.546) (0.563) (0.738)

SA -0.077 0.131 0.027 -0.110(0.207) (0.175) (0.751) (0.217)

WA -0.032 0.024 0.016 0.060(0.602) (0.808) (0.862) (0.540)



Married 0.058 -0.022 0.045 0.104*(0.128) (0.731) (0.439) (0.097)

Child age 0 to 2 0.064 0.011 0.113 -0.005(0.193) (0.883) (0.139) (0.945)

Child age 3 to 4 0.063 0.084 0.058 -0.025(0.413) (0.509) (0.629) (0.838)

Child age 5 to 9 0.037 0.060 0.058 0.033(0.515) (0.500) (0.469) (0.702)

Child age 10 to 14 0.036 0.077 0.054 -0.026(0.570) (0.447) (0.557) (0.793)

Union member 0.078** 0.177*** 0.063 -0.008(0.035) (0.003) (0.221) (0.883)

Has disability -0.055 -0.045 -0.116** -0.051(0.124) (0.432) (0.038) (0.357)

Constant 0.918*** 0.618*** 0.454* 6.599***(0.000) (0.001) (0.074) (0.000)



Table 7e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.020 -0.014 0.039 0.022

(0.290) (0.692) (0.279) (0.509)Age 20 to 24 0.144 -0.044 0.120 0.234

(0.170) (0.840) (0.485) (0.132)Age 25 to 29 0.155 -0.025 0.157 0.348**

(0.140) (0.907) (0.366) (0.026)Age 30 to 34 0.163 -0.053 0.218 0.478***

(0.126) (0.808) (0.218) (0.003)Age 35 to 39 0.135 -0.134 0.198 0.631***

(0.213) (0.545) (0.275) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.146 -0.166 0.301 0.618***

(0.181) (0.458) (0.103) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.165 -0.244 0.174 0.598***

(0.134) (0.278) (0.360) (0.001)Age 50 to 54 0.182 -0.225 0.212 0.599***

(0.106) (0.325) (0.269) (0.001)Age 55 to 59 0.098 -0.524** -0.005 0.424*

(0.415) (0.031) (0.981) (0.054)Age 60 to 64 0.063 -0.067 -0.003 0.493**


(0.935) (0.617) (0.935) (0.418)Non-English speaking country 0.058 -0.090 -0.052 -0.063

(0.412) (0.500) (0.700) (0.704)NSW 0.056* 0.016 0.025 -0.010

(0.082) (0.788) (0.684) (0.859)VIC -0.002 -0.023 0.031 0.007

(0.947) (0.732) (0.650) (0.906)QLD 0.016 0.007 -0.030 -0.098*

(0.616) (0.907) (0.619) (0.083)SA 0.034 0.058 0.075 -0.114*

(0.353) (0.387) (0.274) (0.066)WA 0.005 -0.048 0.040 -0.028

(0.902) (0.497) (0.574) (0.676)Father born overseas -0.003 -0.012 0.017 -0.117**

(0.930) (0.820) (0.751) (0.020)Mother born overseas -0.001 -0.028 -0.054 0.137**

(0.969) (0.647) (0.367) (0.018)Married 0.078*** 0.013 0.105** 0.067

(0.002) (0.786) (0.024) (0.131)Child age 0 to 2 -0.018 -0.093 -0.028 -0.054

(0.579) (0.133) (0.665) (0.355)Child age 3 to 4 0.001 -0.018 -0.028 0.006

(0.987) (0.832) (0.737) (0.942)Child age 5 to 9 0.030 -0.060 -0.104 0.042

(0.442) (0.401) (0.173) (0.561)Child age 10 to 14 -0.005 -0.120 -0.073 -0.072

(0.914) (0.150) (0.447) (0.434)Union member 0.068*** 0.246*** 0.096** 0.106***

(0.006) (0.000) (0.025) (0.006)Has disability -0.003 -0.083* -0.101** 0.067

(0.886) (0.060) (0.022) (0.114)Constant 0.699*** 0.804*** 0.586*** 6.085***


NCVER 277

Table 8e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.020 0.027 0.020 -0.054

(0.563) (0.621) (0.702) (0.299)Age 20 to 24 0.285*** 0.205 0.394*** 0.421***

(0.002) (0.181) (0.003) (0.008)Age 25 to 29 0.354*** 0.169 0.417*** 0.470***

(0.000) (0.280) (0.003) (0.004)Age 30 to 34 0.265*** 0.171 0.389** 0.795***

(0.009) (0.313) (0.012) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.342*** 0.159 0.433*** 0.903***

(0.002) (0.372) (0.007) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.337*** 0.072 0.486*** 0.866***

(0.001) (0.668) (0.001) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.160 0.024 0.425** 0.924***

(0.130) (0.897) (0.013) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.373*** 0.063 0.501*** 0.926***

(0.001) (0.725) (0.003) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.326** -0.085 0.483** 0.931***

(0.013) (0.715) (0.032) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.369* -0.144 0.432 0.948**


(0.535) (0.517) (0.541) (0.497)Non-English speaking country -0.087 0.461* -0.141 0.100

(0.485) (0.068) (0.463) (0.629)NSW -0.004 -0.118 -0.114 0.014

(0.942) (0.242) (0.211) (0.886)VIC -0.052 -0.128 -0.126 -0.118

(0.449) (0.252) (0.215) (0.260)QLD -0.037 -0.086 -0.121 -0.017

(0.549) (0.407) (0.189) (0.863)SA -0.036 -0.034 -0.054 -0.207*

(0.629) (0.774) (0.610) (0.066)WA -0.011 -0.160 0.004 -0.207*



(0.546) (0.340) (0.735) (0.137)Married 0.015 0.047 0.015 0.035

(0.754) (0.537) (0.837) (0.631)Child age 0 to 2 -0.060 -0.010 0.110 0.082

(0.385) (0.927) (0.317) (0.437)Child age 3 to 4 0.040 -0.122 -0.052 0.015

(0.673) (0.390) (0.724) (0.918)Child age 5 to 9 0.049 -0.051 0.072 0.115

(0.530) (0.669) (0.572) (0.351)Child age 10 to 14 0.023 0.005 0.075 0.127

(0.776) (0.968) (0.584) (0.321)Union member 0.096** 0.185*** 0.141** 0.081

(0.038) (0.009) (0.034) (0.203)Has disability -0.057 -0.109 -0.005 -0.035

(0.189) (0.114) (0.945) (0.622)Constant 0.680*** 0.588*** 0.332 5.860***



Table 9e: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.272*** 0.326*** 0.020 -0.442***(0.000) (0.000) (0.719) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.220*** 0.347*** 0.015 -0.280***(0.000) (0.000) (0.755) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.215*** 0.314*** 0.058 -0.083(0.000) (0.000) (0.230) (0.131)

Age 35 to 39 0.228*** 0.273*** 0.088* 0.008(0.000) (0.000) (0.080) (0.884)

Age 40 to 44 0.201*** 0.186*** 0.123** -0.005(0.000) (0.006) (0.014) (0.930)

Age 45 to 49 0.217*** 0.181*** 0.139*** -0.030(0.000) (0.006) (0.004) (0.580)

Age 50 to 54 0.219*** 0.092 0.072 0.056(0.000) (0.173) (0.143) (0.319)

Age 55 to 59 0.192*** -0.071 (dropped) (dropped)(0.000) (0.343) . .

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) (dropped) -0.170** -0.157**. . (0.015) (0.045)



NSW 0.006 -0.041 0.027 0.114***(0.703) (0.184) (0.258) (0.000)

VIC 0.007 -0.108*** 0.035 0.050*(0.625) (0.000) (0.146) (0.064)

QLD -0.003 -0.105*** -0.006 0.004(0.876) (0.002) (0.835) (0.885)

SA -0.000 -0.021 0.017 -0.064**(0.979) (0.557) (0.544) (0.041)

WA 0.004 -0.066* 0.021 0.062*(0.838) (0.079) (0.482) (0.056)



Married 0.093*** 0.096*** 0.088*** 0.099***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.008 -0.060* -0.000 0.027(0.646) (0.075) (0.999) (0.366)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.013 -0.070 0.051 0.053(0.593) (0.145) (0.191) (0.219)

Child age 5 to 9 0.004 -0.054 -0.044 0.076**(0.845) (0.114) (0.128) (0.018)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.033* -0.002 -0.060** 0.035(0.068) (0.957) (0.037) (0.292)

Union member 0.064*** 0.234*** 0.079*** -0.025(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.211)

Has disability -0.016 -0.078*** -0.064*** -0.027(0.197) (0.002) (0.002) (0.270)

Constant 0.610*** 0.489*** 0.723*** 6.643***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 279

Table 10e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.016 0.048 0.019 0.165***(0.416) (0.194) (0.558) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.221* 0.308 0.369** 0.200(0.086) (0.181) (0.045) (0.446)

Age 25 to 29 0.261** 0.372 0.422** 0.340(0.041) (0.104) (0.021) (0.190)

Age 30 to 34 0.219* 0.235 0.444** 0.428*(0.087) (0.304) (0.016) (0.099)

Age 35 to 39 0.214* 0.190 0.509*** 0.568**(0.099) (0.415) (0.007) (0.032)

Age 40 to 44 0.178 0.231 0.510*** 0.600**(0.165) (0.318) (0.006) (0.023)

Age 45 to 49 0.232* 0.245 0.516*** 0.597**(0.071) (0.288) (0.005) (0.022)

Age 50 to 54 0.250* 0.148 0.501*** 0.688***(0.053) (0.524) (0.007) (0.009)

Age 55 to 59 0.193 -0.009 0.399** 0.758***(0.137) (0.971) (0.038) (0.005)

Age 60 to 64 0.067 -0.029 0.274 0.587*(0.640) (0.913) (0.235) (0.061)

English is first language 0.075 0.106 0.025 0.177*(0.172) (0.314) (0.769) (0.079)


NSW 0.002 -0.095 0.009 0.043(0.947) (0.136) (0.869) (0.479)

VIC -0.013 -0.050 0.019 0.019(0.720) (0.465) (0.739) (0.759)

QLD 0.003 -0.085 0.018 -0.095(0.934) (0.201) (0.754) (0.122)

SA 0.024 -0.005 -0.015 -0.055(0.596) (0.954) (0.825) (0.448)

WA -0.001 -0.081 -0.004 -0.077(0.973) (0.299) (0.949) (0.305)

Father born overseas -0.005 0.015 0.083* -0.079(0.883) (0.791) (0.098) (0.144)


Married 0.052** 0.063 0.077* 0.094**(0.046) (0.196) (0.072) (0.050)

Child age 0 to 2 0.019 -0.008 0.087 -0.011(0.593) (0.903) (0.142) (0.854)

Child age 3 to 4 0.022 0.070 0.032 0.059(0.685) (0.476) (0.712) (0.480)

Child age 5 to 9 0.017 -0.015 0.029 0.103(0.669) (0.831) (0.655) (0.159)

Child age 10 to 14 0.005 0.040 -0.013 -0.003(0.909) (0.591) (0.839) (0.967)

Union member 0.071*** 0.213*** 0.064* 0.029(0.007) (0.000) (0.093) (0.472)

Has disability -0.043* -0.105** -0.078* -0.092**(0.090) (0.025) (0.057) (0.049)

Constant 0.585*** 0.361 0.266 5.977***(0.000) (0.156) (0.192) (0.000)



Table 11e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.016 -0.016 0.037 0.039(0.348) (0.619) (0.249) (0.206)

Age 20 to 24 0.346*** -0.016 0.011 0.208(0.003) (0.957) (0.955) (0.393)

Age 25 to 29 0.327*** -0.011 0.008 0.327(0.006) (0.972) (0.964) (0.180)

Age 30 to 34 0.336*** -0.014 0.070 0.480*(0.005) (0.962) (0.716) (0.051)

Age 35 to 39 0.297** -0.121 0.043 0.588**(0.013) (0.688) (0.825) (0.017)

Age 40 to 44 0.328*** -0.142 0.175 0.612**(0.006) (0.639) (0.370) (0.014)

Age 45 to 49 0.357*** -0.157 0.061 0.539**(0.003) (0.604) (0.756) (0.030)

Age 50 to 54 0.382*** -0.193 0.087 0.527**(0.002) (0.528) (0.668) (0.038)

Age 55 to 59 0.369*** -0.363 -0.173 0.478*(0.003) (0.249) (0.410) (0.085)

Age 60 to 64 0.267* -0.258 -0.146 0.580*(0.063) (0.440) (0.611) (0.063)

English is first language 0.042 0.124 0.037 -0.001(0.304) (0.118) (0.610) (0.994)


NSW 0.043 0.012 0.017 0.015(0.147) (0.830) (0.757) (0.777)

VIC -0.018 -0.038 -0.025 0.025(0.584) (0.540) (0.677) (0.665)

QLD -0.019 0.002 -0.061 -0.100*(0.542) (0.971) (0.257) (0.060)

SA -0.005 0.050 0.041 -0.111*(0.883) (0.442) (0.498) (0.063)

WA 0.011 -0.028 -0.017 0.008(0.771) (0.671) (0.790) (0.898)

Father born overseas -0.012 -0.049 -0.007 -0.080*(0.654) (0.294) (0.892) (0.083)

Mother born overseas -0.009 0.039 -0.028 0.080(0.765) (0.450) (0.604) (0.124)

Married 0.079*** 0.006 0.129*** 0.077*(0.001) (0.889) (0.002) (0.053)

Child age 0 to 2 0.010 -0.067 -0.009 -0.061(0.746) (0.219) (0.875) (0.250)

Child age 3 to 4 0.018 -0.005 0.015 0.006(0.676) (0.947) (0.841) (0.938)

Child age 5 to 9 0.052 -0.034 -0.067 0.032(0.142) (0.602) (0.317) (0.620)

Child age 10 to 14 0.026 -0.119 -0.078 -0.043(0.517) (0.109) (0.354) (0.567)

Union member 0.067*** 0.244*** 0.092** 0.095***(0.002) (0.000) (0.012) (0.007)

Has disability -0.014 -0.078** -0.105*** 0.057(0.532) (0.049) (0.008) (0.144)

Constant 0.496*** 0.712** 0.693*** 6.160***(0.000) (0.021) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 281

Table 12e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.021 0.042 0.008 0.006(0.603) (0.482) (0.895) (0.918)

Age 20 to 24 0.244** 0.220 0.299* 0.479**(0.011) (0.230) (0.055) (0.017)

Age 25 to 29 0.296*** 0.186 0.399** 0.601***(0.003) (0.324) (0.013) (0.003)

Age 30 to 34 0.231** 0.193 0.298* 0.818***(0.030) (0.325) (0.083) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.256** 0.093 0.427** 0.932***(0.039) (0.668) (0.028) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.244** 0.137 0.437** 0.948***(0.028) (0.513) (0.016) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.141 0.146 0.509*** 1.011***(0.227) (0.495) (0.007) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.314*** -0.047 0.408** 0.993***(0.009) (0.825) (0.043) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.276* -0.179 0.385 1.049***(0.075) (0.470) (0.103) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.273 -0.147 0.446 1.045**(0.242) (0.686) (0.332) (0.016)



NSW 0.013 -0.092 -0.044 -0.011(0.857) (0.398) (0.673) (0.921)

VIC -0.096 -0.097 -0.050 -0.135(0.263) (0.443) (0.679) (0.258)

QLD -0.025 -0.051 -0.176* -0.093(0.722) (0.632) (0.078) (0.369)

SA -0.055 -0.027 -0.049 -0.199*(0.523) (0.830) (0.676) (0.088)

WA -0.077 -0.146 -0.041 -0.071(0.418) (0.342) (0.783) (0.663)



Married 0.031 0.131 -0.035 0.000(0.564) (0.108) (0.656) (0.996)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.074 -0.090 0.093 0.149(0.371) (0.481) (0.447) (0.201)

Child age 3 to 4 0.056 -0.341** -0.107 0.090(0.618) (0.036) (0.552) (0.600)

Child age 5 to 9 0.059 -0.090 -0.002 0.105(0.518) (0.473) (0.990) (0.412)

Child age 10 to 14 0.035 -0.025 -0.022 0.011(0.699) (0.847) (0.890) (0.939)

Union member 0.092* 0.147* 0.130* 0.099(0.087) (0.063) (0.078) (0.145)

Has disability -0.107** -0.157** -0.090 -0.017(0.033) (0.043) (0.246) (0.822)

Constant 0.674*** 0.645*** 0.379 5.703***(0.000) (0.008) (0.112) (0.000)



Table 13e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.282*** (dropped) -0.470***. (0.000) . (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.016 0.280*** 0.083* -0.301***(0.521) (0.000) (0.058) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.012 0.321*** 0.085* -0.164**(0.637) (0.000) (0.056) (0.048)

Age 35 to 39 0.000 0.190*** 0.106** -0.009(0.988) (0.003) (0.018) (0.917)

Age 40 to 44 -0.006 0.125** 0.001 0.092(0.831) (0.046) (0.986) (0.280)

Age 45 to 49 -0.017 0.113* 0.105** 0.144*(0.506) (0.065) (0.018) (0.079)

Age 50 to 54 -0.044* 0.031 0.052 0.150*(0.099) (0.605) (0.249) (0.070)

Age 55 to 59 -0.180*** 0.044 -0.065 -0.079(0.000) (0.498) (0.203) (0.358)

Age 60 to 64 -0.116*** (dropped) -0.017 (dropped)(0.001) . (0.810) .

English is first language -0.046** 0.154*** -0.008 0.114**(0.034) (0.000) (0.825) (0.013)

Non-English speaking country -0.021 0.126*** -0.021 -0.077*(0.381) (0.006) (0.604) (0.094)

NSW -0.027 -0.111*** -0.088*** 0.067**(0.111) (0.001) (0.003) (0.048)

VIC -0.010 -0.061* -0.013 0.058*(0.558) (0.059) (0.654) (0.065)

QLD -0.049*** -0.101*** -0.056* -0.044(0.005) (0.004) (0.067) (0.199)

SA 0.000 -0.044 -0.018 0.002(0.993) (0.289) (0.633) (0.968)

WA 0.000 -0.068* -0.027 0.024(0.985) (0.078) (0.414) (0.531)



Married 0.071*** 0.075*** 0.088*** 0.109***(0.000) (0.006) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.015 -0.097*** 0.008 0.090**(0.390) (0.007) (0.794) (0.010)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.004 -0.149*** 0.022 0.040(0.879) (0.003) (0.628) (0.451)

Child age 5 to 9 0.019 0.020 0.015 0.065*(0.304) (0.579) (0.636) (0.080)

Child age 10 to 14 0.014 -0.041 -0.079** 0.008(0.467) (0.287) (0.016) (0.832)

Union member 0.068*** 0.233*** 0.151*** -0.045*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.064)

Has disability -0.079*** 0.013 -0.006 -0.119***(0.000) (0.621) (0.794) (0.000)

Constant 0.963*** 0.330*** 0.698*** 6.754***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 283

Table 14e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.052*** 0.012 0.062* 0.142***(0.001) (0.738) (0.065) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.040 0.179 0.249 0.180(0.709) (0.448) (0.231) (0.532)

Age 25 to 29 -0.078 0.191 0.420** 0.370(0.464) (0.411) (0.042) (0.196)

Age 30 to 34 -0.099 0.307 0.471** 0.422(0.356) (0.190) (0.023) (0.140)

Age 35 to 39 -0.062 0.061 0.490** 0.496*(0.563) (0.793) (0.019) (0.085)

Age 40 to 44 -0.079 0.174 0.408** 0.573**(0.460) (0.456) (0.049) (0.046)

Age 45 to 49 -0.070 0.039 0.438** 0.616**(0.513) (0.867) (0.036) (0.033)

Age 50 to 54 -0.126 0.067 0.439** 0.739**(0.246) (0.779) (0.036) (0.011)

Age 55 to 59 -0.260** -0.024 0.331 0.444(0.017) (0.918) (0.119) (0.129)

Age 60 to 64 -0.169 -0.158 0.270 0.337(0.138) (0.521) (0.261) (0.330)


Non-English speaking country 0.046 0.145* 0.102 -0.141(0.181) (0.076) (0.169) (0.109)

NSW -0.024 -0.141** -0.055 0.101(0.430) (0.030) (0.393) (0.140)

VIC 0.003 -0.094 0.062 0.054(0.913) (0.168) (0.348) (0.437)

QLD 0.024 -0.177** -0.046 -0.091(0.457) (0.010) (0.494) (0.231)

SA -0.016 -0.130* -0.083 0.010(0.631) (0.076) (0.230) (0.901)

WA 0.028 -0.150* 0.026 0.092(0.436) (0.052) (0.730) (0.269)



Married 0.067*** 0.062 0.069 0.108**(0.002) (0.205) (0.138) (0.032)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.016 -0.078 0.028 0.123*(0.602) (0.245) (0.646) (0.065)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.013 -0.135 0.030 0.250**(0.752) (0.135) (0.735) (0.014)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.030 -0.079 -0.079 0.243***(0.315) (0.229) (0.197) (0.001)

Child age 10 to 14 0.014 -0.008 -0.095 0.094(0.683) (0.909) (0.152) (0.238)

Union member 0.057*** 0.212*** 0.198*** 0.018(0.008) (0.000) (0.000) (0.698)

Has disability -0.057*** -0.068 -0.120** -0.055(0.007) (0.165) (0.011) (0.322)

Constant 1.001*** 0.531** 0.201 6.227***(0.000) (0.028) (0.352) (0.000)



Table 15e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.042*** 0.021 0.039 0.050(0.007) (0.505) (0.225) (0.121)

Age 20 to 24 0.212*** 0.112 -0.097 0.276(0.004) (0.445) (0.481) (0.158)

Age 25 to 29 0.192*** 0.158 0.098 0.426**(0.008) (0.274) (0.473) (0.028)

Age 30 to 34 0.180** 0.151 0.082 0.482**(0.014) (0.300) (0.554) (0.014)

Age 35 to 39 0.159** 0.028 0.077 0.518***(0.034) (0.850) (0.587) (0.010)

Age 40 to 44 0.174** 0.012 0.085 0.701***(0.023) (0.938) (0.560) (0.001)

Age 45 to 49 0.196** -0.075 0.095 0.754***(0.010) (0.624) (0.517) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.130* -0.170 0.049 0.670***(0.093) (0.269) (0.740) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.049 -0.099 0.001 0.559**(0.552) (0.552) (0.995) (0.010)

Age 60 to 64 0.240* 0.157 -0.211 1.009***(0.069) (0.549) (0.394) (0.003)

English is first language -0.066* 0.080 -0.004 0.006(0.098) (0.306) (0.959) (0.948)


NSW -0.037 -0.167*** -0.083 0.056(0.193) (0.005) (0.166) (0.374)

VIC -0.002 -0.137** -0.057 0.003(0.942) (0.036) (0.377) (0.959)

QLD -0.009 -0.115** -0.111** -0.051(0.763) (0.043) (0.044) (0.371)

SA -0.013 -0.108* -0.065 -0.021(0.680) (0.085) (0.288) (0.740)

WA 0.014 -0.058 -0.039 0.059(0.689) (0.394) (0.557) (0.382)


Mother born overseas 0.017 -0.063 -0.089* 0.035(0.485) (0.187) (0.077) (0.485)

Married 0.058*** 0.064 0.129*** 0.149***(0.005) (0.121) (0.002) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.016 -0.094* -0.013 0.080(0.532) (0.075) (0.808) (0.135)

Child age 3 to 4 0.021 -0.199*** 0.016 0.159**(0.552) (0.004) (0.840) (0.044)

Child age 5 to 9 0.013 0.043 -0.017 0.133**(0.673) (0.477) (0.793) (0.044)

Child age 10 to 14 0.012 0.046 -0.069 -0.007(0.766) (0.573) (0.380) (0.935)

Union member 0.061*** 0.239*** 0.133*** 0.072*(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.060)

Has disability -0.021 -0.127*** -0.067 -0.085**(0.261) (0.001) (0.103) (0.047)

Constant 0.784*** 0.624*** 0.704*** 6.164***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 285

Table 16e:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.007 0.065 0.036 0.015(0.844) (0.244) (0.504) (0.811)

Age 20 to 24 -0.073 -0.071 0.266* 0.397**(0.447) (0.652) (0.067) (0.022)

Age 25 to 29 -0.019 -0.020 0.363** 0.648***(0.838) (0.896) (0.014) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.013 -0.006 0.362*** 0.663***(0.888) (0.971) (0.009) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.029 -0.174 0.285** 0.721***(0.763) (0.268) (0.046) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.064 -0.341* 0.246 0.671***(0.561) (0.058) (0.157) (0.001)

Age 45 to 49 0.065 -0.259 0.394** 1.020***(0.542) (0.137) (0.017) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.048 -0.340** 0.423*** 0.934***(0.651) (0.042) (0.008) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.088 -0.504** 0.149 0.997***(0.463) (0.012) (0.428) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.122 -0.227 0.393* 0.986***(0.386) (0.289) (0.057) (0.000)

English is first language -0.063 0.307** 0.189* 0.052(0.434) (0.016) (0.066) (0.736)

Non-English speaking country -0.036 -0.233* 0.008 -0.230(0.684) (0.100) (0.955) (0.268)

NSW -0.097 -0.023 0.060 -0.118(0.108) (0.808) (0.531) (0.281)

VIC 0.002 -0.063 -0.071 -0.082(0.975) (0.539) (0.479) (0.505)

QLD -0.070 -0.103 -0.070 -0.110(0.282) (0.300) (0.472) (0.332)

SA -0.055 -0.026 -0.056 -0.152(0.439) (0.818) (0.623) (0.210)

WA 0.016 -0.152 0.113 0.057(0.840) (0.195) (0.320) (0.679)

Father born overseas 0.076 -0.185* 0.004 -0.019(0.208) (0.069) (0.972) (0.891)

Mother born overseas -0.145** 0.216** 0.001 0.003(0.017) (0.048) (0.990) (0.983)

Married 0.062 0.135* 0.031 0.209**(0.212) (0.072) (0.693) (0.012)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.022 -0.071 -0.022 -0.047(0.729) (0.467) (0.815) (0.676)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.020 0.025 0.148 0.159(0.841) (0.863) (0.342) (0.377)

Child age 5 to 9 0.050 -0.011 0.007 0.087(0.525) (0.932) (0.960) (0.580)

Child age 10 to 14 0.014 0.122 0.024 -0.058(0.872) (0.363) (0.839) (0.696)

Union member 0.097** 0.204*** 0.240*** 0.114(0.043) (0.005) (0.000) (0.128)

Has disability -0.079* 0.067 -0.026 -0.086(0.076) (0.345) (0.715) (0.301)

Constant 1.000*** 0.471** 0.222 5.961***(0.000) (0.020) (0.224) (0.000)



Section F: Using Less than Year 12 in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Males

NCVER 287

Table 1f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.064 0.044 0.093 0.357***(0.125) (0.516) (0.120) (0.000)


Age 25 to 29 (dropped) 0.386 0.086 -0.135. (0.165) (0.708) (0.674)

Age 30 to 34 -0.076 0.218 0.051 0.020(0.642) (0.225) (0.758) (0.916)

Age 35 to 39 -0.007 0.263 -0.009 0.047(0.964) (0.130) (0.953) (0.787)

Age 40 to 44 -0.036 0.319* 0.023 0.089(0.824) (0.068) (0.878) (0.595)

Age 45 to 49 -0.018 0.112 0.044 0.154(0.909) (0.483) (0.761) (0.352)

Age 50 to 54 -0.036 0.102 0.017 0.098(0.821) (0.501) (0.900) (0.532)

Age 55 to 59 -0.027 -0.017 -0.109 0.139(0.873) (0.917) (0.474) (0.439)




NSW -0.025 -0.031 -0.006 0.112(0.750) (0.804) (0.957) (0.379)

VIC -0.057 0.082 0.034 0.123(0.474) (0.521) (0.744) (0.322)

QLD -0.060 0.057 -0.016 0.037(0.469) (0.668) (0.881) (0.777)

SA -0.048 0.066 -0.024 0.109(0.611) (0.675) (0.847) (0.466)

WA -0.049 -0.041 0.003 0.002(0.605) (0.791) (0.983) (0.990)

Married 0.137** 0.026 0.129 0.083(0.018) (0.788) (0.124) (0.391)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.035 -0.109 0.003 0.007(0.706) (0.455) (0.983) (0.963)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.055 -0.021 0.027 0.076(0.606) (0.901) (0.857) (0.631)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.032 -0.021 -0.054 0.050(0.665) (0.854) (0.577) (0.647)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.014 0.010 0.070 0.005(0.858) (0.937) (0.527) (0.963)

Union member 0.118** 0.304*** 0.171*** -0.021(0.015) (0.000) (0.006) (0.766)

Has disability -0.156*** -0.006 -0.037 0.025(0.001) (0.941) (0.610) (0.764)

Constant 0.913*** 0.299 0.690*** 6.373***(0.000) (0.327) (0.004) (0.000)



Table 2f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.046 0.112** 0.080 0.244***(0.219) (0.030) (0.115) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) 0.113 0.252 (dropped). (0.658) (0.405) .

Age 25 to 29 0.009 0.200 0.190 0.217(0.955) (0.222) (0.190) (0.409)

Age 30 to 34 -0.043 0.184 0.092 0.317(0.789) (0.241) (0.503) (0.215)

Age 35 to 39 -0.031 0.128 0.111 0.278(0.849) (0.414) (0.432) (0.282)

Age 40 to 44 -0.009 0.201 0.074 0.304(0.956) (0.200) (0.589) (0.241)

Age 45 to 49 -0.033 0.159 0.130 0.383(0.838) (0.288) (0.314) (0.137)

Age 50 to 54 -0.032 0.121 0.143 0.424(0.849) (0.436) (0.292) (0.106)

Age 55 to 59 -0.144 -0.014 0.150 0.383(0.399) (0.929) (0.299) (0.162)

Age 60 to 64 -0.183 (dropped) (dropped) 0.026(0.300) . . (0.928)



NSW -0.030 0.058 0.034 0.052(0.626) (0.499) (0.702) (0.543)

VIC -0.050 0.143 -0.007 -0.091(0.452) (0.122) (0.939) (0.303)

QLD -0.015 0.154 0.032 -0.019(0.826) (0.100) (0.734) (0.833)

SA -0.035 0.072 0.016 0.008(0.606) (0.447) (0.866) (0.938)

WA -0.013 0.068 -0.051 0.050(0.871) (0.532) (0.633) (0.647)

Married 0.112** -0.008 -0.006 0.083(0.037) (0.916) (0.933) (0.240)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.077 0.018 0.025 0.005(0.236) (0.841) (0.778) (0.953)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.091 0.061 -0.016 0.109(0.285) (0.617) (0.894) (0.323)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.087 -0.018 0.046 -0.104(0.272) (0.872) (0.681) (0.313)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.041 0.010 0.014 0.008(0.543) (0.912) (0.882) (0.927)

Union member 0.140*** 0.304*** 0.209*** 0.097*(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.059)

Has disability -0.101** -0.058 -0.090 -0.067(0.016) (0.329) (0.118) (0.239)

Constant 1.000*** 0.212 0.552*** 6.209***(0.000) (0.316) (0.006) (0.000)


NCVER 289

Table 3f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.084*** -0.027* 0.040** 0.107***

(0.000) (0.082) (0.016) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.181** 0.178 0.124 0.355***

(0.031) (0.151) (0.275) (0.004)Age 25 to 29 0.184** 0.105 0.114 0.434***

(0.027) (0.391) (0.312) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.182** 0.069 0.120 0.500***

(0.028) (0.575) (0.286) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.249*** -0.003 0.150 0.535***

(0.003) (0.982) (0.185) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.214** -0.080 0.152 0.581***

(0.010) (0.515) (0.183) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.215** -0.088 0.129 0.562***

(0.011) (0.478) (0.260) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.200** -0.133 0.155 0.532***

(0.018) (0.285) (0.180) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.192** -0.078 0.148 0.539***

(0.023) (0.532) (0.199) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.095 -0.069 0.081 0.427***

(0.278) (0.594) (0.498) (0.001)English is first language 0.042 0.102** -0.049 0.080*

(0.225) (0.035) (0.293) (0.070)Non-English speaking country -0.019 0.149** -0.041 0.025

(0.673) (0.015) (0.506) (0.657)NSW -0.021 0.033 0.015 0.031

(0.268) (0.220) (0.604) (0.251)VIC -0.006 0.044 0.034 0.008

(0.762) (0.107) (0.245) (0.781)QLD -0.016 0.055** -0.005 0.006

(0.406) (0.040) (0.855) (0.815)SA -0.014 0.011 -0.010 -0.006

(0.536) (0.716) (0.776) (0.837)WA 0.023 0.101*** 0.046 0.105***

(0.289) (0.001) (0.150) (0.001)Married 0.097*** -0.008 0.063*** 0.093***

(0.000) (0.717) (0.008) (0.000)Child age 0 to 2 -0.040** 0.003 0.010 -0.008

(0.042) (0.909) (0.730) (0.757)Child age 3 to 4 -0.018 -0.023 -0.010 -0.006

(0.518) (0.547) (0.800) (0.886)Child age 5 to 9 -0.057*** -0.014 0.000 -0.013

(0.009) (0.635) (0.993) (0.664)Child age 10 to 14 -0.014 0.064** 0.038 0.048

(0.501) (0.028) (0.238) (0.114)Union member 0.151*** 0.385*** 0.179*** 0.129***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.100*** 0.006 -0.069*** -0.049***

(0.000) (0.731) (0.000) (0.008)Constant 0.542*** 0.473*** 0.596*** 5.687***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 2,976 2,881 2,082 1,852R2 0.113 0.178 0.075 0.147note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 4f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.022 -0.000 0.000 0.112***

(0.257) (0.995) (0.992) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 0.089 -0.045 0.188** 0.424***

(0.188) (0.632) (0.037) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.125* -0.111 0.154* 0.485***

(0.061) (0.234) (0.083) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.114* -0.147 0.219** 0.606***

(0.090) (0.117) (0.016) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.212*** -0.176* 0.262*** 0.603***

(0.002) (0.065) (0.004) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.134** -0.258*** 0.219** 0.682***

(0.049) (0.007) (0.019) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.163** -0.217** 0.253*** 0.723***

(0.017) (0.022) (0.006) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.120* -0.282*** 0.250*** 0.753***

(0.087) (0.004) (0.009) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.090 -0.290*** 0.125 0.689***

(0.217) (0.004) (0.215) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 0.068 -0.269** 0.142 0.611***

(0.434) (0.022) (0.220) (0.000)English is first language -0.008 -0.029 -0.091 -0.173**

(0.883) (0.708) (0.240) (0.045)Non-English speaking country -0.060 -0.014 0.032 -0.215**

(0.403) (0.887) (0.758) (0.042)NSW 0.034 -0.008 -0.021 0.020

(0.322) (0.863) (0.666) (0.705)VIC 0.010 0.066 0.014 -0.002

(0.777) (0.186) (0.781) (0.963)QLD 0.043 0.073 -0.006 -0.037

(0.241) (0.143) (0.903) (0.492)SA 0.022 0.032 -0.027 -0.071

(0.593) (0.572) (0.633) (0.240)WA 0.070* 0.049 0.073 0.090

(0.089) (0.378) (0.202) (0.135)Married 0.131*** 0.026 0.080** 0.089**

(0.000) (0.471) (0.034) (0.030)Child age 0 to 2 -0.078** 0.031 -0.004 0.032

(0.034) (0.517) (0.944) (0.544)Child age 3 to 4 -0.076 0.022 -0.016 0.042

(0.113) (0.730) (0.804) (0.540)Child age 5 to 9 -0.100*** -0.022 -0.076 0.013

(0.009) (0.662) (0.163) (0.815)Child age 10 to 14 -0.043 0.029 -0.018 0.039

(0.249) (0.538) (0.720) (0.468)Union member 0.197*** 0.335*** 0.181*** 0.091***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002)Has disability -0.127*** 0.012 -0.031 -0.087***

(0.000) (0.698) (0.312) (0.007)Constant 0.612*** 0.776*** 0.563*** 5.869***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 1,175 1,079 878 747R2 0.133 0.140 0.093 0.219note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 291

Table 5f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above -0.005 0.061 0.079** 0.320***(0.859) (0.128) (0.023) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.076 0.072 -0.232 0.183(0.776) (0.854) (0.447) (0.567)

Age 25 to 29 0.023 0.167 0.120 0.087(0.921) (0.625) (0.664) (0.761)

Age 30 to 34 0.096 0.002 0.129 0.390(0.669) (0.995) (0.619) (0.154)

Age 35 to 39 0.077 0.049 0.123 0.460*(0.728) (0.881) (0.627) (0.087)

Age 40 to 44 0.121 0.037 0.111 0.519**(0.580) (0.909) (0.660) (0.050)

Age 45 to 49 0.048 -0.068 -0.010 0.562**(0.826) (0.833) (0.970) (0.035)

Age 50 to 54 0.082 -0.138 0.039 0.566**(0.708) (0.669) (0.878) (0.033)

Age 55 to 59 -0.000 -0.185 -0.066 0.405(0.999) (0.571) (0.796) (0.131)

Age 60 to 64 -0.035 -0.161 -0.089 0.405(0.876) (0.627) (0.732) (0.143)

English is first language 0.105 0.320* -0.175 0.210(0.305) (0.071) (0.336) (0.422)

Non-English speaking country 0.117 0.363* -0.156 0.147(0.316) (0.076) (0.437) (0.595)

NSW 0.034 -0.021 0.033 0.023(0.453) (0.770) (0.571) (0.723)

VIC 0.012 -0.030 0.001 -0.036(0.788) (0.655) (0.984) (0.570)

QLD -0.032 -0.069 -0.121* 0.003(0.511) (0.369) (0.059) (0.969)

SA 0.044 -0.018 -0.007 0.004(0.387) (0.818) (0.921) (0.952)

WA 0.023 -0.033 0.029 0.191**(0.644) (0.666) (0.657) (0.010)



Married 0.150*** -0.023 0.159*** 0.086(0.000) (0.683) (0.001) (0.124)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.075 0.060 -0.055 -0.014(0.193) (0.497) (0.450) (0.860)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.024 -0.040 -0.062 0.041(0.725) (0.709) (0.513) (0.708)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.047 0.051 -0.103 -0.058(0.349) (0.510) (0.114) (0.419)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.056 0.009 -0.002 -0.063(0.209) (0.894) (0.965) (0.301)

Union member 0.132*** 0.365*** 0.218*** 0.057(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.186)

Has disability -0.122*** -0.071 0.003 -0.024(0.000) (0.113) (0.934) (0.597)

Constant 0.621** 0.355 0.755** 5.827***(0.010) (0.339) (0.015) (0.000)



Table 6f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.023 0.033 0.017 0.223***(0.488) (0.506) (0.720) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.101 -0.012 0.161 0.129(0.590) (0.965) (0.489) (0.682)

Age 25 to 29 0.004 0.172 0.365* 0.204(0.982) (0.491) (0.097) (0.473)

Age 30 to 34 -0.098 0.131 0.341 0.262(0.564) (0.603) (0.120) (0.354)

Age 35 to 39 -0.018 0.046 0.325 0.482*(0.911) (0.848) (0.116) (0.079)

Age 40 to 44 0.025 0.061 0.389* 0.425(0.881) (0.799) (0.062) (0.121)

Age 45 to 49 -0.040 -0.058 0.357* 0.437(0.807) (0.807) (0.086) (0.112)

Age 50 to 54 -0.052 -0.006 0.367* 0.504*(0.749) (0.979) (0.078) (0.064)

Age 55 to 59 -0.065 0.048 0.426** 0.383(0.703) (0.846) (0.046) (0.165)

Age 60 to 64 -0.139 -0.074 0.110 0.294(0.424) (0.775) (0.647) (0.316)


Non-English speaking country -0.059 -0.013 0.315* -0.071(0.636) (0.952) (0.057) (0.683)

NSW -0.059 -0.114 -0.083 -0.040(0.279) (0.171) (0.305) (0.620)

VIC -0.031 -0.130 -0.111 0.015(0.562) (0.102) (0.147) (0.845)

QLD -0.061 -0.093 -0.083 -0.110(0.320) (0.309) (0.339) (0.231)

SA -0.002 0.021 -0.125 -0.063(0.977) (0.827) (0.159) (0.484)

WA -0.028 -0.036 -0.136 0.056(0.678) (0.721) (0.156) (0.563)



Married 0.155*** -0.019 0.133** 0.125*(0.001) (0.781) (0.043) (0.065)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.000 -0.003 0.114 0.026(0.994) (0.975) (0.225) (0.784)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.007 0.149 0.118 -0.058(0.937) (0.227) (0.298) (0.611)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.040 0.074 0.075 0.054(0.495) (0.401) (0.369) (0.520)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.017 0.021 0.024 -0.037(0.772) (0.810) (0.771) (0.655)

Union member 0.145*** 0.392*** 0.244*** 0.051(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.329)

Has disability -0.110*** -0.049 -0.048 -0.020(0.002) (0.356) (0.348) (0.700)

Constant 0.958*** 0.521* 0.224 6.190***(0.000) (0.089) (0.378) (0.000)


NCVER 293

Table 7f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.057*** -0.054*** 0.033* 0.116***

(0.000) (0.001) (0.066) (0.000)Age 20 to 24 -0.121 -0.127 -0.271 0.357**

(0.404) (0.570) (0.179) (0.046)Age 25 to 29 -0.113 -0.180 -0.247 0.539***

(0.434) (0.418) (0.216) (0.002)Age 30 to 34 -0.066 -0.271 -0.239 0.575***

(0.647) (0.223) (0.231) (0.001)Age 35 to 39 -0.084 -0.325 -0.210 0.694***

(0.558) (0.145) (0.293) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.072 -0.363 -0.251 0.662***

(0.618) (0.103) (0.209) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.093 -0.328 -0.212 0.676***

(0.518) (0.141) (0.289) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.070 -0.410* -0.253 0.724***

(0.627) (0.066) (0.208) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.133 -0.446** -0.289 0.675***

(0.356) (0.046) (0.152) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.188 -0.558** -0.404** 0.527***

(0.197) (0.014) (0.049) (0.005)English is first language -0.001 0.065 -0.040 0.092*

(0.961) (0.163) (0.451) (0.055)Non-English speaking country -0.069* 0.110** 0.022 -0.058

(0.054) (0.047) (0.724) (0.314)NSW 0.025 -0.024 0.030 0.034

(0.181) (0.422) (0.335) (0.254)VIC 0.033* -0.041 0.020 0.024

(0.081) (0.160) (0.523) (0.414)QLD 0.002 0.013 -0.014 -0.034

(0.928) (0.670) (0.649) (0.249)SA 0.004 -0.001 -0.022 -0.065**

(0.832) (0.967) (0.519) (0.048)WA 0.028 0.002 0.044 0.119***

(0.178) (0.952) (0.185) (0.000)Father born overseas -0.026 -0.013 -0.004 0.038

(0.160) (0.655) (0.889) (0.187)Mother born overseas 0.051** 0.001 0.042 -0.017

(0.010) (0.964) (0.210) (0.585)Married 0.122*** -0.025 0.118*** 0.060***

(0.000) (0.277) (0.000) (0.009)Child age 0 to 2 -0.048** 0.045 -0.017 0.059**

(0.012) (0.134) (0.592) (0.048)Child age 3 to 4 0.011 0.068* -0.009 0.041

(0.648) (0.077) (0.832) (0.295)Child age 5 to 9 -0.023 0.007 -0.018 -0.003

(0.224) (0.823) (0.586) (0.924)Child age 10 to 14 -0.017 0.006 0.031 -0.030

(0.408) (0.856) (0.360) (0.354)Union member 0.119*** 0.392*** 0.219*** 0.121***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Has disability -0.091*** -0.016 -0.053*** -0.029

(0.000) (0.382) (0.008) (0.128)Constant 0.871*** 0.882*** 0.901*** 5.729***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 2,961 2,852 1,958 1,746R2 0.106 0.158 0.102 0.163note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1


Table 8f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.005 -0.065* -0.050 0.067*

(0.848) (0.079) (0.218) (0.083)Age 20 to 24 0.043 0.002 -0.005 0.275**

(0.601) (0.990) (0.961) (0.014)Age 25 to 29 0.056 -0.045 -0.014 0.287***

(0.484) (0.696) (0.897) (0.006)Age 30 to 34 0.143* -0.041 0.036 0.397***

(0.080) (0.727) (0.753) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.179** -0.081 0.155 0.553***

(0.025) (0.478) (0.160) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.158* -0.188 0.024 0.536***

(0.052) (0.106) (0.839) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.168** -0.197* 0.042 0.658***

(0.048) (0.100) (0.725) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.144* -0.200* 0.117 0.546***

(0.087) (0.092) (0.326) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.101 -0.361*** -0.104 0.411***

(0.259) (0.005) (0.447) (0.002)Age 60 to 64 0.033 -0.387*** -0.099 0.579***

(0.719) (0.004) (0.489) (0.000)English is first language 0.085 0.128 0.121 -0.001


(0.966) (0.714) (0.139) (0.682)NSW 0.002 -0.198*** -0.124 0.027

(0.975) (0.008) (0.126) (0.721)VIC -0.064 -0.102 -0.106 -0.011

(0.237) (0.160) (0.169) (0.872)QLD -0.020 -0.159** -0.195** -0.050

(0.716) (0.035) (0.015) (0.497)SA -0.018 -0.190*** -0.146* -0.021

(0.745) (0.010) (0.061) (0.762)WA -0.036 -0.117 -0.054 0.075


(0.912) (0.352) (0.805) (0.242)Mother born overseas 0.020 -0.104 -0.055 -0.097

(0.680) (0.149) (0.454) (0.259)Married 0.179*** 0.054 0.171*** 0.027

(0.000) (0.293) (0.001) (0.609)Child age 0 to 2 -0.092* -0.044 0.021 0.018

(0.081) (0.545) (0.785) (0.801)Child age 3 to 4 -0.032 -0.114 -0.042 0.074

(0.613) (0.200) (0.672) (0.434)Child age 5 to 9 -0.060 0.025 -0.022 -0.028

(0.264) (0.740) (0.787) (0.713)Child age 10 to 14 -0.027 -0.013 0.059 0.046

(0.621) (0.865) (0.491) (0.562)Union member 0.177*** 0.317*** 0.219*** 0.118***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.007)Has disability -0.172*** -0.009 -0.076* -0.084*

(0.000) (0.832) (0.091) (0.059)Constant 0.584*** 0.760*** 0.552*** 6.017***


NCVER 295

Table 9f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.006 0.040 0.104** 0.333***(0.862) (0.500) (0.030) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.131 0.057 0.077 0.215(0.652) (0.902) (0.821) (0.573)

Age 25 to 29 -0.088 -0.069 0.341 0.019(0.702) (0.855) (0.260) (0.956)

Age 30 to 34 0.009 -0.056 0.238 0.559*(0.967) (0.877) (0.383) (0.070)

Age 35 to 39 0.046 -0.071 0.144 0.534*(0.831) (0.837) (0.572) (0.072)

Age 40 to 44 0.092 -0.118 0.196 0.594**(0.668) (0.731) (0.438) (0.040)

Age 45 to 49 0.032 -0.111 0.159 0.591**(0.881) (0.748) (0.537) (0.044)

Age 50 to 54 0.067 -0.219 0.152 0.615**(0.755) (0.522) (0.547) (0.033)

Age 55 to 59 -0.016 -0.309 -0.007 0.400(0.941) (0.379) (0.980) (0.183)

Age 60 to 64 -0.114 -0.217 0.047 0.691**(0.619) (0.559) (0.867) (0.035)

English is first language 0.088 0.312 -0.041 (dropped)(0.577) (0.212) (0.871) .

Non-English speaking country 0.170 0.225 (dropped) 0.360(0.380) (0.468) . (0.205)

NSW 0.018 -0.067 0.031 -0.002(0.745) (0.471) (0.672) (0.979)

VIC -0.006 -0.001 -0.028 -0.034(0.922) (0.995) (0.702) (0.694)

QLD 0.011 -0.153 -0.094 -0.090(0.876) (0.177) (0.322) (0.455)

SA -0.000 -0.082 0.045 0.034(0.995) (0.480) (0.627) (0.788)

WA -0.042 -0.103 -0.018 0.175(0.530) (0.353) (0.836) (0.135)



Married 0.129** -0.049 0.129* 0.072(0.014) (0.574) (0.056) (0.390)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.014 0.147 -0.039 -0.056(0.863) (0.235) (0.682) (0.611)

Child age 3 to 4 0.007 -0.010 -0.139 0.003(0.947) (0.951) (0.286) (0.987)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.031 0.108 -0.069 0.014(0.674) (0.358) (0.458) (0.904)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.040 0.098 0.010 -0.040(0.508) (0.321) (0.900) (0.653)

Union member 0.114*** 0.329*** 0.167*** 0.147**(0.006) (0.000) (0.001) (0.018)

Has disability -0.111*** -0.041 -0.015 -0.045(0.005) (0.528) (0.771) (0.491)

Constant 0.677** 0.477 0.571 5.951***(0.012) (0.266) (0.106) (0.000)



Table 10f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma -0.010 0.118** 0.102** 0.322***(0.745) (0.011) (0.014) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.451* (dropped) -0.545* -0.040(0.075) . (0.061) (0.889)


Age 30 to 34 -0.023 -0.011 0.023 0.079(0.835) (0.975) (0.854) (0.548)

Age 35 to 39 -0.054 0.006 0.035 0.207*(0.620) (0.985) (0.780) (0.088)

Age 40 to 44 -0.003 0.023 0.024 0.299***(0.976) (0.945) (0.837) (0.010)

Age 45 to 49 -0.086 -0.048 -0.088 0.350***(0.419) (0.886) (0.474) (0.004)

Age 50 to 54 -0.071 -0.149 -0.034 0.333***(0.497) (0.656) (0.775) (0.005)

Age 55 to 59 -0.145 -0.123 -0.107 0.213*(0.175) (0.717) (0.384) (0.080)

Age 60 to 64 -0.156 -0.179 -0.230 0.015(0.175) (0.600) (0.102) (0.913)


Non-English speaking country 0.083 0.048 -0.354** -0.168(0.524) (0.817) (0.050) (0.256)

NSW -0.014 -0.017 0.002 0.039(0.797) (0.836) (0.974) (0.602)

VIC -0.005 -0.103 -0.016 -0.020(0.926) (0.189) (0.819) (0.783)

QLD -0.078 -0.046 -0.131* 0.010(0.180) (0.614) (0.094) (0.904)

SA 0.046 0.007 -0.046 0.019(0.448) (0.940) (0.549) (0.813)

WA 0.023 -0.010 -0.007 0.154*(0.703) (0.905) (0.923) (0.052)



Married 0.111*** -0.003 0.156*** 0.137**(0.008) (0.959) (0.005) (0.019)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.079 0.002 -0.029 -0.008(0.251) (0.981) (0.738) (0.929)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.007 0.017 0.010 0.018(0.928) (0.882) (0.929) (0.867)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.075 0.059 -0.056 -0.036(0.212) (0.497) (0.472) (0.658)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.053 -0.038 -0.000 -0.067(0.333) (0.633) (0.995) (0.338)

Union member 0.156*** 0.376*** 0.228*** -0.000(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.994)

Has disability -0.133*** -0.054 0.003 -0.031(0.000) (0.297) (0.957) (0.518)

Constant 0.897*** 0.678* 0.907*** 6.300***(0.000) (0.083) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 297

Table 11f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12– Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.058*** -0.057*** 0.024 0.114***(0.000) (0.000) (0.160) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.092 0.019 0.017 0.273*(0.381) (0.907) (0.907) (0.061)

Age 25 to 29 -0.079 -0.026 0.065 0.441***(0.448) (0.871) (0.647) (0.002)

Age 30 to 34 -0.042 -0.127 0.061 0.470***(0.683) (0.422) (0.671) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 -0.059 -0.177 0.095 0.595***(0.569) (0.262) (0.507) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.036 -0.208 0.056 0.557***(0.728) (0.188) (0.692) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.065 -0.185 0.084 0.570***(0.528) (0.242) (0.558) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.045 -0.256 0.046 0.610***(0.668) (0.107) (0.747) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.096 -0.287* 0.018 0.563***(0.359) (0.072) (0.900) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.165 -0.386** -0.104 0.397***(0.119) (0.018) (0.487) (0.009)

English is first language -0.019 0.102** -0.034 0.124***(0.520) (0.022) (0.503) (0.007)

Non-English speaking country -0.098*** 0.118** 0.032 0.004(0.005) (0.023) (0.603) (0.935)

NSW 0.021 -0.026 0.024 0.027(0.250) (0.360) (0.422) (0.334)

VIC 0.029 -0.041 0.011 0.032(0.106) (0.142) (0.712) (0.262)

QLD -0.003 -0.000 -0.020 -0.031(0.874) (0.999) (0.507) (0.279)

SA 0.001 0.003 -0.042 -0.064**(0.950) (0.922) (0.202) (0.042)

WA 0.023 -0.004 0.028 0.115***(0.255) (0.891) (0.387) (0.000)


Mother born overseas 0.041** 0.010 0.029 -0.007(0.030) (0.738) (0.358) (0.822)

Married 0.129*** -0.029 0.119*** 0.068***(0.000) (0.182) (0.000) (0.002)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.043** 0.045 -0.011 0.060**(0.021) (0.120) (0.719) (0.034)

Child age 3 to 4 0.012 0.078** -0.005 0.033(0.607) (0.037) (0.899) (0.379)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.022 0.015 -0.000 -0.003(0.232) (0.594) (0.991) (0.921)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.016 0.019 0.024 -0.030(0.410) (0.531) (0.463) (0.309)

Union member 0.121*** 0.397*** 0.229*** 0.126***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.089*** -0.022 -0.059*** -0.029(0.000) (0.218) (0.002) (0.114)

Constant 0.855*** 0.698*** 0.597*** 5.798***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 12f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.003 -0.046 -0.031 0.045(0.905) (0.252) (0.472) (0.313)

Age 20 to 24 0.012 0.010 0.067 0.224*(0.893) (0.934) (0.580) (0.080)

Age 25 to 29 0.016 -0.078 -0.046 0.306**(0.857) (0.516) (0.702) (0.013)

Age 30 to 34 0.142 -0.084 0.035 0.454***(0.118) (0.497) (0.782) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.147* -0.090 0.150 0.594***(0.093) (0.444) (0.200) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.132 -0.201 -0.013 0.520***(0.145) (0.106) (0.919) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.150 -0.247** 0.023 0.714***(0.104) (0.048) (0.856) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.137 -0.241* 0.133 0.580***(0.132) (0.052) (0.296) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.059 -0.395*** -0.127 0.411***(0.546) (0.004) (0.376) (0.007)

Age 60 to 64 -0.001 -0.399*** -0.107 0.628***(0.989) (0.005) (0.479) (0.001)

English is first language 0.169* 0.138 -0.102 -0.056(0.061) (0.364) (0.505) (0.744)


NSW 0.021 -0.170** -0.127 -0.001(0.724) (0.026) (0.137) (0.987)

VIC -0.064 -0.058 -0.103 -0.046(0.270) (0.453) (0.204) (0.549)

QLD -0.031 -0.155* -0.220** -0.053(0.604) (0.051) (0.010) (0.532)

SA 0.003 -0.154** -0.134 -0.032(0.960) (0.049) (0.108) (0.699)

WA -0.053 -0.064 -0.063 -0.026(0.418) (0.466) (0.481) (0.773)



Married 0.154*** 0.055 0.175*** 0.061(0.000) (0.318) (0.002) (0.320)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.090 -0.055 -0.006 0.025(0.109) (0.470) (0.941) (0.765)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.018 -0.101 -0.050 0.053(0.802) (0.304) (0.649) (0.649)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.004 -0.008 -0.020 -0.050(0.945) (0.925) (0.823) (0.581)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.009 -0.013 0.048 0.066(0.877) (0.870) (0.608) (0.468)

Union member 0.195*** 0.301*** 0.217*** 0.117**(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.022)

Has disability -0.182*** -0.003 -0.099** -0.062(0.000) (0.955) (0.039) (0.226)

Constant 0.527*** 0.738*** 0.781*** 6.045***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 299

Table 13f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above -0.007 0.053 0.087 0.364***(0.862) (0.429) (0.147) (0.000)


Age 25 to 29 (dropped) -0.024 0.028 0.337. (0.961) (0.944) (0.420)

Age 30 to 34 -0.038 -0.151 -0.070 0.464(0.855) (0.669) (0.816) (0.135)

Age 35 to 39 0.035 -0.258 0.024 0.831**(0.882) (0.527) (0.945) (0.026)

Age 40 to 44 -0.031 -0.254 -0.084 0.650**(0.879) (0.477) (0.778) (0.038)

Age 45 to 49 -0.066 -0.280 -0.034 0.586*(0.743) (0.425) (0.908) (0.054)

Age 50 to 54 -0.044 -0.533 -0.197 0.637*(0.826) (0.140) (0.517) (0.052)

Age 55 to 59 -0.059 -0.481 -0.110 0.584*(0.765) (0.171) (0.706) (0.059)

Age 60 to 64 -0.281 -0.311 -0.062 0.622*(0.181) (0.403) (0.849) (0.061)

English is first language 0.212 -0.086 0.469* 0.208(0.221) (0.789) (0.084) (0.668)


NSW 0.013 -0.010 -0.015 0.053(0.843) (0.932) (0.887) (0.659)

VIC 0.033 0.032 -0.069 -0.035(0.607) (0.770) (0.494) (0.766)

QLD 0.018 0.058 -0.082 0.085(0.773) (0.585) (0.415) (0.460)

SA 0.027 0.096 -0.035 -0.137(0.714) (0.484) (0.772) (0.354)

WA 0.096 0.139 -0.045 0.054(0.190) (0.279) (0.701) (0.665)


Mother born overseas -0.065 0.032 -0.094 -0.018(0.432) (0.822) (0.562) (0.910)

Married 0.139*** 0.041 0.015 0.088(0.008) (0.670) (0.863) (0.377)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.124 -0.086 -0.070 0.096(0.153) (0.555) (0.597) (0.537)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.027 0.047 -0.023 0.039(0.814) (0.800) (0.899) (0.838)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.080 -0.058 -0.045 -0.058(0.323) (0.688) (0.714) (0.683)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.084 0.038 -0.062 -0.072(0.224) (0.755) (0.562) (0.530)

Union member 0.099** 0.339*** 0.170** 0.046(0.032) (0.000) (0.011) (0.536)

Has disability -0.139*** -0.049 -0.053 -0.110(0.001) (0.502) (0.443) (0.155)

Constant 0.697*** 0.948* 0.423 5.885***(0.010) (0.055) (0.310) (0.000)



Table 14f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.019 0.011 0.043 0.298***(0.503) (0.827) (0.365) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.142 (dropped) -0.283 -0.048(0.384) . (0.397) (0.888)

Age 25 to 29 (dropped) -0.000 -0.221 -0.058. (1.000) (0.238) (0.786)


Age 35 to 39 -0.082 -0.133 0.051 0.100(0.368) (0.697) (0.758) (0.573)

Age 40 to 44 -0.078 -0.196 0.038 0.106(0.366) (0.563) (0.812) (0.543)

Age 45 to 49 -0.104 -0.241 0.027 0.145(0.244) (0.479) (0.873) (0.424)

Age 50 to 54 -0.062 -0.292 0.062 0.246(0.492) (0.390) (0.713) (0.179)

Age 55 to 59 -0.121 -0.409 -0.009 0.217(0.174) (0.229) (0.958) (0.241)

Age 60 to 64 -0.123 -0.513 -0.147 0.410*(0.188) (0.135) (0.409) (0.055)

English is first language 0.051 0.197 -0.100 -0.099(0.593) (0.273) (0.652) (0.625)


NSW 0.051 -0.028 -0.061 0.077(0.330) (0.755) (0.476) (0.458)

VIC -0.045 -0.024 -0.087 0.036(0.364) (0.783) (0.296) (0.715)

QLD 0.045 -0.051 -0.079 0.038(0.384) (0.560) (0.363) (0.709)

SA 0.001 0.074 0.020 0.021(0.988) (0.432) (0.831) (0.844)

WA -0.012 0.058 0.006 0.053(0.836) (0.580) (0.947) (0.642)



Married 0.115*** 0.011 0.046 0.122(0.002) (0.872) (0.488) (0.106)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.028 -0.116 -0.141 0.005(0.661) (0.291) (0.184) (0.967)

Child age 3 to 4 0.025 -0.153 0.016 0.157(0.750) (0.250) (0.901) (0.265)

Child age 5 to 9 0.033 -0.058 0.046 0.100(0.556) (0.548) (0.624) (0.330)

Child age 10 to 14 0.042 -0.109 -0.045 0.096(0.403) (0.205) (0.592) (0.339)

Union member 0.111*** 0.287*** 0.172*** 0.105*(0.002) (0.000) (0.002) (0.087)

Has disability -0.101*** 0.009 -0.060 -0.147**(0.001) (0.872) (0.271) (0.014)

Constant 0.860*** 0.667* 0.857*** 6.538***(0.000) (0.087) (0.003) (0.000)


NCVER 301

Table 15f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.036*** -0.032* 0.001 0.113***(0.000) (0.063) (0.977) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.098 0.241 -0.049 0.567**(0.298) (0.132) (0.778) (0.037)

Age 25 to 29 -0.046 0.173 -0.088 0.675**(0.625) (0.279) (0.610) (0.013)

Age 30 to 34 -0.076 0.137 0.001 0.720***(0.417) (0.389) (0.996) (0.008)

Age 35 to 39 -0.051 0.039 -0.027 0.742***(0.589) (0.805) (0.875) (0.006)

Age 40 to 44 -0.046 -0.018 -0.001 0.762***(0.619) (0.909) (0.997) (0.005)

Age 45 to 49 -0.059 -0.061 -0.076 0.747***(0.526) (0.701) (0.657) (0.006)

Age 50 to 54 -0.045 -0.037 -0.041 0.782***(0.629) (0.816) (0.813) (0.004)

Age 55 to 59 -0.097 -0.161 -0.081 0.713***(0.301) (0.313) (0.638) (0.009)

Age 60 to 64 -0.117 -0.122 -0.075 0.719***(0.219) (0.450) (0.666) (0.009)

English is first language -0.020 -0.061 -0.053 0.185**(0.579) (0.321) (0.496) (0.039)

Non-English speaking country 0.041 -0.168*** -0.186*** 0.177***(0.175) (0.001) (0.001) (0.009)

NSW 0.010 -0.063** 0.007 0.016(0.562) (0.036) (0.818) (0.619)

VIC 0.000 -0.074** -0.035 0.028(0.985) (0.016) (0.279) (0.402)

QLD 0.022 -0.051* -0.057* 0.020(0.215) (0.093) (0.074) (0.542)

SA 0.009 -0.044 -0.027 -0.035(0.669) (0.212) (0.463) (0.356)

WA 0.024 -0.032 0.012 0.091**(0.226) (0.362) (0.754) (0.012)



Married 0.106*** 0.035 0.091*** 0.112***(0.000) (0.134) (0.000) (0.000)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.033* -0.071** -0.074** 0.030(0.095) (0.032) (0.035) (0.389)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.051** -0.076* 0.018 0.004(0.043) (0.081) (0.717) (0.926)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.019 -0.063* -0.036 0.016(0.305) (0.054) (0.290) (0.660)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.007 0.000 -0.011 0.108***(0.690) (0.991) (0.733) (0.001)

Union member 0.093*** 0.314*** 0.193*** 0.137***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)

Has disability -0.096*** -0.018 -0.044** -0.060***(0.000) (0.347) (0.030) (0.004)

Constant 0.922*** 0.724*** 0.795*** 5.670***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 16f: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Males, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.010 0.066* 0.011 0.038(0.696) (0.096) (0.792) (0.389)

Age 20 to 24 0.210** -0.047 -0.087 0.283*(0.021) (0.750) (0.560) (0.084)

Age 25 to 29 0.263*** -0.147 -0.094 0.371**(0.005) (0.324) (0.558) (0.033)

Age 30 to 34 0.259*** -0.064 -0.046 0.459***(0.005) (0.668) (0.764) (0.006)

Age 35 to 39 0.238*** -0.125 -0.052 0.456***(0.006) (0.380) (0.724) (0.005)

Age 40 to 44 0.183** -0.243* -0.115 0.481***(0.036) (0.093) (0.441) (0.005)

Age 45 to 49 0.202** -0.284** -0.034 0.500***(0.021) (0.047) (0.819) (0.002)

Age 50 to 54 0.273*** -0.374** 0.029 0.592***(0.003) (0.011) (0.855) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.240*** -0.432*** -0.095 0.463***(0.007) (0.003) (0.535) (0.007)

Age 60 to 64 0.122 -0.449*** -0.080 0.492***(0.215) (0.004) (0.638) (0.010)

English is first language -0.124* 0.128 -0.150 0.078(0.099) (0.262) (0.215) (0.607)


NSW -0.024 -0.052 0.089 -0.137(0.660) (0.508) (0.306) (0.107)

VIC -0.002 -0.053 0.030 -0.017(0.964) (0.469) (0.706) (0.835)

QLD 0.024 -0.077 -0.086 -0.114(0.679) (0.368) (0.355) (0.223)

SA -0.060 0.029 0.054 -0.125(0.265) (0.715) (0.538) (0.147)

WA -0.007 -0.024 -0.041 -0.077(0.907) (0.801) (0.682) (0.429)



Married 0.138*** 0.117** 0.207*** 0.201***(0.000) (0.031) (0.000) (0.001)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.143*** -0.118 -0.060 -0.140(0.010) (0.156) (0.511) (0.118)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.119 -0.069 0.048 -0.036(0.102) (0.527) (0.695) (0.743)

Child age 5 to 9 0.009 -0.080 0.122 0.020(0.861) (0.304) (0.145) (0.824)

Child age 10 to 14 0.009 -0.138* -0.017 -0.037(0.858) (0.068) (0.841) (0.681)

Union member 0.126*** 0.313*** 0.181*** 0.066(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.184)

Has disability -0.130*** -0.028 -0.071 -0.000(0.000) (0.526) (0.148) (1.000)

Constant 0.762*** 0.707*** 0.781*** 6.097***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 303

Section G: Using Year 12 Completers in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Females


Table 1g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.009 -0.007 0.033 -0.056(0.867) (0.957) (0.886) (0.641)

Age 25 to 29 0.036 0.092 0.134 0.151(0.511) (0.472) (0.562) (0.204)

Age 30 to 34 -0.015 0.081 0.152 0.221*(0.787) (0.529) (0.515) (0.066)

Age 35 to 39 0.043 -0.028 0.136 0.264**(0.442) (0.830) (0.559) (0.028)

Age 40 to 44 0.046 -0.110 0.116 0.270**(0.412) (0.397) (0.617) (0.025)

Age 45 to 49 -0.004 -0.045 0.064 0.302**(0.939) (0.730) (0.783) (0.012)

Age 50 to 54 -0.018 0.016 0.213 0.240**(0.753) (0.905) (0.363) (0.047)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) -0.464*** -0.040 0.361**. (0.001) (0.870) (0.020)


English is first language 0.013 -0.085** -0.075* 0.016(0.655) (0.045) (0.053) (0.618)

Non-English speaking country -0.064* -0.088 -0.073 0.085**(0.085) (0.108) (0.130) (0.030)

NSW 0.029 -0.043 0.022 -0.016(0.221) (0.221) (0.487) (0.537)

VIC 0.069*** 0.013 0.097*** -0.029(0.004) (0.714) (0.002) (0.277)

QLD 0.073*** 0.017 0.016 -0.076***(0.005) (0.652) (0.647) (0.006)

SA 0.031 -0.044 -0.014 -0.125***(0.311) (0.320) (0.718) (0.001)

WA -0.007 0.026 0.056 -0.052(0.818) (0.555) (0.150) (0.121)

Married 0.058*** -0.142*** -0.003 0.047***(0.001) (0.000) (0.911) (0.009)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.190*** -0.353*** -0.123*** -0.001(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.971)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.140*** -0.266*** -0.105* -0.099**(0.000) (0.000) (0.060) (0.049)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.146*** -0.179*** -0.155*** -0.060*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.081)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.059** -0.075* -0.082** -0.008(0.025) (0.060) (0.024) (0.791)

Union member 0.136*** 0.180*** 0.224*** 0.034*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.058)

Has disability -0.014 -0.106*** -0.073** -0.017(0.520) (0.001) (0.011) (0.493)

Constant 0.779*** 0.781*** 0.655*** 6.158***(0.000) (0.000) (0.006) (0.000)


NCVER 305

Table 2g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.005 0.026 -0.007 0.059(0.885) (0.627) (0.896) (0.183)

Age 20 to 24 0.048 0.082 0.374* 0.193(0.781) (0.725) (0.088) (0.192)

Age 25 to 29 0.026 0.104 0.463** 0.363**(0.883) (0.664) (0.039) (0.019)

Age 30 to 34 -0.082 0.056 0.368 0.541***(0.653) (0.824) (0.116) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 -0.016 0.011 0.293 0.486***(0.932) (0.967) (0.217) (0.005)

Age 40 to 44 0.068 -0.015 0.330 0.323*(0.723) (0.956) (0.178) (0.080)

Age 45 to 49 -0.088 -0.106 0.368 0.533***(0.628) (0.671) (0.116) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 -0.103 -0.119 0.284 0.310(0.589) (0.654) (0.267) (0.102)

Age 55 to 59 0.029 -0.111 0.548 (dropped)(0.921) (0.780) (0.141) .

Age 60 to 64 -0.265 -0.025 0.078 (dropped)(0.275) (0.944) (0.800) .



NSW 0.046 -0.059 -0.018 -0.105(0.516) (0.554) (0.841) (0.166)

VIC 0.066 0.045 0.046 -0.147**(0.371) (0.666) (0.631) (0.044)

QLD 0.079 -0.179* -0.232** -0.086(0.299) (0.085) (0.018) (0.340)

SA -0.042 -0.049 -0.130 -0.193*(0.643) (0.724) (0.292) (0.099)

WA 0.031 0.030 -0.096 0.011(0.722) (0.811) (0.395) (0.900)

Married 0.086* -0.093 0.016 0.043(0.055) (0.153) (0.796) (0.401)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.203*** -0.341*** -0.209** 0.049(0.002) (0.001) (0.022) (0.639)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.156 -0.465*** -0.238 -0.008(0.147) (0.006) (0.127) (0.968)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.249*** -0.137 -0.155 0.003(0.009) (0.411) (0.242) (0.981)

Child age 10 to 14 0.028 -0.038 -0.075 0.000(0.736) (0.756) (0.511) (0.998)

Union member 0.179*** -0.055 0.115* 0.132**(0.000) (0.430) (0.073) (0.023)

Has disability -0.052 -0.026 0.084 0.075(0.340) (0.739) (0.265) (0.246)

Constant 0.739*** 0.897*** 0.526** 5.953***(0.000) (0.001) (0.036) (0.000)



Table 3g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.022 -0.020 0.109 -0.098

(0.775) (0.854) (0.287) (0.230)Age 20 to 24 -0.329 0.008 -0.049 -0.577*

(0.155) (0.979) (0.856) (0.072)Age 25 to 29 -0.309 -0.098 -0.137 -0.537

(0.191) (0.757) (0.618) (0.111)Age 30 to 34 -0.309 0.031 0.083 -0.367

(0.182) (0.925) (0.762) (0.275)Age 35 to 39 -0.175 -0.262 0.175 -0.319


. . . .Age 45 to 49 -0.309 -0.090 0.026 -0.527




. . . .English is first language 0.176 -0.024 0.128 0.214


(0.856) (0.895) (0.369) (0.598)NSW 0.021 -0.022 0.114 0.081

(0.881) (0.913) (0.543) (0.619)VIC 0.033 -0.011 0.128 0.088

(0.789) (0.951) (0.437) (0.567)QLD -0.011 0.079 0.046 -0.014

(0.923) (0.641) (0.776) (0.915)SA -0.003 0.193 -0.164 0.015

(0.987) (0.441) (0.481) (0.926)WA 0.064 0.012 -0.281 (dropped)

(0.751) (0.962) (0.423) .Married 0.026 -0.024 0.073 0.046

(0.769) (0.853) (0.532) (0.613)Child age 0 to 2 -0.281** -0.528*** -0.282 0.013

(0.023) (0.006) (0.161) (0.956)Child age 3 to 4 -0.218 -0.585** -0.291 -0.151

(0.206) (0.043) (0.289) (0.637)Child age 5 to 9 -0.413*** -0.237 -0.419** -0.224

(0.005) (0.285) (0.023) (0.224)Child age 10 to 14 -0.125 -0.314 -0.138 0.300

(0.590) (0.364) (0.668) (0.234)Union member 0.117 0.154 0.184 0.031

(0.294) (0.321) (0.199) (0.797)Has disability -0.062 -0.056 0.162 0.127

(0.575) (0.720) (0.312) (0.438)Constant 1.047*** 0.768** 0.554* 6.461***


NCVER 307

Table 4g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications -0.015 0.060 0.047 0.010

(0.576) (0.113) (0.205) (0.696)Age 20 to 24 0.047 0.178** 0.239*** 0.289***

(0.462) (0.045) (0.004) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.047 0.277*** 0.326*** 0.469***

(0.495) (0.004) (0.000) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.018 0.150 0.319*** 0.491***

(0.801) (0.135) (0.001) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.124 0.095 0.300*** 0.503***

(0.104) (0.375) (0.003) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.036 -0.045 0.266** 0.457***

(0.675) (0.717) (0.024) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.004 -0.150 0.146 0.571***

(0.960) (0.183) (0.190) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 0.046 0.115 0.334** 0.471***

(0.657) (0.424) (0.012) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.083 -0.151 0.241 0.191

(0.474) (0.417) (0.155) (0.291)Age 60 to 64 -0.913*** (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.009) . . .English is first language 0.006 0.029 -0.052 -0.063


(0.674) (0.335) (0.379) (0.113)NSW 0.054 -0.058 -0.011 -0.013

(0.269) (0.410) (0.881) (0.788)VIC 0.053 -0.018 0.043 -0.008

(0.308) (0.804) (0.560) (0.877)QLD 0.040 -0.030 -0.047 -0.096*

(0.439) (0.677) (0.518) (0.058)SA 0.018 -0.111 -0.106 -0.105*

(0.747) (0.170) (0.184) (0.071)WA 0.030 0.061 0.034 -0.031

(0.585) (0.441) (0.668) (0.567)Married 0.084*** -0.077* 0.012 0.068**

(0.006) (0.085) (0.773) (0.017)Child age 0 to 2 -0.329*** -0.406*** -0.186*** -0.009

(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.871)Child age 3 to 4 -0.237*** -0.252** -0.113 0.053

(0.001) (0.020) (0.304) (0.505)Child age 5 to 9 -0.223*** -0.251*** -0.237*** -0.094

(0.000) (0.003) (0.005) (0.145)Child age 10 to 14 -0.031 -0.118 -0.122 0.017

(0.624) (0.195) (0.184) (0.786)Union member 0.179*** 0.048 0.137*** 0.040

(0.000) (0.302) (0.003) (0.212)Has disability -0.096*** -0.078 0.023 -0.043

(0.006) (0.121) (0.649) (0.233)Constant 0.783*** 0.569*** 0.523*** 5.924***



Table 5g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.063*** 0.038* 0.073*** 0.280***(0.000) (0.060) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.115 0.394*** -0.010 -0.335***(0.109) (0.000) (0.893) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.082 0.480*** 0.067 -0.146**(0.248) (0.000) (0.362) (0.016)

Age 30 to 34 -0.060 0.463*** 0.141* -0.040(0.404) (0.000) (0.060) (0.525)

Age 35 to 39 -0.129* 0.487*** 0.143* -0.000(0.075) (0.000) (0.059) (0.995)

Age 40 to 44 -0.094 0.394*** 0.148** 0.038(0.197) (0.000) (0.050) (0.549)

Age 45 to 49 -0.058 0.395*** 0.071 0.044(0.420) (0.000) (0.348) (0.486)

Age 50 to 54 -0.135* 0.213* -0.007 -0.027(0.064) (0.053) (0.928) (0.670)



English is first language -0.034 -0.183*** -0.130*** 0.076*(0.297) (0.000) (0.006) (0.051)


NSW 0.017 -0.039 -0.016 0.034(0.449) (0.248) (0.622) (0.267)

VIC 0.004 -0.031 0.045 -0.037(0.868) (0.340) (0.136) (0.193)

QLD -0.003 -0.015 -0.047 -0.064**(0.895) (0.682) (0.173) (0.041)

SA -0.016 -0.047 -0.034 -0.106***(0.572) (0.248) (0.383) (0.005)

WA 0.016 -0.010 0.008 -0.065*(0.528) (0.791) (0.820) (0.054)

Father born overseas 0.028 -0.037 -0.047* -0.017(0.158) (0.204) (0.083) (0.525)


Married 0.014 -0.011 0.032 -0.006(0.360) (0.653) (0.152) (0.744)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.201*** -0.497*** -0.211*** 0.030(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.433)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.185*** -0.554*** -0.375*** 0.085(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.139)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.052** -0.443*** -0.213*** 0.089**(0.037) (0.000) (0.000) (0.011)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.019 -0.322*** -0.117*** -0.158***(0.465) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)

Union member 0.136*** 0.141*** 0.169*** -0.000(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.986)

Has disability -0.106*** -0.001 0.037 -0.100***(0.000) (0.964) (0.139) (0.000)

Constant 0.997*** 0.479*** 0.777*** 6.580***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 309

Table 6g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.058 0.028 0.158*** 0.028(0.131) (0.593) (0.004) (0.541)

Age 20 to 24 0.218 0.008 0.006 0.354**(0.216) (0.973) (0.979) (0.049)

Age 25 to 29 0.195 0.055 0.042 0.503***(0.268) (0.813) (0.861) (0.005)

Age 30 to 34 0.182 0.017 0.112 0.632***(0.314) (0.942) (0.648) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.112 0.006 -0.009 0.797***(0.553) (0.982) (0.973) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.071 -0.147 0.165 0.865***(0.712) (0.576) (0.563) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.121 -0.282 0.132 0.525**(0.522) (0.263) (0.611) (0.011)

Age 50 to 54 -0.106 -0.388 0.077 0.676**(0.642) (0.225) (0.814) (0.012)

Age 55 to 59 0.082 -0.545** -0.190 (dropped)(0.697) (0.050) (0.517) .

Age 60 to 64 0.300 -0.706* (dropped) (dropped)(0.253) (0.069) . .

English is first language -0.022 -0.231* -0.238* 0.112(0.795) (0.051) (0.077) (0.295)


NSW 0.056 0.021 -0.184* -0.059(0.416) (0.823) (0.083) (0.494)

VIC 0.075 -0.062 -0.028 -0.092(0.283) (0.524) (0.796) (0.287)

QLD 0.037 -0.224** -0.037 -0.180*(0.617) (0.035) (0.743) (0.079)

SA 0.033 -0.063 -0.060 -0.218**(0.719) (0.634) (0.653) (0.048)

WA 0.057 -0.121 0.018 -0.163*(0.453) (0.255) (0.879) (0.091)

Father born overseas 0.005 -0.179** -0.180** -0.008(0.930) (0.026) (0.040) (0.926)

Mother born overseas 0.034 0.188** 0.165* -0.001(0.608) (0.034) (0.095) (0.992)

Married 0.084* -0.014 0.049 -0.003(0.066) (0.829) (0.480) (0.958)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.171*** -0.442*** -0.192** -0.026(0.003) (0.000) (0.029) (0.753)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.171** -0.637*** -0.454*** -0.006(0.038) (0.000) (0.000) (0.970)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.065 -0.364*** -0.226* -0.049(0.432) (0.001) (0.056) (0.629)

Child age 10 to 14 0.014 -0.406*** -0.171 -0.082(0.879) (0.002) (0.234) (0.570)

Union member 0.151*** -0.114* 0.074 -0.073(0.005) (0.098) (0.296) (0.247)

Has disability -0.047 0.122* 0.023 -0.104*(0.353) (0.085) (0.752) (0.080)

Constant 0.624*** 1.052*** 0.926*** 6.012***(0.003) (0.000) (0.002) (0.000)



Table 7g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications -0.011 0.113* 0.065 -0.080

(0.808) (0.058) (0.283) (0.133)Age 20 to 24 -0.077 -0.058 -0.091 0.388***

(0.541) (0.720) (0.568) (0.001)Age 25 to 29 -0.101 0.018 -0.031 0.500***

(0.445) (0.914) (0.853) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 -0.009 -0.229 -0.051 0.566***

(0.953) (0.234) (0.804) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.030 -0.119 -0.180 0.740***

(0.852) (0.560) (0.391) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.053 -0.119 -0.164 0.542**

(0.761) (0.606) (0.475) (0.014)Age 45 to 49 -0.020 -0.429* -0.081 0.600**

(0.919) (0.096) (0.766) (0.023)Age 50 to 54 -0.079 -0.392 -0.152 0.770***

(0.736) (0.147) (0.660) (0.003)Age 55 to 59 0.206 -0.456 -0.569* 1.038***

(0.489) (0.272) (0.096) (0.009)Age 60 to 64 -0.916** (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)

(0.011) . . .English is first language -0.053 -0.100 0.063 0.040

(0.715) (0.536) (0.759) (0.800)Non-English speaking country -0.309* -0.093 -0.057 -0.090

(0.058) (0.658) (0.829) (0.672)NSW -0.036 0.067 -0.030 -0.061

(0.677) (0.567) (0.790) (0.567)VIC 0.034 0.054 0.018 -0.136

(0.696) (0.640) (0.873) (0.186)QLD -0.044 -0.152 -0.154 -0.189*

(0.605) (0.176) (0.158) (0.074)SA 0.046 -0.117 -0.096 -0.242**

(0.614) (0.343) (0.443) (0.037)WA 0.004 0.154 0.056 -0.220**

(0.963) (0.217) (0.649) (0.042)Father born overseas -0.021 -0.083 -0.024 0.055


(0.968) (0.163) (0.728) (0.500)Married 0.055 0.029 0.067 0.085

(0.265) (0.666) (0.319) (0.144)Child age 0 to 2 -0.429*** -0.312*** -0.278** -0.010

(0.000) (0.006) (0.015) (0.937)Child age 3 to 4 -0.254*** -0.591*** -0.255* 0.006

(0.009) (0.000) (0.083) (0.980)Child age 5 to 9 -0.203* -0.411*** -0.088 0.039

(0.053) (0.005) (0.565) (0.799)Child age 10 to 14 -0.068 -0.314* 0.105 0.026

(0.632) (0.091) (0.602) (0.917)Union member 0.124** 0.019 0.095 0.050

(0.043) (0.805) (0.239) (0.496)Has disability -0.020 -0.030 -0.084 -0.044

(0.702) (0.683) (0.252) (0.522)Constant 1.043*** 0.864*** 0.806*** 5.962***


NCVER 311

Table 8g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.017 -0.050 0.021 -0.005

(0.593) (0.237) (0.632) (0.897)Age 20 to 24 0.023 0.123 0.121 0.419***

(0.798) (0.304) (0.280) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.012 0.260** 0.214* 0.641***

(0.897) (0.034) (0.063) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.116 0.151 0.143 0.700***

(0.230) (0.239) (0.244) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.020 0.074 0.144 0.734***

(0.844) (0.588) (0.271) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.033 -0.004 0.300** 0.860***

(0.751) (0.976) (0.031) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.033 0.086 0.204 0.825***

(0.757) (0.554) (0.139) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.064 -0.104 0.085 0.519***

(0.573) (0.487) (0.597) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.077 -0.318 -0.502** 0.902***


. . . .English is first language -0.118 0.022 -0.062 0.006

(0.125) (0.814) (0.545) (0.959)Non-English speaking country -0.228** 0.147 0.039 -0.053

(0.014) (0.256) (0.772) (0.722)NSW -0.034 -0.026 -0.171** 0.036

(0.552) (0.729) (0.026) (0.641)VIC -0.045 -0.080 -0.104 -0.072

(0.455) (0.320) (0.213) (0.370)QLD 0.008 -0.034 -0.209*** -0.182**

(0.886) (0.655) (0.005) (0.013)SA -0.007 -0.049 -0.192** -0.194**

(0.917) (0.553) (0.022) (0.018)WA 0.044 -0.047 -0.151* -0.084

(0.496) (0.590) (0.098) (0.326)Father born overseas -0.007 -0.037 0.072 -0.025

(0.892) (0.604) (0.290) (0.728)Mother born overseas -0.045 0.097 -0.039 0.052

(0.370) (0.172) (0.572) (0.465)Married 0.051 -0.039 0.039 0.095**

(0.174) (0.429) (0.439) (0.037)Child age 0 to 2 -0.340*** -0.438*** -0.263*** -0.112

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.154)Child age 3 to 4 -0.203*** -0.595*** -0.231** -0.012

(0.003) (0.000) (0.024) (0.938)Child age 5 to 9 -0.096 -0.500*** -0.251*** -0.008

(0.109) (0.000) (0.003) (0.950)Child age 10 to 14 -0.081 -0.313*** -0.136 -0.268**

(0.239) (0.001) (0.157) (0.013)Union member 0.145*** 0.001 0.130** -0.005

(0.002) (0.985) (0.026) (0.924)Has disability -0.134*** -0.021 -0.039 -0.072

(0.001) (0.702) (0.478) (0.202)Constant 1.016*** 0.638*** 0.799*** 5.900***



Table 9g: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 -0.119* 0.409*** 0.011 -0.318***(0.089) (0.000) (0.792) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.093 0.487*** 0.083** -0.123*(0.178) (0.000) (0.042) (0.053)

Age 30 to 34 -0.067 0.454*** 0.168*** 0.004(0.337) (0.000) (0.000) (0.949)

Age 35 to 39 -0.144** 0.443*** 0.146*** 0.035(0.041) (0.000) (0.001) (0.597)

Age 40 to 44 -0.104 0.376*** 0.132*** 0.062(0.140) (0.000) (0.003) (0.354)

Age 45 to 49 -0.073 0.364*** 0.090** 0.066(0.298) (0.000) (0.045) (0.325)

Age 50 to 54 -0.153** 0.223*** (dropped) -0.019(0.030) (0.001) . (0.777)

Age 55 to 59 -0.131* (dropped) -0.120* (dropped)(0.085) . (0.085) .


English is first language -0.036 -0.225*** -0.120*** 0.036(0.288) (0.000) (0.009) (0.384)

Non-English speaking country -0.129*** -0.113* -0.096 0.008(0.002) (0.074) (0.100) (0.862)

NSW 0.039* -0.050 -0.025 0.037(0.082) (0.135) (0.429) (0.223)

VIC 0.022 -0.061* 0.022 -0.058**(0.330) (0.061) (0.480) (0.042)

QLD 0.007 -0.032 -0.078** -0.074**(0.779) (0.376) (0.026) (0.019)

SA 0.007 -0.067 -0.059 -0.109***(0.812) (0.103) (0.143) (0.005)

WA 0.033 -0.035 0.010 -0.090***(0.204) (0.366) (0.782) (0.008)

Father born overseas 0.032 -0.053* -0.027 -0.017(0.109) (0.066) (0.311) (0.533)


Married 0.018 -0.017 0.014 -0.022(0.261) (0.471) (0.540) (0.251)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.198*** -0.482*** -0.213*** 0.019(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.615)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.186*** -0.520*** -0.358*** 0.062(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.297)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.059** -0.432*** -0.184*** 0.057(0.017) (0.000) (0.000) (0.103)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.015 -0.303*** -0.039 -0.154***(0.574) (0.000) (0.282) (0.000)

Union member 0.140*** 0.139*** 0.180*** 0.007(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.759)

Has disability -0.109*** -0.012 0.023 -0.111***(0.000) (0.635) (0.344) (0.000)

Constant 0.987*** 0.540*** 0.775*** 6.627***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 313

Table 10g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.043* 0.013 0.091*** 0.024(0.073) (0.691) (0.007) (0.443)

Age 20 to 24 0.039 0.564*** 0.273** 0.359*(0.698) (0.000) (0.039) (0.078)

Age 25 to 29 0.088 0.574*** 0.287** 0.508**(0.368) (0.000) (0.025) (0.012)

Age 30 to 34 0.077 0.447*** 0.357*** 0.672***(0.449) (0.001) (0.008) (0.001)

Age 35 to 39 0.005 0.508*** 0.380*** 0.803***(0.959) (0.000) (0.007) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.062 0.444*** 0.395*** 0.783***(0.547) (0.001) (0.003) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.105 0.437*** 0.417*** 0.692***(0.310) (0.002) (0.003) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 -0.009 0.202 0.378*** 0.684***(0.934) (0.175) (0.008) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 0.033 0.016 0.256* 0.668***(0.762) (0.916) (0.092) (0.005)


English is first language -0.012 -0.165** -0.062 0.104(0.813) (0.016) (0.372) (0.110)


NSW 0.006 -0.016 0.000 0.059(0.889) (0.792) (0.996) (0.303)

VIC -0.039 0.058 0.116* -0.030(0.375) (0.345) (0.070) (0.584)

QLD -0.009 -0.047 -0.012 -0.117*(0.841) (0.471) (0.860) (0.062)

SA -0.021 0.033 0.042 -0.051(0.704) (0.661) (0.586) (0.493)

WA -0.002 -0.071 0.074 -0.055(0.970) (0.298) (0.296) (0.441)

Father born overseas -0.053 -0.105** -0.077 0.072(0.157) (0.050) (0.149) (0.195)

Mother born overseas 0.065 0.064 0.106* -0.042(0.121) (0.265) (0.069) (0.466)

Married 0.021 -0.100** -0.020 0.006(0.451) (0.013) (0.621) (0.848)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.178*** -0.416*** -0.145** 0.045(0.000) (0.000) (0.014) (0.491)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.118** -0.501*** -0.277*** -0.024(0.022) (0.000) (0.000) (0.812)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.060 -0.410*** -0.072 -0.049(0.183) (0.000) (0.258) (0.473)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.045 -0.412*** -0.193*** -0.070(0.343) (0.000) (0.004) (0.383)

Union member 0.149*** 0.058 0.114*** -0.008(0.000) (0.158) (0.005) (0.839)

Has disability -0.085*** 0.059 0.083* -0.075*(0.005) (0.175) (0.054) (0.068)

Constant 0.837*** 0.446*** 0.435*** 5.917***(0.000) (0.005) (0.006) (0.000)



Table 11g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.026 0.062 0.090** -0.040(0.433) (0.159) (0.049) (0.298)

Age 20 to 24 -0.015 -0.134 -0.015 0.381***(0.894) (0.345) (0.919) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 -0.042 -0.095 -0.023 0.527***(0.710) (0.510) (0.874) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.073 -0.198 0.028 0.668***(0.550) (0.217) (0.862) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.020 -0.291* -0.136 0.835***(0.877) (0.077) (0.411) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.045 -0.295* 0.025 0.858***(0.730) (0.084) (0.889) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.112 -0.463** 0.015 0.613***(0.429) (0.011) (0.939) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.118 -0.457** -0.029 0.772***(0.484) (0.034) (0.911) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.118 -0.661*** -0.269 0.993***(0.477) (0.004) (0.230) (0.004)

Age 60 to 64 -0.843** (dropped) (dropped) (dropped)(0.017) . . .



NSW -0.017 -0.011 -0.142 0.037(0.807) (0.907) (0.121) (0.619)

VIC 0.052 -0.029 -0.048 -0.092(0.452) (0.757) (0.606) (0.212)

QLD -0.030 -0.212** -0.124 -0.170**(0.659) (0.022) (0.177) (0.032)

SA 0.020 -0.114 -0.153 -0.210**(0.785) (0.238) (0.115) (0.010)

WA 0.055 0.002 0.003 -0.206***(0.447) (0.980) (0.979) (0.009)


Mother born overseas -0.038 0.212*** 0.009 0.037(0.477) (0.003) (0.901) (0.546)

Married 0.056 0.019 0.066 0.051(0.138) (0.713) (0.216) (0.226)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.322*** -0.400*** -0.237*** -0.016(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.850)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.223*** -0.572*** -0.389*** -0.045(0.002) (0.000) (0.000) (0.786)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.139** -0.315*** -0.153 -0.145(0.043) (0.001) (0.114) (0.161)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.089 -0.264** -0.094 -0.126(0.300) (0.022) (0.451) (0.371)

Union member 0.150*** -0.067 0.116** -0.008(0.001) (0.243) (0.047) (0.873)

Has disability -0.042 -0.019 -0.105* -0.086*(0.295) (0.725) (0.068) (0.081)

Constant 0.823*** 1.060*** 0.879*** 5.793***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 315

Table 12g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.001 -0.050 0.052 -0.051(0.985) (0.313) (0.286) (0.270)

Age 20 to 24 -0.018 0.101 -0.053 0.378***(0.906) (0.668) (0.773) (0.006)

Age 25 to 29 -0.039 0.228 0.030 0.612***(0.803) (0.337) (0.872) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.038 0.132 -0.001 0.680***(0.808) (0.585) (0.997) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.111 0.107 0.012 0.731***(0.494) (0.671) (0.952) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.028 0.028 0.245 0.867***(0.865) (0.912) (0.252) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.099 0.163 0.076 0.769***(0.561) (0.525) (0.717) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.132 -0.043 0.025 0.481***(0.437) (0.868) (0.903) (0.004)

Age 55 to 59 -0.152 -0.387 -0.663** 0.642**(0.444) (0.201) (0.012) (0.016)



Non-English speaking country -0.287*** 0.157 -0.192 -0.227(0.003) (0.296) (0.259) (0.176)

NSW -0.075 -0.085 -0.220** 0.045(0.242) (0.333) (0.013) (0.618)

VIC -0.071 -0.066 -0.150 -0.097(0.283) (0.470) (0.103) (0.292)

QLD -0.049 0.001 -0.242*** -0.185**(0.441) (0.988) (0.004) (0.020)

SA -0.086 -0.024 -0.247*** -0.259***(0.211) (0.800) (0.008) (0.007)

WA 0.070 -0.078 -0.168* -0.132(0.332) (0.438) (0.096) (0.163)



Married 0.065 -0.040 0.011 0.052(0.127) (0.493) (0.841) (0.299)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.383*** -0.409*** -0.251*** -0.053(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.534)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.255*** -0.545*** -0.369*** -0.058(0.001) (0.000) (0.002) (0.747)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.122* -0.501*** -0.333*** -0.063(0.071) (0.000) (0.001) (0.634)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 -0.299*** -0.218* -0.274**(0.886) (0.008) (0.064) (0.034)

Union member 0.128** -0.024 0.070 -0.039(0.025) (0.750) (0.322) (0.577)

Has disability -0.120*** 0.038 -0.019 -0.073(0.008) (0.564) (0.767) (0.218)

Constant 1.087*** 0.650** 1.085*** 6.134***(0.000) (0.018) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 13g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings


Age 20 to 24 0.254*** 0.416*** 0.113 -0.433***(0.000) (0.000) (0.173) (0.000)

Age 25 to 29 0.241*** 0.560*** 0.218*** -0.191**(0.000) (0.000) (0.007) (0.037)

Age 30 to 34 0.291*** 0.523*** 0.305*** -0.109(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.236)

Age 35 to 39 0.316*** 0.405*** 0.232*** 0.011(0.000) (0.000) (0.004) (0.906)

Age 40 to 44 0.253*** 0.296*** 0.120 -0.151(0.000) (0.000) (0.142) (0.116)

Age 45 to 49 0.276*** 0.238*** 0.112 -0.104(0.000) (0.000) (0.163) (0.262)

Age 50 to 54 0.236*** 0.318*** 0.233*** -0.054(0.000) (0.000) (0.004) (0.562)

Age 55 to 59 0.210*** (dropped) 0.037 -0.139(0.000) . (0.674) (0.189)

Age 60 to 64 (dropped) 0.192** (dropped) (dropped). (0.012) . .

English is first language 0.041 0.013 0.046 0.100**(0.139) (0.764) (0.258) (0.019)

Non-English speaking country 0.027 -0.028 0.082* 0.068(0.343) (0.556) (0.063) (0.138)

NSW -0.004 -0.037 -0.017 -0.010(0.841) (0.226) (0.538) (0.739)

VIC 0.019 -0.036 0.034 -0.109***(0.298) (0.210) (0.203) (0.000)

QLD -0.015 -0.017 -0.038 -0.150***(0.439) (0.571) (0.189) (0.000)

SA -0.055** -0.106*** -0.120*** -0.102***(0.013) (0.003) (0.000) (0.005)

WA 0.016 -0.085** -0.034 -0.156***(0.467) (0.014) (0.302) (0.000)

Father born overseas 0.035** 0.056** 0.038 -0.021(0.035) (0.047) (0.142) (0.449)

Mother born overseas -0.033* 0.010 -0.042 -0.010(0.063) (0.735) (0.126) (0.741)

Married 0.036*** -0.133*** -0.051** -0.021(0.009) (0.000) (0.013) (0.294)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.176*** -0.456*** -0.210*** -0.061*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.095)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.165*** -0.482*** -0.143*** 0.033(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.636)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.080*** -0.299*** -0.159*** 0.021(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.559)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.064*** -0.162*** -0.069** -0.027(0.002) (0.000) (0.031) (0.483)

Union member 0.096*** 0.125*** 0.216*** 0.014(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.492)

Has disability -0.058*** -0.060** -0.054** -0.044(0.000) (0.018) (0.026) (0.107)

Constant 0.594*** 0.364*** 0.552*** 6.787***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)


NCVER 317

Table 14g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.023 0.013 0.084** 0.117***(0.292) (0.684) (0.011) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 0.004 0.021 0.060 0.304*(0.987) (0.947) (0.838) (0.096)

Age 25 to 29 -0.040 0.165 0.111 0.477***(0.858) (0.603) (0.707) (0.009)

Age 30 to 34 0.002 0.085 0.251 0.570***(0.994) (0.789) (0.394) (0.002)

Age 35 to 39 0.049 0.049 0.198 0.591***(0.825) (0.879) (0.504) (0.001)

Age 40 to 44 -0.044 -0.038 0.076 0.578***(0.842) (0.905) (0.798) (0.002)

Age 45 to 49 0.034 -0.159 -0.007 0.647***(0.880) (0.619) (0.982) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 -0.025 -0.307 -0.011 0.706***(0.911) (0.341) (0.970) (0.001)

Age 55 to 59 -0.097 -0.372 -0.018 0.830***(0.666) (0.246) (0.953) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.363 -0.386 0.216 (dropped)(0.130) (0.299) (0.520) .


Non-English speaking country -0.092* -0.174** -0.083 0.177*(0.088) (0.042) (0.354) (0.077)

NSW -0.025 -0.086 -0.019 -0.016(0.540) (0.156) (0.740) (0.806)

VIC -0.014 0.008 0.108* -0.012(0.744) (0.892) (0.070) (0.841)

QLD -0.029 -0.040 -0.050 -0.120*(0.486) (0.516) (0.398) (0.058)

SA -0.059 -0.117 -0.121* -0.057(0.211) (0.101) (0.072) (0.427)

WA -0.015 -0.174** 0.029 -0.055(0.735) (0.011) (0.665) (0.468)

Father born overseas 0.066** 0.085* 0.028 0.060(0.046) (0.074) (0.578) (0.277)

Mother born overseas 0.025 -0.070 -0.067 -0.112**(0.488) (0.166) (0.178) (0.036)

Married 0.067** -0.117*** 0.015 0.028(0.015) (0.006) (0.722) (0.466)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.244*** -0.370*** -0.246*** -0.065(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.327)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.293*** -0.422*** -0.173* -0.004(0.000) (0.000) (0.051) (0.977)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.102*** -0.381*** -0.226*** 0.089(0.008) (0.000) (0.000) (0.208)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.113*** -0.227*** -0.103* -0.126*(0.004) (0.000) (0.080) (0.062)

Union member 0.113*** 0.101** 0.247*** 0.066(0.000) (0.016) (0.000) (0.105)

Has disability -0.059** -0.077* -0.049 0.052(0.044) (0.079) (0.283) (0.283)

Constant 0.883*** 0.834** 0.636** 6.061***(0.000) (0.011) (0.036) (0.000)



Table 15g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.033 0.010 0.107*** -0.008(0.190) (0.796) (0.007) (0.807)

Age 20 to 24 -0.022 0.109 0.118 0.214**(0.793) (0.362) (0.328) (0.011)

Age 25 to 29 -0.017 0.200* 0.192 0.411***(0.845) (0.098) (0.120) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 -0.049 0.064 0.217* 0.386***(0.565) (0.607) (0.090) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.045 0.003 0.196 0.411***(0.626) (0.985) (0.172) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.020 0.013 0.293** 0.547***(0.830) (0.924) (0.038) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.004 -0.224* 0.073 0.286**(0.966) (0.094) (0.598) (0.012)

Age 50 to 54 -0.017 -0.119 0.169 0.539***(0.868) (0.433) (0.283) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.085 -0.477*** 0.025 0.836***(0.463) (0.005) (0.899) (0.004)




NSW -0.023 -0.132* 0.004 -0.012(0.664) (0.096) (0.967) (0.859)

VIC 0.046 -0.063 0.087 -0.104(0.364) (0.400) (0.309) (0.117)

QLD 0.022 -0.057 -0.070 -0.161***(0.646) (0.428) (0.399) (0.010)

SA 0.026 -0.064 -0.143 -0.092(0.638) (0.445) (0.123) (0.196)

WA 0.052 -0.069 -0.072 -0.126*(0.350) (0.398) (0.436) (0.078)


Mother born overseas 0.058 -0.068 -0.174** 0.024(0.189) (0.291) (0.013) (0.662)

Married 0.046 -0.048 0.084* 0.015(0.127) (0.279) (0.076) (0.658)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.202*** -0.387*** -0.155** 0.014(0.000) (0.000) (0.021) (0.818)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.217*** -0.586*** -0.221* -0.454***(0.000) (0.000) (0.055) (0.005)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.091* -0.356*** -0.179** -0.036(0.066) (0.000) (0.033) (0.632)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.001 -0.319*** -0.215** -0.041(0.981) (0.000) (0.019) (0.701)

Union member 0.133*** 0.096* 0.206*** 0.073*(0.000) (0.066) (0.000) (0.093)

Has disability -0.108*** -0.117** -0.056 -0.018(0.001) (0.018) (0.275) (0.676)

Constant 0.956*** 0.744*** 0.508*** 6.280***(0.000) (0.000) (0.002) (0.000)


NCVER 319

Table 16g:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on School Completion – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II -0.031 0.052 0.099* 0.035(0.373) (0.296) (0.053) (0.447)

Age 20 to 24 0.162* 0.202* 0.015 0.193**(0.052) (0.084) (0.899) (0.041)

Age 25 to 29 0.026 0.249* 0.202 0.493***(0.774) (0.069) (0.147) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.131 0.174 0.184 0.539***(0.142) (0.185) (0.172) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.151 0.141 0.189 0.580***(0.108) (0.313) (0.185) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.093 0.148 -0.026 0.631***(0.321) (0.281) (0.855) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.114 0.025 0.014 0.374***(0.215) (0.852) (0.920) (0.001)

Age 50 to 54 0.104 -0.138 0.044 0.550***(0.343) (0.353) (0.773) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.082 -0.378* -0.147 (dropped)(0.595) (0.069) (0.484) .

Age 60 to 64 0.073 -0.295 -0.339 (dropped)(0.631) (0.151) (0.142) .



NSW 0.029 -0.077 -0.084 -0.075(0.589) (0.336) (0.299) (0.318)

VIC -0.038 0.038 0.039 -0.109(0.576) (0.714) (0.710) (0.217)

QLD 0.027 -0.054 -0.156* -0.161**(0.629) (0.532) (0.067) (0.050)

SA 0.063 -0.023 -0.177 -0.286***(0.426) (0.843) (0.119) (0.006)

WA 0.066 -0.007 -0.093 -0.093(0.305) (0.934) (0.315) (0.241)



Married 0.081* -0.103 0.015 -0.033(0.068) (0.117) (0.813) (0.546)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.340*** -0.330*** -0.238** -0.002(0.000) (0.000) (0.017) (0.985)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.245*** -0.596*** -0.294** 0.217(0.002) (0.000) (0.021) (0.269)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.151** -0.346*** -0.112 -0.065(0.014) (0.000) (0.228) (0.524)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.129** -0.226** 0.057 -0.243**(0.042) (0.012) (0.568) (0.021)

Union member 0.157*** 0.037 0.240*** 0.074(0.003) (0.611) (0.001) (0.247)

Has disability -0.095** -0.113 -0.036 -0.002(0.037) (0.102) (0.601) (0.971)

Constant 0.646*** 0.751*** 0.592*** 6.259***(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)



Section H: Using Less than Year 12 in the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Females

NCVER 321

Table 1h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.061 -0.036 0.087 0.374***(0.218) (0.619) (0.194) (0.000)


Age 25 to 29 0.102 0.727* (dropped) (dropped)(0.712) (0.074) . .

Age 30 to 34 0.073 0.393* -0.319 0.093(0.606) (0.099) (0.317) (0.751)

Age 35 to 39 0.124 0.288 -0.178 0.165(0.345) (0.196) (0.571) (0.569)

Age 40 to 44 0.099 0.228 -0.169 0.026(0.448) (0.304) (0.589) (0.928)

Age 45 to 49 0.069 0.230 -0.175 0.212(0.597) (0.298) (0.579) (0.465)

Age 50 to 54 0.068 0.157 -0.138 0.178(0.580) (0.457) (0.661) (0.547)

Age 55 to 59 -0.010 0.181 -0.185 0.238(0.937) (0.414) (0.570) (0.444)




NSW -0.033 0.010 0.038 0.005(0.657) (0.927) (0.700) (0.968)

VIC 0.030 -0.040 0.057 -0.050(0.682) (0.697) (0.556) (0.731)

QLD 0.021 0.010 -0.122 -0.117(0.798) (0.929) (0.250) (0.354)

SA -0.044 -0.070 -0.191 0.148(0.637) (0.612) (0.126) (0.403)

WA -0.002 0.017 -0.101 0.062(0.982) (0.914) (0.427) (0.700)

Married 0.104* -0.065 -0.022 -0.021(0.053) (0.416) (0.754) (0.809)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.263** -0.336* -0.147 -0.020(0.030) (0.078) (0.407) (0.950)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.162 -0.253 -0.059 0.025(0.326) (0.298) (0.785) (0.945)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.198** -0.250* -0.202* -0.109(0.022) (0.054) (0.082) (0.475)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.043 -0.126 -0.038 -0.170(0.569) (0.247) (0.710) (0.156)

Union member 0.180*** 0.338*** 0.322*** 0.086(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.355)

Has disability -0.077 -0.155* -0.140* -0.022(0.187) (0.075) (0.085) (0.838)

Constant 0.562** 0.314 0.950** 6.149***(0.014) (0.364) (0.014) (0.000)



Table 2h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.067 0.216*** 0.155** 0.088(0.244) (0.002) (0.020) (0.159)

Age 20 to 24 -0.080 0.629* 0.521 -0.177(0.700) (0.099) (0.148) (0.210)

Age 25 to 29 -0.079 0.566 0.509 -0.056(0.681) (0.128) (0.146) (0.692)

Age 30 to 34 -0.076 0.558 0.452 0.142(0.694) (0.131) (0.196) (0.291)

Age 35 to 39 0.013 0.409 0.480 0.026(0.947) (0.274) (0.175) (0.851)

Age 40 to 44 -0.105 0.475 0.526 0.100(0.584) (0.192) (0.129) (0.470)

Age 45 to 49 -0.056 0.265 0.450 (dropped)(0.768) (0.473) (0.199) .

Age 50 to 54 -0.112 0.356 0.375 0.005(0.563) (0.324) (0.279) (0.973)

Age 55 to 59 (dropped) 0.398 0.426 -0.097. (0.328) (0.270) (0.613)


English is first language 0.110 0.013 -0.107 -0.167(0.390) (0.938) (0.495) (0.149)


NSW -0.027 -0.149 0.048 -0.024(0.802) (0.274) (0.695) (0.825)

VIC -0.003 -0.170 0.118 0.029(0.976) (0.220) (0.355) (0.793)

QLD -0.023 -0.219 0.003 0.035(0.858) (0.179) (0.983) (0.809)

SA -0.059 -0.292* -0.009 0.072(0.634) (0.072) (0.951) (0.597)

WA -0.038 -0.172 0.031 0.097(0.756) (0.251) (0.827) (0.414)

Married 0.141** -0.064 0.025 -0.048(0.031) (0.442) (0.744) (0.460)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.218** -0.312** -0.134 0.085(0.025) (0.011) (0.251) (0.458)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.266** -0.521*** -0.367** -0.055(0.035) (0.003) (0.015) (0.764)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.225** -0.286** -0.234* -0.014(0.038) (0.047) (0.068) (0.916)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.057 -0.088 -0.114 -0.100(0.556) (0.459) (0.324) (0.348)

Union member 0.265*** 0.078 0.274*** 0.056(0.000) (0.363) (0.001) (0.427)

Has disability -0.154** -0.096 -0.127 -0.094(0.029) (0.304) (0.145) (0.242)

Constant 0.689*** 0.289 0.203 6.372***(0.005) (0.488) (0.605) (0.000)


NCVER 323

Table 3h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.095** -0.053 0.025 0.043

(0.017) (0.313) (0.667) (0.497)Age 20 to 24 0.003 0.015 0.242 0.221

(0.981) (0.927) (0.166) (0.135)Age 25 to 29 0.056 0.062 0.191 0.357**

(0.690) (0.726) (0.294) (0.019)Age 30 to 34 0.165 -0.048 0.278 0.583***

(0.238) (0.781) (0.119) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.086 -0.230 0.203 (dropped)

(0.545) (0.199) (0.284) .Age 40 to 44 0.133 -0.153 0.269 0.550***

(0.345) (0.376) (0.134) (0.001)Age 45 to 49 0.075 -0.223 0.150 0.507***

(0.598) (0.201) (0.408) (0.002)Age 50 to 54 0.071 -0.248 0.194 0.330**

(0.616) (0.152) (0.286) (0.038)Age 55 to 59 -0.052 -0.256 0.028 0.585**

(0.782) (0.298) (0.922) (0.038)Age 60 to 64 -0.594* (dropped) 0.006 (dropped)

(0.051) . (0.988) .English is first language 0.085 0.091 0.067 0.314


(0.808) (0.949) (0.595) (0.372)NSW -0.013 0.002 0.048 0.003

(0.862) (0.987) (0.676) (0.978)VIC -0.011 -0.079 -0.016 0.059

(0.886) (0.427) (0.889) (0.629)QLD 0.020 0.029 -0.118 -0.085

(0.792) (0.762) (0.282) (0.440)SA -0.027 -0.153 -0.219* -0.076

(0.737) (0.141) (0.055) (0.623)WA 0.056 -0.016 -0.036 0.063

(0.493) (0.876) (0.753) (0.604)Married 0.143*** -0.060 -0.006 -0.015

(0.002) (0.357) (0.926) (0.844)Child age 0 to 2 -0.393*** -0.268*** -0.261** -0.053

(0.000) (0.005) (0.013) (0.662)Child age 3 to 4 -0.180** -0.408*** -0.201* -0.054

(0.027) (0.000) (0.096) (0.847)Child age 5 to 9 -0.268*** -0.261*** -0.264** -0.128

(0.000) (0.010) (0.019) (0.438)Child age 10 to 14 -0.159** -0.175** -0.245** -0.216*

(0.021) (0.049) (0.015) (0.079)Union member 0.239*** 0.118* 0.203*** 0.027

(0.000) (0.092) (0.007) (0.722)Has disability -0.107** -0.076 -0.133* -0.118

(0.031) (0.259) (0.076) (0.162)Constant 0.574*** 0.643*** 0.451* 5.493***



Table 4h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 1997 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.079*** 0.011 0.035 0.059**

(0.000) (0.662) (0.171) (0.011)Age 20 to 24 -0.008 0.065 0.169** 0.431***

(0.906) (0.407) (0.031) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 0.011 0.098 0.126 0.569***

(0.862) (0.203) (0.103) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.039 -0.009 0.148* 0.604***

(0.554) (0.905) (0.065) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.031 -0.099 0.095 0.563***

(0.633) (0.207) (0.232) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 0.068 -0.114 0.149* 0.643***

(0.293) (0.137) (0.056) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.023 -0.216*** 0.099 0.634***

(0.729) (0.006) (0.212) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.011 -0.194** 0.140* 0.631***

(0.865) (0.016) (0.086) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.024 -0.309*** 0.049 0.619***

(0.747) (0.001) (0.592) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.125 -0.297** 0.151 0.340**


(0.709) (0.361) (0.198) (0.360)Non-English speaking country -0.111* 0.071 -0.033 -0.153**

(0.084) (0.411) (0.705) (0.041)NSW 0.021 -0.104** 0.032 0.014

(0.522) (0.012) (0.466) (0.726)VIC 0.005 -0.078 0.044 0.019

(0.890) (0.106) (0.376) (0.674)QLD 0.051 -0.044 -0.046 -0.041

(0.146) (0.321) (0.326) (0.315)SA 0.007 -0.153*** -0.116** -0.010

(0.848) (0.002) (0.023) (0.823)WA 0.060 -0.075 0.074 0.033

(0.114) (0.115) (0.133) (0.459)Married 0.121*** -0.120*** 0.009 -0.001

(0.000) (0.000) (0.774) (0.971)Child age 0 to 2 -0.280*** -0.300*** -0.145*** -0.040

(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.391)Child age 3 to 4 -0.185*** -0.330*** -0.162*** -0.037

(0.000) (0.000) (0.009) (0.564)Child age 5 to 9 -0.194*** -0.250*** -0.189*** -0.050

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.267)Child age 10 to 14 -0.086*** -0.175*** -0.093** -0.022

(0.008) (0.000) (0.030) (0.601)Union member 0.250*** 0.124*** 0.285*** 0.032

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.236)Has disability -0.113*** -0.060* -0.074** -0.014

(0.000) (0.060) (0.024) (0.667)Constant 0.680*** 0.818*** 0.548*** 5.681***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)Number of observations 1,694 1,422 1,334 610R2 0.150 0.147 0.112 0.242note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 325

Table 5h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.071** 0.029 0.143*** 0.258***(0.011) (0.448) (0.000) (0.000)

Age 20 to 24 -0.192 0.459 -0.198 -0.273(0.490) (0.193) (0.549) (0.275)

Age 25 to 29 -0.261 0.128 -0.313 (dropped)(0.337) (0.724) (0.339) .

Age 30 to 34 -0.082 0.424 -0.088 -0.246(0.758) (0.215) (0.781) (0.311)

Age 35 to 39 -0.071 0.198 -0.128 -0.168(0.788) (0.561) (0.686) (0.500)

Age 40 to 44 -0.087 0.289 -0.155 -0.138(0.742) (0.392) (0.620) (0.558)

Age 45 to 49 -0.106 0.111 -0.184 -0.071(0.687) (0.740) (0.555) (0.764)

Age 50 to 54 -0.149 0.218 -0.187 -0.051(0.570) (0.516) (0.549) (0.829)

Age 55 to 59 -0.154 0.055 -0.179 -0.110(0.560) (0.870) (0.568) (0.645)

Age 60 to 64 -0.222 -0.005 -0.261 -0.066(0.405) (0.987) (0.413) (0.793)



NSW 0.021 -0.006 0.002 0.021(0.674) (0.932) (0.982) (0.769)

VIC 0.013 -0.005 0.120* -0.071(0.790) (0.948) (0.073) (0.338)

QLD 0.013 -0.037 -0.047 -0.146*(0.809) (0.605) (0.509) (0.055)

SA 0.031 -0.019 -0.032 -0.076(0.557) (0.792) (0.648) (0.309)

WA 0.040 -0.072 0.041 -0.137(0.473) (0.340) (0.585) (0.104)



Married 0.072** -0.139*** 0.011 0.052(0.023) (0.002) (0.789) (0.213)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.311*** -0.325*** -0.272*** 0.062(0.000) (0.002) (0.007) (0.639)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.244*** -0.460*** -0.247** 0.142(0.004) (0.000) (0.043) (0.551)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.097* -0.322*** -0.201*** -0.134(0.076) (0.000) (0.006) (0.142)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.151*** -0.221*** -0.125** -0.068(0.001) (0.001) (0.049) (0.384)

Union member 0.205*** 0.185*** 0.281*** 0.076*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.073)

Has disability -0.111*** -0.021 -0.017 -0.014(0.000) (0.616) (0.676) (0.749)

Constant 0.856*** 0.328 0.605* 6.425***(0.002) (0.358) (0.067) (0.000)



Table 6h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Associate Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Associate Diploma 0.148*** 0.051 0.094 0.177***(0.002) (0.427) (0.150) (0.002)

Age 20 to 24 -0.204 0.088 0.039 -0.258(0.144) (0.624) (0.891) (0.307)

Age 25 to 29 -0.163 0.041 -0.032 -0.161(0.144) (0.781) (0.905) (0.514)


Age 35 to 39 -0.080 -0.057 0.187 0.104(0.469) (0.703) (0.481) (0.687)

Age 40 to 44 -0.161 -0.194 0.041 -0.112(0.151) (0.192) (0.879) (0.657)

Age 45 to 49 -0.152 -0.252 -0.003 -0.004(0.206) (0.109) (0.992) (0.987)

Age 50 to 54 -0.163 -0.239 -0.030 -0.153(0.216) (0.159) (0.910) (0.502)

Age 55 to 59 -0.243* -0.454*** -0.122 -0.085(0.057) (0.005) (0.650) (0.751)

Age 60 to 64 -0.550*** -0.189 (dropped) (dropped)(0.004) (0.542) . .



NSW -0.000 -0.128 -0.002 0.013(0.997) (0.244) (0.987) (0.903)

VIC 0.032 -0.020 0.162 0.033(0.702) (0.859) (0.174) (0.763)

QLD -0.008 -0.059 -0.070 -0.023(0.923) (0.609) (0.535) (0.860)

SA 0.044 -0.015 -0.049 -0.057(0.642) (0.905) (0.699) (0.592)

WA 0.012 -0.106 0.133 0.011(0.899) (0.388) (0.259) (0.933)


Mother born overseas -0.191** 0.019 -0.066 -0.129(0.041) (0.890) (0.601) (0.334)

Married 0.133** -0.192** -0.015 -0.088(0.017) (0.010) (0.847) (0.186)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.395*** -0.355*** -0.263** -0.032(0.000) (0.007) (0.047) (0.812)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.204* -0.451*** -0.089 0.075(0.062) (0.002) (0.567) (0.716)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.196** -0.336*** -0.305** -0.033(0.022) (0.005) (0.010) (0.806)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.189** -0.169 -0.351*** -0.133(0.028) (0.166) (0.003) (0.273)

Union member 0.237*** 0.236*** 0.404*** 0.000(0.001) (0.009) (0.000) (0.999)

Has disability -0.099* 0.003 -0.070 0.009(0.078) (0.964) (0.377) (0.901)

Constant 0.936*** 0.909*** 0.555 6.492***(0.000) (0.000) (0.122) (0.000)


NCVER 327

Table 7h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Skilled Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Skilled Vocational Qualifications 0.080** -0.045 -0.030 -0.058

(0.015) (0.271) (0.496) (0.213)Age 20 to 24 0.127 0.076 0.008 0.185

(0.291) (0.629) (0.962) (0.175)Age 25 to 29 0.111 0.039 0.002 0.464***

(0.325) (0.797) (0.990) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.159 -0.028 0.023 0.530***

(0.169) (0.858) (0.890) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 0.184 -0.063 0.074 0.440***

(0.115) (0.684) (0.657) (0.001)Age 40 to 44 0.135 -0.106 -0.032 0.483***

(0.240) (0.490) (0.847) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 0.178 -0.221 -0.124 0.288**

(0.117) (0.140) (0.444) (0.040)Age 50 to 54 0.207* -0.244 -0.049 0.505***

(0.080) (0.115) (0.768) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 0.032 -0.403** -0.062 0.444***

(0.792) (0.012) (0.718) (0.009)Age 60 to 64 0.070 -0.237 -0.177 0.200



(0.152) (0.554) (0.421) (0.319)NSW 0.029 -0.156** -0.008 0.092

(0.634) (0.040) (0.921) (0.393)VIC 0.029 -0.068 0.102 0.084

(0.643) (0.365) (0.201) (0.288)QLD 0.008 -0.059 -0.030 -0.040

(0.892) (0.427) (0.712) (0.599)SA 0.021 -0.089 -0.125 -0.040

(0.756) (0.288) (0.156) (0.623)WA 0.057 -0.133 0.043 0.048



(0.685) (0.340) (0.107) (0.342)Married 0.119*** -0.132*** -0.088* 0.033

(0.002) (0.007) (0.087) (0.523)Child age 0 to 2 -0.319*** -0.359*** -0.291*** 0.072

(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.467)Child age 3 to 4 -0.238*** -0.435*** -0.270** -0.056

(0.001) (0.000) (0.014) (0.741)Child age 5 to 9 -0.126** -0.286*** -0.224*** -0.094

(0.023) (0.000) (0.003) (0.250)Child age 10 to 14 -0.079 -0.303*** -0.034 -0.229**

(0.184) (0.000) (0.675) (0.041)Union member 0.224*** 0.153*** 0.378*** 0.097

(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.104)Has disability -0.199*** -0.061 -0.071 -0.086

(0.000) (0.233) (0.189) (0.161)Constant 0.743*** 0.807*** 0.494** 5.737***



Table 8h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ABSCQ), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Basic Vocational Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Basic Vocational Qualifications 0.073*** 0.036 0.078*** 0.056*

(0.001) (0.187) (0.007) (0.077)Age 20 to 24 -0.159* 0.202** 0.185* 0.425***

(0.055) (0.038) (0.053) (0.000)Age 25 to 29 -0.109 0.086 0.173* 0.527***

(0.177) (0.366) (0.066) (0.000)Age 30 to 34 0.023 0.164* 0.290*** 0.536***

(0.770) (0.077) (0.002) (0.000)Age 35 to 39 -0.016 0.124 0.301*** 0.661***

(0.843) (0.188) (0.001) (0.000)Age 40 to 44 -0.005 0.014 0.211** 0.656***

(0.946) (0.880) (0.019) (0.000)Age 45 to 49 -0.042 0.005 0.244*** 0.584***

(0.591) (0.954) (0.006) (0.000)Age 50 to 54 -0.019 -0.074 0.190** 0.582***

(0.808) (0.399) (0.033) (0.000)Age 55 to 59 -0.148* -0.119 0.245** 0.551***

(0.065) (0.199) (0.010) (0.000)Age 60 to 64 -0.166* -0.296** 0.164 0.706***


(0.511) (0.368) (0.945) (0.946)Non-English speaking country -0.058 0.170* 0.120 -0.023

(0.395) (0.064) (0.204) (0.823)NSW 0.002 -0.071 0.032 0.036

(0.954) (0.123) (0.493) (0.445)VIC 0.019 -0.047 0.091* -0.024

(0.621) (0.335) (0.079) (0.660)QLD -0.023 -0.127** -0.111** -0.130**

(0.553) (0.010) (0.034) (0.028)SA -0.001 -0.127** -0.066 -0.035

(0.975) (0.020) (0.237) (0.572)WA 0.049 -0.126** 0.085 0.028

(0.224) (0.013) (0.111) (0.641)Father born overseas 0.055* -0.005 0.024 0.039


(0.763) (0.393) (0.810) (0.817)Married 0.106*** -0.132*** 0.012 -0.035

(0.000) (0.000) (0.719) (0.322)Child age 0 to 2 -0.310*** -0.349*** -0.149** -0.103

(0.000) (0.000) (0.012) (0.188)Child age 3 to 4 -0.211*** -0.473*** -0.247*** -0.048

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.697)Child age 5 to 9 -0.185*** -0.346*** -0.254*** -0.113*

(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.077)Child age 10 to 14 -0.123*** -0.265*** -0.175*** -0.157***

(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.009)Union member 0.252*** 0.125*** 0.279*** -0.042

(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.296)Has disability -0.138*** -0.024 -0.082** -0.057

(0.000) (0.461) (0.014) (0.131)Constant 0.736*** 0.585*** 0.359*** 5.867***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.003) (0.000)Number of observations 1,409 1,162 1,041 484R2 0.161 0.145 0.132 0.162note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 329

Table 9h: Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.098** 0.027 0.184*** 0.406***(0.020) (0.648) (0.001) (0.000)


Age 25 to 29 0.174 (dropped) -0.163 (dropped)(0.579) . (0.641) .

Age 30 to 34 0.210 0.223 0.221 -0.015(0.318) (0.557) (0.348) (0.937)

Age 35 to 39 0.173 0.068 0.284 -0.019(0.380) (0.852) (0.180) (0.929)

Age 40 to 44 0.134 0.198 0.163 0.035(0.482) (0.579) (0.420) (0.819)

Age 45 to 49 0.085 0.096 0.151 0.187(0.651) (0.786) (0.440) (0.223)

Age 50 to 54 0.070 0.155 0.164 0.153(0.711) (0.661) (0.401) (0.293)

Age 55 to 59 0.056 0.020 0.141 0.070(0.766) (0.956) (0.484) (0.641)

Age 60 to 64 0.020 -0.013 0.169 0.177(0.918) (0.972) (0.430) (0.321)

English is first language 0.036 -0.096 0.106 -0.006(0.838) (0.719) (0.735) (0.986)


NSW 0.029 -0.077 0.018 0.028(0.690) (0.454) (0.844) (0.750)

VIC -0.012 -0.119 0.085 -0.078(0.863) (0.216) (0.311) (0.395)

QLD -0.041 -0.114 -0.060 -0.083(0.586) (0.285) (0.547) (0.409)

SA 0.035 -0.049 -0.007 -0.060(0.631) (0.635) (0.939) (0.524)

WA 0.049 -0.081 0.001 -0.125(0.577) (0.507) (0.996) (0.277)


Mother born overseas 0.005 0.047 0.065 -0.042(0.947) (0.627) (0.502) (0.703)

Married 0.079* -0.168** 0.042 0.043(0.087) (0.013) (0.468) (0.423)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.287** -0.135 -0.214 0.047(0.012) (0.440) (0.178) (0.761)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.135 -0.388* -0.250 0.042(0.381) (0.074) (0.242) (0.952)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.161* -0.265** -0.145 -0.001(0.070) (0.048) (0.203) (0.993)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.159** -0.274*** -0.191** -0.021(0.027) (0.008) (0.043) (0.866)

Union member 0.192*** 0.163** 0.247*** 0.016(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.772)

Has disability -0.115*** -0.007 -0.066 -0.001(0.009) (0.916) (0.248) (0.984)

Constant 0.621** 0.602 0.291 6.289***(0.016) (0.176) (0.436) (0.000)



Table 10h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.089** 0.066 0.129*** 0.172***(0.011) (0.142) (0.006) (0.001)

Age 20 to 24 -0.189 0.474 -0.025 -0.251(0.508) (0.174) (0.943) (0.131)

Age 25 to 29 -0.299 0.261 -0.117 -0.096(0.281) (0.442) (0.731) (0.587)

Age 30 to 34 -0.127 0.411 -0.011 -0.140(0.645) (0.220) (0.974) (0.384)

Age 35 to 39 -0.113 0.195 -0.131 0.013(0.680) (0.558) (0.695) (0.943)

Age 40 to 44 -0.112 0.227 -0.068 -0.073(0.681) (0.493) (0.839) (0.610)

Age 45 to 49 -0.100 0.042 -0.162 -0.038(0.713) (0.898) (0.626) (0.796)

Age 50 to 54 -0.154 0.176 -0.129 -0.032(0.571) (0.594) (0.698) (0.826)

Age 55 to 59 -0.150 -0.096 -0.203 -0.058(0.582) (0.772) (0.543) (0.711)

Age 60 to 64 -0.290 -0.090 -0.342 (dropped)(0.298) (0.792) (0.320) .



NSW 0.038 0.008 0.031 0.056(0.533) (0.923) (0.730) (0.578)

VIC 0.050 0.096 0.162 0.013(0.474) (0.281) (0.101) (0.899)

QLD 0.068 -0.013 -0.047 -0.093(0.297) (0.876) (0.615) (0.337)

SA 0.061 0.017 -0.013 -0.015(0.370) (0.843) (0.893) (0.889)

WA 0.045 -0.138 0.095 -0.161(0.506) (0.116) (0.327) (0.176)

Father born overseas -0.003 -0.050 -0.176* -0.066(0.957) (0.534) (0.055) (0.612)


Married 0.074* -0.147*** -0.007 0.014(0.065) (0.006) (0.894) (0.807)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.322*** -0.512*** -0.311** 0.073(0.000) (0.000) (0.010) (0.779)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.209** -0.495*** -0.180 0.076(0.016) (0.000) (0.164) (0.733)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.061 -0.359*** -0.252*** -0.093(0.351) (0.000) (0.004) (0.405)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.129** -0.184** -0.123 -0.125(0.030) (0.021) (0.139) (0.197)

Union member 0.192*** 0.198*** 0.311*** 0.020(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.730)

Has disability -0.124*** -0.000 0.041 -0.037(0.001) (0.998) (0.464) (0.533)

Constant 0.827*** 0.356 0.607* 6.422***(0.004) (0.300) (0.086) (0.000)


NCVER 331

Table 11h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12– Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.083*** -0.038 0.006 0.003(0.002) (0.268) (0.880) (0.943)

Age 20 to 24 0.119 0.079 -0.002 0.340***(0.305) (0.612) (0.990) (0.007)

Age 25 to 29 0.124 0.075 -0.014 0.466***(0.267) (0.625) (0.930) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.179 0.018 0.058 0.553***(0.116) (0.909) (0.724) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.197* -0.035 0.079 0.527***(0.082) (0.820) (0.620) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.128 -0.096 -0.042 0.552***(0.255) (0.531) (0.792) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.162 -0.235 -0.120 0.362***(0.143) (0.120) (0.441) (0.007)

Age 50 to 54 0.192* -0.207 -0.066 0.533***(0.089) (0.177) (0.677) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.040 -0.377** -0.045 0.508***(0.727) (0.016) (0.785) (0.001)

Age 60 to 64 0.041 -0.303 -0.077 0.307(0.790) (0.156) (0.727) (0.221)



NSW 0.011 -0.127** -0.021 0.008(0.822) (0.041) (0.743) (0.917)

VIC 0.046 -0.072 0.143** 0.026(0.346) (0.236) (0.028) (0.699)

QLD 0.011 -0.072 -0.013 -0.044(0.825) (0.244) (0.838) (0.507)

SA 0.035 -0.120* -0.075 -0.102(0.514) (0.071) (0.287) (0.146)

WA 0.047 -0.100 0.084 -0.011(0.380) (0.136) (0.241) (0.883)



Married 0.112*** -0.155*** -0.063 -0.011(0.000) (0.000) (0.137) (0.798)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.337*** -0.338*** -0.292*** 0.045(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.568)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.243*** -0.459*** -0.203** -0.029(0.000) (0.000) (0.027) (0.839)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.153*** -0.307*** -0.224*** -0.078(0.001) (0.000) (0.000) (0.268)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.075 -0.264*** -0.077 -0.115(0.116) (0.000) (0.241) (0.171)

Union member 0.234*** 0.150*** 0.384*** 0.039(0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.414)

Has disability -0.185*** -0.047 -0.071 -0.029(0.000) (0.256) (0.110) (0.562)

Constant 0.704*** 0.726*** 0.671*** 5.883***(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)



Table 12h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2001 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.076*** 0.037 0.052* 0.049(0.001) (0.198) (0.088) (0.154)

Age 20 to 24 -0.183* 0.129 0.105 0.378***(0.068) (0.277) (0.372) (0.001)

Age 25 to 29 -0.101 0.031 0.057 0.526***(0.288) (0.781) (0.609) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.015 0.110 0.188* 0.503***(0.877) (0.315) (0.089) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 -0.021 0.079 0.214* 0.607***(0.824) (0.479) (0.060) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 -0.004 -0.068 0.123 0.612***(0.967) (0.527) (0.263) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 -0.030 -0.033 0.170 0.543***(0.748) (0.756) (0.117) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 -0.009 -0.127 0.125 0.542***(0.922) (0.232) (0.247) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 -0.134 -0.187* 0.160 0.522***(0.157) (0.091) (0.159) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.175 -0.355*** 0.044 0.652***(0.108) (0.008) (0.787) (0.001)


Non-English speaking country -0.048 0.223** 0.182* 0.025(0.492) (0.014) (0.051) (0.812)

NSW 0.011 -0.100** 0.004 0.019(0.770) (0.041) (0.933) (0.703)

VIC 0.012 -0.047 0.068 0.004(0.785) (0.378) (0.233) (0.942)

QLD -0.003 -0.145*** -0.130** -0.112*(0.949) (0.006) (0.021) (0.079)

SA 0.007 -0.106* -0.041 0.020(0.878) (0.081) (0.511) (0.770)

WA 0.065 -0.141*** 0.071 0.026(0.130) (0.009) (0.212) (0.686)

Father born overseas 0.069** -0.007 0.067 -0.006(0.048) (0.885) (0.174) (0.923)


Married 0.093*** -0.120*** 0.041 -0.033(0.000) (0.001) (0.255) (0.382)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.307*** -0.352*** -0.132** -0.113(0.000) (0.000) (0.036) (0.136)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.215*** -0.454*** -0.252*** -0.061(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.626)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.183*** -0.325*** -0.223*** -0.125*(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.072)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.149*** -0.274*** -0.175*** -0.162**(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.013)

Union member 0.257*** 0.115*** 0.281*** -0.026(0.000) (0.004) (0.000) (0.546)

Has disability -0.139*** -0.023 -0.075** -0.065(0.000) (0.502) (0.037) (0.105)

Constant 0.722*** 0.607*** 0.337** 5.834***(0.000) (0.000) (0.011) (0.000)

Number of observations 1,254 1,030 922 434R2 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.127note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

NCVER 333

Table 13h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Bachelor Degree and Above



Log Weekly Earnings

Bachelor Degree and Above 0.030 0.094 0.107* 0.415***(0.449) (0.153) (0.077) (0.000)



Age 30 to 34 -0.146 0.364 -0.029 (dropped)(0.483) (0.318) (0.925) .

Age 35 to 39 0.061 0.242 0.121 0.246(0.721) (0.374) (0.586) (0.509)

Age 40 to 44 0.020 0.324 0.138 0.259(0.908) (0.236) (0.535) (0.459)

Age 45 to 49 0.030 0.233 0.131 0.417(0.858) (0.384) (0.545) (0.230)

Age 50 to 54 0.008 0.157 0.186 0.289(0.960) (0.553) (0.386) (0.405)

Age 55 to 59 -0.030 0.086 0.117 0.369(0.859) (0.745) (0.585) (0.283)

Age 60 to 64 -0.127 -0.045 0.076 0.215(0.462) (0.871) (0.733) (0.547)



NSW 0.005 0.016 -0.005 0.074(0.949) (0.903) (0.966) (0.605)

VIC 0.059 -0.095 0.025 0.153(0.460) (0.453) (0.837) (0.294)

QLD -0.045 -0.031 -0.069 0.036(0.616) (0.836) (0.642) (0.827)

SA 0.009 -0.024 -0.004 -0.025(0.916) (0.850) (0.975) (0.854)

WA 0.022 -0.196 -0.086 0.319(0.809) (0.182) (0.532) (0.226)

Father born overseas -0.052 0.011 -0.140 -0.325**(0.473) (0.922) (0.238) (0.020)

Mother born overseas -0.045 0.075 0.273** 0.210(0.579) (0.582) (0.043) (0.173)

Married 0.086* -0.087 -0.004 0.042(0.052) (0.241) (0.958) (0.629)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.257* -0.180 -0.016 0.457(0.075) (0.493) (0.943) (0.207)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.426*** -0.536 0.216 (dropped)(0.007) (0.109) (0.441) .

Child age 5 to 9 -0.162* -0.350** -0.146 0.180(0.063) (0.018) (0.277) (0.455)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.023 -0.194 0.093 0.093(0.749) (0.103) (0.399) (0.536)

Union member 0.152*** 0.112 0.187*** 0.083(0.001) (0.131) (0.005) (0.329)

Has disability -0.091** -0.010 -0.089 -0.028(0.039) (0.898) (0.203) (0.760)

Constant 0.820*** 0.296 0.457 6.056***(0.000) (0.458) (0.230) (0.000)



Table 14h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Advanced Diploma/Diploma



Log Weekly Earnings

Advanced Diploma/Diploma 0.026 0.055 0.100* 0.171***(0.448) (0.290) (0.054) (0.004)

Age 20 to 24 (dropped) (dropped) (dropped) -0.156. . . (0.592)

Age 25 to 29 0.343** -0.262 -0.123 (dropped)(0.037) (0.371) (0.728) .

Age 30 to 34 0.289** -0.055 -0.216 0.109(0.038) (0.835) (0.521) (0.637)

Age 35 to 39 0.248* -0.026 -0.193 0.172(0.071) (0.922) (0.558) (0.448)

Age 40 to 44 0.292** -0.044 -0.053 0.146(0.035) (0.867) (0.872) (0.507)

Age 45 to 49 0.366*** -0.194 -0.136 0.147(0.009) (0.451) (0.673) (0.514)

Age 50 to 54 0.325** -0.232 -0.107 0.186(0.021) (0.367) (0.740) (0.405)

Age 55 to 59 0.325** -0.347 -0.156 0.147(0.023) (0.183) (0.633) (0.518)

Age 60 to 64 0.230 -0.414 -0.230 0.129(0.113) (0.116) (0.484) (0.594)



NSW -0.047 -0.052 0.074 -0.129(0.436) (0.549) (0.405) (0.201)

VIC -0.063 -0.019 -0.021 -0.117(0.297) (0.831) (0.811) (0.201)

QLD -0.106* -0.002 -0.055 -0.085(0.079) (0.986) (0.544) (0.379)

SA -0.028 -0.090 -0.119 -0.143(0.715) (0.439) (0.314) (0.339)

WA 0.012 0.018 0.001 -0.117(0.865) (0.862) (0.994) (0.282)


Mother born overseas -0.049 0.003 0.080 0.268***(0.369) (0.969) (0.335) (0.005)

Married 0.075* -0.131** -0.009 0.034(0.060) (0.032) (0.882) (0.591)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.121 -0.205 0.067 0.129(0.147) (0.123) (0.613) (0.338)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.030 -0.360** 0.186 -0.284(0.776) (0.024) (0.274) (0.288)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.102 -0.325*** -0.142 0.008(0.123) (0.001) (0.160) (0.946)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 -0.248*** -0.179** 0.010(0.845) (0.004) (0.040) (0.916)

Union member 0.179*** 0.157** 0.249*** 0.067(0.000) (0.012) (0.000) (0.320)

Has disability -0.158*** -0.071 -0.058 -0.070(0.000) (0.226) (0.329) (0.305)

Constant 0.734*** 0.796*** 0.712** 6.557***(0.000) (0.009) (0.050) (0.000)


NCVER 335

Table 15h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate III/IV Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert III/IV 0.084*** 0.047 0.104*** 0.102**(0.000) (0.143) (0.003) (0.010)

Age 20 to 24 0.045 0.180 0.009 0.369***(0.643) (0.228) (0.952) (0.003)

Age 25 to 29 0.099 0.009 -0.108 0.404***(0.314) (0.952) (0.477) (0.002)

Age 30 to 34 0.095 -0.103 -0.001 0.487***(0.334) (0.495) (0.993) (0.002)

Age 35 to 39 0.104 -0.071 -0.057 0.511***(0.275) (0.629) (0.704) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.157* -0.075 -0.077 0.626***(0.099) (0.605) (0.606) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.148 -0.103 -0.001 0.574***(0.117) (0.473) (0.996) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.132 -0.104 -0.014 0.641***(0.162) (0.472) (0.926) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.095 -0.234 -0.095 0.570***(0.326) (0.112) (0.529) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 -0.021 -0.230 -0.051 0.419***(0.850) (0.178) (0.775) (0.009)

English is first language 0.021 -0.235** -0.170 -0.279**(0.780) (0.038) (0.207) (0.048)


NSW 0.012 -0.008 0.000 0.022(0.764) (0.894) (0.997) (0.745)

VIC 0.029 -0.034 0.025 -0.082(0.490) (0.564) (0.678) (0.258)

QLD 0.026 -0.003 -0.036 -0.004(0.522) (0.960) (0.541) (0.952)

SA 0.076* -0.031 -0.048 -0.107(0.093) (0.621) (0.469) (0.168)

WA 0.032 -0.019 0.017 -0.160**(0.470) (0.762) (0.789) (0.035)


Mother born overseas -0.070* -0.007 0.063 -0.009(0.086) (0.905) (0.341) (0.921)

Married 0.087*** -0.095*** 0.056 0.057(0.000) (0.008) (0.138) (0.175)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.274*** -0.245*** -0.016 0.150(0.000) (0.001) (0.848) (0.122)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.268*** -0.401*** -0.174* 0.077(0.000) (0.000) (0.098) (0.596)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.168*** -0.293*** -0.131** 0.109(0.000) (0.000) (0.038) (0.243)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.011 -0.190*** -0.063 -0.058(0.783) (0.000) (0.274) (0.401)

Union member 0.158*** 0.120*** 0.228*** 0.027(0.000) (0.005) (0.000) (0.581)

Has disability -0.141*** -0.037 -0.074* -0.073(0.000) (0.321) (0.065) (0.108)

Constant 0.655*** 0.874*** 0.799*** 6.239***(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)



Table 16h:Aggregate Returns to Education for the 2005 SET (ASCED), Females, Conditioning on Less than Year 12 – Certificate I/II Qualifications



Log Weekly Earnings

Cert I/II 0.030 0.036 0.068* 0.066(0.214) (0.295) (0.063) (0.120)

Age 20 to 24 0.120 -0.069 -0.177 0.474***(0.408) (0.753) (0.447) (0.009)

Age 25 to 29 0.138 -0.120 -0.029 0.650***(0.335) (0.575) (0.898) (0.000)

Age 30 to 34 0.112 -0.080 -0.093 0.686***(0.420) (0.700) (0.677) (0.000)

Age 35 to 39 0.249* -0.186 -0.056 0.805***(0.070) (0.364) (0.797) (0.000)

Age 40 to 44 0.230* -0.248 -0.108 0.768***(0.091) (0.223) (0.617) (0.000)

Age 45 to 49 0.219 -0.269 -0.089 0.787***(0.105) (0.182) (0.679) (0.000)

Age 50 to 54 0.158 -0.214 0.025 0.784***(0.246) (0.294) (0.908) (0.000)

Age 55 to 59 0.155 -0.319 -0.060 0.849***(0.258) (0.120) (0.786) (0.000)

Age 60 to 64 0.124 -0.493** -0.161 0.688***(0.392) (0.022) (0.485) (0.001)



NSW 0.015 -0.063 0.026 0.057(0.730) (0.309) (0.689) (0.394)

VIC 0.053 -0.055 0.032 0.014(0.284) (0.425) (0.666) (0.866)

QLD 0.046 -0.063 -0.083 -0.112(0.352) (0.357) (0.249) (0.143)

SA 0.034 -0.150* -0.152* 0.046(0.553) (0.061) (0.081) (0.669)

WA 0.033 -0.021 -0.031 -0.117(0.523) (0.763) (0.681) (0.118)



Married 0.122*** -0.073* -0.006 -0.044(0.000) (0.074) (0.886) (0.346)

Child age 0 to 2 -0.324*** -0.238*** -0.056 -0.058(0.000) (0.007) (0.574) (0.574)

Child age 3 to 4 -0.284*** -0.338*** -0.061 -0.157(0.000) (0.001) (0.548) (0.384)

Child age 5 to 9 -0.123*** -0.231*** -0.090 0.008(0.003) (0.000) (0.150) (0.913)

Child age 10 to 14 -0.063 -0.195*** -0.116** -0.034(0.115) (0.000) (0.044) (0.644)

Union member 0.203*** 0.165*** 0.191*** -0.017(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.744)

Has disability -0.137*** 0.022 -0.001 -0.047(0.000) (0.574) (0.987) (0.325)

Constant 0.653*** 0.768*** 0.836*** 5.970***(0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.000)


NCVER 337

national centre for vocational education research€¦ · web viewtable 54b: returns to education...

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