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Monsoon Forecast

The Met Department has forecasted ‘above normal’ monsoon for the country as a whole at 106 per cent of the long period average (LPA

- calculated in India as the average of rainfall over a 50-year period, between 1951 and 2000, which is 89 cm) with a model error of

plus/minus four per cent.

The above average rainfall is forecasted after two years of consecutive drought.

Basis of Predictions:

1. Neutralisation of El- Nino conditions: El- Nino- a global meteorological phenomenon associated with warming of the waters of

central pacific and is correlated with droughts in India is set to end. It is seen that in 7 out of 10 years following El-Nino, normal or

above normal rains take place.

2. Setting of La-Nina conditions: La- Nina - a global meteorological phenomenon associated with Cooling of waters of Central Pacific,

associated with heavy rains in India, is expected to set this year

3. Indian Ocean Dipole: where the western portions of the Indian Ocean are warmer than the east and thereby push rain bearing

clouds over India- is also likely to form during south-west monsoon.

Different Models to predict monsoons:

Statistical model:

It tries to match prevailing conditions with historical records to see how the monsoon had behaved in years when similar conditions had

prevailed.

Dynamical model:


This model makes continuous observation of some selected physical phenomena, and notes how the conditions for monsoon behave

over a period of time. It then follows those changes to predict for the future, and comes up with a forecast.

Issue of “Udta Punjab”

Udta Punjab is a movie on how the youth in Punjab have succumbed to drugs.

Censor Board suggested “13 changes” and removing reference to Punjab in the film. However, Bombay high court has allowes the

screening of the movie with only one cut.

About CBFC:

Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is a Statutory body under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, regulating the public

exhibition of films under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952.

Films can be publicly exhibited in India only after they have been certified by the Central Board of Film Certification.

Ammunition blew at the Army’s central ammunition depot (CAD) at Pulgaon

Roughly 130 tonnes of ammunition blew up in the fire at the Army’s Central Ammunition Depot in Pulgaon, in Maharashtra’s Wardha

district.

About the site:

The CAD Pulgaon is a 7,100-acre facility that is in effect the main ammunition store for the Army. From bullets to Brahmos missiles,

virtually all types of ammunition purchased by the Army are stored here, feeding 14 ammunition depots and field ammunition depots

across the country.


Cause of concern:

As the site has nuclear weapons the disaster could have turned into a catastrophe but the brave operation by the small group of men

who put their own lives, has saved India’s nuclear-armed military from a much bigger setback.

HIV after transfusion

In the last 17 months alone, 2,234 persons across India have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while getting

blood transfusions.

Responsibility for safe blood:

1. In India, NACO has been primarily responsible for ensuring provision of safe blood.

2. According to law, it is mandatory to screen donors/donated blood for transmissible infections of HIV, HBV and hepatitis C, malaria

and syphilis.

3. NACO’s total blood collection was around 30 lakh units. Nearly 84 per cent of the donated blood units came from Voluntary Blood

Donation which according to NACO seem to be the source of the problem.

Figures:

According to NACO’s 2015 annual report, the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs) in India was estimated at around

20.9 lakh in 2011

About HIV:

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in

humans in which progressive failure of the immune system

HIV can be transmitted through:


1. Sexual transmission

2. Perinatal transmission where mother can pass the infection on to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through

breastfeeding.

3. Blood transmission

Hacking scare leads to norms for smartphones

Amid attempts of hacking and data theft by Pakistan and China, the government has come up with a smartphone policy for officials

dealing with sensitive information.

Guidelines:

1. The government has put curbs on officials connecting their phones to office computers.

2. They will not be allowed to even to charge the phone battery.

3. Further, every such device will have to be approved by seniors.

The rules would apply to :

1. armed forces,

2. intelligence officials and

3. personnel of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF).

Reason for such guidelines:

Pakistan Intelligence Agencies were spying on Indian Security Forces by sending malwares in mobile apps such as Top Gun (Game App),

mpjunkie (music App), vdjunky (video app), talking frog (entertainment App).


Highlights of PM visit to Meghalaya

Prime Minister Narendra Modi tried his hand in beating Khasi traditional drum. Khasi is a tribe in Meghalaya. Their traditional drum

is called ‘Ka Bom’.

The Prime Minister also expressed interest on sacred groves or forest fragments with religious connotation for the Khasis. Hunting

and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these sacred groves. His visit to the sacred forest of Mawphlang, however, could not

take place due to the bad weather.

Mawphlang are sacred groves of Khasi tribe located in Meghalaya

The Prime Minister was in the State to address at the 65th plenary session of North Eastern Council.

The North Eastern Council is the nodal agency for the economic and social development of the North Eastern Region which consists of

the eight States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.

The North Eastern Council was constituted in 1971 by an Act of Parliament.The constitution of the Council has marked the beginning of

a new chapter of concerted and planned endeavour for the rapid development of the Region.

What are clone trains?

The Indian Railways plans to launch ‘clone trains’ on high-demand routes that will be run within an hour of a scheduled train’s

departure to accommodate those on the waiting list. The idea behind such real-time demand-driven trains is to ensure that they reach

their destination around the same time originally scheduled. Moreover, passengers will be informed about their berths in the clone train

soon after the reservation charts for the original scheduled train are firmed up four hours before departure.


Example (as quoted in Hindu)

You arrive at the railway station armed with a waitlisted ticket for, say, Rajdhani Express, hoping for a miracle to find a berth. The train,

however, leaves without you, but minutes later another Rajdhani Express pulls into the station — just to carry waitlisted ticket-holders

like you.

Cyclone in AP, Odisha

East coast was expected to be hit by cyclonic storm 'Roanu'. However, the cyclone largely bypassed the coast.

What is a tropical cyclone?

A tropical cyclone is an intense low pressure area or a whirl in the atmosphere over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with thunderstorm

activity and winds at low levels, circulating either anti-clockwise (in northern hemisphere) or clockwise (in southern hemisphere).

From the centre of a cyclonic storm, pressure increases outwards.

How do they form?

Warm, moist air derived from tropical oceans with surface temperature near of 27 degrees Celsius or above. Winds blows from different

directions and converge, causing hot air to rise and form storm clouds.

Winds with no big variation in height (low wind shear) allows the storm clouds to rise vertically to high levels. With the spin induced by

the earth's rotation, clusters of storm clouds rotate, resulting in a tropical depression and If it continues, the depression becomes a

tropical storm, cyclone or super cyclone depending on its intensity.

Why cyclones are named?

Cyclones are named to provide ease of communication between weather scientists and people. As tropical belt is prone to cyclones,

names prevent the confusion.


Do all cyclones have names?

The usual practice for a storm to be named when it reaches tropical storm strength (winds speed of 62 kmph)

How cyclones are named?

Within the North Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi). There are

eight lists of names submitted by eight countries and they are used in sequence.

The names of cyclones in Indian seas are not allocated in alphabetical order, but are arranged by the name of the country which

contributed the name.

ED requests Red Notice to get Mallya extradited

Enforcement Directorate initiated proceedings for the extradition of businessman Vijay Mallya from UK. The Central Bureau of

Investigation forwarded the request to the Interpol for issuance of a Red Notice against him to facilitate the extradition.

Earlier the U.K. authorities expressed their inability to deport Mr. Mallya on technical grounds. Following which the ED wrote to the

nodal agency CBI to forward its request for a Red Notice.

What is extradition?

Extradition is the formal process where one country asks another to return a person in order to stand trial or to serve a sentence to that

person.

Legislative Basis for Extradition in India:


The Extradition Act 1962 provides India’s legislative basis for extradition. The Act consolidated the law relating to the extradition of

fugitive criminals from India to foreign states.

Countries with which India has Extradition Treaties/Arrangements:

India can make an extradition request to any country. While India’s treaty partners have treaty obligations to consider India’s requests,

in the absence of a treaty, it is a matter for the foreign country to consider, in accordance with its domestic laws and procedures.

The Government of India has entered into bilateral Extradition Treaties with 39 countries to bring speed and efficiency to the process of

extradition. Besides, India has entered into extradition arrangements with 10 more countries.

Who can make an Extradition Request to a Foreign Country?

Requests for Extradition on behalf of the Republic of India can only be made by the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India,

which formally submits the request for Extradition to the Requested State through diplomatic channels.

Uttarakhand Political controversy

The Supreme Court announced that the vote of confidence was won by Harish Rawat in the Uttarakhand Assembly and paved way for

Centre to revoke President’s rule. The SC found that 33 votes out of 61 were cast in favour of Rawat.

Uttarakhand Chief Minister Harish Rawat’s victory in the floor test was a foregone conclusion after the Supreme Court barred nine

dissident Congress legislators from participating in the confidence vote.

About Uttarakand crisis:

The crisis began in March, when nine Congress MLAs joined the BJP. The nine “rebels” were disqualified by application of anti-defection

law. The same day Uttarakhand was put under President’s rule.


The then Chief Minister went to Uttarakhand High Court challenging the validity of President’s rule. The HC ruled in favor of CM and

revoked the President’s rule.

The Centre govt. challenged HC order in SC and the apex court stayed the High Court ruling, but has restrained the Centre from revoking

Presidents rule till it came to a final judgment.

CRPF to deploy women in Red zones

Country’s largest paramilitary force CRPF is set to deploy over 560 women commandos for undertaking anti-Naxal operations in select

Left Wing Extremism-affected states.

A new womens batch which passed out from Ajmer, has been trained keeping in mind the LWE tasks.

About CRPF:

The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest of India's Central Armed Police Forces. It functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs

(MHA) of the Government of India. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain

law and order and counter insurgency.

Interlinking of rivers

Since late last year, the scheme has been implemented by the Central government in several segments such as the Godavari-Krishna

interlink in Andhra Pradesh, and the Ken-Betwa interlink in Madhya Pradesh.


Augusta Westland Scam

What was the deal?

In February 2010, then Central Govt. led by Congress party signed a contract to purchase 12 Augusta Westland AW101 helicopters for

the Indian Air Force for Rs 3,600-crore, to carry the president, PM and other VVIPs. It is alleged that AugustaWestland was finalised

because it offered bribe to Indian officials.

Start of Controversy:

Controversy over the contract came to light on 12 February 2013, with the arrest of Giuseppe Orsi, the CEO of Finmeccanica,

AgustaWestland's parent company by Italian authorities.

Cancellation of Deal:

In 2014, the Congress-led UPA government cancelled the VVIP chopper deal with AgustaWestland on grounds that the integrity pact was

violated.

Recovery of Money:

Indian government has recovered the entire amount it had paid to AgustaWestland.

Investigation:

Investigation is carried out against the accused persons from India involved in the deal.

Role of Ex-Indian Ari Force Chief (SP Tayagi):

IAF wanted to buy helicopters for a high altitude flying helicopter. IAF wanted Helicopters which can fly up to 6000 feet & above.

Agusta Westland's A-101 failed to make the list after flight evaluation--because it could not fly at 6,000 feet and above. It could fly lower

to around 3,000 feet of the requirement.


After Tyagi took over, the Air Force conceded to reduce the height requirement, allowing AgustaWestland to re-enter the bidding

process, & thus making them strong contenders for the bid.

10 per cent quota for the economically backward community in Gujarat

On account of Patidar agitators demanding reservations in jobs and education, the

Gujarat government has announced a 10 per cent quota for the economically backward among upper castes.

Criteria:

Those with an annual family income of less than Rs.6 lakh will be eligible.

The proposed quota is in addition to the existing 49 per cent reservations for the Other Backward Classes and SC/STs.

An ordinance is to be promulgated to this effect.

Background:

The Patidars constitute a crucial vote base and the quota signals the political failure of the various carrot-and-stick measures attempted

by the State government.

Last year, Rajasthan passed a Bill providing 14 per cent reservations to the economically backward, in a move to appease upper castes.

Haryana, recently also gave Jat community quota after violet protests in the state.

Sardar Patel Group

Sardar Patel Group (SPG), a Patidar youth body, with its 50,000 strong membership believes Patidar youth face challenges while

securing private sector jobs because of a slow economy while they were shut out of government jobs because of reservation quotas and

the expectation of bribes. Sardal Patel group is the backbone of Patidar community agitation.


Supreme Court View:

In Indra Sawhney v. Union of India,the Supreme Court had limited the total quota to 50 per cent. Tamil Nadu is an exception as a

constitutional amendment was passed in 1994 to allow the State to continue to set the limit for reservation at 69 per cent.

A series of judgments have established that economic criteria alone cannot be taken as determinants of backwardness.

Jan Aushadi stores

‘Jan Aushadhi’ is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals in association with Central Pharma Public Sector

Undertakings, to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses. Jan Aushadhi stores have been set up to provide generic

drugs, which are available at lesser prices but are equivalent in quality and efficacy as expensive branded drugs.

Generic drugs

Generic medicines are unbranded medicines which are equally safe and having the same efficacy as that of branded medicines in terms

of their therapeutic value. The prices of generic medicines are much cheaper than their branded equivalent.

NITI Aayog

The National Institution for Transforming India or NITI Aayog is a Government of India policy think-tank established by Prime Minister

Narendra Modi to replace the Planning Commission.

The aim for NITI Aayog's creation is to foster involvement and participation in the economic policy-making process by the State

Governments of India. It has adopted a "bottom-up" approach in planning which is a remarkable contrast to the Planning Commission's

tradition of "top-down" decision-making. One of the important mandates of NITI Aayog is to bring cooperative competitive federalism

and to improve centre state relations.


The NITI Aayog comprises the following:

1. Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson

2. Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Union territories with Legislatures and Administrators of

other Union Territories.

3. Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than one state or a region.

4. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by the Prime Minister

5. Full-time organizational framework (in addition to Prime Minister as the Chairperson) comprising

a. Vice-Chairperson: Arvind Panagariya

b. Members: Three (3) Full-time: economist Bibek Debroy, former DRDO chief V.K. Saraswat and Agriculture Expert Professor

Ramesh Chand

c. Part-time members: Maximum of two from leading universities, research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-

officio capacity. Part-time members will be on a rotational basis

d. Ex- Officio members: Maximum of four members of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister

e. Chief Executive Officer: To be appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of

India. Amitabh Kant has been appointed as the new Chief Executive Officer.

Solar capacity increased at IGI airport

The Delhi airport becomes the first airport in the world to be registered under the UN Clean Development Mechanism of the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Delhi International Airport has tripled its solar power generation capacity from the existing 2.14 MW to 7.84 to meet a portion of its

huge power needs.


Gurgaon is renamed Gurugram

Haryana govt. has decided to rename Gurgaon as “Gurugram” and Mewat as “Nuh”.

Reasons for renaming Gurgaon as “Gurugram”:

Gurgaon was a great centre of learning where Guru Dronacharya taught the Pandavas and Kauravas during epic Mahabharata. The town

derives its name from Guru Dronacharya who was gifted the village as gurudakshina by his students, the pandavas.

It came to be known as “Gurugram”, which in course of time got distorted to Gurgaon.

Reasons for renaming Mewat as “Nuh”:

Mewat is a cultural and geographical region spread beyond Haryana in adjoining UP and Rajasthan. Thus, Mewat refers to region and

not just a district. Consequently , the district has been renamed on name of its headquarters “Nuh”

Procedure for renaming:

After the order of the state government, the proposal for the name change will now be sent to union government for its approval. Then,

the changed name will be notified through official gazette.

400-year-old ban on the entry of women at Shani Shingnapur temple goes

In a big victory for gender equality, the Shani Shingnapur temple in Maharashtra has lifted the 400-year-old ban on the entry of women

at the sanctum sanctorum.

The temple trust announced the decision to facilitate unrestricted entry to all devotees to the core area of the shrine.


After the decision was announced, Bhumata Ranrangini Brigade leader Trupti Desai, who had led a sustained campaign for entry of

women into the temple, reached the Lord Saturn temple with other women and offered prayers.

Background:

Recently, a women movement began which claimed for equal rights to women to that of men in access to temples in Maharashtra.

This women movement was countered by some orthodox sections of Maharashtra. The state govt. of Maharashtra initially under

pressure from orthodox sections did not act on right of women.

The Bombay High Court ordered the state govt. to implement the provisions of Maharashtra Hindu Places of Public Worship (Entry

Authorisation) Act, 1956. This Act requires provides for equal access for temples to both men and women.

Gatiman Express, country’s fastest train

First semi-high speed trains in the country flagged off the first such train which will cover the 200 km distance between Delhi and Agra

in 100 minutes. The Gatiman Express, which will have a maximum speed of 160 km per hour.

India-US to Launch Joint Satellite to study earthquakes and their patterns

Indian space agency ISRO and America's space agency NASA are set to jointly launch a satellite four years from now to monitor climate

change and deformations in Earth's crust.

Towards that, Indian space agency ISRO and America's space agency NASA have agreed to launch from India a jointly made earth

observing satellite, four years from now. It will be NISAR or the NASA-ISRO synthetic Aperture Radar helps look at crustal deformations

and will help in earthquake detection.


First battalion of Indian Gorkhas is born

The Army has raised a new Gorkha battalion comprising entirely of Gorkha troops of Indian domicile. Traditionally, the majority of

troops in Gorkha regiments belong to Nepal.

This is the first Gorkha battalion to have come up in 50 years.

Vivekanand Flyover Collapse

The collapse of portion of under construction flyover in Kolkata was an act of human error and negligence. Around 25 people were

crushed to death and many more injured. It points out to gross mismanagement and neglect by construction company IVRCL.

Vivekanand Flyover:

The project was started by Left govt. in 2008 under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. It was delayed due to objection

of local residents, land acquisition, mandatory clearances and cost escalation. The present CM of West Bengal, Mamta Banerjee wanted

the project to be completed before the upcoming assembly polls.

More than three quarters of the flyover had been completed and the construction was being done at frenetic pace. The collapse of 100

mts. section of flyover can be attributed to nothing but failure to adhere to the safety norms and deviations from standard operating

procedures by the company.

Dantewada blast by maoists kills 7 jawans


Seven jawans of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) were killed in a landmine explosion carried out by Maoists in Dantewada district of

Chattisgarh.

Who are Maoists:

The Maoists, also known as Naxals in India, are inspired by the political philosophy of China’s late Chairman Mao Zedong. They say they

are fighting for the rights of poor farmers and landless labourers.

In 2004, several Maoist groups merged to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist), which is now the largest left-wing extremist

organization in the country. Their aim is to overthrow the state and usher in a classless society.

The Maoists are banned in India. They are not to be confused with the mainstream communist parties in India which regularly contest

elections and follow peaceful means.

How did Naxalbari movement begin:

The peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh just after India’s independence was a precursor to the rise of Maoist thought. But it was an

attack on a tribal man in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal on March 2, 1967 that sparked the violent, extremist left-wing movement.

Area of influence:

Maoists are mostly active in what has come to be known as the “red corridor” from Nepal to Andhra Pradesh. Maoists do have some sort

of presence in 21 out of 29 states in India.

PDP chief Mehbooba Mufti: 1st woman CM of JK.

Mehbooba Mufti is first woman Chief Minister of Jammu and.


Background:

The PDP-BJP alliance ran the government for 10 month till the sudden demise of then Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (father of

Mehbooba Mufti)

Upcoming Chenab Rail Bridge

The upcoming Chenab Bridge is a rail bridge, located in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India is 1,315m-long bridge is

being built at a height of 359m. It will be the tallest rail bridge in the world.

The bridge is a part of Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Line (JUSBRL) project, undertaken by the Ministry of Indian Railways.

SYL (Satluj Yamuna Link issue)

Punjab Legislative Assembly adopted unanimous resolution that SYL canal will not be allowed to be constructed at any cost and under

any circumstances. This resolution was passed even after the SC ordered status quo on land meant for SYL canal.

Recently Punjab govt. passed law to denotify the land acquired for SYL canal. Hundreds of crores have been spent to construct the canal.

Immediately after law passed to denotify the land acquired for SYL canal (that too free of cost), people began work on levelling of land.

Role of Politics:

It’s alleged that SAD govt. has taken a step to denotify land and prevent construction of canal to generate support among farming

community in the upcoming assembly elections. The opposition parties namely, Congress and AAP are supporting the ruling SAD-BJP

govt. in Punjab.


Even the central govt. is alleged to have adopted the policy of inaction on the issue and has not taken a step to influence its alliance

partner in Union and Punjab state (SAD).

The stand Punjab govt. has brought differences between Haryana and Punjab. Further, Delhi gets some part of its water supplies from

Haryana. The Haryana govt. has threatened that it will cut water supplies of Delhi because of stand of AAP govt. on SYL issue.

Background:

SYL is a proposed 214-kilometer canal linking river Satluj to river Yamuna. The canal was to be built to share waters of Satluj with

Haryana. The construction of the canal was stopped in Punjab.

In 2004, the then chief minister Capt. Amarinder Singh in the Punjab assembly passed the controversial Punjab Termination of water

Agreement Act 2004. It annulled the water sharing agreement. The Act was challenged by Haryana govt. in the SC.

Recently, the present Punjab govt. has passed the law to denotify the land acquired earlier for constructing SYL canal.

Congress govt. hit by revolt in Manipur

25 congress M.L.A.’s have hinted that they will join BJP. In case this happens, the Congress govt. in Manipur headed by Ibobi Singh in

Manipur will fall.

Background:

Manipur Legislative Assembly consists of 60 seats. The rebel Congress M.L.A’s are demanding cabinet reshuffle and sacking of some

ministers.

Similar crisis erupted in Arunachal Pradesh in December 2015 which led to the fall of Congress govt. in the state


Dadashab Phalke award for Manoj Kumar

Veteran actor and director Manoj Kumar will be conferred 47 Dadasaheb Phalke award for year 2015.

The award is conferred by the Union Government for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian Cinema-

consists of a Swarn Kamal (golden lotus),a cash prize of Rs 10Lakh and a shawl.

Award is given on basis of recommendation of five member committee of eminent personalities, set up by Centre.

Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA)

The govt. has decided to set up a Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA). Its a not-for-profit organisation that will leverage funds

from the market and supplement them with donations and CSR funds. These funds will be used to finance improvement in

infrastructure in top institutions.

HEFA could be set up as a company

While HEFA will start with an initial fund of Rs 1,000 crore, an equal amount will be raised from five corporate donors, each

contributing at least Rs 200 crore.

Govt plans Vedic education board on lines of CBSE

The government is planning to set its own school board for ‘Ved Vidya’ (vedic education) under the aegis of Maharshi Sandipani

Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan (MSRVVP) in Ujjain, an autonomous organisation working on encouraging and preserving ‘Ved Vidya’.


The decision to start a Vedic education board, on the lines of CBSE, is based on the recommendation of Sanskrit experts and

representatives of gurukuls and ved pathshalas. Vedic education board will promote vedic education based on contemporary relevance

among the children of country.

However, it is also alleged that Government is setting the Vedic education board to promote saffornisation of education and promote its

political agenda among the children of country.

Arunachal Pradesh Crises

Congress government was functioning in Arunachal Pradesh under NabamTuki. Defection was created among ruling party and some

party legislatures decided to join hands with BJP to authorize fall of government.

The opposition demanded earlier prorogation of legislative assembly to pass no confidence motion. Governor J.P. Rajkhowa called

assembly speaker for earlier prorogation. Assembly speaker refused to abide by demands of opposition and governor.

Deputy speaker called prorogued session. The legislative assembly hall was locked by the ruling party. The L.A. proceedings were

undertaken by opposition and defectors at some other premises. In this meet no confidence motion was passed against ruling congress

Chief Minister. Arunachal Pradesh was brought under President’s rule. Thereafter, BJP govt. was formed in Arunachal Pradesh.

Avalanche in Siachen Killing 10 Soldiers

An avalanche is Siachen has raised the issue of Demilitarisation of Siachen. Avalanches are particularly dangerous because once a body

is buried under the snow chances of surviving an avalanche are very low. If a body is buried for two hours then the chances of survival

are less than 1%.


An Indian soldier Lance Naik Hanumanthappa survived despite being buried under snow for five days. However, he died in hospital

during process of recovery. During recovery, the body is re-warmed gradually.

Excessive exposure to snow leads to a condition called Hypothermia (loss of body heat).

The effects of hypothermia are:

Frost bite leading to Gangrene in hands and feet.

Fluid in lungs

Inflammation of Pancreas

Pneumonia

Kidney failure

Heart failure

Need for Demilitarisation of Siachen Glacier:

1. More than 2000 soldiers have died from both the sides since 1984.

2. Cost of maintaining troops is quite high.

3. High tendency/possibility of rise in avalanches on account of growing global warming.

Testimony by David Coleman Headley

1. Ishrat Jahan was a Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative. She was involved in planning Akshardham attack in Gujarat. (She was killed in

an encounter by Gujarat police).


2. Pakistan’s Inter-Services-intelligence (ISI) funds terror outfits such as LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), etc.

3. He told that he was required to undergo five to six courses in Pakistan to be able to carry out surveillance of places in Mumbai.

4. In all these courses, Jamaat-ud-DawaCheif Hafiz Saeed was present. Also Mumbai attacks master-mind Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi was

also present. Both Hafiz Saeed and Zaki-ur-Rehman are undergoing judicial proceedings in Pakistan. However, no credible action has

been taken against them.

5. After surveillance, all videos and photographs taken by Headley were submitted to Major Iqbal, serving officer of ISI.

Presently, Headley is undergoing trial in US. He shared this information with Mumbai Court through video conferencing. Headley was

involved in planning Mumbai terror attacks.

Pathankot Airbase Terrorist Attack

Lapses in security

1. It is said that by Christmas, security agencies had been tipped of about terrorist attacking an armed force base. However, this

intelligence was overlooked.

2. On 1st January, early morning abduction of SP Pathankot and snatching of his vehicle were significant Indication of entry of

terrorists.

3. By 1st January afternoon, government was clear-cut about presence of terrorists in Pathankot. Thus, it was imperative that airbase at

Pathankot had to be protected from terrorists.

4. The first to react to terrorists in Air-force base were defence security cops and guards but not anti-terrorist specialist agencies.

5. NSG commandos were called in from Delhi. However, thousands of soldiers in border area nearby were not called to provide

perimeter security to the airbase.

6. Why NSG commandoes were sent to a military installation when armies para-commandoes and quick reaction teams were more

familiar with the airbase.

7. Why was the operational command not handed to senior most officer present at airbase.


8. It is said that 6 terrorists entered the Pathankot airbase and fought for 80 hours with the armed forces. They were only minutes

away from air-force fighter jets.

Hyderabad University Campus ISSUE

In Hyderabad university five SC students were allegedly discriminated against. One of these students Rohith Vemula committed suicide

on account of discrimination. Students of university are demanding promulgation of Rohith Act to ensure legislative protection for

students from marginal communities in higher education institutions.

Varanasi and Jaipur designated as members of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network

Two Indian cities for first time have been designated as members of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN). Two cities are:

Varanasi City (Uttar Pradesh): It has been added in the City of Music category of network.

Jaipur City (Rajasthan): It has been added in the City of Crafts and Folk Art category of network.

These cities are among the 47 cities from 33 countries that have been designated as new members of UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

About UNESCO Creative Cities Network:

UCCN was launched in 2004. It aims to strengthen cooperation with and among cities that have recognised creativity as a strategic

factor of sustainable development in regards with the economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects.

The Network covers seven creative fields including Crafts and Folk Arts, Film, Media Arts, Astronomy, Design, Literature and Music.


India’s Grid-linked solar generation capacity crosses 5,000 MW mark

Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced that India’s grid-connected solar power generation capacity has crossed the

5,000 Mega Watt (MW) mark.

Government has set an ambitious plan to achieve 175 Giga Watt (GW) of power generation capacity from renewable sources by 2022. It

includes 100 GW from solar and 60 GW from wind.

Kerala becomes first state to achieve 100% primary education January 13, 2016

Kerala has become the first Indian state to achieve 100 per cent primary education. Kerala was able to achieve 100 per cent primary

education.

NFHS 4

NFHS-4 is the first survey in the NFHS series that has collected data from all 29 States and all 7 Union Territories.

The NFHS-4 is the fourth in a series of national surveys after 2005-06 (NFHS-3), 1998-99 (NFHS-2) and 1992-93 (NFHS-1).

NFHS collects data about Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate, Malnutrition, Anaemia, Stunting,etc.


Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project

Indian Railways has formed a new Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to implement the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Bullet Train project.

The entity has been named the National High Speed Rail Corporation (NHSRC) Limited.

Key facts

The high speed bullet rain project aims to introduce trains running at operating speeds over 320 kmph and maximum speed of 350

kmph.

The bullet train project is expected to cover the 5O8 kilometers between Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat).

Indian Railways will have 50 per cent equity in the SPV. Maharashtra and Gujarat governments are also expected to participate in the

equity for the SPV.

81 per cent of the funding for this project will come by way of a loan from Japan.

Rahul Johri takes charge as first ever CEO of BCCI

Rahul Johri took charge as first ever chief executive officer (CEO) of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) at its headquarters in

Mumbai, Maharashtra. The appointment and creation of post of BCCI CEO was based on the lines of key recommendations of the three-

member Justice RMLodha Committee.

As a CEO, Mr. Johri will directly report to the BCCI secretary Ajay Shirke and shall have freedom to work independently in BCCI’s set-up.

Union Government merged Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).


This decision has been taken to avoid duplication of work and to improve efficiency in line with Union Government’s broad principle of

minimum government, maximum governance.

Key facts

MOIA was established in May 2004 as the Ministry of Non-Resident Indians’ Affairs (MNRIA).

However it was renamed as Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs in September 2004. The primary task of the MOIA was to connect the

Indian Diaspora with its motherland by initiating various programmes.

It also focused on developing networks with and amongst the overseas Indians with the intent of building partnership with the

Diaspora.

The merger is expected to increase efficiency in MEA’s emergency work abroad especially in various crisis-prone countries in West Asia.

It would also increase MEA staff strength.

Indian tennis player Sania Mirza and her Swiss partner Martina Hingis have won the 2016 Australian Open title of tennis in the

women’s doubles category.

In the final match played at Melbourne (Australia), the duo defeated Czech pair of Andrea Hlavackova and Lucie Hradecka. It was overall

there 12th title together after they had teamed from 2015. It was also their 36th match win together in a row. It is their maiden

Australian Open title.

Their 11 WTA (World Tennis Association) doubles titles are: Indian Wells, Miami, Charleston, Wimbledon, US Open, Guangzhou, Wuhan,

Beijing, the WTA Finals in 2015, followed by Brisbane (2016) and Sydney (2016).


The 12th edition of South Asian Games (SAG) has begun in Guwahati, Assam at the Indira Gandhi Athletics Stadium.

The 11-day event is being jointly hosted by Guwahati and Meghalaya's capital, Shillong.

8 SAARC nations are participating in it.

About South Asian Games

SAG is biennial multi-sport event held among the athletes from 8 South Asian (SAARC) countries. It was established as South Asian

Federation Games, but in 2004 was renamed as South Asian Games.

The first edition of SAG was hosted in Kathmandu, Nepal in 1984 and has since been held every two years except for some occasions.

India has hosted SAG for two time, first in 1987 in Kolkata (West Bengal) and second time in 1995 in Chennai (Tamil Nadu).

Sunrisers Hyderabad win 2016 Indian Premier League title

Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) has won the ninth edition of the Indian Premier League (IPL). It is their maiden IPL title.

In the final match played at Chinnaswamy stadium in Bangalore (Karnataka), SRH defeated Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) by eight

runs.

UR Rao becomes first Indian to be awarded IAF’s ‘Hall of Fame’ Award

Former ISRO Chairman and space scientist Prof Udupi Ramachandra Rao became the first Indian to be given ‘Hall of Fame’ Award by the

International Astronautical Federation (IAF).


He will receive the award at the 67th International Astronautical Congress to be held in Guadalajara, Mexico in September 2016.

About UR Rao

Under his leadership, India had initiated the development of the geostationary launch vehicle GSLV and the development of

cryogenic technology in 1991.

He was also responsible for successful launch of INSAT satellites during his stint at ISRO.

He also had served as the first Chairman of Antrix Corporation, the commercial arm of the ISRO.

Awards and Honours: Padma Bhushan (1976), Satellite Hall of Fame, Washington in March 2013

IAF Hall of Fame: It consists of a permanent gallery of these personalities, including biographical information, citation and a picture in a

special part of the IAF web presence.


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International News



4) The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August, 2015 till 9

June, 2016.




j) National and State News

k) International Organisations

l) International Events

m) Economy

n) Government Schemes

o) Bills and Legislations

p) Court Rulings

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6. Comprehensive


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Section



Best of Luck !!

China, Pakistan ink agreement to launch satellite to monitor CPEC projects

China and Pakistan have signed an agreement for the launch of a special satellite to monitor the development of the multi-billion dollars

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects.

In this regard, both countries have decided for development and launch of the Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite (PRSS-1) System and

launch a satellite in June 2018.

Implications:

This agreement will transfer space technology to Pakistan.

It would also help Pakistan in its national security arena by strengthening surveillance apparatus and border security.

About China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Project

CPEC refers to a clutch of major infrastructure projects currently under way in Pakistan. The corridor is mainly consists of road, rail

and power projects.

It is intended to link Kashgar in Xinjiang province of China to Gwadar deep sea port close to Pakistan’s border with Iran.

Karakoram Highway is part of CPEC project. Karakoram highway passes through Pakistan Occupied Kashmir through Karakoram

hills.

China’s Gain:

The CPEC is part of China’s transnational ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative that connects large patch of Asia and Eastern Europe.

Gwadar Port is strategically located and lies close to the Strait of Hormuz (near Iran), a key international oil shipping lane.


It could open up an energy and trade corridor from the Gulf region across Pakistan to western China and also could be used by the

Chinese Navy for military purpose.

The CPEC will give China land access to the Indian Ocean, cutting the nearly 13,000 km sea voyage through the Strait of Malacca and

around India to 2,000 km road journey from Gwadar to Kashgar.

The development of Kashgar as a trade terminus will reduce isolation of the underdeveloped Xinjiang province and deepen its

engagement with the rest of China.

It will allow land locked energy rich Central Asian countries access to the Indian Ocean.

Pakistan’s Gain:

The project seeks to upgrade and expand infrastructure across the length and breadth of Pakistan and deepen economic ties

between both countries.

The CPEC has potential to boost economic scenario at a time when terrorism has severely affected Pakistan.

Pakistan also expects the CPEC will bring it closer to China, giving it greater strategic leverage in the Indian Ocean region.

India’s Concern:

India has already objected to the China Pakistan Economic Corridor as it passes through the Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). This

corridor may also impact the security of the nation.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed joint session of US Congress (US Legislature).

Mr. Modi was the fifth Prime Minister of India to address a joint meeting of Congress, the list of his predecessors who addressed US

Congress.


1. Rajiv Gandhi

2. Narasimha Rao

3. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

4. Manmohan Singh

Muhammad Ali dead

Muhammad Ali, the magnificent heavyweight champion passed away at the age of 74.

Facts about the former boxing champ

1. He was the first person to win the heavyweight championship three times.

2. Fighting under his given name of Cassius Clay, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight competition at the 1960 Olympics in

Rome. In a 1975 autobiography he said he threw the medal into a river one night after being refused service in a Louisville restaurant

and being harassed by a gang of whites.


3. After resorting to Islam he changed his name to Muhammad Ali.

4. Ali refused to be inducted into the U.S. Army in 1967 on account of Vietnam war.

5. He was sentenced to five years in prison, lost his title and could not get a fight at a time when he was in his athletic prime. He never

went to prison while his case was under appeal and in 1971 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction.

6. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome that apparently was linked to his career. It left him slow, shaky and unable to

speak much above a whisper.

7. Ali, named the top sportsman of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated magazine.

8. He was given a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005.

PM’s Afghanistan Visit

Heart Dam


PM inaugurated the Heart dam also called as Salma dam during his visit to Afghanistan. The dam, earlier known as Salma Dam, has been

built by India at a cost of Rs. 1,700 crore on the Harirud river in Herat neighbouring Iran. It will irrigate 75,000 hectares of land and

generate 42 MW power.

PM Modi awarded Afghanistan's top civilian honour

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred Amir Amanullah Khan Award, the country's highest civilian honour. He was awarded the

honour by Afghan President Ashraf Ghani after the inauguration of the landmark Afghan-India Friendship Dam.

India’s interest in Afghanistan

1. India is one of the closest regional powers that has invested in institution and infrastructure building in Afghanistan. For India,

Afghanistan has immense strategic potential. Besides the infrastructure work India has initiated and completed, it has also signed

the TAPI pipeline project that aims to bring natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.

2. More important, a friendly, stable regime in Kabul is geopolitical insurance against Pakistan’s deep state. Afghanistan is currently

going through a particularly turbulent transition. The government in Kabul has been stretched in trying to stop Taliban advances

over the past few months. President Ashraf Ghani seems to have realised that a complete military victory is improbable.

3. India has delivered M-25 attack helicopters to Kabul.

India, U.S. to share data on terrorists


India has signed an agreement to join the global terror database maintained by the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) of the U.S.

An arrangement between the Government of India and the Government of the United States of America for exchange of terrorist

screening information was signed.

About the Agreement:

1. The U.S. has already finalised such agreements with 30 countries and the Terrorist Screening Center has details of 11,000 terror

suspects on its database, including nationality, date of birth, photos, finger prints (if any) and passport number.

2. Under this arrangement, both sides will give each other access to terrorism screening information through designated contact

points, subject to domestic laws and regulations.

Earlier, The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) and Intelligence Bureau (IB) had opposed giving the United States unhindered access

to the database of terror suspects in India.

Maldives opposition forms shadow government in London


Former Maldives President Mohamad Nasheed formed government in exile in London that pledged to lead the fight for the restoration

of democracy in the Maldives.

Former Vice-President of the Maldives, now living in exile in the United Kingdom, Dr. Mohamed Jameel Ahmed will head the Shadow

Cabinet of the newly formed Maldives United Opposition.

Background

Mr. Nasheed, the first democratically elected leader of the Maldives who was recently given political asylum in the UK after he came to

UK for treatment of medical injuries.

The former President was forced out of office in 2012, just four years after his election, and was convicted and jailed on what were

widely believed to have been terrorism charges. On the world stage, he remains the most visible opposition Maldivian leader and is

likely to play a leading behind-the-scenes role in the new political formation.

Obama offers tribute but no apology at Hiroshima

Barack Obama paid moving tribute to victims of the first atomic bomb on Friday, offering a comforting embrace to a tearful man who

survived the devastating attack on Hiroshima.


What was the importance of tribute?

The first sitting U.S. President to visit the city clasped hands with one survivor and hugged another after speaking about the day that

marked one of the most terrifying chapters of World War-II.

History of Hiroshima

The trip comes more than seven decades after the Enola Gay bomber dropped its deadly atomic payload, dubbed “Little Boy”, over the

city. The bombing claimed the lives of 140,000 people.

US stand on bombing

Mr. Obama offered no apology for the bombings, having insisted that he would not revisit decisions made by Truman (then President) at

the close of a brutal war.

US believes that the use of nuclear weapons over Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were essential to end world war.

India to develop Iran's Chahbahar port

Agreements regarding Chahbahar:


1. The first agreement will provide India the right to develop and operate two terminals and five berths with multipurpose cargo

handling capacities in the port of Chahbahar for 10 years.

2. Following the bilateral agreement, Prime Minister Modi and Iranian President Dr. Hassan Rouhani were joined by Dr. Ashraf Ghani,

President of Afghanistan, who sealed the agreement for Trilateral Transport and Transit Corridor connecting Chahbahar with Afghan

road and rail network.

About Chabahar port:

1. -Chabahar is a port in south-east Iran that will enable India to bypass Pakistan and open up a route (Zaranj-Delaram road ) to land-

locked Afghanistan.

2. From Chabahar, the existing Iranian road network can link up to Zaranj in Afghanistan.

3. The Zaranj-Delaram road constructed by India in 2009 can give access to Afghanistan’s Garland Highway, setting up road access to

major cities in Afghanistan.

Farzad–B gas field

India also hopes on getting rights to develop the Farzad–B gas field. The signing of Farzad-B [gas field], will take us beyond the buyer-

seller relationship to being genuine partners in the field of energy as India will produce from the field.

India, Thailand, Myanmar to be connected with a 1400-km road


India, Thailand and Myanmar are working on a 1,400-km long highway that will link India with Southeast Asia by land for the first time

giving a boost to trade and cultural exchanges between the three countries.

The planned highway starts in the eastern region of India from Moreh (Manipur) to Myanmar's Tamu city .

International North-South Transport Corridor

The International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a multi-modal trade transport network that includes rail, road, and water

transport from Mumbai in India via Bandar Abbas in Iran to Moscow in Russia. It addresses the need for greater economic and energy

cooperation between South, Central and the West Asian region.

The INSTC envisages movement of goods from Mumbai (India) to Bandar Abbas or Chabahar (Iran) by sea, from Bandar Abbas or

Chabahar to Bandar-e-Anzali (an Iranian port on the Caspian Sea) by road, and then from Bandar-e-Anzali to Astrakhan (a Caspian port

in the Russian Federation) by ship across the Caspian Sea, and thereafter from Astrakhan to other regions of the Russian Federation and

further into Europe by Russian railways.

The successful activation of the corridor will help connect India to Russia within 16-21 days at competitive freight rates leading to

development of trade on the INSTC.


Justin Trudeau apologizes for 1914 Komagata Maru incident in Vancouver

Almost 102 years after Canada turned away over 376 migrants, mostly Sikhs from India, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has formally

apologised in Parliament for the "great injustice" that happened due to discriminatory laws of the time.

Trudeau apologised in the House of Commons for 1914 decision by the then Canadian government to turn away 376 Indian migrants

onboard the ship 'Komagata Maru' after their arrival in Vancouver.

He said that Canada's government was, without question, responsible for the laws that prevented these passengers from immigrating

peacefully and securely. For that, and for every regrettable consequence that followed, we are sorry.

Background:

Komagata Maru sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver harbour on May 23, 1914, carrying 376 passengers but most of the passengers

were eventually turned away on the grounds of the "continuous journey clause" that allowed only travelers on a trip without

interruption to land in Canada.

Trudeau said that the then law effectively eliminated immigrants from India because there was no direct service to Canada. After two

months in limbo in the harbour, the ship was escorted out of the harbour by the military.


It returned to India and on its arrival, at least 19 people were killed in a police assault by British soldiers, while others were jailed.

Former Prime Minister Stephen Harper had earlier also apologized for the incident at a public event in 2008.

Situation in Nepal

Recent events:

1. K.P. Oli (PM of Nepal) has made what’s now called an unsuccessful visit to New Delhi in February. That visit was supposed to restore

India-Nepal ties and get the blockade being lifted. But that Oli wasn’t happy with India and later went to China where he signed

various deals.

2. For India, the Oli government’s withdrawal of its ambassador and cancellation of the Nepal president’s visit was a low point in

bilateral relations. Oli reportedly did it on allegation of India’s role to unseat him.

India – Nepal relations:

Nepal being a landlocked country is dependent on India for its supplies. India has given Nepal free access to its ports. Recently, Nepalese

government passed a new constitution on which rights of Madhesis and Tharus considered to be of Indian origin were diluted. The


Madhesis protested the move and blocked connectivity between India and Nepal which led to shortage of oil and other commodities in

Nepal.

Highlights of Mr. Sirisena, President of Sri Lanka visit to India

1. Mr. Sirisena, who is in India for a visit, accompanied Mr. Modi to the Vaichaarik Mahakumbh held in Ujjain, MP. Vaicharik

Mahakumbh in Ujjain is an inter-faith event which has taken place on the sidelines of the Simhastha Kumbh. He will also visit Sanchi,

where he will unveil a bust of Buddhist revivalist Anagarika Dharmapala.

2. Simhastha Declaration is a 51 point declaration released jointly by Indian PM Narendra Modi,Sri Lankan President Maithripala

Sirisena and Madhya Pradesh CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan.

The Simhastha declaration is a prescription on how “a duty-centered system, which had been the origin of Indian philosophy of life, has

become the most relevant today.”

Concept of Vaicharik Kumbh

Vaicharik Kumbh is a conference of thinkers, religious leaders and academics held on the sidelines of the Simhastha Kumbh in Ujjain.


The conference is an attempt by the Madhya Pradesh government to revive the tradition of Shastrarth or gathering where social issues

of the day were discussed and solutions suggested in ancient India.

Regime change in Brazil

Brazil’s President Dilma Rousseff, was suspended from office through a Senate impeachment vote. Now, Ms. Rousseff’s now faces the

impeachment trial, which could last up to six months and will determine if she may or may not regain the presidency.

Reason for impeachment:

Rousseff has been accused of improperly using money from state banks to cover budget shortfalls. By means of Petrobras scheme,

construction firms diverted billions from the state oil company (Petrobras) to politicians in Rousseff’s coalition and allegedly to her

presidential campaigns as well.

Procedure for impeachment:

The Lower house approves impeachment by two-thirds majority.

The upper house must decide whether to accept the impeachment motion within ten sessions. If a simple majority (41 of the 81

Senators) approves, Rousseff must step aside for 180 days while the charges against her are investigated in committee.


During this time, she remains in the presidential residence, but her vice president Michel Temer assumes power on an interim basis.

If two-thirds majority in senate approve impeachment (after investigation), then she will be ejected from office and Temer will be

president until the next election in 2018.

400th death anniversary of William Shakespeare

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing

company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, and was destroyed by fire. A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and

closed in 1642.

A modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre, named "Shakespeare Globe" , opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the

site of the original theatre. Later on, this theatre was renamed as “Globe Theatre".

About William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the

world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His plays have been translated into

every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and brought up in England. He began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a

playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He died in year 1616. Recently, there was 400th

death anniversary of William Shakespeare.


About Boko Haram

Boko Haram is a militant Islamic group that has existed for more than a decade in Nigeria, but it has become increasingly violent since

an internal leadership change in 2009.

The 2014 kidnapping in Chibok in which Boko Haram militants attacked the government boarding school on April 2014, resulting in 276

schoolgirls being abducted, with 57 students managing to escape.

India says British queen should keep her crown jewel

One of the world's largest diamonds, the 105-carat Kohinoor, has been part of the British crown jewels for 150 years and today forms

part of Queen Elizabeth II's crown. The stone has been at the centre of a long-running diplomatic row, with many Indians demanding

Britain return the diamond to atone for its colonial past.

Background:

Earlier a petition filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO, All India Human Rights & Social Justice Front, on whether the government

intends to make a bid to get back the Kohinoor?

Govt. Response:

The Indian government told the Supreme Court that India should forgo its claims to the jewel because the heirs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

gave the Kohinoor to the British as “voluntary compensation” to cover the expenses of the Anglo-Sikh Wars.


The Solicitor General Ranjit Kumar told the Supreme Court that the diamond was neither stolen nor forcibly taken away. He further said

that if we start claiming the treasures from the museums of other countries, they will claim their treasures from our museums.

The Kohinoor is on display in the Tower of London, it is set in the crown worn by the current Queen Elizabeth during her coronation in

1953.

Talks on Rafale jet deal in final stage

Negotiations to buy 36 French Rafale fighter jets are nearing the finish line, price will be set at around $9 billion.

The price is significantly below that originally sought by the French plane maker. The leaders agreed to scale back an original plan to

buy 126 Rafale planes to just 36 in fly-away condition.

India is the world's largest buyer of foreign arms.

India, US agree on logistics support pact

In a significant move, India and US have strengthened their defence ties by agreeing on logistics support agreement. Under the

agreement, namely Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), the militaries of India and US can share each other

facilities. However, this agreement does not allow deployment of troops in the other country.


It was initiated in 2004 but resisted by earlier UPA govt. due to concerns of US interference and implications on ties with Russia and

China.

Colombo Port City Project

Colombo (Capital of Sri Lanka) port city project is a project to build infrastructure of sub-city in Colombo. China is involved in

development of port city project. The project is a joint venture between governments of China and Sri Lanka.

Concerns of India

India believes that involvement of Chinese construction companies in Sri Lanka creates a threat for Indian security. Chinese companies

are involved in development of two important ports of Sri Lanka, Colombo and Hambantota. In guise of Chinese construction companies,

Chinese navy may establish foothold in Sri Lanka.

Such a foothold may be detrimental to India’s interests in following ways:

China may try to establish supremacy in Indian Ocean region.

Indian trade especially oil supplies from Persian Gulf may be vulnerable because China would be able to disrupt these supplies to

pressurize India.

Assurance by Sri Lankan Govt.

Sri Lankan PM Ranil Wickremasinghe recently has stated that Port city project is a commercial project. Chinese companies and Sri

Lankan companies will hold 60% capital. Remaining 40% will be open to investment and thus, can also be acquired by Indian

companies.


Further, he has stated that, unlike Gwadar port in Pakistan , operations of Colombo Port will not be managed by China.

Democracy in Myanmar

National Democratic League (NDL)

NDL is a democratic socialist and liberal democratic political party in Myanmar (Burma) are currently serving as the ruling party in

Parliament. Myanmar military still holds a couple of key ministries.

In the 2015 general election, the NDL won an absolute majority in both houses of the Assembly, bringing in democracy after decades of

military rule.

About Ang San Suu Kyi

She is a Burmese social democratic stateswoman, politician noble laureate (Noble Peace Prize 1991) and chairperson of Myanmar's

National League for Democracy (NLD) party.

She remained under house arrest for almost 15 years between 1989 to 2010, and has been one of the world's most prominent political

prisoners.

What is the Constitutional Stricture against her?

Myanmar’s Constitution, drafted by the military that ruled for 53 years, prohibits Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi from becoming president

because her children are British citizens, as was her husband.

As a result, the president of the new government in Myanmar is U Htin Kyaw. Aung San Suu Kyi has created the post of a State Counselor

for herself to oversee the affairs of the government.


The new democratic government headed by U Htin Kyaw is the most democratic government in Myanmar since 1962 when the military

seized power.

The democratic government faces two more challenges :

Military still weeds enormous influence in administration of Myanmar.

One quarter of seats in both houses of Parliament are reserved for military. Constitutional amendment in Myanmar requires support

of more than 75% strength of Parliament thus no constitutional amendment can be passed without military’s approval.

The military also has a direct control of three key ministries namely, defense, home and border affairs.

Two recent actions of military further indicate that it is still not ready to reduce its role in administration.

Firstly, refusal to let Suu Kyi become the President. It is believed that if Su Kyi hugely popular at home becomes President, it would

expedite country’s transition to full democracy.

Secondly, Myintswe, a controversial retired General who served in previous Junta (military government) has been appointed as Vice

President.

Falklands Islands

A group of 778 small islands east off Argentinean coast in the South Atlantic Ocean. Two bigger Islands namely East and West Falklands

have most of the population.

Argentinean Name: The Malvinas

Governance and Sovereignty:


The Falklands are internally self-governing, but Britain is responsible for its defence and foreign affairs.

The Dispute:

Britain had ruled the islands for 150 years but Argentina, which calls them the Malvinas, believed that it inherited them from Spain in

the 1800s. It also points to their proximity to South American continent.

The British government claims say islanders, mostly British settlers cannot be forced to accept Argentinean sovereignty.

Falklands Conflict/ War:

Fought between Britain and Argentina in 1982 . Fought over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands

and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

Syrian government to restore ancient Palmyra

Palymyra's ancient 1800 year old Roman era monuments blown up by ISIS will be restored as a message against terrorism, once Syria

re-captures the city.

These monuments in the oasis city of Palmyra were dynamited last year as part of ISIS's acts cultural destruction in Iraq and Syria:

Terorrist attack at Brussels

Two blasts took place at main hall of Zaventen Airport and a third blast hit a metro train in Brussels. The blasts were undertaken by ISIS.


It is said that ISIS has undertaken blasts because of following reasons:

1. Brussels is the capital of Belgium and Belgium is part of NATO fighting ISIS in Iraq and Syria.

2. The headquarters of both NATO and EU are located in Brussels.

3. Few days ago Salah Abdeslam the prime suspect in Paris terror attack was held in Brussels.

Nepal seals transit treaty with China, to build new rail link

The new Nepalese Prime Minister, K. P. Oli visited Beijing and signed between Nepal and China and the most important pact called as

transit treaty provided that the Tibet rail link would be extended to Nepal.

Implications of this rail link on India:

1. The rail link will end Nepal’s total dependence on Indian sea ports for purpose of import and export. Nepal is a landlocked country

and thus is dependent on India for access of ports. With extension of Tibet rail link to Nepal, Nepal would be able to access ports of

China.

2. The transit treaty clearly highlights drift of Nepal towards China. Political analysts have argued that Nepal has taken such a step

because Madhesis in recent times have blocked the trade route connecting India and Nepal consequently Nepal has faced great

shortage of essential commodities.

Madhesis mostly are of Indian origin, demanding amendments to the newly enacted Nepalese constitution to ensure adequate political

representation and reorganisation of boundaries of provinces. Madhesis are supported by India.


Obama’s historic visit to Cuba

Obama has undertaken 3 day visit to Cuba. This is the first visit by US President in 88 years. The visit symbolises the end of estranged

relations between US and Cuba that began when Cuban Revolution ousted pro-American govt. from Cuba in 1959.

Background:

The visit signifies change in US policy towards Cuba. US has deliberately adopted a policy of international isolation towards Cuba.

Cuba was under a pro-American govt. However, mass revolution under leadership late Fidel Castro changed the government in Cuba.

Further Fidel Castro declared Cuban revolution as Communist in nature and became a strong ally of USSR.

Mother Teresa to be canonised

Pope Francis has approved the sainthood for Mother Teresa, the missionary Albanian nun who was a global symbol of compassion for

her care of sick and destitute. She will be canonised on Sept. 4, 2016 in Rome (Vatican Church).

Mother Teresa was also awarded with Nobel Peace Prize and she died at an age of 87 in 1997.

Background:

Sainthood is conferred by Vatican Church on recognition of two miracles. In year 2003, her first miracle was recognised that she

posthumously inspired the healing of a Bengali tribal woman in 1998. She was beatified upon recognition of first miracle.


The second miracle relates to inspiring the recovery of a Brazilian man in 2008 suffering from multiple brain tumors.

India to collaborate with Japan on Andaman

India and Japan are in talks to collaborate on upgrading civilian infrastructure in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

India will for the first time accept foreign investment in the A&N islands.

Significance:

1. The A&N Islands are seen as a critical asset to counter China’s efforts to expand its maritime reach into the Indian Ocean.

The A&N Islands are northwest of the Strait of Malacca, offering control of a so-called choke point that is important for China’s trade

and free movement of China’s naval ships.

2. The new collaboration will also push India-Japan relations. Japan is also funding a $744 million road building project in the north-

eastern Indian border region covering Mizoram, Assam and Meghalaya.

International Tennis Federation bans Maria Sharapova for two years

ITF has banned former World No. 1 tennis player Maria Sharapova of Russia for two years over doping charges. In January 2016 during

the Australian Open she was tested positive for banned drug meldonium, a substance that has been added in the forbidden list by the

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) on 1 January 2016.


Meldonium: It is a medical drug (also known as Mildronate) given to patients suffering from heart and circulatory conditions for

enhancing their physical capacity and mental function. Its use mainly leads to production more red blood cells (RBCs) in the body in

order to increase oxygen supply to muscles for enhancing endurance.

Excuse given by Sharapova:

She argued that she is using meldonium from last 10 years to overcome family history of diabetes and deficiency in magnesium. On 1

January rules changed and meldonium became a prohibited substance which was not known to her.

Taliban Say They Won’t Attend Peace Talks

The Taliban has refused to hold direct peace talks with the Afghan Government, dealing a blow to international efforts.

Preconditions by Taliban for talks

Withdrawal of foreign troops from Afghanistan

Release of Prisoners

Background

The quartet namely US, China, Pakistan and Afghanistan government is engaged is brining Taliban to the negotiations.

Last Year, ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) consisting of NATO troops has withdrawn combat troops from Afghanistan.

However, troops to train Afghan army and police are still positioned in Afghanistan.

On account of partial withdrawal of troops, Taliban has again resurged in


Munich Agreement

It has been adopted by super power including US and Russia to bring peace and stability in Syria.

It was difficult to come to common ground in Syria because Russia supports president Bashar–al–Assad (incumbent president in Syria)

and US wants change of regime in Syria. However, both superpowers are anti-IS. On account of civil war in Syria, IS has grown multi-

fold.

Impact of civil war on Syria:

According to Syrian centre for policy research nearly 4,70,000 people have died 19,00,00 injured, 45% population has been displaced,

life expectancy has dropped from 70 to 55.4 years. Total population of Syria is 2 crore 30 lacks.

North Korea Hydrogen Bomb Test and Satellite Launch

Recently North Korea undertook hydrogen bomb test and thereafter also launched a satellite. The satellite launching technology

corresponds to missile technology. Thus North Korea claims of both a nuclear weapon warhead and missile technology to deliver that

warhead.

Reasons for threat over nuclear program of North Korea:

1. North Korea is under rule of monarch namely Kim Jong-Un. Thus decision making power on use of nuclear weapons lies in the hands

of a single person. Therefore chances of misuse of nuclear weapons are high.

2. North Korea is a poor nation and thus it may sell nuclear weapons to other state and non state actors for financial gains.

3. In the past it is alleged North Korea has been involved in the transfer of Nuclear Weapons to Pakistan.


Possible reasons for North Korea’s development of Nuclear Weapons Program:

1. N. Korea argues that it has deteriorating relations with S. Korea. S. Korea has a military alliance with US which is a nuclear weapon

state. Thus for self defence N. Korea requires Nuclear Weapons.

2. In recent years, there has been significant rise of dissent against Kim Jong-Un rule in N. Korea. It is even alleged that Kim Jong-Un got

Chief of defence staff murdered.

Therefore development of Nuclear weapons promotes feeling of Nationalism and unites N. Koreans under Kim Jong-Un against

possible threat of war from US.

3. Some experts argue that N. Korea is deliberately building weapons so that it can seek significant benefits from US and its allies for

dismantling its weapon program.

Why diplomacy is difficult with North Korea:

It is difficult to have diplomatic relations with North Korea because N. Korea has no relations with any other nation of the world.

The only relations of N. Korea are with China. However even the relations with China are also not very strong.

N. Korea Weapons program and Arms race in Korean Region:

On account of N. Korea's satellite launch, US has decided to launch anti-missile defence shield in S. Korea namely Terminal High Attitude

Area Defence system (THAAD) to protect nearly 27,000 American troops deployed in S. Korea.

Russia and China oppose US deployment of Missile defence system in S. Korea and further argue that it will lead to arms race in Korean

peninsula.

Political Asylum for Julian Assange


He is founder of wiki-leaks and is charged with rape by Swedish Government and US Government charged him for violation of official

secrecy.

Presently he has been granted asylum by Ecuador Embassy in London. It is said that charges against him are a deliberate attempt to

arrest him on fake grounds.

Possibility of new constitution in Sri Lanka

A new constitution giving powers to Tamils in N-E is expected in Sri Lanka under Srisena’s Government. Modern Sri Lanka has

witnessed three constitutions.

Controversial provisions in present constitution:

Unitary state

Foremost place to Buddhism

Sinhala as official language

Supremacy of President over Legislature

Considerable say of President in judicial appointments and thus, significant erosion of judicial autonomy.

Syrian Army recaptures historic city of Palmyra from IS

Syrian Army and popular defence forces have regained control of the ancient city of Palmyra from Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

terrorist group.


The liberation of the historic city of Palmyra from the ISIS terror group was undertaken by joint efforts of Syrian Army with support of

national aviation and Russian Aerospace Forces.

The ancient city of Palmyra is a UNESCO designated World Heritage site and home to some of the world’s most magnificent ancient

ruins.

Background

The city is situated in a strategically important area on the road between Syria’s capital Damascus and the oil rich eastern city of Deir

al-Zour.

Earlier in March 2015, ISIS had demolished several ancient sites that pre-date Islam in Iraq, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Hatra and Nimrud.

Nepal’s Constitution Amendment

Nepal promulgated its new Constitution in 2015 but the Madhesis immigrants, the Janajatis and the Tharus, who are considered as the

marginalised groups felt they were being left out in the new constitution. These groups then blockaded the border points.

The amendments supported by 461 of the 601 members of the Nepali Parliament covered:

Article 42 to ensure more inclusive social justice, The amendment provides for representation of 15 categories of people in the state

organs on the basis of social, educational, economic deprivation as the determining factors.

Article 286 Constituency Delimitation Commission shall consider population the first priority and geography the second while fixing

165 electoral constituencies Article 84(Constitution of House of Representatives). What is more, each district in the provinces shall

have at least one electoral constituency.

Madhesi Demands: The amendment process, however, did not include the main demand of the Madhesis for the creation of two

separate Madhesi provinces on the plains of Nepal along Indian border.


India’s concern: Communities living in the Terai, especially the Madhesi and the Tharu ethnic minorities, have expressed concern that

the proposed boundaries of the new provinces could lead to their political marginalisation. The two groups make up nearly 40% of

Nepal's population and they share close ethnic ties with people in India.

The government of Nepal has accused India of imposing an undeclared blockade. India has denied the allegations, stating the supply

shortages have been imposed by Madhesi protesters within Nepal, and that India has no role in it.

One Belt, One Road

“One Belt, One Road,” i.e., the New Silk Road Economic Belt, which links China with Europe through Central and Western Asia, and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which connects China with Southeast Asian countries, Africa and Europe.

It is aimed at promoting orderly and free flow of economic factors, highly efficient allocation of resources and deep integration of markets; encouraging the countries along the Belt and Road to achieve economic policy coordination and carry out broader and more in-depth regional cooperation of higher standards; and jointly creating an open, inclusive and balanced regional economic cooperation architecture that benefits all.

The Silk Road is more of a network than it is a fixed route that makes it way through the continental hinterland. Ever since the term was coined by Ferdinand von Richtofen, the German geologist, the main stops on the Silk Road have shifted over time. Once prosperous towns became crumbling and deserted relics. Even the most recent of them, Dunhuang, has faded in history, let alone names such as Xuanquan, Niya and Loulan. The marketplace for goods extended across a huge area that was connected by these stops, which are now the landmarks of the archeological Silk Road.

Represented by silk, the ancient Silk Road enabled intercontinental trade in consumer goods, including coins and silk; paper, which came later; and most importantly, ideas.

The Silk Road had three implications for human civilization.Economically speaking, it promoted the division of labor along the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, along with regional cooperation. From a geological point of view, and on a seemingly negative note, it


facilitated the spread of disease, including the notorious Black Death in the Middle Ages. However, as I see it, the most seminal impact of the ancient Silk Road was that it facilitated the communication of ideas. Archaeological findings have shown that the Silk Road helped introduce Buddhism and Islam to China. What should be taken into the calculation of the grand strategy of One Belt, One Road is not only a shifting of excessive domestic capacity, trade, or closer diplomatic ties with neighboring countries, but also the market for ideas.

The “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) initiative was announced by President Xi Jinping of China in 2013. China’s initiative for a modern-day

silk road, known as ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR), aims to connect Asia, Africa, Europe and their near seas. Under the definition contained

in Xi Jinping’s New Security Concept stating that ‘development equals security’, OBOR can be conceptualized as the most ambitious

infrastructure-based security initiative in the world today.

Silk Road Economic Belt Fundamentally, the land-based Silk Road Economic Belt begins in Xi’an, China, and linking up with the rest of

Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Russia. The belt includes countries which were once situated on the original Silk Road.


In addition, South Asia and South East Asia are also included in the Belt. The Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on connecting China to

Europe through Central Asia and Russia, the Persian Gulf through Central Asia and South East Asia, South Asia and the Indian Ocean.

21st Century Maritime Silk Road The Maritime Silk Road will complement the Silk Road Economic Belt, focusing on utilising sea routes

and Chinese coastal ports to link China with Europe via the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean through

the South China Sea.

Why the need for the ‘AIIB’?

In order to fulfill the One Belt One Road initiative, a huge amount of capital injection is necessary, hence the AIIB came into being. The

AIIB is seen as an important strategy to support the implementation of this initiative. The key reason behind the setting up of AIIB is to

expand the development of partnerships amongst emerging nations – to build political mutual trust, economic integration, and bring

together communities of cultural interests.

First Silk Road train arrives in Tehran from China

The first long distance cargo train connecting Iran and China has arrived in the Iranian capital city Tehran after starting its journey from

China. The train had started its journey from China’s eastern Zhejiang province and it took 14 days to reach final destination.

It has covered around 9,500 kilometer distance and passed through two Central Asian countries Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.

Henceforth such trains will run between both countries once in every month and the frequency will be increased if necessary. These

trains will be run by private companies using existing routes.

Significance


It marks the revival of ancient Silk Road and gives impetus to China’s ambitious One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative. This train’s

journey was 30 days shorter compared to time taken by sea voyage from Shanghai to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. It will boost

bilateral trade among countries.

Agartala-Akhaura railway link Project to connect Kolkata (West Bengal) with Tripura via Bangladesh.

India has approved the laying of the five km railway track from Agartala up to Bangladesh border :

It would connect the Indian Railways with the Bangladesh Railways.

The work on this project is expected to complete by 2017.

Total length of this strategic railway track is 15 Km.

10 km falls in Bangladesh and 5 km falls in India.

It was initiated after Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to India in January 2010 when both countries had agreed to

lay the railway track.

*Note: This project will play important role in India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and is expected to improve connectivity and boost trade between

the two countries. It will reduce the present 1700 km road distance between Kolkata and Agartala via narrow ‘Chicken Neck’ Siliguri

corridor to just 350 km by rail.

United States (US) has removed a wide range of nuclear sanctions against Iran after it has meet its commitments to roll back its

nuclear program

These sanctions were lifted after International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) confirmed that Iran has met its commitments under the

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) or Vienna agreement with P5+1countries signed in July 2015. P5+1countries include the five

permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC) viz., USA, Russia, China, UK, France and non- permanent member Germany.


Key facts

US has only removed secondary sanctions on Iran that mainly restricts dealings of other countries with Iran. These lifted secondary

sanctions include financial services, banking, insurance, energy and petrochemicals, shipping and ports.

However, primary sanctions imposed by US on Iran still remains in force. These sanctions bar US citizens and companies from doing

business with Iran.

Benefits to India

Lifting of primary sanctions will benefit India with lower oil prices on imports from its traditional supplier Iran and also boost trade

opportunities.

It will also bring proposed India-Pakistan-Iran (IPI) gas pipeline closer to reality.

Give impetus to development and construction of strategic Chahbahar port which focal point of India’s gateway to energy rich

Central Asia and Eastern Europe through proposed International North South Trade Corridor (INSTC).

India-Australia Civil Nuclear Cooperation deal

Background:

Currently, India has nuclear energy agreements with 11 countries and imports uranium from France, Russia, Kazakhstan and Canada

(since December 2015). Australia has about 40 per cent of the world’s uranium reserves and annually exports nearly 7,000 tonnes of

nuclear fuel. It is third largest uranium producing country after Kazakhstan and Canada.

Nuclear Energy in India

Presently, nuclear energy contributes just 3 per cent (4,780 MW ) of electricity generation in India. India is seeking to diversify its

electricity generation and is planning to increase its nuclear capacity to 63,000 MW by 2032.


Sushila Karki: First female Chief Justice of Nepal’s Supreme Court

The Constitutional Council of Nepal has selected Justice Sushila Karki (63) for the post of Chief Justice (CJ) (26th) of the Supreme Court

of the country.

She shall have tenure of 1 year and retire in June 2017 upon reaching the age limit.

Appointment Process:

As per Nepal’s new Constitution, the president of the country appoints the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Constitutional

Council if the Parliamentary Hearings Committee endorses the recommendation.

PM Narendra Modi conferred Saudi Arabia’s highest civilian honour

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred Saudi Arabia’s highest civilian honour- the King Abdulaziz Sash.

The prestigious award was bestowed upon Indian Prime Minister by incumbent Saudi Arabia’s King Salman bin Abdulaziz at the Royal

Court.

About King Abdulaziz Sash

The award has been named after Abdulaziz Al Saud, the founder of the modern Saudi state.

The award is bestowed upon citizens of Saudi Arabia and foreigners for meritorious service to the Saudi Kingdom. King himself

makes awards to foreigners.

World leaders who have received the honour include US President Barack Obama, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Japanese Prime

Minister Shinzo Abe, British Prime Minister David Cameron and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.


International Organisations



7) The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August, 2015 till 9

June, 2016.




s) National and State News

t) International Organisations

u) International Events

v) Economy

w) Government Schemes

x) Bills and Legislations

y) Court Rulings

z) Science and Technology

aa) Environment


11. Comprehensive


13. Organized







Section



Best of Luck !!

India joins Missile Technology Control Regime

The members of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), a key anti-proliferation grouping, have agreed to admit India.

About MTCR

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an informal and voluntary partnership among 35 countries (after admission of India)

to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload for at least 300 km.

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) was established in April 1987 by the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy,

Japan, Great Britain, and the United States.

China and Pakistan are not yet members of MTCR.

Advantage:

1. Admission to the MTCR would open the way for India to buy high-end missile technology, also making more realistic its aspiration to

buy state-of-the-art surveillance drones.

2. India also makes a supersonic cruise missile, the Brahmos, in a joint venture with Russia that both countries hope to sell to third

countries, a development that would make India a significant arms exporter for the first time.

Requirements of membership:

Membership of the MTCR would require India to comply with rules such as a maximum missile range of 300 km (186 miles) that seek to

prevent arms races from developing.


India failed to get Nuclear Suppliers Group membership

India has been pushing for membership of the bloc for last few years and had formally moved its application. The grouping has not taken

up India’s application in its plenary meetings on June 9 in Vienna and June 24 in Seoul.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the

export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. As of now, the NSG has 48 nations as

its members.

What will India get by becoming member of NSG?

India will get easy access of nuclear fuel and technology from other countries. This access is crucial for development of civilian nuclear

energy programme in India.

Past dealings of India with NSG

1. It is said that NSG was set up in response to nuclear test by India in 1974. 2. India got an exemption from the NSG for nuclear imports in 2008, following the civil nuclear deal with the U.S. 3. In 2010, the Obama administration declared its support for India’s “full membership” of the group, but things have not moved far

since.

Instances in favour of India getting NSG membership

1. Countries such as US, France, Germany support India for membership of NSG. 2. India has a clean record in context of nuclear proliferation and is considered a peaceful nation.

Instances against India getting membership of NSG


1. China, acting in concert with Pakistan, has thrown a spanner in the works for India, by linking New Delhi’s candidacy to Islamabad’s. 2. NSG operates by consensus and all its current members are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. However, India is

not a signatory of Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty.


G4 pitch for UNSC permanent membership expansion

G-4 countries (namely India, Japan, Germany and Brazil) back each other's bid for permanent seats at the UNSC.

Reason for reforms in UN Security Council:

1. The security council, formed in 1945, has five permanent members: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United

States. Ten non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. The number of member states have increased four-fold since

then and so UN needs to be dynamic in nature to changes in world.

2. The world has changed since the UN was formed after world war II. The world has changed from being bipolar to a multipolar. India

and other G4 countries have come a long way in past 50 years to stake claim in the security council.

3. The threat to security have become more complex, unpredictable and unidentified. A more inclusive council, will carry greater

credibility and legitimacy and will be more representative and effective.

4th Nuclear Security Summit (NSS)

After the end of 4th NSS, Barack Obama shared his concerns regarding nuclear security.

He stated four major concerns:

1. IS obtaining nuclear weapons is one of the biggest nuclear security threat to the world.

2. India and Pakistan may enter into nuclear arms race. Thus, they are required to make progress on reducing their nuclear arsenal.

3. It is very difficult to see huge reductions in global nuclear weapons unless US and Russia, the largest carriers of nuclear weapons,

lead the way.

4. Possession of Nuclear weapons by North Korea is a grave danger for global community. The global community should work together

on elimination of nuclear weapons of North Korea.


About Nuclear Security Summit (NSS)

The Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) is a world summit, aimed at preventing nuclear terorrism around the globe. The first summit was

held in Washington D.C., United States, in 2010. The second summit was held in Seoul,South Korea, in 2012. The third summit was held

in The Hague, Netherlands, in 2014. The fourth summit was held in Washington, D.C. on March 31-April 1, 2016

Fourth NSS

53 nations and 4 international organisations attended the summit. India was represented by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Russia did not attend the summit.

13th India-EU summit

13th India-EU summit concluded in Brussels. The outcome of the meeting can be broadly classified into 3 pillars:

EU-India Agenda for Action-2020

1. Comprehensive approach to address terrorism 2. Resumption of stalled negotiations on Broad-based Trade and Investment along with deepening economic and technologic

partnerships. 3. Further cooperation in fighting climate change.

India to host BRICS summit

India will host the 8th annual summit of BRICS from Oct. 15-16 in Goa in its capacity of Chairmanship. India assumed Chairmanship of

BRICS from Russia on Feb. 15 and will hold the position till Dec. 31.


India’s core theme during BRICS chairmanship will be building responsive, inclusive and collective solutions for the grouping.

The logo for the summit is a lotus with colors from all the 5 member countries and a traditional Namaste in the center.

Background:

BRIC term was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs. He said that these countries will be world leaders by 2050.

In 2006, the four countries initiated a regular informal diplomatic coordination, with annual meetings of Foreign Ministers at the

margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly (UNGA).

The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, was held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009. South Africa officially became a

member nation on 24 December 2010.

At its 6th Summit (Fortaleza, Brazil), the BRICS established the New Development Bank, aimed at financing infrastructure and

sustainable development projects in the BRICS and other developing countries. The new institution will count with a subscribed capital

of US $50 billion.

The seventh summit of BRICS was held at Ufa, Russia in year 2015.

SubirGokaran appointed as Executive Director of IMF

Renowned economist SubirGokaran has been appointed as an Executive Director on the board of the International Monetary Fund

(IMF). Mr. Gokarn’s name was cleared by Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister NarendraModi. He will


represent grouping of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan on the IMF’s Executive Board with a total casting vote of 2.8 per cent of

which India has more than 2.3 per cent.

IMF approves China’s Yuan as elite reserve currency December 2015

International Monetary Fund (IMF), during its five-yearly review of the basket of currencies, has included China’s Yuan into its elite

reserve currency basket which make up the Special Drawing Right (SDR).

SDR asset currencies w.e.f. 1st October 2016: US Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen, Yuan and Euro.

Criteria for inclusion in elite reserve currency basket Export Criterion:

Exports of a particular country must have the largest value over a 5 year period and should play a central role in the global economy.

Freely Usable: The currency must also be a freely usable currency i.e. widely used in international transactions for making payments

and widely traded in the main exchange markets.

About Chinese Currency

Renminbi which in Mandarin (China’s official language) means the people’s currency was officially introduced by the Communist

Government of China led by Mao Zedong in 1949 after it came to power.

Prior to Renminbi, Yuan was the official name of Chinese currency which means dollar-silver coin in Mandarin and was minted by

the Spanish empire to trade with China for over 4 centuries.

India to join the International Energy Agency – Ocean Energy Systems


India has decided to become member country of the International Energy Agency – Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) to boost for

country’s quest for tapping ocean energy sources.

Earth System Science Organisation – National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO-NIOT) under the aegis of Union Ministry of Earth

Sciences will be the nodal agency for the membership.

About International Energy Agency (IEA)

Inter-governmental organization established in 1974 as per framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD).

Presently it has 29 member countries.

Headquarters (Secretariat): Paris, France.

IEA mandate: To focus on the “3Es” of effectual energy policy: Energy Security, Economic Development And Environmental

Protection.

It acts as energy policy advisor to 29 member countries and also non-member countries like China, India and Russia.

About Ocean Energy Systems (OES

OES is an intergovernmental collaboration between countries which operates under framework established by the IEA in 2001.

It seeks to harness energy from all forms of ocean renewable resources through international cooperation and information exchange

by promoting advance research, development and technologies.

World Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland


The annual World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting has started in Swiss resort of Davos, Switzerland with participation of political

leaders and business from around the world, where founder and executive chairman of WEF, Klaus Schwab, discussed about ‘Fourth

Industrial Revolution’.

Fourth Industrial Revolution:

Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution is the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies.

It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things and cloud computing. Industry 4.0 creates what has been called a "smart

factory".

The fourth industrial revolution builds upon the third, which is primarily digital in nature.

World Economic Forum (WEF):

WEF is an international institution founded by Klaus Schwab that works to improve the state of the world through public-private

cooperation.

It was established in 1971 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

Motto: Committed to improving the state of the world. It is an independent not-for-profit organization that works closely with other

international organizations.

It also works with leaders in the field of politics, business, academia to set global, regional and industrial agenda.

Nepal joins SCO grouping as dialogue partner

Nepal was officially made a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

As a dialogue partner, Nepal will be able to participate in the multi-field cooperation of the SCO.

About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)


SCO is a Eurasian economic, political and military organisation.

8 Members: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan.

Observers: Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia and Belarus.

Headquarters: Beijing, China.

Established: 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of 6 countries viz. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

It was an outcome of The Shanghai Five grouping established in 1996 by Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

SCO’s first enlargement was in 2001 with addition of Uzbekistan and second enlargement was in July 2015 with addition of 2 new

members India and Pakistan. (India and Pakistan are not yet full members of SCO. The procedure for their membership is not yet

complete).

India joins the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation

India has joined the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCoC), a global ballistic missile proliferation regime.

Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCoC) is a voluntary, legally non-binding international confidence

building and transparency measures that seek to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles that are capable of delivering weapons of

mass destruction (WMD). It was established in 2002 as a result of international efforts to regulate access to ballistic missiles which can

potentially deliver WMDs. The HCoC does not ban ballistic missiles, but it calls for restraining their production, testing, and export.

Ballistic Missile: It is a missile with a high, arching trajectory which is initially powered and guided, but falls under gravity on to its

target. Most of its trajectory is unpowered and governed by gravity and air resistance if it is in the atmosphere. In contrasts, cruise

missiles are aerodynamically guided in powered flight.


FIFA

Gianni Infantino (45) of Switzerland has been elected as new President of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), a

global governing body of football. With this victory, Infantino becomes just the third President of FIFA after Sepp Blatter who headed it

for 40 years from 1974 to 2015.

Sepp Blatter was banned for eight years by the FIFA ethics committee. Ethics Committee judges decided that Blatter broke FIFA Code of

Ethics rules on conflicts of interest, breach of loyalty and offering or receiving gifts from national associations.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

FIFA (in English International Federation of Association Football) is the governing body of association football. Headquarters: Zürich, Switzerland. Membership: Currently comprises 209 national associations from six regional confederations viz. Africa, Asia, Europe, North &

Central America and Caribbean, Oceania and South America. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of football’s major international tournaments and their promotion notably the World Cup

and the Women’s World Cup.

Fourth edition of India Africa Hydrocarbons Conference (IAHC) in New Delhi

The two day conference aims at enhancing greater cooperation between India and African continent in the field of Hydrocarbons. It also

seeks to explore opportunities, bridge boundaries and boost bilateral trade between India and Africa.

4th India Africa Hydrocarbons Conference (IAHC)

22 African nations have participated in the conference. Bring together African leaders in and also CEOs from India and abroad to

exchange expert insights and develop strategies for enhancing energy cooperation.


Implications of Conference

India and African nations have common colonial past and enjoyed political and cultural ties.

However, energy security stands as one of the major focus area of the bilateral ties. Presently, India is importing close to 77 per cent of

its crude oil and is seeking to diversifying import basket to meet its energy requirements. Oil imports from Africa play a significant role

in meeting the demands of India. Though Africa has huge hydrocarbon resources, it lacks capital, technology and ability, experience and

manpower to exploit these resources for future growth. This can serve as the catalyst to encourage proper cooperation in the

hydrocarbon energy sector as India can provide investment capital for development needs of African countries.

Indo-Afghanistan Relations

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the new building of Afghanistan Parliament built by India in the capital city Kabul.

It was inaugurated during Narendra Modi’s first official visit to Afghanistan after becoming Prime Minister. He also named one block of

Parliament as Atal Block after former Prime Minister AtalBihari Vajpayee. Afghanistan parliament building was constructed by India at a

cost of US 90 million dollars as a symbol of India’s support to Afghanistan’s democracy and civil reconstruction.

Prime Minister also handed over 4 Mi-25 attack helicopters to Afghanistan Air Force symbolising a shift in India’s position on supplying

‘offensive’ equipment.

Afghanistan to become 163rd member nation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)

WTO has formally approved Afghanistan’s membership proposal at its ongoing 10th ministerial conference in the Nairobi, Kenya. In this

regard, Protocol of Accession (PoA) was signed by WTO Director General Roberto Azevedo and Afghanistan’s representative. The final

accession to become a full member will come in to effect after PoA is ratified by Afghanistan Parliament till June 2015.


Advantages for Afghanistan

Trade-led growth will help to create new economic opportunities and create jobs.

Economic growth will contribute in a major way to reduce extremism and achieve regional peace and security.

Kazakasthan and Seychelles are 162nd and 161st members of WTO respectively.

G7 Hiroshima Declaration calls for world without nuclear weapons

The Group of 7 (G-7) countries’ foreign ministers have issued Hiroshima Declaration that calls for a world without nuclear weapons.

G7 countries include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and US.

Discussions also included issues like terrorism and other security threats as well as instability in the Middle East and the refugee crisis.

Key facts:

Hiroshima Declaration reaffirms commitment of G-7 countries’ to seek a safer world for all and create the conditions for a world

without nuclear weapons to promote international stability.

North Korea’s repeated provocations has been sighted as a key challenge.

Deteriorating security environment in Syria and Ukraine are also a challenge.

G-7 Countries: It is a group of seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Collectively

they represent more than 64% of the net global wealth; very high Human Development Index and it also represent 46% of the global

GDP.


Government Schemes



1) The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August,

2015 till 9 June, 2016.

2) The remaining current affairs from 10 June, 2016 till 10 July, 2016

will be posted on our website on 12 July, 2016.


1. National and State News

2. International Organisations

3. International Events

4. Economy

5. Government Schemes

6. Bills and Legislations

7. Court Rulings

8. Science and Technology

9. Environment


1) Comprehensive

2) Very easy to learn

3) Organized

4) Would cover most of (or all) the questions pertaining to current affairs asked in CSP,2016

5) Require addition from no other source.



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Smart Cities Project

With the second round of 13 cities making it to the Centre’s list, there are now 33 urban agglomerations that have made a successful bid

to become “smart cities”.

Smart Cities:

A 'smart city' is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications and

market viability. It is a city where information technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services to

residents.

Highlights of project:

Assured water and power supply, sanitation and solid waste management systems, efficient urban mobility and public transportation, IT

connectivity, e-governance and citizen participation are some of the highlights of the smart city project.

It aims to transform 100 cities by 2019-20, with the Union government providing financial support of Rs. 48,000 crore over five years.

Central assistance:

Each city will receive Central assistance of Rs. 200 crore in the first year and Rs. 100. crore over the three subsequent financial years.

State governments and respective urban local bodies will also match the Centre’s contribution. While 20 cities were selected in 2015-16

as per the Mission’s guidelines, another 40 (including the 13)will be selected this year. The remaining will be chosen in the next financial

year.

Case Study:

The Lucknow municipal administration, which made the best-rated bid, found that 58 per cent of residents who took part in its online

survey cited traffic and transport as their top priority, with 24 per cent highlighting solid waste management.


Solution:

Intelligent parking could be one way to mobilise funds and cut congestion. By integrating IT, motorists could be guided to available

parking spaces in various locations in a city, using real-time information.

Over time, it would be possible to even predict the availability of parking spaces based on usage patterns.

New Cigarette packet Regulations:

1. There should be mandatory larger warnings must be printed on cigarette packages.

2. Cartons will have up to 85 per cent of the packet devoted to graphic messaging.

3. India has also enforced rules that warnings be given in films when someone smokes.

Reason for such regulations:

The smoking habit is often picked up by suggestive ways through advertising, peer pressure, and cultural signals that associate smoking

with movies and advertisements.

To act as a deterrent new regulations have introduced.

Cigarettes manufacturer’s plea:

Cigarette-makers are now pleading that tobacco-growers will be adversely affected due to new regulations.

These days e-cigarettes are getting popular.

What are e-cigarettes?

E-cigarettes, also known as electronic cigarettes and vaporizer cigarettes are devices that release vaporized nicotine.

The vaporized nicotine is then inhaled. The device is battery-operated.


National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS)

Under the scheme, announced in this year’s Budget, health insurance cover of up to Rs.1 lakh per family will be given in case of serious

illness of family members. An additional insurance cover of Rs. 30,000 will be provided for each senior citizen in the family.

Once the family is enrolled under NHPS, its members can go to any of the registered hospitals to avail the health insurance benefits.

Hospitals will do online authentication of the beneficiary using biometrics of any of the family members.

However, in a few hospitals, situated in remote or unconnected areas, where there is a lack of good Internet connectivity where the

mobile phone numbers registered with Aadhaar will be used to verify the identity of the beneficiary.

The system would also have safeguards to ensure that no other person can avail benefits by using a genuine beneficiary’s mobile phone.

UJALA Scheme:

An ordinary bulb is an extremely energy inefficient form of lighting with just 5% of the electricity input converted to light. Efficient light

bulbs like Light-emitting Diode (LEDs) consumes only one-tenth of energy used by ordinary bulb to provide the same or better light

output. However, high cost of LEDs has been a barrier in adoption of such efficient lighting systems. The Domestic Efficient Lighting

Programme (DELP) on-bill financing scheme proposes to overcome this cost barrier. The scheme is being named "UJALA" - an acronym

for Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All.

Eligibility of acquiring LED bulbs


Every grid-connected consumer having a metered connection from their respective Electricity Distribution Company can get the LED

bulbs at about 40% of the market price under the UJALA Scheme. Consumers also have the option of paying for the LEDs in equated

monthly instalments.

How the model works

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) distributes LED bulbs to households at 40 % of market price

DISCOM pays EESL from actual energy savings over 5 years

No subsidy required from government

Savings in Electricity bills

PM launches Stand up India scheme

The PM, Mr. Modi launched Stand up India scheme to promote entrepreneurship among women schedule castes and tribes (SC/ST).

Features of the scheme:

1. The scheme will enable women and SC/ST’s to secure easier loans. Under this scheme women and SC/ST’s entrepreneurs will be

provided loans between Rs 10 lakh to 1 crore for setting new enterprises.

2. The scheme is likely to benefit 2.5 lakh entrepreneurs in the country as every bank branch will be required to provide two such loans

to a dalit or SC/ST person and a women.

3. The scheme aims to empower every Indian to stand on their own and become job creators instead of job seekers.

The government releases the ranking for higher education


The ranking for higher education was released by Ministry of Human Resources (HRD). It has been titled under “India Ranking 2016”.

More than 3500 private and public institutions participated.

The National Bureau of Acredition (NBA) came out with the results based on five criteria. These are:

1. Teaching and learning resources

2. Graduation outcome

3. Perception

4. Outreach

5. Inclusivity

The top rankings are as follows:

IISC Bangalore topped the university category.

IIT Madras topped the engineering category.

IIM Bangalore topped the management category.

Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal topped the pharmacy category.

Universities like JNU and University of Hyderabad were on 3rd and 4th position in university category respectively.

Unclaimed PF deposits to fund scheme for the elderly

Savings that remain unclaimed in Employees Provident Fund and Public Provident Fund accounts and other small savings schemes for

seven years will be diverted to finance a Senior citizens Welfare Fund, according to new rules notified by finance ministry.


The scheme for the welfare of senior citizens was announced in the budget. The move of the government is criticized on the following

two grounds:

1. The unclaimed money is of provident fund subscribers and thus, should be used only for their benefits.

2. The EPF scheme, notified by the centre clearly states that PF money, including unclaimed amount, cannot be expended for any other

purpose other than payment of PF accumulations.

Centre changes track on LPG subsidy Campaign

The govt. has decided to withdraw the voluntary Give it up campaign for subsidy and has started working on withdrawal of LPG subsidy

benefit given to people whose annual income is more than Rs 10 lakh per year.

Implications:

1. The decision will enable the targeting of LPG subsidy to those who deserve it the most.

2. It is easier to target LPG subsidy because it is given directly into the account of beneficiaries. The account is linked with Aadhar

number and same Aadhar number is also mentioned in income tax return.

Odd-Even scheme to reduce transport pollution

Details of the scheme:

This scheme was implemented in Delhi for 15 days from 1st Jan -15th Jan. Under this scheme, for even day vehicles with even number

plates and on odd day vehicles with odd number plates were allowed to commute on the road.


Exemptions were given VVIPS, two-wheelers, women, etc.

Objectives:

Main objective was to reduce vehicular pollution on account of transportation via private vehicles. This scheme discourages use of

private vehicles in favour of public transport system.

Benefits / Positives:

1. Promotion of Public Transport System and Pooling and sharing of vehicles.

2. Reduction of pollution levels.

3. Reduction of Traffic congestion.

4. Promotion of Road safety.

5. Promotion of Eco-friendly vehicles.

6. Conservation of fuel.

Negatives:

1. Fake number plates.

2. Purchase of vehicles.

3. Overloading of Public transport system.

Concerns in implementing the scheme:

1. Delhi’s Public transport is already overburdened and does not have the capacity to serve all the residents of Delhi.

2. Secondly, scientific evidence is lacking regarding the effect on pollution levels on account of reduction of private vehicles.

The second phase of the Odd-Even was implemented from 15th April till 30th April.


10 years of MGNREGA

Argument: MGNREGA has been successful in providing employment but not removal of poverty.

Reasons: It is said that MGNREGA has been able to provide employment to people in rural areas. Thus, it has led to significant rise in

employment rate.

However, it is alleged that it has failed to alleviate poverty an account of following reasons:

No skill development.

Lack of asset creation such as development of rural infrastructure.

Achievements of MGNEREGA:

1. It has proven to be source of employment for rural poor especially in situations such as drought, crop failures and lean rural

employment days.

2. It has helped raise rural wages strategy overtime.

3. In places where it has been implemented well assets have been created such as irrigation canals, rural roads etc.

Shortcomings:

1. Efficiency in implementation varies from state to state. The implementation has been poor especially in backward states.

2. The asset creation under the scheme is of very poor quality. For e.g. Roads are usually temporary and as a result are eroded during

rainy season.

3. The scheme involved considerable wastage of resources especially in materials.

4. Also there has been issue of delayed payments, bogus workers, etc.

Bharat Net Project


Bharat Net Project seeks to connect all of India’s households particularly in rural areas, through broadband by 2017.

Bharat net is considered as backbone of Digital India campaign.

2019 new deadline for completion of PMGSY

Union Government has reduced the deadline for completion of flagship Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for rural

connectivity through all- weather roads from 2022 to 2019. The annual allocation of the Central funds for PMGSY works during year

2015-16 also has been increased by 5,000 crore rupees.

Government has also accepted recommendation of Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on Rationalization of Centrally Sponsored Schemes on

changing fund sharing pattern of PMGSY to the ratio of 60:40 between the Centre and States for all states except for 8 North Eastern and

3 Himalayan states, where the formulae of 90:10 can be applied.

About Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):

PMGSY was launched in year 2000 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

Nodal Authority: Union Ministry of Rural Development. It was fully funded by the central government.

Presently, about 37 per cent of identified habitations as per the mandate of the scheme are yet to be connected with the PMGSY

roads.

Union Government launches GIAN Scheme to boost higher education


Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) has launched Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) Scheme to boost

the quality of higher education in India through international collaboration. It aims to facilitate participation of high quality

international academicians for delivering short-term courses and programs in Indian institutions.

14th Pravasi BharatiyaDiwas held in New Delhi

The 14th edition of Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (PBD) was held in New Delhi. On this occasion it was announced Government is considering

issuing of Aadhaar cards to non-resident Indians (NRIs).

Significance of 2016 PBD:

It was the first limited edition of the PBD after government had decided to limit the conference as a biannual event.

Earlier PBD used to be celebrated by the MOIA. But this edition was organised for the first time after the government’s decision to

merge Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) with by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).

About Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas:

PBD is being held annually since 2003 by MOIA to foster greater interaction between the Indian Diaspora and Indian government.

It provides the Diaspora a single platform to put forth their issues and grievances before the government and in turn government

can leverage their resources in nation building activities.

It is held annually on 9 January to mark the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to India i.e. on 9 January, 1915.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana


The Union Cabinet has approved Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, a new crop insurance scheme to boost farming sector in the

country. It is farmers’ welfare scheme that aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop

assurance claim for the full insured sum.

Highlights of Scheme

Uniform premium: Farmers will pay uniform premium of 2 per cent for all Kharif crops and 1.5 percent for all Rabi crops.

In case of annual horticultural and commercial crops, farmers will pay 5 per cent premium. These premium rates are very low.

Government will pay balance premium to provide full insured amount to the farmers against crop loss on account of natural

calamities.

Capping the Premium: The provision of capping the premium rate has been removed as it resulted in low claims being paid to

farmers and was mainly done to limit Government outgo on the premium subsidy.

Use of technology: Government will encourage use of technology especially Smart phones and remote sensing in order to reduce the

delays in claim payment to farmers.

For example, smart phones will be used to capture and upload data of crop cutting.

Comment

The new Crop Insurance Scheme has been formulated in line with One Nation–One Scheme theme. It replaces existing two schemes viz.

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) by removing their

inherent drawbacks (shortcomings) and incorporating the best features of all previous schemes.

‘Start-up India, Stand-up India’ action plan in New Delhi to boost start-up ventures in the country.

The main aim of action plan is to give impetus to innovation and encourage the talent among young people and remove onerous

government regulations and red tape.


Key features

Start-up India, Stand-up India action plan Start-up profits to be tax-free for 3 years and also no labour inspections for 3 years of

launch of the venture.

Compliance regime based on self-certification for labour and environmental laws.

Easy exit policy for start-ups within duration of 90 days.

Tax exemption to be provided on capital gains if money is invested in another start up. Government to create Rs. 10,000 crore corpus

fund for development and growth of innovation driven enterprises.

National Rurban Mission (NRM)

The mission also dubbed as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban mission (SPMRM) aims to spur social, economic and infrastructure

development in rural areas by developing a cluster of 300 Smart Villages over the next 3 years across the country.

Key features of National Rurban Mission(NRM)

NRM through development of rurban growth clusters aims at catalyzing overall regional growth for simultaneously benefiting the rural

as well as urban areas of the country.

Twin objectives:

Strengthening of rural areas

De-burdening the urban areas.

Envisages institutional arrangements both at the State and Centre in order to ensure smooth implementation of the Mission. The State

Governments would identify the clusters which have latent potential for growth in accordance with the Framework for Implementation

prepared by the Union Ministry of Rural Development.


Fourteen components of Rurban Mission: Optimum level of development components include: (a) Skill development training (b)

Agro Processing/Agri Storage/ Services and Warehousing (c) Sanitation (d) Digital Literacy (e) Solid and liquid waste management (f)

Provision of piped water supply (g) Village streets and drains (h) Street lights (i) Upgrading school/higher education facilities (j) fully

equipped mobile health unit (k) Service Centres for electronic delivery of citizen centric services/e-gram connectivity (l) Public

transport (m) Inter-village road connectivity (n) LPG gas connections.

The mission also dubbed as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban mission (SPMRM) aims to spur social, economic and infrastructure

development in rural areas by developing a cluster of 300 Smart Villages over the next 3 years across the country.

Digital vans to create awareness about e-governance to rural areas

The government has rolled out a new campaign under which 66 digital vans, equipped with Internet and audio-visual facilities, will go to

657 districts by March 2017 to increase awareness about various e-governance services in rural and semi-urban areas.

Aim:

The aim is to reach out to more than 10 lakh citizens and register over 1.5 lakh rural citizens for MyGov, digital locker, Aadhaar and

other digital services.

Schedule:

It will run from May 30, 2016 to March 31, 2017. The vans will use the Internet and audio visual facilities to interact with and educate

the people in rural areas, especially the youth, about the various Digital India initiatives.

Aadhaar enrolments cross 1 billion mark


The Unique Identification Authority has generated over a billion Aadhaar cards. This accounts for nearly 80 % of country’s population

(Around 93% of adults have Aadhaar registration) being covered under unique identification system.

Union Government to allow e-Postal Ballot System for Overseas electors

Union Government is going to allow e-Postal Ballot System and Proxy voting to Overseas electors as an alternative voting option.

Key facts

E-Postal Ballot System: It envisages providing blank ballots electronically to the Non Resident Indian (NRI) voters and thereafter

after casting vote they can return it by normal post.

Proxy voting: It would allow such overseas voters to appoint a proxy after following certain formalities and to exercise franchise.

However to give legal status to this proposal, amendment is to be made in The Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951.

PM launches Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan

PM launched the‘Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan’ (Village Self Governance Campaign)to strengthen Panchayati Raj in villages and

ensure social harmony in villages.

It was launched on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at his birthplace at Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.

Key facts

The eleven day campaign aims to generate nation-wide efforts to strengthen Panchayati Raj, increase social harmony across villages,

promote rural development and foster farmers’ welfare and livelihoods of the poor.


Panchayati Raj Day: On 24th April 2016, the day will be celebrated at Jamshedpur, which will be attended by selected Panchayat

representatives from the country. Prime Minister will address the gathering on this day.

Union Government launches Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

The Union Government launched Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for providing free of cost LPG (cooking gas) connections to

women from BPL Households.

It was launched from Maldepur Morh, Ballia in Uttar Pradesh. The tagline for the scheme is Swachh Indhan, Behtar Jeevan.

Key facts:

Under PMUY, each of the beneficiaries will receive monetary support of about 1,600 rupees to get a connection of cooking gas.

The scheme seeks to empower women and protect their health by shifting them from traditional cooking based on unclean cooking

fuels or on fossil fuels to clean cooking gas.

It is being implemented by Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is for the first time this ministry is implementing a

welfare scheme.

The identification of eligible BPL families will be made in consultation with the State Governments and the Union Territories.

It will be implemented over three years’ time frame namely in the FY 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19.

Background

Unclean cooking fuels are main source of indoor air pollution that causes non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

They are also responsible for a significant number of acute respiratory illnesses in young children and BPL families are worst victims

of unclean cooking fuels.


Economy



1) The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August,

2015 till 9 June, 2016.

2) The remaining current affairs from 10 June, 2016 till 10 July, 2016

will be posted on our website on 12 July, 2016.


1. National and State News

2. International Organisations

3. International Events

4. Economy

5. Government Schemes

6. Bills and Legislations

7. Court Rulings

8. Science and Technology

9. Environment

10.


1) Comprehensive


3) Organized








Section


Best of Luck !!

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

What is GST?

Goods and Services Tax (GST) will be levied both on goods (manufacturing) and services.

GST will convert the country into unified market, replacing most indirect taxes with one tax.

It would have a dual structure – a Central component levied and collected by the Centre and a state component administered by states.

What will GST include?

At the Central level, it will subsume Central excise duty, service tax and additional customs duties while at the state level it will include

value-added tax, entertainment tax, luxury tax, lottery taxes and electricity duty.

But state taxes on petroleum products will continue for a few years after GST is introduced, as per the deal brokered between the Centre

and states. State taxes on alcohol and tobacco, too, would remain.

Who would administer GST?

The administration of the Central GST to the Centre and for State GST to the States would be given. This would imply a reduction in

unhealthy competition among the centre and the states over tax revenue that was prevalent earlier and an increase in harmonious

functioning between them.

GST will be based on VAT

As with VAT, the tax will be charged on each stage of value addition. At each stage, a supplier can off-set the levy through a tax credit

mechanism. This means, the consumer pays GST added on by only the last dealer in the supply chain.

Ease of norms for FDI in retail


The government has eased some rules relating to investment in single-brand retail operations but the norm on ‘sourcing’ locally

remains a significant grey area.

Earlier the Centre eased the rules permitting 100 per cent FDI in ‘Single Brand Product Retail Trading’ subject to the sourcing condition

— the precondition being that companies with more than 51 per cent foreign ownership must source 30 per cent of the value of goods

in India, preferably from medium, small or micro enterprises.

The ambiguity in sourcing norms:

1. The sourcing norm has inhibited FDI inflow.

2. The Centre therefore amended this condition allowing for an exemption to entities selling “products having ‘state-of-the-art’ and

‘cutting-edge’ technology”, and even more ambiguously, in cases “where local sourcing is not possible” allowing Ministry officials the

discretion to decide on what constitutes ‘cutting-edge’ technology or whether local sourcing is possible or not opens the door for

less-than-transparent outcomes and the possibility of litigation.

India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)

Why rope in Indian Post?

The main challenge banks today face in financial inclusion is the lack of last mile connectivity.” With the government’s focus on financial

inclusion, it is quite logical to convert India Post to a bank given its strong network pan-India (especially in the rural areas).

Banks simply do not have the kind of presence required to target the vast unbanked population in the rural areas and even urban poor.

However, India Post with its vast network of more than 1.5 lakh offices, 90 per cent of which are in rural areas, can aid in financial

inclusion. This should be compared with about 1.05 lakh branches of all the banks in the country. Further India Post is a significant

player in the domestic remittance business with experience in managing small savings deposits.


What would be new entity known as?

The new entity would be known as India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), a public limited company under the Department of Posts, with 100

per cent Government of India equity.

As per the guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), payments banks can accept deposits of up to Rs.1 lakh and sell

insurance and mutual fund products.

Indian economy: Important Statistics

The Central Statistics Office’s provisional estimate of national income released shows that the economy grew at 7.6 per cent in 2015-16.

The 7.9 per cent jump in the GDP growth rate in Q4 (January-March 2016) is the highest among the four quarters in the last financial

year.

The higher economic growth is on account of high domestic consumption. But it does pose a danger of the re-emergence of inflation

unless the monsoon is spot on this time

However, Corporate investment is not much picking up, most of the investment is due to the public sector.

Key Facts:

The agriculture sector grew 1.2 per cent. The sector contracted 0.2 per cent in the previous year.

Manufacturing grew 9.3 per cent. But this is much higher than the 5.5 per cent seen in 2014-15.

The consolidated services sector grew 8.8 per cent in 2015-16. .

Real GDP or GDP at constant (2011-12) prices for the year 2015-16 is now estimated at Rs.113.50 lakh crore ($2.3 trillion) showing a

growth rate of 7.6 per cent.

Banks Board Bureau


Composition

The BBB will be a body of ’eminent’ professionals and shall consist of only one government official. It will be six members body with at

least 3 former bankers, 2 professionals and secretary, department of financial services representing government. Vinod Rai, the veteran

CAG has been appointed this year to run the new Banks Board Bureau.

It will replace existing system Appointments Board in which appointments for top level jobs at PSBs are made by an appointments

committee led by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor.

Functions

1. Taking the first step towards a holding company structure for public sector banks (PSBs), the government announced the setting up

of a Banks’ Board Bureau (BBB). BBB will hold investment in Public sector banks on behalf of government.

2. The Banks Board Bureau will recommend appointment of directors in public sector banks (PSBs).

3. Banks have a requirement for Rs.180,000 crore over the next four years to meet their capital requirements. Of this, the government

will provide Rs.70,000 crore. They have to raise Rs.1.1 lakh crore from the market. The BBB will advise the banks on ways of raising

fund. Also the government plans to provide Rs.25,000 crore capital each in the current and next fiscal year, while Rs.20,000 crore

would be provided during 2017-18 and 2018-19.

4. It will also guide banks on mergers and consolidations.

Non Performing Assets

NPAs are loans given by banks which cannot be recovered. Stressed loans are those loans which have high chances of turning into NPAs.


All advances given by banks are termed “assets”, as they generate income for the bank by way of interest or installments. However, a

loan turns bad if the interest or installment remains unpaid even after the due date turn into a nonperforming asset, or NPA, if it remains

unpaid for a period of more than 90 days.

According RBI, all advances where interest and/or instalment of principal remains due for more than 90 days, would be classified as a

“nonperforming asset”. In case of overdraft or cash credit, if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned

limit/drawing power for more than 90 days, it would be classified as an NPA.

1. Standard assets :- An assets which is generating regular income to the bank.

2. Sub-standard assets :- An asset which is overdue for a period of more than 90 days but less than 12 months.

3. Doubtful assets :- An asset which is overdue for a period of more than 12 months.

4. Loss assets :- Assets which are doubtful and considered as non-recoverable by bank.

High NPAs of banks in India:

Presently, nearly 17% of public sector bank loans are stressed and 7% of private sector bank loans are stressed. Reasons for stressed

loans are:

1. High NPAs in public Sector banks are especially on account of higher political interference in credit disbursement. There is a view

that banking sector should be made autonomous of the Government.

P.J. Nayak committee gave similar directives and recommendations for improvements in functioning of Public Sector Banks:

Creation of banking boards bureau, which will make higher level appointments in banks rather than Government directly making

these appointments.

No political interference in disbursement of credit.

The ownership of Government in Public Sector Banks shall be reduced and Government shares shall be held by Banking

Investment Company on behalf of Government.

Recommendations of P.J. Nayak committee has been implemented by the Govt.


2. Mismanagement by borrowers (wilful defaulters).

3. Fall in value of real estate assets and slowdown in the economy.

4. Poor credit appraisal by banks.

It is said that for long banks have been able to hide the stressed loans to highlight their resilient nature.

However, RBI Governor RaghuramRajan has highlighted the need for banks to write off stressed loans.

Reasons for such recommendations:

1. A true picture of state of finance of banks will create more faith of investors in banking sector as well as in economy.

2. Banks often end up spending more money on stressed loans to enhance their chance of recovery.

5-member panel to review FRBM Act

Finance ministry announced the formation of a five-member committee to review Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management

(FRBM) Act.

The committee will be headed by former revenue and expenditure secretary NK Singh. The committee shall submit its report to the

government by October 31 this year.

1. It will review the working of the FRBM Act over the last 12 years along with examining the feasibility of having a fiscal deficit range

instead of a fixed number as a percentage of gross domestic product at present.

2. The committee will also study the feasibility of aligning the fiscal expansion or contraction with credit expansion or contraction in

the economy.

3. The committee will also look into various factors, aspects, considerations going into determining the FRBM targets.


The government had redrawn the fiscal consolidation roadmap last year and stretched the time to reach the fiscal deficit figure of 3 per

cent of GDP from two years to three years. It had set the fiscal deficit target at 3.9 per cent for 2015-16, 3.5 per cent for 2016-17 and 3

per cent for 2017-18.

The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act:

The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBMA) is a legislation to institutionalise financial discipline, reduce

India's fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management and the overall management of the public funds by moving towards a

balanced budget. The main purpose was to eliminate revenue deficit of the country (building revenue surplus thereafter) and bring

down the fiscal deficit to a manageable 3%.

The act was suspended during time of Global Financial crisis from years 2008 to 2012.

Positive WPI inflation after 17 months

The wholesale price index (WPI) inflation for April has come in at 0.3 per cent, breaking the 17 month-long stretch of being in negative

territory.

There are several ways in which this can be read:

1. It could be said that the data is just for one month and does not represent a trend. Moreover, a little inflation is a good thing for the

economy as it incentivises production.

2. However, seen differently, this turnaround in the WPI might be the signal of a more widespread hardening of prices in the economy

There are several reasons why an increase in the WPI may not augur well for the economy:

1. The increase in WPI increases the prices food articles.

2. There is double-digit inflation in the prices of potato and sugar as well.


3. The increase in prices of these food articles are largely driven by supply-side constraints as well as the mismanagement of the food

economy.

4. Back-to-back droughts have taken their toll on rural productivity.

Special 301

The Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) under Section 301 as

amended of the Trade Act of 1974. The reports identify trade barriers to U.S. companies and products due to the intellectual property

laws of other countries.

The US government can take action against such countries which violates the rights of the US companies.

New IPR policy

The NDA government announced the long-pending, “all-encompassing” National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy.

Salient features of the new policy:

1. The Policy, to be reviewed every five years, aims to push IPRs as a marketable financial asset, promote innovation and

entrepreneurship, while protecting public interest including ensuring the availability of essential and life-saving drugs at affordable

prices.

2. No changes in application of Section 3(d) of the (Indian) Patents Act which prevents ever-greening of drug patents and the patent-

disabling Compulsory Licensing(CL) regime.

This provision is contrary to U.S. concerns which include the “rejections” of patent applications for innovative pharmaceutical

products due to “unpredictable” application of section 3 (d) of the Indian patents act


3. On Trade Related IPR Agreement (TRIPS) and Public Health: It also says “India will continue to utilise the legislative space and

flexibilities available in international treaties and the TRIPS Agreement.” These flexibilities include the sovereign right of countries

to use provisions such as Section 3(d) and CLs for ensuring the availability of essential and life-saving drugs at affordable prices.

4. Government sources said the international treaties and agreements referred to are international IP classification agreements,

including the Nice and Vienna Classifications, and not pacts like the Trans Pacific Partnership, which apparently has TRIPS-plus

provisions.

5. The Policy also seeks to facilitate domestic IPR filings.

Important terms:

1. Ever greening refers to a variety of legal, business and technological strategies by which producers extend their patents over

products that are about to expire.

2. Compulsory licensing is when a government allows someone else to produce the patented product or process without the consent of

the patent owner.

3. The Nice Classification, established by the Nice Agreement (1957), is a system of classifying goods and services for the purpose of

registering trademarks.

4. The Vienna Classification (VCL), established by the Vienna Agreement (1973), is an international classification of the figurative

elements of trademarks.

Capital gains on FDI from Mauritius to be taxed

The Centre will tax capital gains on investments from Mauritius, the tiny island from where India has received nearly a one- third of its

total foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows since 2000.

Investment from Mauritius into India were formerly exempted from capital gains tax.


Features of amendment:

Capital gains tax will be applicable to short-term investment of less than 12 months starting April 1, 2017.

Long term investment, with over 12 months of tenure, will continue to be exempt from capital gains tax.

Reasons for capital gain tax:

It will tackle long-pending issues of treaty abuse (Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement) and round-tripping of funds attributed to the

India-Mauritius treaty. It will help curb tax evasion.

Capital Gains Tax:

A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was purchased at a cost amount that was

lower than the amount it was sold for. The most common capital gains are realized from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals and

property.

Round-Tripping:

It denotes a trip where a person or thing returns to the place from where the journey began. In the context of black money, it leaves the

country through various channels such as inflated invoices, payments to shell companies overseas, the hawala route and so on. After

resting overseas for a while, this money returns in a freshly laundered form to original country thus completing a round-trip.

SEBI bans wilful defaulters from accessing Capital Market for funds

Decision of SEBI:

SEBI has decided that if a listed company or its promoter has been declared a wilful defaulter, it will not be allowed to make a public

issue of shares , debenture or any other security.

Also, SEBI has stated that any company or its promoter or its director declared as wilful defaulter may not be allowed to take control of

other listed company.


Basis of Decision of SEBI:

SEBI has given its decision based on the RBI’s regulations which lays down safeguards to contain the activities of wilful defaulters.

This decision of SEBI will limit access of wilful defaulters to raise money from market in form of shares and debentures.

Wilful defaulter

RBI rules require banks to declare a borrower 'wilful defaulter' if it has defaulted in repayment despite having the capacity to honour

the obligation.

A defaulter who has diverted or siphoned off the funds, or has disposed off fixed assets or immovable property.

The default to be categorised as wilful must be intentional, deliberate and calculated.

Banks have decided that no loan will be given to wilful defaulters. Thus, wilful defaulters will find it very difficult to raise funds for

carrying out business activities in future.

100% FDI in e-commerce retail

The Centre govt. gave its nod to 100 % foreign direct investment (FDI) in e-commerce through the automatic route in marketplace

model of e-commerce retailing.

However, FDI in inventory based model of e-commerce has not been permitted.

Marketplace model of e-commerce retailing:

Information technology platform by an e-commerce entity on a digital and electronic network to act as a facilitator between buyer and

seller.

Inventory based model of e-commerce retailing:

It is an e-commerce model where inventory of goods and services is owned by e-commerce entity and sold to consumer directly.


Presently 100% FDI is allowed in B2B (business to business) transaction under automatic route.

An e-commerce firm will not be permitted to sell more than 25 % of total sales from one vendor or its group companies. This has been

done to ensure a broadcasting of vendors for a true market place.

Rate cut from small savings scheme

The govt. has reduced the interest rates on Public Provident Fund (PPF), Kisan Vikas Patrika, etc. the new interest rate has come into

effect on April 1 and will be valid till June 30. The interest rate will be reviewed every quarter.

Reasons for reducing interest rates on saving schemes:

1. FM, Arun Jaitely has stated that interest rates on savings had risen a lot so the cost of borrowing of govt. under other borrowers was

high. At the same time the lending rates are going down thus we cannot have a situation in which deposit rates are high and lending

rates are low.

2. Banks have also faced unequal competition from small savings schemes which offer artificially fixed higher interest rates. As a result

it, banks are required to face unfair competition.

3. Lower deposit rates will lead to lower interest rates and consequently the overall cost structure in the economy will reduce leading

to overall good of the people.

Higher compensation for air passengers

The compensation rates for air passengers to be paid by domestic airlines have been brought at par with that paid by airlines abroad.


Amount of Liability:

The compensation for death in an air accident or injury will go upto Rs. 1.05 crore from Rs. 93 lakh.

The liability for flight delays will increase to Rs. 4.36 lakh from Rs. 3.86 lakh.

Background:

The increase will be in line with Montreal Convention which was acceded to by India in 2009. Under Montreal convention, International

Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) fixes the liability limit of airlines and increases it once in every five years.

Withdrawal of EPF tax

The proposal sought to tax 60% of savings in EPF account to be taxed on withdrawal of money from account has been withdrawn.

View of the government:

The govt. sought to introduce tax on 60% savings in EPF account to bring it at parity with National Pension Scheme(NPS). NPS and EPF

are two alternate mechanisms to save money for post retirement usage.

Under NPS, contribution to savings is exempt from tax, income on savings is also exempt but withdrawal from NPS account is taxed. In

present budget govt. has decided to exempt 40% of withdrawal under NPS from tax.

In case of EPF, contribution is exempt, income on contribution is exempt and withdrawal was also exempt from tax.

On account of public pressure, govt has decided to withdraw the proposal to tax EPF ac withdrawals. However, 40 % exemption given to

NPS account will remain.

Corporate Dividends Tax introduced by Govt.


Govt, has introduced additional 10% tax has been proposed on dividend receipts more than Rs 10 Lakh.

The super-rich have demanded the govt. to reconsider the taxation of incomes from corporate dividends in excess of Rs 10 lakh.

According to them it amounts to triple taxation:

1. Corporate profits are taxed.

2. Dividend distributed out of corporate tax is also taxed at 15%.

3. Additional 10% tax has been proposed on dividend receipts more than Rs. 10 Lakh.

Expenditure on important social sectors as part of total budget

Expenditure on Social services : 6.7

Health -1.3

Education - 3.0

Others - 2.4

Union Government renames Department of Disinvestment as DIPAM

Union Government has renamed as Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM).

The renaming decision aims at proper management of Central government’s investments in equity and also its disinvestment proceeds

in central public sector undertakings (PSUs).

Key facts

DIPAM will work under Union Finance Ministry.


It has been mandated to advise the Union Government in the matters of financial restructuring of PSUs and also for attracting

investment through capital markets.

It will deal with all matters relating to sale of Union Government’s equity through private placement or offer for sale or any other

mode in the erstwhile Central PSUs.

All other post disinvestment matters will continue to be handled by the Union Finance Ministry or concerned department in

consultation with DIPAM on necessity.

Total target for disinvestment for 2016-17 at Rs 56,500 crore, out of which Rs 36,000 crore is estimated to be raised from minority stake

sale in public sector companies, while Rs 20,500 is estimated to be raised from strategic sale.

Reasons for renaming the Department of Disinvestment: Explanation be Arun Jaitely

I am talking about asset recycling. For example, if PSU has 20 units, we decide to divest two of them. So these two would go somewhere

else and the PSU would use this money to set up two new units. The private sector can run the two units and country will get four units.

It is recycling of assets. Actually divestment is a wrong name, it is governmental or public investments.

Banking Sector measures announced in Budget

1. The government will infuse a capital of Rs.25,000 crore this financial year into state-owned banks, which are reeling under the

burden of bad loans, Analysts were disappointed that the government had not increased the amount for capital infusion in public

sector banks.

2. The government had announced the setting up of Bank Board Bureau, headed by former comptroller general of accounts, Vinod Rai.

The four-member BBB is independent of government and Reserve Bank of India.

The BBB is a crucial step because once it becomes operational, the government can distance itself from the process of appointments

of chief executives and board members in this bank. Such a move was originally proposed by the P.J. Nayak Committee which was set

up by RBI governor.


3. The reduction of government ownership in public sector banks so that public sector banks come under private ownership and could

experience increase in efficiency.

4. 100 % FDI allowed and incentives to Asset Reconstruction companies will also help in addressing the problem of bad loans in future.

Pro-poor measures in Budget

The present budget is regarded as pro- poor because of the following arguments

1. All villages in India to be electrified by 2018 and connected by roads by 2019 by an outlay of Rs. 19,000 crore.

2. Krishi Kalyan Charge of 7.5 % on voluntarily disclosed black money. The amount collected will be used for development of

agriculture.

3. From a cess of 0.5 per cent on all taxable services that would expressly be used to finance improvements in agriculture and schemes

to benefit farmers, to a dedicated long-term irrigation fund with a corpus of Rs. 20,000 crore, the Union Budget seeks to pave the

path for making good Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s promise to double farm incomes by 2022.

Voluntary Declaration of tax evaded

The government has decided to open a one-time, four-month compliance window for domestic black money- holders. This gesture is

intended to help them come clean by paying tax and penalty of 45 per cent.

The limited-period compliance window will enable one to declare undisclosed income or income represented in the form of any asset,

and clear up past tax transgressions by paying tax at 30 per cent, a surcharge of 7.5 per cent and a penalty of 7.5 per cent. This will add


up to 45 per cent of the undisclosed income. The surcharge at 7.5 per cent will be called Krishi Kalyan surcharge, and the money thus

raised will be used for agriculture and rural economy.

Retail Inflation

The present rate of inflation as per CPI is nearly 5.5%. Next milestone for March 2017 is 5%. The final target for inflation is 4%±2%.

Factors which may hamper RBI attainment of inflation target:

1. RBI targets have not factored-in 7th Pay Commission recommendations with 23.55% increase in emoluments of Central Government

employees. Inflation may also rise.

2. Food inflation: Food prices may remain high especially prices of potato and sugar.

3. Crude oil prices may not remain at the same rate in the next year.

Fund under National Manufacturing Policy

Union Government has launched the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund (TADF) under the National Manufacturing Policy

(NMP), 2011. TADF will facilitate Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) to acquire clean, green and energy efficient technologies,

as well as catalyse the manufacturing growth in MSME sector with an aim to contribute to ‘Make in India’ initiative.

Implementation:

The scheme will be implemented through Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA) which is a joint venture company of CII

and Department of Science & Technology, launched in 2007-08 to stimulate private sector’s investment in Research and

Development.

Direct Support for Technology Acquisition: Proposals will be invited for reimbursement of 50 per cent or up to 20 lakh rupees of

technology transfer fee from Indian industry.


In-direct Support for Technology Acquisition through Patent Pool: TADF will provide financial support to MSME’s ,through subsidy

of up to 20 lakh rupees, to acquire patent from across the world based on applications.

Technology/Equipment Manufacturing Subsidies: TADF will support manufacturing of equipment (subsidy of up to 10 per cent/

maximum of 50 lakh rupees) for reducing energy consumption, controlling pollution and water conservation.

Green Manufacturing–Incentive Scheme: TDAF seeks to provide financial support for construction of green buildings, energy or

water audits and implementation of waste treatment facilities in National Investment and Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ).

Singapore replaces Mauritius as top source of FDI into India

Singapore has replaced Mauritius as the top source of foreign direct investment (FDI) into India during the first half of the fiscal year

2015-16 as unveiled by the data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).

Devender Kumar Sikri appointed as Chairman of CCI

Union Government has appointed former IAS Devender Kumar Sikri as Chairman of Competition Commission of India (CCI).

He will have tenure of two and half years i.e. till he attains the age of 65 years.

About Competition Commission of India

The CCI was established to eliminate practices that adversely affect competition in different industries and protect interests of

consumers and ensure freedom of trade. It is statutory body established under The Competition Act of 2002. It was established in

2003 and became fully functional in 2009.

Its predecessor was the MRTPC (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission) which was functional prior to 1991

Economic Reforms.


The CCI acts as a quasi-judicial body which gives opinions to statutory authorities and also deals with other cases.

DIPP notifies 49% FDI under automatic route in Insurance and Pension sector

The Union Commerce and Industry Ministry has notified foreign direct investment (FDI) upto 49% in insurance and pension sector will

be under automatic route.

However, FDI above 49% will be subject to approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). Prior to this, only up to 26%

FDI was permitted through the automatic approval route in insurance and pension sector.

Union Government in 2015 had increased the FDI cap in insurance and pension sector to 49% from 26%, respectively. But it was subject

to the condition that ownership and control remains with the Indian promoter at all times.

Union Government approves winding up of National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council

The Union Government has decided to wind up of National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) with immediate effect as it

has fulfilled the mandate.

Decision in this regard was taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).

About National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)

The erstwhile UPA government had established NMCC in 2004 as a part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP).

Its mandate was to provide a continuing forum for policy dialogue to energize and sustain the growth of manufacturing industry.

It was established as an autonomous organization with its Chairman in the rank of a Cabinet Minister and members from

Government and Industry.


RBI rates unchanged in 2nd bi-monthly monetary policy review for year 2016-17

Key Rates after policy review

Policy Repo Rate : 6.50%

Reverse Repo Rate : 6.00%

Marginal Standing Facility Rate : 7.00%

Bank Rate : 7.00%

Cash Reserve Ratio : 4.00 %

Statutory Liquidity Ratio : 21.25%

India becomes third largest oil consumer

According to BP Statistical Review of World Energy India has surpassed Japan to become the world’s third-largest oil consumer. India is

the third-largest consumer behind the United States and China.

Oil remained the world’s leading fuel, followed by Coal and Natural gas.


SubirGokaran appointed as Executive Director of IMF

Renowned economist SubirGokaran has been appointed as an Executive Director on the board of the International Monetary Fund

(IMF). Mr.Gokarn’s name was cleared by Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister NarendraModi. He will

represent grouping of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan on the IMF’s Executive Board with a total casting vote of 2.8 per cent of

which India has more than 2.3 per cent.

Surge pricing

What is surge pricing:

The Uber/Ola fare rates automatically increase, when the taxi demand is higher than supply of drivers around you. The prices surge to

ensure reliability and availability of taxis for those who agree to pay a bit more.

Both firms have decided to suspend surge pricing in the Capital till the conclusion of the odd-even scheme.

Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, warned of strict action against Ola and Uber vehicles which allegedly were overcharging riders.

As per recently released United Nations (UN) World Economic Situation and Prospects 2016 Report, Among major economies,

India will be the fastest growing economy in the world in 2016.

The report has projected India’s growth rate 7.3 % in the year 2016 and 7.5 % in 2017 slightly up from an earlier estimated 7.2 % rate in

2015.

Report Highlights


The highest growth rate in India has been attributed to sharp decline in the prices of oil, food and metals.

Even the investor and consumer confidence has risen after Indian government attempt to implement wide-ranging economic reform

agenda.

In 2016 and 2017, South Asia region is expected to be the world’s fastest-growing region despite challenging global conditions. In the

South Asia region, India’s economy accounts for over 70 % of region's GDP.

2015 Global Human Development Report (HDR) released by UN Development Programme (UNDP) on Human Development

Index (HDI)

India has been placed at 130th position (135 in 2014) in the 2015 Human Development Index (HDI) among the 188 countries.

Key facts

Improvement in India’s 2015 HDI from previous year has been attributed to rise in life expectancy and per capita income.

India’s Life expectancy at birth: It has increased to 68 years in 2014 from 53.9 in 1980.

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: It has increased to $5,497 in 2014 from $1,255 in 1980..

Access to knowledge: The mean years of schooling at 5.4 has not changed since 2010.

Gender Development Index (GDI): GDI value of India is 0.795 in 2014.

The female HDI value for India is 0.525 in contrast with 0.660 for males.

Gender Inequality Index (GII): India rank at 130th position with value of 0.563 out of 155 countries in the 2014.

Top Three Countries: Norway (1st rank), Australia (2nd) and Switzerland (3rd).

BRICS Nations: Russia (50 rank), Brazil (75), China (90), South Africa (116) and India (130).

Rankings of other seven South Asian Countries are Sri Lanka (73), Maldives (104), Bhutan (132), Bangladesh (142), Nepal (145),

Pakistan (147) and Afghanistan (171).


India and Bhutan fall under the medium human development (0.5 to 0.8) countries category. While Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan fall

under low human development countries category.

HDR has determined the HDI values by assessing long-term progress of 188 countries in three basic dimensions of human development

viz. (i) Long and healthy life. (ii) Access to knowledge. (iii) Decent standard of living.

India overtakes Thailand as World’s largest Rice exporter

India has overtaken Thailand as the world’s largest rice exporter in the year 2015 by shipping (exporting) 10.23 million tonnes of rice.

Key facts

1. Thailand: The south-east Asian country ranked second on the list of the world’s largest rice exporting countries. It has exported 9.8

million tonnes of rice to the world market in year 2015 compared to 10.9 million tonnes in year 2014.

2. Vietnam: It was ranked third largest rice exporter with 6.4 million tonnes.

3. China: It has remained the number one importer country of rice in the year 2015.

Indian Oil Corp tops in 2015 Fortune 500 companies in India list

State-run Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) has emerged as the country’s biggest company in terms of annual revenue as per an annual list of

Fortune 500 companies in India.

IOC topped the list for consecutive sixth year with annual revenue of Rs. 4,51,911 crore. Globally, it is at 119 rank.

IOC was followed by Mukesh Ambani-led private sector Reliance Industries at the second place with a revenue of Rs. 3,82,565 crore.


Union Government has given its final approval to Kerala Government’s approval to set up India’s first Defence Industrial Park

at Ottappalam.

Key facts

The proposed defence park will be established as part of Union Government’s flagship Make in India programme and state

government’s Make in Kerala project.

It will have modern common infrastructure facilities aimed at attracting component manufacturers in the defence industry.

The park would be established in 60 acres of land at cost of Rs. 231 crore with the financial help of Central and State government.

Union government will invest Rs 50 crore in it while the rest of the amount would be met by the State government.

Ottappalam was selected for the defence park keeling in view its strategic location in terms of connectivity and other common

facilities such as dedicated power and water supply along with infrastructure for the research and development centre.

Implications: This defence park will play important role in bridging the gap related to defence components manufacturing sector. This

sector has demand estimated at 700 million dollars a year from India and other countries. It will also provide platform for export of

products related to defence from small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMSEs).

Small Finance Banks

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has granted in principle approval in 2015 to set up small finance banks to provide basic banking

services to small farmers and micro industries.

The small finance banks will provide basic banking services in order to promote financial inclusion.

It will include services like accepting deposits and lending to the unbanked sections such as micro business enterprises, small farmers,

micro and small industries and unorganised sector entities.


The regulations require that the firms must have a capital of ₹100 crore. Existing non-banking financial companies (NBFC), micro-

finance institutions (MFI) and local area banks (LAB) are allowed to set up small finance banks. The promoters should have 10 years

experience in banking and finance. Foreign share holding will be allowed in these banks as per the rules for FDI in private banks in India.

The banks will not be restricted to any region. 50% of its net credits should be in priority sector lending and 50% of the loans in its

portfolio must in 25 lakh range.

India moves W.T.O. against US over visa fee hike

India has filed a complaint in W.T.O. Against US decision to impose high fees on temporary work visas.

Background:

Us govt. has increased the visa fees for H1B and L1 category and in some cases even fees has been more than doubled.

Implications on India:

Indian technology firms are the largest users of H1B visas. These visas are used by Indian professionals to work in US.

On account of rise in visa fees, it would be costlier for Indian professionals to work outside India in US. It is said that rise in visa fees

would cost Indian technology sector around $ 400 million annually.

Canada sends first consignment of Uranium to India

Canada has successfully sent the first consignment of 250 tonnes of uranium to India as part of bilateral civil nuclear cooperation

between both countries. It was shipped by Canada’s CamecoInc, as part of contract with Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).


With this the 41-year-long suspension in the bilateral nuclear cooperation between both countries finally came to an end.

Canada had completely banned exports of uranium and nuclear hardware to India after India had conducted first nuclear test on 18 May

1974. It was alleged that India had used Canadian technology to develop a nuclear bomb for this test. It should be noted that Canada is

the second-largest producer of Uranium globally and is the third country to supply uranium to India after Russia and Kazakhstan.

Background

The India-Canada civil nuclear contract was signed in 2013. The agreement was signed after the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) had

granted its waiver for use of atomic power for civilian purposes in 2008 ending India’s 3 decade long isolation from international

nuclear trade.

As per the supply agreement, Canada’s Cameco Corporation is going to supply 3,000 metric tonnes of uranium to India for next five

years starting from year 2015. These supplies will be under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards.

The Lok Sabha passed the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015

The Lok Sabha passed the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015 aimed at speedy winding up of companies, lower non-performing

assets and redeployment of capital for productive uses.

Main Provisions

Unified Bankruptcy Code: The government plans to repeal an ineffectual, century-old insolvency law and amend 11 laws currently

dealing with defaulters. Once fully implemented, the code would seek to speed up debt recoveries and restructurings by setting a

deadline of 180 days to decide the fate of a company that defaults.

Application:


The code will apply to companies, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, individuals and any other body specified by the

government.

Insolvency Resolution:

For individuals the process could be initiated either by the debtor or the creditors.

For companies, the resolution process will have to be completed within 180 days, with an extension of up to 90 days if 75 percent of

creditors agree.

The process will involve negotiations between the debtor and creditors to draft a resolution plan. If they agree, the plan could be

submitted to the authority. If no agreement is reached, the company would automatically go into liquidation.

The process will be managed by a licensed insolvency.

Insolvency regulator:

The insolvency regulator would have representatives from government and the central bank, and oversee and regulate insolvency

agencies.

Tribunals:

The National Company Law Tribunal would under the code address grievances relating to insolvency, bankruptcy and liquidation of

companies. Debt Recovery Tribunals would deal with individual cases. Their decisions could be challenged in appellate tribunals and

before the Supreme Court.

Penalties:

A debtor could be jailed for up to five years for concealing property or defrauding creditors.

Interest of the workers:


The interest of the workers should be fully protected and they should be given dues for 24 months as against 12 months proposed in the

earlier draft.

India ratifies Trade Facilitation Agreement of WTO

India has formally ratified the WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement, which aims at easing customs procedures to boost commerce. India

is the 76th WTO member to ratify the TFA.

What is Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)?

The TFA is the WTO’s first-ever multilateral accord that aims to simplify customs regulations for the cross-border movement of

goods.

It was outcome of WTO’s 9th Bali (Indonesia) ministerial package of 2013. The agreement includes provisions for:

Lowering import tariffs and agricultural subsidies

Abolish hard import quotas

Reduction in red tape at international borders

Advantages:

The ratification will supplement India’s ongoing reforms to bring in simplification and enhanced transparency in cross border trade

in goods.

It will further help India to boost economic growth by reducing trade costs and integrate it into the global economy.

The implementation of the TFA has the potential to create US 1 trillion dollars’ worth of global economic activity which may add 21

million new jobs and lower the cost of carrying out international trade by 10 to 15 per cent.

India world’s largest remittance recipient in 2015: World Bank


As per recent report of World Bank, India remained the world’s largest remittance recipient in 2015.

It was revealed by the World Bank’s annual report Migration and Development Brief. In 2015, India attracted about 69 billion US dollars

in remittances, down from 70 billion in 2014.

Key Highlights of Report

Other large remittance recipients in 2015 were China (64 billion dollars), Philippines (28 billion), Mexico (25 billion) and Nigeria (21

billion dollar).

Remittances to India in 2015 decreased by 2.1 per cent to USD 68.9 billion. This marks the first decline in remittances since 2009.

Developing countries: Officially recorded remittances to developing countries amounted to 431.6 billion dollars in 2015, an increase

of 0.4 per cent over 430 billion dollars in 2014.

The growth pace of remittances to developing countries in 2015 was seen as the slowest since the global financial crisis.

India’s neighbours: The growth of remittances in 2015 slowed from 8% in 2014 to 2.5% for Bangladesh, from 16.7% to 12.8% for

Pakistan, and from 9.6% to 0.5% for Sri Lanka.

NITI Aayog to replace 5-year plans with 15-year vision document

Union Government’s apex think tank NITIAayog has decided to come up with a 15-year vision document in tandem with global trends

and economic growth.

NITIAayog which had replaced erstwhile Planning Commission (PC) in 2015, with its 15-year vision document will also abandon the

concept of five-year plans prepared by the PC since 1951.

Key facts


The first 15-year vision document will come into effect from 2017-18 after the end of the 12th Five year plan. It will be formulated

with central objective of eradication poverty.

It will come along with a seven-year National Development Agenda which will lay down the programs schemes, and strategies to

achieve the long-term vision.

The long vision document (perspective plan) will comprise of three-year macroeconomic framework.

The framework will predict growth indicators that will be synced with the 14th Finance Commission recommendations.

It will also be coterminous with the UNDP’s 2030 sustainable development goals to which India is committed to meet broader social

objectives.

The 15-year vision document will also include defence and internal security. They were not been a part of five-year plans.

Union Government starts UBIN drive for budding entrepreneurs

The Union Government has started the process for issuance of Unique Business Identification Number (UBIN) to enable budding

entrepreneurs set up their business without any delays.

The drive has been launched by the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP) under the aegis of Union Ministry of Commerce

and Industry.

Key facts

The UBIN would be automatically linked to Ministry Of Corporate Affairs (MCA) portal after it is issued to the intended beneficiary.

It will be subsequently sent to the CBDT (Central Board of Direct Taxes) which would nomenclature it as PAN for UBIN.





1. Important topics of General Studies

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3. Short educational videos

4. UPSC Prelims Objective Type tests

5. UPSC mains answer writing challenge












Environment



1. The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August, 2015 till 9 June, 2016.

2. The remaining current affairs from 10 June, 2016 till 10 July, 2016 will

be posted on our website on 12 July, 2016.

3. The current affairs are divided into 9 sections as follows:

i. National and State News

ii. International Organisations

iii. International Events

iv. Economy

v. Government Schemes

vi. Bills and Legislations

vii. Court Rulings

viii. Science and Technology

ix. Environment


1) Comprehensive


3) Organized








Section


Best of Luck !!

India fifth largest producer of e-waste

India has surely emerged as the second largest mobile market with 1.03 billion subscribers, but also the fifth largest producer of e-waste

in the world, discarding roughly 18.5 lakh metric tonnes of electronic waste each year, with telecom equipment alone accounting for 12

per cent of the e-waste.

Matter of concern:

The rising levels of e-waste generation in India have been a matter of concern in recent years. With more than 100 crore mobile phones

in circulation, nearly 25 per cent end up in e-waste annually.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has notified e-waste management rules, 2016, in which producers are covered

under extended producers’ responsibility (EPR).

Extended Producer Responsibility:

Extended producer's responsibility (EPR) is main feature of the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016, wherein the producer

of electrical and electronic equipment was given the responsibility of managing such equipment after its 'end of life', thus the producer

is responsible for their products once the consumer discards them.

Waste collection target (e-waste management rules):

The rules prescribe a waste collection target of 30 per cent waste generated under EPR for the first two years, progressively going up to

70 per cent in the seventh year of the rule.

The rules prescribe stringent financial penalties for non-compliance.


Issues:

Given the huge user base and vast reach of telecom in India, it is practically difficult and expensive for the handset manufacturers to

achieve the targets prescribed in the rules from first year.

Green pigment on Taj Mahal

Dark green pigment on Taj Mahal’s white marble exterior on account of stagnation of water in the Yamuna, which has led to breeding of

Geoldichironomus, an insect that reproduces rapidly and which is an indicator of water quality and pollution.

“Attacks” by the insects on the monument are believed to be the cause of the pigment.

Reason for pollution and to the report:

1. High concentration of phosphorus in the water and underlying sediments of the water enhance the reproductive productivity of the

insect that can lay more than a thousand eggs at a time.

2. The reason behind the insects’ “explosive breeding” is dumping of municipal solid waste in the Yamuna, leading to water stagnation.

India to monitor Particulate Matter 1 in major cities

India is now gearing up to monitor PM1 (Particulate Matter 1), which is the least visible pollutant particle in air, across major Indian

cities.

About Particulate Matter (PM):


1. Particulate matter also known as particle pollution or PM.

2. It is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets.

3. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals,

and soil or dust particles.

Health issues related to PM:

1. The particles of size 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller, generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once

inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects.

2. The old age and children population are at most risk.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in ambient air comprises of:

1. PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 micron),

2. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 micron) and

3. PM1.

Presently, CPCB, which is India’s apex pollution monitoring body, in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) is monitoring ambient air quality at 612 monitoring stations located in

254 cities/towns in 29 states and 5 union territories across the country under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).

CPCB presently does not monitor PM1. Even the Environment Protection Agency of the United States does not monitor PM1 on a regular

basis.

India in 2015 launched real time 24x7 air quality monitoring across major Indian cities called the National Air Quality Index (NAQI).


National Air Quality Index (NAQI):

NAQI is centred around five chief pollutants-

1. Particulate Matter with a diameter less than 10 micrometres (PM10),

2. Particulate Matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5),

3. Ozone (O3),

4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

5. Carbon Monoxide (CO).

The unit of measurement is microgram (or milligram in the case of CO) per cubic meter.

Uttarakhand Forest Fire

1. Uttarakhand has been under a dry spell this year with either scanty or no rainfall in most areas. High temperature with no moisture

was the major reason for fires this year.

2. Intense winds has exacerbated the situation. Intense winds increase supply of air leading to increase in rate of combustion.

3. Widespread fire could also be attributed to the presence of pine trees in forests here. Their leaves can catch fire easily.

While careless residents and visitors could have caused some fires, illicit timber trade too is responsible. Major illicit timber trade

relies on pine forests since it is used for construction. Forest fires facilitate easy extraction of timber from forests.

Panama disease stalks banana cultivation in Kerala


The Panama disease caused by a soil borne fungus is threatening banana crops across Kerala.

About Panama disease

Panama disease is a plant disease of the roots of banana plants. It is a type of Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium

Oxysporum. The pathogen is resistant to fungicide and cannot be controlled chemically.

During the 1950s, Panama disease wiped out. A new virulent strain of the disease known as Tropical Race 4 (TR4) enters the plant’s

roots and spreads, invading vascular tissue. The first symptom is irregular yellowing of older leaves, which later turn brown and dry and

eventually the plant dies. The disease is not a threat to humans.

Hydro power effect on rare species in Arunachal Pradesh

The threat to the future of a vulnerable bird species, black-necked crane has halted the Rs. 6,400-crore hydro power project in Tawang,

Arunachal Pradesh.

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has suspended the Union Environment Ministry’s clearance for the project granted in 2012.

The black-necked crane is rated as ‘vulnerable’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list of endangered species

and is listed in India’s Wildlife Act as a Schedule 1 species, which gives animals and birds the highest legal protection.

Other species that are found in the region include the red panda, the snow leopard and the Arunachal macaque also called as Macaca

munzala.


Pollution impact on monuments

Evidence of impact

Among the most evident symptoms of an affected monument, particularly those built in white marble or limestone is the gradual

yellowing of the walls, similar to what has been happening to the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Process of damage

Pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, generated by vehicles and industries, react with air moisture to form acids that eat

into the marble resulting in change of colour and even corrosion.

The latest casualty in Delhi is the Lotus Temple, which in the present day, stands amidst alarming traffic chaos and is subjected to

vehicular emissions which may have been contributing towards the greying of the monument.

Tiger population up by 690

The number of wild tigers globally has gone up to 3,890, from the earlier 2010 estimate of 3200, according to the World Wildlife Fund

and the Global Tiger Forum.

The 3rd Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation held in April in New Delhi. It will be inaugurated by the Prime Minister.


India leads tiger population countries with an estimated population of 2226, according to a 2014 national survey. India’s own tiger

population has gone up significantly from 1706, as reported by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources (IUCN) in 2010.

According to the WWF, hundred years ago there were 100,000 wild tigers. By 2010, there were as few as 3,200. Therefore, in 2010, tiger

range governments agreed to act to double wild tigers population by the next Chinese Year of the Tiger in 2022. This goal is known as

Tx2.

However, despite the rise, the status of the species remain ‘Endangered’.

About Global Tiger Forum:

It was started in the year 1994 and has it’s headquarter in New Delhi. The goal of GTF is to highlight the rationale for tiger preservation

and provide leadership and common approach throughout the world in order to safeguard the survival of the tiger, its prey and its

habitat.

UNESCO updates protected Biosphere Reserves list

The UN’s cultural body, UNESCO has added 20 new sites to its network of protected Biosphere Reserves (Man and Biosphere Reserve

Programme).

Ten of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the

Biosphere (MAB) Program list.

NAME STATE

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka


Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve West Bengal

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Uttarakhand

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Madhya Pradesh

Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Odisha

Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere

Reserve

Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh

Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve in Kerala and Tamil Nadu is the latest entry in 2016.

Sri Sri World Cultural Event held at Delhi

Highlights:

The festival is celebrating the diversity in cultures from across the world marking the 35th anniversary of Art of Living Foundation.

The festival is attended by 35 million people from across 155 countries in the world.

It was inaugurated by PM Modi, who appreciated the Art of Living Foundation for taking Indian culture to the world by opening

centers in various nations.

Criticism of the event:

The event is organised on thousand acre site on the flood plains of Yamuna river.


What is a floodplain?

Floodplain is the area adjacent to a river that is not always under water, but is prone to flooding. It is an extension of the riverbed. The

floodplains are an integral part of any river-system, and are an ecologically sensitive area.

What’s happening on these floodplains for this event?

The event is likely to be attended by 3.5 million people. Vegetation has been cut on a large scale to make way for huge temporary

constructions. The entire area has been flattened with machines.

Environmental Impact:

1. Permanent and irreparable damage to the river ecosystem

2. Due to flattening, the surface has been hardened, severely impacting its groundwater recharge capability of the floodplain.

3. The work can also diminish its flood-carrying capacity. Small water bodies and wetlands have been filled up.

4. Uttarakhand and Chennai floods have exposed how poor planning and building around river embankments can cause natural

disasters.

Union Government inks loan agreement with World Bank for Neeranchal National Watershed Project

The loan agreement is to improve watershed management in rural rain fed areas. The loan credit will support the watershed activities of

the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) in 9 states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Jharkhand, Gujarat,

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan.

About Neeranchal National Watershed Project


The project is implemented by the Union Ministry of Rural Development over a six-year period (2016-21) to achieve objectives

PMKSY.

It will support the PMKSY in hydrology and water management, agricultural production systems, capacity building and monitoring

and evaluation.

It seeks to ensure access to irrigation to every farmland (Har Khet Ko Pani) and for efficient use of water (Per Drop More Crop).

Of the total amount Government’s share is 50% and the rest 50% of the World Bank.

Sikkim becomes India’s first fully organic state

Sikkim has formally become India’s first fully organic state after it successfully implemented organic farming practices on around

75,000 hectares of agricultural land. PM while inaugurating Sikkim Organic Festival 2016 in Gangtok also launched three new orchid

species viz. Cymbidium Sardar (named after Sardar Patel), Cymbidium Deen Dayal (named after Deen Dayal Upaddhyay) and

Cymbidium Namo (named after Narendra Modi).

About organic farming:

This form of agriculture completely relies on traditional techniques such as green manure, green compost, biological pest control and

crop rotation.

The organic farming is free of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers.

It tries to strike a harmonious balance with a complex series of ecosystems by rejuvenating it.

In the long term, organic farming leads in subsistence of agriculture, bio-diversity conservation and environmental protection.

It is form of sustainable farming that will also help in building and improving the soil health resulting in sustainable increase in crop

production.


The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released a new Four-colour Classification

Scheme for industries based on their pollution potential.

The four-colour classification scheme of industrial sectors based on the Pollution Index (PI) which is a function of the (i) Emissions (air

pollutants) (ii) Effluents (water pollutants) (iii) hazardous wastes generated and (iv) Consumption of resources.

Key facts

The PI of any industrial sector is a number ranging from 0 to 100.

Red category: PI score of 60 and above. These are severe polluting industries.

Orange category: PI score of 41 to 59. They moderately polluting industries

Green category: PI score of 21 to 40. They are significantly low polluting industries.

White category: PI score below and upto 20. They are non-polluting industries.

World Bank launches $500 million Transformative Carbon Asset Facility

The World Bank has launched a $500 million dollars Transformative Carbon Asset Facility (TCAF) to help developing countries pay for

emission reductions and combat climate change.

It is market-based scheme specially designed to help developing countries.

Key facts

The scheme will reward countries for reducing emissions by paying a fee for each tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduced. The facility

will help countries implement their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).


Of the total 500 million dollars, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland have jointly pledged an initial 250 million dollars

investment.

The scheme would support renewable energy, energy efficiency and waste management projects as well to cut emissions in cities

and from the transport sector.

India's emission reduction targets

India has pledged to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35 per cent compared to 2005 levels by 2030

in year 2015.

To achieve these targets Union Government will

Boost the renewable energy capacity to 40 per cent by 2030. About 40 per cent of country’s electricity requirement will be met

through non-fossil fuel sources.

Increase tree cover across the country to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2)

equivalent.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016

The Ministry of Environment and Forests has notified the new Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016 with clear responsibilities

assigned to various classes of consumers.

The SWM rules are being revised after a gap of 16 years and will replace SWM rules 2000.


Highlights of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016:

The SWM rules 2016 has expanded the scope of the rules beyond municipal areas to include all urban agglomerations.

The local bodies can charge a certain fee from generators of waste for proper management of such waste.

Provisions have been included for spot fine for littering at public places.

The new rules also define sanitary waste such as diapers and sanitary pads and calls for their proper disposal.

Solid Waste Management concerns:

As per official estimates, at present around 62 million tonnes of solid waste is generated every year. But only 43 million tonnes is

collected and only 12 million tonnes is treated. This is dangerous as it could give rise to health hazards.

India host to 3rd Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation

India hosted the third edition of Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation at Vigyan Bhavan in New Delhi to save wild tigers.

Key facts:

The conference will discuss issues related to tiger conservation and anti-poaching strategies.

All 13 tiger range countries (TRCs) participating in the conference.

These 13 TRCs are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand,

and Vietnam.

In this edition of conferences participating TRCs will share their good practices and success stories in conserving tigers.

It will also have and have long-term ramifications in the future for tiger conservation.


The first edition of Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation was held in Hua Hin, Thailand in 2010 and second edition was

held in Thimphu, Bhutan in 2013.

World’s first White Tiger Safari opens in Madhya Pradesh

World’s first White Tiger Safari was inaugurated at Mukundpur in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.

The safari is situated adjacent to the Mukundpur Zoological Park. It is spread over an area of 25 hectares and has been built at cost of 50

crore rupees.

The safari houses three white tigers, including two females and one male.

Background

The first white tiger in Madhya Pradesh’s was spotted in Vindhya region in 1915 but died in 1920.

In 1951, a white tiger cub named Mohan was captured who later became the progenitor of all known white tigers in the world.

White Tigers in India

It is a pigmentation variant of the Bengal tiger. They have been reported in the wild in the Indian states of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar.

These tigers have white fur because lack of the pigment pheomelanin, which is found in Bengal tigers with orange colour fur.

Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh wins 2016 India Biodiversity Award

Pakke Tiger Reserve in East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh has won the ‘India Biodiversity Award 2016’.

The tiger reserve was selected in the conservation of threatened species category for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Program.

Hornbill Nest Adoption Program


The Program is a joint collaboration of Ghora-Aabhe Society, Nature Conservation Foundation and the State Forest Department.

Under it, urban citizens contribute money to protect hornbill nests around Pakke Tiger Reserve.

Besides, Hong Niitii, Lower Subansiri has been awarded under category IV Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) award.

About India Biodiversity Award

The awards recognise the contribution of a range of stakeholders towards the conservation of biodiversity.

It is given in four categories viz. Conservation of Threatened Species, Sustainable use of biological resources, Successful models for

access and benefit sharing and Biodiversity Management Committees.

It is joint initiative of the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), National Biodiversity Authority

(NBA) and United Nations Development programme (UNDP).

The winner in each category will receive a cash prize of 1 lakh rupees while the runners up receive 50,000 rupees.

Delhi no longer most polluted city in the world

As per recently released World Health Organisation’s (WHO) Urban Air Quality Database for 2016, Delhi is no longer most polluted in

the world in terms of air quality.

The dirtiest air was recorded at Zabol City in Iran, which has annual PM2.5 measure of 217 due to months of dust storms in the summer.

Key highlights of Air Quality Database

Top 10 Cities (PM2.5): Iran’s Zabol (217), India’s Gwalior (176) and Allahabad (170), Saudi Arabia’s Riyadh (156) and Al Jubail

(152), India’s Patna (149) and Raipur (144), Cameroon’s Bamenda (132), China’dXingtai (128) and Baoding (126).

New Delhi ranked as the 11th worst city in the survey. It had an annual average PM2.5 measurement of 122.


Science and Technology



1. The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August, 2015 till 9 June, 2016.

2. The remaining current affairs from 10 June, 2016 till 10 July, 2016 will be



I. National and State News

II. International Organisations

III. International Events

IV. Economy

V. Government Schemes

VI. Bills and Legislations

VII. Court Rulings

VIII. Science and Technology

IX. Environment


i. Comprehensive

ii. Very easy to learn

iii. Organized

iv. Would cover most of (or all) the questions pertaining to current affairs asked in CSP,2016

v. Require addition from no other source.



10. Click on

shubhamsias.com


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Airbus presents 3-D printed mini aircraft

Airbus has introduced the mini-plane Thor. Thor is the world’s first 3D-printed aircraft.

Features of Thor:

Windowless

Weighing in at just 21 kilos

Less than four meters long

The 3-D printing technology promises to save time, fuel and money.

Background

Airbus and its U.S. rival Boeing are already using 3-D printing, notably to make parts for their huge passenger jets.

3-D Printing

The creation of a 3-D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down

successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the

eventual object.


How does 3-D printing work?

It all starts with making a virtual design of the object you want to create. This virtual design is for instance a CAD (Computer Aided

Design) file. This CAD file is created using a 3-D modeling application or with a 3-D scanner (to copy an existing object). A 3-D scanner

can make a 3-D digital copy of an object.

3-D Scanners

3-D scanners use different technologies to generate a 3-D model. Examples are: time-of-flight, structured/modulated light, volumetric

scanning and many more.

Achievements in the field of Space

1. Technology demonstrator of the indigenously made Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): The Indian Space Research Organisation

(ISRO) has taken a baby step in building a vehicle that can be reused multiple times to launch satellites into orbit. The hypersonic

flight reached an altitude of about 65 km before re-entering the atmosphere at nearly five times the speed of sound. Many more such

successful launches have to be undertaken before the RLV becomes a reusable launch system to put satellites into orbit.

Reusable Launch Vehicle enables use of same launch vehicle for multiple launch of satellites. Reusable launch vehicle will play a

pivotal role in cutting down by as much as 80 per cent the cost of launching satellites into orbit. Currently, the bulk of the launch cost

comes from building the rocket, which can be used just once, as the rockets get burnt on re-entry into the atmosphere.


2. Air breathing propulsion system: Air breathing propulsion system utilises oxygen available in the atmosphere upto height of 50

km from the earth’s surface to burn the fuel stored in the rocket.

Earlier, Liquefied oxygen was carried by rockets along with the fuel. Air breathing propulsion system would enable the launch

vehicles to carry heavy satellites since liquefied oxygen need not be carried on board the vehicle.

Gravitational Lensing

Gravitational lensing is an effect of Einstein's theory of general relativity–simply put, mass bends light. The gravitational field of a

massive object will extend far into space, and cause light rays passing close to that object (and thus through its gravitational field) to be

bent and refocused somewhere else. The more massive the object, the stronger its gravitational field and hence the greater the bending

of light rays .

Effects of Lensing:

When astronomers take a telescope image of a part of the night sky, we can see many galaxies on that image. However, in between the

Earth and those galaxies is a mysterious entity called dark matter. Dark matter is invisible, but it does have mass, making up around

85% of the mass of the Universe. This means that light rays coming towards us from distant galaxies will pass through the gravitational

field of dark matter and hence will be bent by the lensing effect. It is the dark matter in the cluster that does almost all of the lensing as it

outweighs regular matter by a factor of six or so.

India may become home to the largest telescope project in the world


Hanle village in Ladakh (near Pangong Tso lake, close to Line of Actual Control) has been short-listed as a prospective site by the $1.47

billion Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) International Observatory board.

Objective of the telescope:

To study sun's atmosphere

Understand the process of creation and decay of sunspots by studying the subsurface structure of sunspots.

Kakrapar Nuclear Plant shuts down after coolant system develops leak

Unit 1 of Kakrapar Atomic Power station was shutdown in account of small leak in the primary heat transport system.

Primary heat transport system (PHT):

Primary heat transport system is a coolant system in a nuclear reactor it uses heavy water. With the help of PHT, heavy water is made to

pass through nuclear reactor core to absorb the heat generated.

Implications of leakage in coolant system:

The temperature of the reactor increased many fold. However, safety system working in the reactor suspended the nuclear fission

reaction.

In case the safety system had failed, then nuclear reactor would have blasted. This would have further led to nuclear radiations leakage.


E-mail inventor Tomlinson dead

Ray Tomlinson the US programmer died at the age of 71. He is credited with 2 contributions namely:

First, invention of e-mail in 1971 and Secondly, choosing ‘@’ symbol to distinguish user from host website.

CCS gives nod to acquire 2 AWACS from Israel

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has cleared a proposal to purchase two Phalcom Airborne Warning and Control Systems

(AWACS), surveillance aircrafts from Israel.

This defence deal is as per a tripartite agreement signed with Israel and Russia.

Significance of this deal: CCS’s approval comes ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official visit to Israel later in the 2016. This

visit will make him first Indian Prime Minister to visit Israel and it will give major boost to Indo-Israel ties.

AWACS: They are advanced radars mounted on an aircraft to give an ability to see deep inside enemy territory and 360 degree coverage

to detect incoming aircraft and missiles at long ranges. These radars release ultrasonic waves in all the directions. Any incoming object

in airspace such as aircrafts, missiles, etc reflect these waves back to the radar, signaling the presence of object.

India already has three operational Phalcom AWACS. These AWACS were purchased from Israel. These AWACS are radars mounted on

IL-76 (Ilyushin plane which was delivered by Russia.)


ADITYA

Aditya is a 400 kg spacecraft to study the sun. It will carry instruments to gain information on sun's outer corona (gaseous outer

covering of the sun), solar winds and magnetic field.

Aditya is likely to be launched in 2019-20. It will be put in Lagrangian slot orbit which is 1.5 million kilometers from the earth. This slot

is between earth and sun. In this slot objects can resist gravitational pull of both sun and earth and are thus relatively stable.

The Lagrange points mark positions where the combined gravitational pull of the two large masses provides precisely the centripetal

force required to orbit with them.

GM mustard put on hold by Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)

GEAC has put on hold the decision to introduce commercial cultivation of GM Mustard crop. GEAC functions under Ministry of

Environment, Forests and Climate Change (earlier called as Ministry of Environment and Forests).

Reasons for opposition of GM Crops:

1. Long term impact on human health is not known.

2. The BT trait of these crops may cross pollinate and emerge in local wild varieties leading to super-weeds.

Farmer groups oppose cultivation of GM Crops because promotion of sale of GM crops would hamper the sale of non GM crops.

Criticism of GEAC decision:

It is argued that GEAC undertakes decision an account of public pressure generated by some groups on Government. It is said that GM

crops are cultivated in many countries of the world. India by refusing their cultivation is overlooking the benefits associated with these

crops.


Nuclear capable Agni-IV successfully test-fired

Nuclear capable surface-to-surface Agni-IV missile was successfully test-fired by the Indian Army’s Strategic Forces Command (SFC)

from Abdul Kalam Island (formerly Wheeler Island), off the Odisha coast.

The test was spearheaded by India’s missile woman Ms. Tessy Thomas.

About Agni-IV Missile:

The two-stage solid-propelled missile is capable of hitting a target at a distance of 4,000 km.

SFC already has inducted three Agni series strategic missiles: Agni-I (700 km), Agni-II (2,000 km) and Agni-III (3,000 km). Agni-IV

(4,000 km) and Agni-V (5,000 km) are undergoing trails.

Nuclear-capable Dhanush missile successfully test fired from warship Subhadra

The nuclear-capable Dhanush ballistic missile was successfully test fired from warship Subhadra, off the Puri coast of Odisha in the Bay

of Bengal. The test was conducted by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

About Dhanush missile:

One of the five missiles indigenously developed by the DRDO under its strategic Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

(IGMDP).


The surface-to-surface missile is a naval variant of Prithvi-II missile and can carry both conventional as well as a nuclear payload of

500 kg.

It is single-stage, liquid propelled which can hit both land and sea-based targets up to strike range of 350 kms.

Union Cabinet gives nod for development of Underground Coal Gasification

The Union Cabinet has approved a policy framework for development of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) in unexplored coal and

lignite bearing areas in the country.

UCG is a clean coal extraction technology for extracting energy from the coal seams and lignite resources which cannot be mined

through traditional mining technology. The gasification process is carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection of oxidants which

brings the product gas to surface through production wells drilled from the surface.

India’s first indigenously designed & built frigate INS Godavari decommissioned

India’s first indigenously designed warship INS Godavari has been decommissioned after 32 years of service.

INS Godavari was the first of the three (others being Ganga and Gomati) in her Class of guided-missile frigates and was commissioned

into Indian Navy in December 1983.

Russia inks $1 billion deal with HAL to manufacture 200 Kamov226T helicopters


Russia’s Rostech State Corporation has signed one billion US dollar deal with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to manufacture

200 Kamov226T light helicopters.

These helicopters will be manufactured under make in India initiative and shall replace the ageing fleet of Cheetah and Chetak

helicopters.

This is the first Russian-Indian high-tech project implemented by the Indian government within the framework of the ‘Make in India’

program with the help of Russia.

Kamov226T light helicopters will be mainly used to move troops and equipment to high-altitude locations like Siachen. This work

was earlier carried by outdated fleet of Cheetah and Chetak choppers which had claimed a number of lives in mishap

LR-SAM Barak 8 Missile successfully tested from INS Kolkata

India and Israel jointly developed Long Range Surface to Air Missile (LR-SAM) Barak 8 was successfully test fired from INS Kolkata.

The firing trial of the LR-SAM has been jointly carried out by the Indian Navy, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

and Israel Aerospace Industries.

Barak 8 is designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs as well as

cruise missiles and combat jets out to a maximum range of 70 km. However, reports suggest the missile has been increased to a

maximum range of 90 km following "range upgrade discussions" between India and Israel.

Kepler spacecraft

Kepler was launched in March 2009 and was tasked with determining how commonly, Earth-like planets occur throughout the Milky

Way galaxy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle


Since its launch, the mission has been incredibly successful and has led to finding of more than 1,000 alien planets of which half are

exoplanets to be ever discovered.

CIRB, Hisar becomes second institute to clone buffalo in India

Scientists at the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB) in Hisar, Haryana have successfully produced a cloned buffalo

offspring named ‘CirbGaurav’. CIRB scientists have achieved this feat under the project entitled- 'Cloning for conservation and

multiplication of superior buffalo germplasm'.

With this achievement, CIRB becomes the India’s second and world’s third institute to produce cloned buffalo. Karnal (Haryana) based

National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) was the India’s first institute to produce a cloned calf.

Key facts:

CirbGaurav cloned buffalo calf is distinct from the earlier clones produced in India because it has been produced from cells of ventral

side of tail of superior bull buffalo.

The ventral side of tail was chosen because it is least exposed to sunlight and might have less mutation rate. This part also can be a

good choice to produce healthy clones by isolating donor cells.

Cloning:

It is the process of creating genetically identical copies of biological matter. It may include genetically identical copies of genes, cells,

tissues or entire organisms.

Asia’s largest optical telescope ARIES unveiled at Nainital


Asia’s largest and first of its kind optical telescope Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) was unveiled at

Devasthal in Nainital District, Uttrakhand.

Key facts:

Location: It has been located at a height of 2,500 meters at Devasthal in Nainital district. The site was chosen for getting a clear view

of the sky.

Features: The ARIES optical telescope has mirror of 3.6 m diameter.

The telescope facility can be operated with the help of remote control from anywhere in the world.

Applications: It will help in the study and exploration of planets, starts, magnetic field and astronomical debris.

It will also help research of star structures and magnetic field structures of stars.

Background:

The ARIES telescope has been a joint international effort between Indian, Russian and Belgian scientist. In March 2007 ARIES and

Belgian company Advanced Mechanical and Optical Systems (AMOS) had entered a contract for design, manufacture, integration, testing,

supply and installation of the telescope.

China launches 22nd BeiDou navigation satellite

China has successfully launched 22nd new generation satellite into space as part of its domestic BeiDou Navigation System (BDS).

It was launched from Xi Chang Satellite Launch Center located in the south-western province of Sichuan.

About BeiDou Navigation System (BNS):


BNS is 2nd generation of the Chinese navigational system seen as rival to the US’s Global Positioning System (GPS).

The system will comprise a total 35 satellites.

Gotthard Base Tunnel: World’s longest and deepest rail tunnel inaugurated

The world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel was inaugurated in Switzerland. The 57-kilometer long tunnel

that connects northern and southern Europe has overtaken Japan’s Seikan tunnel, which measures 53.9 kilometers. The twin-bore

tunnel is the first flat low-level route through the Alps Mountain and is situated 2.3 km deep under the Alps. It is part of the AlpTransit

project, also known as New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA).

Main purpose of the Gotthard Base Tunnel:

Increase total transport capacity across the Alps, especially for freight.

Shift freight volumes from road to rail to reduce fatal crashes and environmental damage caused by ever-increasing numbers of

heavy lorries.

Provide a faster connection between northern and southern Europe, cutting journey time for passenger trains by about an hour.

Nuclear capable Prithvi II missile successfully test fired

Indigenously developed nuclear capable Prithvi-II surface-to-surface missile was successfully test-fired by the Indian Army at Chandipur

in Odisha.

About Prithvi-II Missile


Prithvi-II is a tactical short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed by indigenously by Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO). It has been developed under Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and currently

deployed by India’s Strategic Forces Command (SFC).

The missile is capable of carrying 500 kg to 1,000 kg of warheads.

It has been designed to operate with both liquid and solid fuel twine engines and has strike range of 350 km.

It has the ability to dodge enemy missiles and uses advanced inertial guidance system with maneuvering trajectory to hit its target.

Zika virus

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and the Flavivirus genus, transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes,

such as A. aegypti.

In humans, the virus causes a mild illness known as Zika fever, Zika, or Zika disease, which since the 1950s has been known to occur

within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. In 2014, the virus spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean to French Polynesia,

then to Easter Island and in 2015 to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America, where the Zika outbreak has reached

pandemic levels.

Zika virus is related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses.

The illness it causes is similar to a mild form of dengue fever, is treated by rest, and cannot yet be prevented by drugs or vaccines.

There is a possible link between Zika fever and microcephaly in newborn babies by mother-to-child transmission, as well as a stronger

one with neurologic conditions in infected adults, including cases of the Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Nuclear-capable K-4 ballistic missile successfully tested from INS Arihant


Nuclear capable submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLMB) code named K-4, was successfully test fired from an undisclosed location

in the Bay of Bengal.

Test: It was conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) along with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

The missile was fired from 20-meter deep from onboard silos of the Ship Submersible Ballistic, Nuclear (SSBN) submarine. It

successfully hit the target covering more than 700 km.

About K-4 ballistic missile

The K-4 is part of the K-family of missiles, a series of SLBMs (Submarine-launched ballistic missile). The series is named after former

president and scientist A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

It under development by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to arm the Arihant-class submarines.

It is a derivative of nuclear capable Agni series.

The K-4 missile is an Intermediate range SLBM with effective range of over 3500 km.

It is powered solid rocket propellant. It can carry a nuclear as well as conventional warhead weighing up to 2 tonnes.

In 2010, the first gas-booster of K-4 missile was successfully tested from a submerged pontoon.

World’s largest Single Rooftop Solar Power Plant inaugurated in Amritsar

World’s largest single rooftop solar power plant of 11.5 MegaWatt (MW) capacity was inaugurated at Dera Baba Jaimal Singh in Beas

near Amritsar in Punjab.

This is the largest Solar Power Plant spread over 82 acres of rooftop in single campus on multiple roofs with installed capacity of 19.5

MW.

Key facts:


It will help in abating 4-lakh tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the next 25 years.

The first phase (7.5 MW) of this project was launched in September 2013 and was synchronised with the grid in April 2014.

Later, the second phase (12 MW) was launched in February 2015 and synchronised in December 2015.

Besides, seven rooftop solar power plants of 8MW capacity were also inaugurated in Beas Dera campus.

With this it becomes the highest single campus generating solar power of 19.5 MW at multiple rooftops in the country.

Currently, Punjab is generating 470 MW of solar power. On completion of all projects, state would be able to generate solar power of

close to 1,000 MW by the end of FY 2016-17.

Indigenous Advanced Air Defence interceptor missile, Ashwin successfully test fired

Indigenously developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile, Ashwin was successfully test fired.

Test: The interceptor missile was test fired from the complex of Abdul Kalam Island (formerly known as Wheeler Island) in Balasore

district off Odisha coast.

Key facts

Ashwin is the advanced version of low altitude supersonic ballistic interceptor missile.

It is indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

It is single-stage solid rocket propelled guided missile. It is equipped with a hi-tech computer, a navigation system and an electro-

mechanical activator.

The missile also has its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and

sophisticated radars

Comment


With this successful test India became the fourth country in the world to have full-fledged multi-layer Ballistic Missile Defence

system. Other three countries are United States, Russia and Israel.

It will also strengthen India’s position in the very exclusive and elite Ballistic Missile Defence club of the other three countries.

Scientist develops World’s first holographic flexible phone

Scientists from the Queen’s University (Canada) have developed the world’s first holographic flexible smartphone named HoloFlex.

The HoloFlex smartphone lets users to interact with 3D (Three dimensional) videos and images without using any headgear or glasses.

Key features:

HoloFlex features a high-definition Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (FOLED) touch-screen display.

It renders images into 12-pixel wide circular blocks that allow the full view of the 3D object from a particular viewpoint.

The Smartphone is also equipped with a bend sensor which allows the user to bend the phone. It helps in moving objects along the z-

axis of the display.

What is Holography?

Holography is a photographic recording of a light field and not an image formed by a lens.

It is used to display a fully 3-D image of the holographic subject, which is seen without the aid of intermediate optics or special

glasses.

It should be noted that the hologram itself is not an image and usually is unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light.

Australian entrepreneur Craig Wright claims to be Bitcoin creator

Australian entrepreneur and computer scientist Craig Wright has publicly identified himself as creator of virtual currency Bitcoin.


He claimed that he is the real person behind the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of Bitcoin which was launched in 2009.

He sustained his claim by signing digital messages using cryptographic keys used during the early days of Bitcoin.

What is Bitcoin?

Bitcoin is a virtual currency that is unregulated by any central bank or government, but still works for purchasing goods and services

from retailers willing to accept it.

It can also be traded on an open market and its exchange rate fluctuates much like a stock market i.e. based on the demand.

Bitcoin is also called a “cryptocurrency” since it is decentralized and uses cryptography to prevent double-spending.

Li-Fi

The full form of Li-Fi is Light Fidelity. It is a new method of wireless communication or data transfer. Li-Fi is also called D–light. This

method of data transfer is invented by German scientist Herald Hass. Li Fi is a break from tradition of data transfer through radio waves

as under Wi-Fi.

Working of Li Fi

Whenever light is switched on, a digital 1 is transmitted and when light is switched off a digital 0 is transmitted. In a Li-Fi system, there

is a light emitter on one corner e.g. L.E.D. and a light sensor on the other corner.

The photo-detector registers a binary 1 when the LED is on and a binary 0 if the LED is off, as in the case of micro-processor. To generate

a message, either a single L.E.D flashes numerous times or number of L.E.D’s flash at the same time.

Advantages of Li-Fi over Wi-Fi:


1. Capacity: Light has 10,000 times wider bandwidth than radio waves. As a result large amount of data can be transferred at the same

point of time.

2. Speed of data transfer: As speed of light waves is far higher than that of radio waves, data through Li-Fi can be transferred more than

150 times faster than fastest broadband.

3. Cost effectiveness: Li-Fi system depends upon few components. Moreover, it uses L.E.D lights which consume for less energy. As a

result, Li-Fi is very cost effective to use.

4. Security: Light waves can’t penetrate through walls and thus Li-Fi system is considered secure.

5. Minimum Health Hazards: Radio waves are believed to have some health consequences over long term. Moreover radio waves can’t

be used in operation theatres where they interfere with medical devices.

6. Light waves can be used for under water communication. Radio waves can’t be used for that purpose.

7. Li-Fi can be used for communication in power plants and near fuels pumps. Radio waves may proveto be dangerous at such places.

Disadvantages of Li-Fi:

1. In case there is an obstruction between receiver and light signal, then data transfer can’t occur. Li-Fi works only in direct line of sight

2. In case of exposure to natural or other man made sources of light interference in data transmission may occur.

Google developed super computers based on Artificial Intelligence

Alpha Go: It is a super computer based on AI. Alpha Go defeated world’s top Go player Lee-Se-Dolfrom South Korea.

“Go” is a game played since ancient times in Korea, Japan and China. It is considered one of the most complex games, with infinite

possible moves.

“Go” involves two players who undertake moves in alternate turns and it is played on a black and white chequered board appearing like

a grid 19 x 19 lines. The winner is a person who manages to secure most of the territory.


Significance of the contest between Alpha Go and Lee:

The most famous AI victory till date came in 1997 when the IBM developed supercomputer Deep Blue defeated the world Chess

champion Garry Kasparov.

Alpha Go victory over Lee is considered significant of inherent complexities involved in the game “Go”.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a model of storage and access of data where information available for common use is put on a server on internet.

Advantages:

Data stored is accessible from all the places across the globe.

Secondly, the data storage is scalable. It can be increased as per the need.

Data storage can be used by large number of people.

Fracking

It is the process of drilling down into the earth's surfaceby injecting water, sand and chemicals into the rocks to obtain shale gas and oil

reserves.

Fracking can be carried out both vertically as well as horizontally into the rock layers. On one side material is injected and from the

other side natural gas/oil is collected.

Advantages:

1. Fracking allows drilling firms to access difficult to reach oil and gas.


2. Fracking has made possible access to shale gas and shale oil reserves which has increased supply of oil and gas globally and has

resulted in low prices of both commodities.

3. Fracking will help in securing future energy needs.

Disadvantages:

1. Fracking uses large amount of water.

2. Fracking adds some harmful chemicals into the soil. These chemicals may contaminate the underground water.

3. Fracking may cause earthquakes.

Fuel Cell

Fuel cell generates electricity by means of chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one negative. Positive

electrode is called anode and negative electrode is cathode. Chemical reaction takes place at the electrodes to produce electricity.

Every fuel cell has an electrolyte which carries electrically charged particles from one electrode to the other and a catalyst which speeds

the reaction at the electrodes. Hydrogen is the fuel used in fuel cell and the waste generated in the fuel cell is water.

Fuel cell operates like a battery. A battery stores chemicals and converts these chemicals into electricity. Once the chemicals are

consumed, the battery dies. A fuel cell, on the other hand receives the chemical it uses, continuously from the outside. Therefore, a fuel

cell can generate electricity almost infinitely.

LIGO


Recently, twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors located at Washington and Louisiana (3000 km

apart) have detected gravitational waves. The detection of gravitational waves confirm their existence as predicted by Albert Einstein’s

Theory of Relativity. The detection of gravitational waves adds towards understanding of universe.

It also opens a new path for obtaining information about distant objects in universe such as galaxies and Black holes. In the past,

information was obtained about universe through light, sound, gamma rays, etc.

Design of LIGO:

Detection of gravitational waves requires extra-ordinarily sensitive instrumentation. Also it is required to have multiple observatories

to capture and compare information. At present, there are two LIGO observatories. Both are located in U.S. on east coast and west coast

respectively.

The data gathered by these two observatories is compared with each other so as to deduce the occurrence of gravitational waves.

More than 1000 scientists are associated around the world on LIGO experiment. Nearly 60 scientists from India are part of this

experiment.

Explanation of Diagram:

Each LIGO has two 4 km long tunnels and uses Laser to measure changes in distance between the ends of tunnel. When gravitational

waves enter LIGO then it stretches space in one beam.

Lasers are used in both the beams to measure accurately the influence of gravitational waves. The interference of laser beam will

indicate the effect of gravitational wave.

INDIGO:

INDIGO will be a replica of LIGO. It will be set up in India by the year 2023.


IRNSS: (Indian Regional Navigation satellite system)

IRNSS is an indigenous satellite based navigation system consisting of 7 satellites.

Among these 7 satellites, 3 satellites are Geo-stationary and 4 satellites are Geo-synchronous.

Geo-stationary satellite appears fixed in the sky whereas Geo-synchronous satellites move in the figure of 8.

Accuracy of IRNSS

IRNSShas a positionalaccuracyof 10 m over Indian landmass and up to 20 m over Indian ocean region (1500 km around India).

Relevance of IRNSS for India:

Enhanced signals for navigation, mapping, disaster Management etc.

More importantly it can be used by armed forces during times of war. For e.g. during Kargil war, GPS signals were denied to Indian

armed forces.

Comparison of IRNSS with other Global Navigation systems:

GPS (Global Positioning System) by U.S. has global coverage.

Galileo by E.U. also has global coverage

Glonass by Russia is in process of development and will have global coverage.

BeiDou by China is in process of development and will also have global coverage.

IRNSS will focus on up to 1500 km beyond India’s boundary.

Zenith by Japan is in process of development and will also have global coverage.

GAGAN: (GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation system)

It is developed by ISRO and Airports Authority of India (AAI).


Main use of GAGAN is to give enhanced navigation signals so that pilots are able to fly in bad weather conditions. Presently, air traffic in

India depends upon GPS.

GAGAN will be dependent on IRNSS.

Fixed Drug Combinations (FDC)

It is also called as fixed dose combinations. FDC includes two or more pharmaceutical drugs combined into a single dosage. There is a

single tablet instead of two or more tablets. For e.g. single tablet will have dual salts for diabetes and Blood pressure. Government has

recently banned a number of FDCs.

Arguments in favour of FDCs:

1. FDCs improve drug compliance of patients especially those patients who are required to take multiple drugs.

2. FDCs are many a times cost effective.

Arguments against FDCs:

1. Some FDCs are irrational. For e.g. FDC may involve drugs which have to be taken before food and after food.

2. Indian drug market is filled with unregulated drugs. Some FDCs are not properly checked and flooded into the market.

3–D Printing

3–D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making 3-Dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of 3-D printed

objects is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material

until the entire object is created.


How does 3-D printing work

The digital design of the object is created. This design is made by using 3-D modelling program or with the use of a 3-D scanner.

Thereafter the required material to construct object is filled in the machine which takes command from the computer. Finally printing

command is given.

Advantages of 3-D printing:

3-D printing is expected to revolutionise manufacturing. The objects manufactured are not just precise but require less of input

material.

It is also very cost effective.

Near field communication Technology (NFCT)

It is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device (such as i-phone), to

establish communication by bringing them within 2 inches of each other.

NFC uses magnetic field to enable communication between devices.

Other wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi rely on communication through radio waves. NFC can transfer

data on pear to bear basis. Large amount of data is transferred in a short time period.

Call Dropping

A call drop represents the service provider’s inability to maintain a call, either incoming or outgoing, once call has been established.


Reasons for call dropping

India has nearly 100 crore mobile phone connections. However, telecom operators have been unable to ramp up infrastructure and

technology to keep pace with the growing demand.

Other reasons for call drops include high rise vegetation, presence of inaccessible areas like lake, basements etc.

TRAI ordered telecom operators to check call drops. TRAI mandated that telecom operators are required to compensate consumerswith

Rupee 1 for every call drop that occur due to fall in their network subject to a maximum of Rupees 3 per consumer.

Supreme Court Judgement on TRAI’sorder

SC quashed TRAI’s order on the ground that intent of the order is to penalisetelecom operators rather than to enhance standards of

service.

Bharat Stage Norms

Bharat Stage norms or Bharat Stage Emission Standards were introduced by Central Government in 2000 to regulate the amount of

emissions from motor vehicles.

The different norms are brought in accordance with the time line set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which functions under

MoEF.

The Bharat Stage norms are based on EU norms to regulate pollution. Presently BS-IV emission standards were introduced for 13 major

cities in April, 2010. BS-IV norms are expected to come into force by nation-wide by March 31, 2012.

Central Government has decided to implement BS-VI norms from April 1, 2020 in order to curb vehicular pollution.

Government will directly switch over to BS-VI emission norms from present BS-IV norms and skip BS-V stage.


Resistance by Industry:

Two major industries are resisting direct introduction of BS-VI norms:

1. Oil refineries will need to invest substantially to upgrade the refining process. The shift from BS-IV to BS-VI demands approximately

Rs. 50,000 crore – Rs. 80,000 crore from oil refineries.

2. Automobile industries will also be required to make high investments to produce vehicles with lower emission levels.


Bills and Legislatures



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Parliament Passes Anti-Hijacking Bill, 2016

Parliament has passed the Anti-Hijacking Bill, 2016 to widen ambit of law dealing with this anti-hijacking crime. The Bill was first

passed in the RajyaSabha and later in the LokSabha in May 2016.

Key provisions of the Bill

The Bill defines hijacking as seizing control of an aircraft in service, unlawfully and intentionally, by coercion, technological means or

by exercising force or any other form of intimidation.

It covers several acts within the definition of hijacking. It includes

attempt and abetment of hijacking

organizing or directing others to commit hijacking and

making a credible threat to commit hijacking.

The Bill provides for the death penalty for hijackers.

Under it, hijacking and the related offences shall be extraditable. It means that for such offences, one country many transfer the

accused to another country’s legal jurisdiction.

The Bill will not allow refusing the request for extradition on the ground that hijacking is a political offence or is connected to a

political offence.

Jan Lokpal Bill in Delhi


The much-awaited Bill which had led Mr. Kejriwal to tender his resignation on February, 2014 is awaiting Centre’s approval.

Provisions of Jan Lokpal Bill

The objective of the bill is to make Delhi a corruption free zone.

1. Ensure time-bound probe and prosecution within six months or 12 months in the rarest cases,

2. To confiscate and attach assets of government and private officials involved in corrupt acts.

3. Protection to whistleblowers.

4. Overarching powers of investigation against Central government employees.

Objections of Union Government

The MHA will shortly convey its objections to the Arvind Kejriwal government through the office of Lieutenant-Governor Najeeb Jung. It

is believed that the Union Government is opposed to overarching powers of investigation against Central government employees. This

provision may be used to victimize Central Government employees and affect the functioning of Union Government.

Procedure in the passage of the bill

As per Article 239AA, both the Parliament and Delhi Legislative assembly can make laws under State list for Delhi. However, in case

Parliament has already passed a law on a matter (Lokpal and Lokayukta in the present case), then the Delhi government is required to

seek approval of the President for passing the law on the same matter

RBI Finance Bill clears the way for monetary panel on policy rate

The Lok Sabha approved the Finance Bill 2016 which included an amendment to the RBI Act clipping the central bank governor’s

powers to set monetary policy.

The Finance Bill 2016 contained an amendment to the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934 which gave the central bank a mandate to

target inflation.


Features of Finance Bill 2016 with regards to RBI:

1. There will be a six-member monetary policy committee (MPC), which will include RBI Governor and three nominees of the

government.

2. The government will set an inflation target in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) once in every five years. The inflation target

will be decided in consultation with RBI and notified in Official Gazette.

3. Members of the MPC will be appointed for a period of four years and shall not be eligible for reappointment.

4. Government will nominate three eminent persons to the MPC. No government official will be nominated to the MPC.

5. The remaining three members would be from RBI with the Governor being the ex officio Chairperson. Deputy Governor of RBI in

charge of the monetary policy will be a member, so will an Executive Director of the Central bank.

6. Each member shall have one vote and in case of a tie, the Governor shall have a second or casting vote. This means the governor will

not have a veto power and can only be deciding factor in case of a tie. Presently, the Governor has overriding powers to accept or

reject the recommendation of RBI’s panel on monetary policy.

7. RBI will every six months publish Monetary Policy Report explaining the sources of inflation and the forecasts of inflation for the

period between six to 18 months.

8. If RBI fails to meet the inflation target, it shall in the report give reasons for failure, remedial actions as well as estimated time within

which the inflation target shall be achieved

Minor tried under the amended Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

Invoking the new juvenile law for the first time in the country, the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) here on Saturday ruled that a minor

accused of killing a man in a hit-and-run incident will be tried as an adult.

The Board transferred the case of the juvenile, who allegedly caused the death of a 33-year-old man while driving a car here on April 4,

to a Sessions Court for trial.


Amendment in Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

Under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, a minor who is above 16 years of age and is accused of

committing a ‘heinous crime’, defined as an offence that attracts a jail term of seven years or more, may be tried as an adult, if the

juvenile justice board allows it after making a preliminary assessment.

Charges against the minor

The juvenile has been charged under Section 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder) and 201 (destruction of evidence) of the

Indian Penal Code. He is on bail. The maximum prison term under Section 304 is 10 years.

Geo-spatial bill: Wrong depiction of India map could invite fine up to Rs. 100 crore, 7 yrs in jail

Wrong depiction of the map of India could soon land violators behind bars, with a maximum term of seven years and a fine up to Rs. 100

crore.

The draft Geospatial Information Regulation Bill, 2016 states:

“Whoever depicts, disseminates, publishes or distributes any wrong or false topographic information of India including international

boundaries in contravention of section 6, shall be punished with a fine ranging from Rupees ten lakh to Rupees one hundred crore

and/or imprisonment for a period up to seven years.”

Reason for such a move:

Recently, some social networking sites wrongly depicted the geographical location of Jammu as being in Pakistan and of Kashmir in

China, which was corrected after protests from the Government of India.

The draft Bill also makes it mandatory to take permission from a government authority before acquiring, disseminating, publishing or

distributing any geospatial information of India.


The draft Bill will make it mandatory for online platforms like Google to seek a licence to run Google Maps or Google Earth in India.

What is Geospatial information?

Geospatial information means spatial imagery or data acquired through space or aerial platforms such as satellite, aircraft,etc.

Parliament passed The Bureau of Indian Standards Bill, 2015

The Bill replaces the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986.The Act establishes a Bureau for the purpose of standardization, marking and

certification of articles and processes. The Bill seeks to broaden its ambit, and allow the central government to make it mandatory for

certain notified goods, articles, processes, etc, to carry the standard mark.

Salient features of The Bureau of Indian Standards Bill, 2015

Ambit of the Bureau of Indian Standards: Under the 1986 Act, standardization, marking and certification processes were applied to

certain articles and processes. The Bill includes goods, services and systems. A good, service, article, process and system have been

defined in the Bill.

Establishment of the Bureau of Indian Standards: The Bureau of Indian Standards will be a national body which will formulate,

implement and certify certain standards of quality for goods, services, articles, processes and systems. The Bureau will constitute

technical committees of experts for the purpose of formulating such standards. The Bill constitutes a Governing Council which would be

responsible to look at the general superintendence, direction and management of the Bureau.

Certification of goods, services, articles, etc: The Bureau would be a licensing authority for quality standards. A person may apply to

the Bureau for a license to use a standard mark, or a certificate of conformity, depending on the good, article, process, etc. A license or


certificate of conformity indicates that the item conforms to the Indian standard as set by the Bureau. The Bureau will establish and

maintain testing laboratories for quality assurance and conformity assessment of goods, articles, services, etc.

Certification of precious metals: A hallmark will be used to certify precious metal articles including silver, gold, platinum, and

palladium or their alloys. A hallmark indicates a proportionate content of the precious metal in the article, as per the Indian standard.

Such articles will be sold in certified sales outlets.

Mandatory certification of certain goods: The Bill allows the central government to notify certain goods, articles, etc, which will need

to compulsorily carry a standard mark. Such goods or articles will be notified by the government if it thinks them to be necessary for: (i)

public interest or for the protection of human, animal or plant health, (ii) safety of the environment, (iii) prevention of unfair trade

practices, or (iv) national security.

Recall of goods, services, articles etc: The Bureau may recall a good or article which is already out for sale or supply. This will be

done if the Bureau is convinced that the good or article does not conform to the requirement of a particular standard.

Penalties: The penalty for improper use of the Indian standard mark will be a fine of up to five lakh rupees. The Bill also prescribes

penalties for: (i) the improper use of the standard mark by testing and marking centres, and (ii) manufacturing or selling goods and

articles which do not carry a standard mark and have been mandated to do so, among others. The Bill provides for compounding of

offences punishable with fine except when a person has committed such an offence for the second time or if such an offence committed

by him has been compounded earlier.

Offences by companies: When a company commits an offence under the Bill, the persons responsible for or in charge of the company

will be presumed to be guilty irrespective of whether the offence was committed without their knowledge, consent or connivance.


Appeals: An appeal against an order regarding the granting of a license or certificate of conformity, or compounding of offences, may be

made to the Director General of the Bureau. A further appeal against the order of the Director General may then be made to the central

government.

Aadhar Act

Provisions of the Aahar Act:

1. Authorises govt. to use Aadhar for purpose of identifying the beneficiaries of various schemes.

2. Proposes strict penalty for disclosing of core biometric information

3. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) UIDAI to take all steps to ensure privacy of information remains secured.

4. Information is to be stored in the Central Database Repository.

5. In case of a national security, an officer not below joint secretary can authorise access of data.

6. Oversight committee, headed by the Cabinet secretary, to review each decision before the information is disclosed.

Concern of the opposition:

1. Aadhar bill has been passed deliberately by govt as money bill. In case of passage of money bill, RS has limited role in passage of the

bill.

2. Opposition also argues that the bill has certain loopholes. To avoid these loopholes amendment were introduced in RS but were

rejected by LS. These amendments were (a). Block sale of database to individuals (b). Prevent Disclosure of database in interests of

national security which is defined loosely. (c). A mechanism for aggrieved people to move courts directly. (d) Clarification that

benefits, subsidies cannot be denied to those who have not yet enrolled for an Aadhar Number.


Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 came into force

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 came into force from 26th January

2016.

The amended Act has more stringent provisions for prevention of atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes

(ST).

The amended law include new offences like tonsuring of head or similar acts which are derogatory to the dignity of SC and ST.

It also includes garlanding with chappals, abusing in caste name, using or permitting manual scavenging, imposing social or

economic boycott.

It also has provisions for establishment of Exclusive Special Courts for the expeditious disposal of cases.

Parliament passes National Waterways Bill, 2015

The Parliament has passed National Waterways Bill, 2015 to clear decks for the conversion of 106 rivers and creeks across India into

transport waterways.

Key facts

The National Waterways Bill, 2015 aims at declaring 106 additional inland waterways as National Waterways in addition to the five

existing National Waterways.

It repeals the existing five Acts that declare the existing 5 national waterways. These existing five national waterways are now

covered under the new Bill.

Inland waterways mainly comprise rivers, lakes, canals, creeks and backwaters. It extends about 14,500 km across the country.

However, potential of this mode of transport has not been fully exploited so far.


Five important laws passed in year 2015

Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015: Facilitates an arbitrator will have to settle a case within 18 months. After

the completion of 1 year, certain restrictions will be put in place to ensure that the arbitration case does not linger on.

Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015: It aims to prohibit the

commission of offences against members of the SCs and STs and adds provisions for establishing special courts for the trial cases of

such offences and the rehabilitation of victims.

The Atomic Energy (Amendment) Act, 2015: It will allow state-run Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) to have joint

venture (JV) collaboration with other public sector undertakings in the nuclear field.

The Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Act, 2015: Enhances monthly bonus calculation ceiling to Rs. 7,000 per month from the

existing Rs. 3,500. It also enhances the eligibility limit for payment of bonus from existing Rs. 10,000 per month to Rs. 21,000 per

month.

Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015: This law enables

setting up commercial benches in select high courts.

Rajya Sabha passes Real Estate Bill

The RS passed the Real Estate Bill with a view to secure the interests of property buyers and build trust between property buyers and

developers.

The Real Estate sector contributes 9% to national GDP.


Provisions of Real Estate Bill:

1. It seeks to create database of real estate projects that will enable customers to have complete knowledge of legal status of properties

they intend to invest in.

2. Real Estate Regulatory Authority will be established at state level with the following powers:

It will have the powers to monitor financial transactions to purchase property and settle disputes.

It will be mandatory for developers and buyers to register residential and commercial projects with RERA.

RERA will undertake complaints from property purchaser and will dispose off these complaints in 60 days.

3. The bill has provision for imprisonment upto 3 years in case developer is found guilty under the act.

4. Mandatory for developers to deposit 70% money from buyers in third party bank account to safe guard the money of property

purchasers.

5. It prohibits developers from changing construction plan unless two-third of allottees have agreed to it.

6. The present bill seek to cover all real estate projects (residential and commercial) except those below 500 sq. meters.

7. The builders would also be responsible for fixing structural defects for 5 years after transferring property to the buyer.

Parliament passes Sikh Gurdwaras (Amendment) Bill, 2016

The Parliament has passed the Sikh Gurdwaras (Amendment) Bill, 2016 to remove exception given to Sahjdhari Sikhs to vote in the

elections to members of the Board and the Committees.The amendment bill first was passed in the Rajya Sabha in March 2016 and later

in the Lok Sabha in April 2016.

Key facts

The amendment bill removes exception given to Sahjdhari Sikhs (who trim or shave their beard or hair) and disentitlesthem from

casting their votes in elections to the Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC).


The proposed amendment was carried out by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs’ (MHA) Notification dating October 2003 that had

debarred Sahjdhari Sikhs voting rights.

The notification was issued in exercise of the powers conferred by the Parliament under section 72 of the Punjab Re-organisation

Act, 1966.

The new amendment bill will come into force retrospectively from 8th October, 2003.

Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925

Under the 1925 Act, every Sikh who is above 21 years of age and is registered as a voter is entitled to vote in the SGPC elections.

This Act had created an exception for Sehjdhari Sikhs who trim or shave their beard or hair, and allowed them to vote.

Recommendations of Justice R.M. Lodha Committee to Reform BCCI

SC appointed Lodha committee to suggest ways to bring transparency and accountability in BCCI.

Recommendations:

1. Restricted tenure of office bearers of BCCI. President can have only two and other members can have only three successive terms.

2. Limits on tenure.

3. One state should have only one association with voting rights.

4. Ban on holding more than one office at a time.

5. Cooling period between holding of one office and joining another.

6. Government servants and ministers to be kept out of cricket administration.

7. BCCI to be brought under RTI act.

8. Idea of legalising betting: Legalising betting will promote regulation and monitoring of betting.

9. Players should also be given say in affairs of BCCI.


Recommendations of RV Easwar Committee on simplification of the provisions of IT Act, 1961

Expert Committee to simplify income tax laws headed by Justice (retired) R.V. Easwar has submitted its report to Union Finance

Ministry. The 10 member committee has recommended simplifying provisions related to tax deduction at source (TDS), tax refunds and

claims of expenditure for deduction from taxable income.

Key recommendations:

Deletion of a clause in IT Act, 1961 that allows the IT department to delay tax refund due beyond six months.

Treat stock trading gains of up to 5 lakh rupees as capital gains and not business income. TDS rates for individuals must be reduced

to 5 per cent from current 10 per cent.-

Dividend income should be treated as part of total income.

Exempting non-residents not having a Permanent Account Number (PAN), but seeking to provide their Tax Identification Number

(TIN) for the applicability of TDS at a higher rate.

Most of the working processes of the IT departments should be conducted electronically in order to minimize direct human

interface.

Shyam Benegal Committee Recommendations on the functioning of Censor Board

The Shyam Benegal headed committee constituted by the Union Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry has submitted its report.

The committee was tasked to look holistically into the functioning of the censor board and revamp the film certification nuances by

Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).

Key Recommendations


CBFC should only be a film certification body and its scope should be restricted to categorizing the suitability of the film to audience

groups on the basis of age and maturity.

The board can refuse certification when a film contains contravenes the provisions of Cinematograph Act or when content in a film

crosses the ceiling laid down in the highest category of certification.

The applicant for certificate must specify the category of certification being sought and the target audience.

Background

The Committee was constituted in January 2016 to take a relook at the functioning of the board. The panel also includes filmmaker

Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, actor-filmmaker Kamal Hassan, adman Piyush Pandey and film journalist Bhawana Somayaa among others.

Union Government constitutes Ashok Dalwai committee for doubling farmers’ income by 2022

The Union Government has recently constituted 8-member inter-ministerial committee headed by Ashok Dalwai to prepare a blueprint

for doubling farmers’ income by 2022.

Its members will include officials from Agriculture and Food Ministries, experts from the Delhi-based National Council of Applied

Economic Research and National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.

Terms of reference of the Committee

Prepare plan to shift farm policies to income based from current production-oriented.

Identify potential areas of agriculture where more investment is required.

Suggest ways to reduce the risk of farming by diversifying to horticulture and allied activities like livestock and fisheries to boost

income.

Suggest measures for reducing the cost of cultivation and addressing unpredictability of weather and price fluctuations in farm

sector.


Background

Union Government is focusing on increasing crop yields and reducing the cost of cultivation in order to increase the net income of

farmers.

For this purpose, Government had launched various schemes related to agriculture sector to bring down the cost of cultivation.

Jat quota agitation and Prakash Singh Committee

The Parkash Singh Committee which investigated the handling of the Jat quota agitation in Haryana has found fault with the

administrative and police leadership of the State.

Observations of panel:

1. The committee report which was put in the public domain said that the caste bias of officers was behind the inaction against the

rioters.

2. The committee said the highest functionaries were almost paralysed, and the kind of guidance, direction and control one expected in

such a situation was just not there. It further said that the The Director General of Police (the then DGP Yash Pal Singhal) remained

confined to Chandigarh and was content with issuing some orders. He did not lead from the front and did not care to inspire or

motivate the personnel in the field.

3. The additional Chief Secretary (Home) could not produce before the committee even one page of directions or instructions which he

may have issued to the Deputy Commissioners or the Superintendents of Police. It said that the Home Department remained

dormant and no wonder the officers in the field felt leaderless.

4. Prohibition orders were in force but there are no policemen to intercept the marauding crowds.

5. Some Haryana politicians added fuel to fire.

Jat quota agitation


The Punjab and Haryana High Court in response to a PIL stayed the Haryana government’s decision to grant reservation to Jats and five

other communities in jobs and educational institutions under the newly created Backward Class ‘C’ category.

The reservation violates the reservation ceiling of 50 per cent imposed by the Supreme Court.

Earlier, in response to agitation Haryana govt. passed law to give reservation to Jats and five other communities.

President promulgates Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016

President Pranab Mukherjee has promulgated the Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016 to make amendments

to the Enemy Property Act, 1968. The Ordinance was promulgated by President as per provisions of Article 123 of Constitution of India

that gives him legislative powers in consultation with Council of Union Ministers. The proposed amendments in the parent Act seeks to

deal with the loopholes in the existing law.

The bill to give same legal effect is pending in Rajya Sabha.

Proposed Amendments

Once an enemy property is vested to the Custodian it shall continue to be vested in him. It shall not revert back to enemy subject or

enemy firm due to reasons such as death of subject or firm ceased to function.

The law of succession does not apply to enemy property. Henceforth there cannot be transfer of any property vested in the custodian

by an enemy till it is disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

Enemy properties:

In the wake of the two India-Pakistan wars in 1965 and 1971, there was migration of people from India to Pakistan.

The properties and companies of such migrated persons (acquired Pakistani nationality) were confiscated by Union Government under

the Defence of India Rules framed under Defence of India Act. These enemy properties were vested in the Custodian of Enemy Property

for India by the Union Government.


In the Tashkent Declaration (signed in 1966), a clause was included to discuss the return of the assets and property taken over by either

side in connection with the conflict. However, Pakistan Government had disposed of all such enemy properties in their country in 1971.

Enemy Property Act, 1968:

The act provided for the continuous vesting of enemy property in the custodian.

The possession of enemy properties spread across many states in the country vest with the Union Government through the

Custodian of Enemy Property for India.

Chairman of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

Union Government has selected former Chief Justice of India (CJI) H L Dattu as new Chairman of National Human Rights Commission

(NHRC)for a 5 year term. As per the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, President appoints the Chairman and members of the NHRC

on the recommendation of the high-powered committee headed by the Prime Minister.

What is NHRC:

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is the premier body that investigates abuses and violations of human rights in India.

Set up in 1993, the NHRC has wide-ranging powers to investigate, recommend prosecutions, and award compensations for human rights

violations.High-profile cases investigated by the Commission include encounter killings by the police and other acts of violence by the

state. The NHRC is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights relating -to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the

individual guaranteed by the Constitution.

Why is a former CJI of the Supreme Court chosen as the Chairman?

NHRCs Chairperson is itspublic face and guiding force. The position of the head of the NHRC is a crucial one for protecting human and

democratic rights. Human rights and NHRC are vital for all citizens, especially for those who oppose the powerful people in government.


Commonly, human rights violations are committed by, or with the connivance of, or allowed to be perpetrated by high-level political

leaders, the police or other officers.The public needs to have unquestionable confidence that these cases will be investigated without

fear or favour, by the most independent persons available.

Composition of NHRC:

A Chairperson, retired Chief Justice of India

One Member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India

One Member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court

Two Members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human

rights

In addition, the Chairpersons of four National Commissions of (1.Minorities2.SC3.ST4.Women) serve as ex officio members.

Early in 2015, the government had sought Justice Sathasivam’s consent for the post but had to withdraw due to severe allegations of

favouritism, including a petition against it in Supreme Court.

Proposal to set Rail Regulator to decide Rail fares

The proposed rail authority will be mandated to set passenger and freight tariff.

Details:

1. The rail authority would suggest rail tariffs. In case the Government does not accept the tariff suggested, railways would be

compensated by govt. from budget. This provision has been added because govt. under public pressure does not increase rail fares

especially passenger fares.


2. Rail Development Authority would be an independent body from Government. The railway budget would be placed at the disposal of

the regulatory authority. Apart from the railway budget, the authority can arrange funds through penalties, fees and other sources.

Government has decided to establish RRA because of estimated Rs. 30,000 crore losses to railways in 2015-16.

This is because the railways have not revised their fares despite high input costs. The decision on fares is taken by Union rail minister at

present.

Revisiting the sedition law

The govt. has admitted in Parliament that the present definition of sedition under section 124-A of IPC is too wide. The issue has arisen

on account of arrest of Kanhaiya Kumar, student President of JNU. It is believed that the charges of sedition against the students of JNU

were an act of police overreach. The legal luminaries have pointed out that an essential ingredient of sedition-imminent threat to public

order- was absent in the case. Presently, section 124-A is under review of Law Commission.

Provisions of Section 124-A of IPC:

Sedition — Whoever, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to

bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India, shall be

punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine

may be added, or with fine.

Explanation 1— The expression “disaffection” includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.

Explanation 2— Comments expressing disapprobation of the measures of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by

lawful means, without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.


Explanation 3 — Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the Government without exciting or

attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.

View of the Supreme Court:

SC has held that sedition is an offense that fall under threat to "public order" as an exception to "freedom of speech and expression".

However, SC ruled that section 124-A ought to be invoked only if a particular speech or action had a “pernicious tendency to create

public disorder”. Words such as “excites or attempts to excite dissatisfaction” or “brings into or attempts to bring into hatred or

contempt” are unacceptably vague.


Court Rulings



1. The current affairs contained in this document are from 1 August, 2015 till 9

June, 2016.







iv. Economy



vii. Court Rulings


ix. Environment


1) Comprehensive


3) Organized








Section


Best of Luck !!

No more IPL games in Maharashtra this year

Bombay HC ordered that all matches scheduled for May in current season of IPL should be shifted outside Maharashtra, giving the local

cricket associations two weeks to make alternative arrangements.

Analysis of the HC order:

1. The order of the HC is unusual and interferes with the power of the executive.

2. Also, this ruling will not solve Maharashtra’s water problems. The amount of water used to maintain cricket grounds is an

insignificant fraction of State’s water consumption.

Utility of the HC order:

The order has been successful in drawing attention to the seriousness of the drought situation and the gross inequities that prevail in

the way people access water.

Supreme Court upholds rules to support Good Samaritans

The SC upheld a centre govt. notification issuing standard operating procedure (SOP) for protection and examination of ‘Good

Samaritans’ and the notification is binding on all state govts. and authorities.

Background:


Good Samaritans are those who help road accident victims. Earlier due to harassment by police and legal hurdles people were hesitant

enough to help road side victims. The Transport Ministry took note of the flaw and in an effort to bring positive change issued a

notification stating:

1. The people who come to the rescue of the accident victims will not be harassed.

2. The guidelines protect good Samaritans from any civil & criminal liability among other things.

3. The disclosure of the name has also been made voluntary.

4. The guidelines further prevent the police or a hospital from detaining a bystander who brings an accident victim in to a medical

facility.

SC allows display of photos of CMs, Ministers in Public advertisements

Arguments for allowing CM’s photograph in public advertisement:

Permission to use only use PM’s photograph in advertisement infringes upon the federal structure in the govt. because it gives publicity

to the Union govt. and sometimes even at the cost of state governments.

Arguments for allowing photographs of Ministers in public advertisements:

If only PM’s photos are allowed in govt. advertisement, it will promote personality cult (which is anti-thetic to democracy).

It is also argued that if PM’s or CM’s photograph is allowed in govt. advertisements then photos of other ministers shall also be allowed

because PM or CM are only first among the equals and not the sole representative of council of ministers.

Background:

The SC in its order in May, 2015 had said government ads should feature only the photographs of President, Prime Minister and the

Chief Justice of India , that too with their consent.


Constitutional bench to decide on National Court of Appeal (NCA)

The Supreme Court (SC) has decided to establish a constitutional bench to debate the establishment of a National Court of Appeal (NCA)

with regional benches.

Background:

National Court of Appeal (NCA), if established, will be a final court of appeal in civil and criminal matters. NCA will also have regional

benches.

Implications of establishment of NCA:

1. With the establishment of Regional benches, access of judiciary will enhance to the people. Presently, SC is established in Delhi, as a

result, people from distant places are required to travel large distances to seek justice.

2. SC on account of being overburdened rejects many important civil and criminal cases amounting to denial of justice.

3. After the establishment of NCA, SC will undertake only constitutional cases.

Constitution bench:

Constitutional bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which consist of at least five judges of the court

which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India. This provision

has been mandated by Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India. The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution

Bench and refer cases to it.

Tribunal temporarily halts $75 m payment to Mallya


The Bengaluru Bench of the Debt Recovery Tribunal temporarily restrained U.K. based Diageo Plc from paying $75 m to Vijay Mallya as

per agreement between the two. This payment will be made to Mr. Mallya over a 5 year time period for stepping down from the post of

Chairperson of United Spirits Ltd., which Diageo has acquired and for agreeing not compete in business for certain time period.

Reasons for restraining payment:

Tribunal has directed so because Vijay Mallya owned companies have defaulted in loan payments to various banks. It is estimated that

nearly Rs. 10,000 crore debt is pending to various banks

Enforcement Directorate has registered a money laundering case:

E.D. has also registered a case against Mallya and CFO of Kingfisher Airlines, for diverting Rs. 900 crore loan in collusion with IDBI

officials.

SC upholds law on criminal defamation

The Supreme Court, which upheld the criminal defamation law, held that deliberate injury to the reputation of an individual is not a

mere private wrong worth only a civil case for damages. Instead, it is a “crime” committed against society at large and the state has a

duty to redress the hurt caused to its citizen’s dignity.

Thus, Sections 499 and 500 of Indian Penal Code of 1860, which prescribes two years’ imprisonment for a person found guilty of

defamation would continue to be applicable.

SC judgment: only ill-gotten assets a crime

The Supreme Court observed that acquisition of assets is not a crime unless proved that the source of funds is illegal. It was hearing the

wealth case involving Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalitha.


Disproportionate assets is not a crime. It is only a crime if it is proved that the source of the money is illegal. Otherwise it [the illegality

of disproportionate assets] is only an inference.

Background:

The HC has acquitted Jayalalitha in disproportionate assets case last year. However, the trial court held Jayalalitha guilty of corruption

on account of holding disproportionate assets.

Ms. Jayalalitha had argued that the prosecution cannot “presume” she was the source of the money flow merely because the co-accused

lived in the same house as her.

Supreme Court ruling limits life of ordinances

In 1986, the Supreme Court judgment in D.C. Wadhwa versus State of Bihar declared that it was the “constitutional duty” of the public to

approach the court against re-promulgation of ordinances in a massive scale as a routine measure.

The apex court held “the power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to be used to meet an extraordinary situation and

cannot be allowed to be ‘perverted to serve political ends’.”

An ordinance is promulgated by the President on the Union Cabinet’s advice under Article 123 of the Constitution. It is a power wielded

in circumstances that require immediate action. Ordinances cannot be re-promulgated on a massive scale in a routine manner, the apex

court had held.

The judgment held that the apex court can adjudicate if the re-promulgation subverted “the democratic process which lies at the core of

our constitutional scheme and subjected people to be governed not by the laws made by the legislature as provided in the Constitution

but by laws made by the Executive”.


The Supreme Court has stayed the Union Government’s notification lifting ban on traditional bull taming sport Jallikattu

during the festival of Pongal in Tamil Nadu.

Background

Earlier in January 2016, MoEF had lifted the four-year-old ban on holding of Jallikattu ahead of the Pongal festival along with Bullock

cart races in Maharashtra.

However, the issued notification was against the Supreme Court’s 2014 ruling which had completely banned use of bulls for Jallikattu

(also bull fighting) events or bullock-cart races across the country. The ban was imposed by SC as Jallikattu violated provisions of The

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

About Jallikattu

Jallikattu is a bull taming sport played in Tamil Nadu during Pongal celebrations i.e. harvest festival. It is one of the oldest living ancient

tradition practiced in the modern era. Jallikattu has been derived from the words ‘calli’ (coins) and ‘kattu’ (tie), which means a bundle of

coins is tied to the bull’s horns.

Tradition: In older times it was popular amongst warriors during the Tamil classical period. The bull tamer sought to remove this

bundle from the animal’s head to win gold or silver coins to be called ‘brave’ and ‘valourous’.

NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)

Supreme Court judgment on medical and dental entrance test

Supreme court categorically declared that the NEET, a single window exam meant to end corruption and the ‘donation’ culture in

medical admissions, is the only way to gain admission to the MBBS and the BDS courses across the country.


What was there in Ordinance?

The ordinance, which received Presidential assent on May 24, partially eclipses the Supreme Court by allowing State governments to

conduct their own entrance exams alongside the NEET for this academic session alone. The ordinance came after the apex court

categorically declared that the NEET, a single window exam is the only way to gain admission to the MBBS and the BDS courses across

the country.

What was the reason behind ordinance?

Several States had tried hard to convince the apex court that making the NEET the sole gateway to medical and dental studies was

nothing short of interference in their prerogative to hold separate tests.

State governments like Gujarat had submitted that it would be “torture” to impose the NEET on students mentally prepared for State

entrance exams.

Tamil Nadu had highlighted the harshness of suddenly exposing their students to the highly competitive NEET, especially when the State

had had no entrance exams since 2007.

States like Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana had invoked special provisions in the Constitution to extend their

common contention that States have the sole legislative competence to conduct exams for the MBBS and the BDS courses.

Supreme Court panel to monitor MCI

Supreme Court used its rare and extraordinary powers under the Constitution to set up a three-member committee, headed by former

Chief Justice of India R.M. Lodha, to oversee the functioning of the Medical Council of India (MCI) for at least a year.


The SC endorsed the Parliamentary Standing Committee report of March 2016 that medical education and profession in the country is at

its “lowest ebb” and suffering from “total system failure” due to corruption.

Background:

The Medical Council of India (MCI) an apex body was temporarily suspended in 2010 due to a corruption scandal and its president

arrested for corruption charges. It is a paradox that MCI which sets ethical norms for medical professionals found itself to be headed by

someone arrested for corruption.

About MCI:

The Medical Council of India was established in 1934 with the main function of establishing uniform standards of higher qualifications

in medicine and recognition of medical qualifications in India.

Flaws in MCI:

1. It is alleged that the MCI's policies have been influenced by people with vested interests, leading to a lack of uniform standards in

undergraduate and postgraduate medical education and mushrooming of private medical institutions, which are run as business

ventures.

2. The MCI has failed to create a transparent system for accrediting medical colleges, leading to geographical mal-distribution and

creation of ghost faculties in private medical colleges.

Demolish Adarsh Society, Bombay HC directs Ministry

The Bombay High Court directed that the Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society be demolished.

The court also ordered the State government and Union of India to consider initiating appropriate legal action against the bureaucrats,

ministers and politicians.


Background:

Adarsh is a 31-story building in Colaba in south Mumbai whose apartments were intended for war veterans but were grabbed by

politicians, defence officers and bureaucrats.

Congress' Ashok Chavan was forced to quit as Chief Minister in 2010 after it was revealed that three of his relatives had also been given

apartments in the building.

In 2013, a judicial commission found that 25 of the 102 members in the Adarsh society were ineligible and there were 22 cases of flats

being bought on proxies.

The inquiry report also said Mr Chavan and other bureaucrats gave permissions and clearances to the builders as a quid pro quo.

TRAI’s ruling on Net-Neutrality

Issue of Net-Neutrality

Net neutrality refers to the principle that internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of

the source and without favouring or blocking particular products or websites.

Net neutrality is also called network neutrality, internet neutrality or net equality.

Possible consequences of lack of Net-Neutrality

1. Lack of net-neutrality may enable certain websites to promote them at cost of others. For e.g. big e-commerce giants may influence

internet service providers to enhance data-access speed while block other small e-commerce retailers.

2. Information access to people may also be manipulated.


Challenge to Net Neutrality:

There are many challenges to net-neutrality:

1. Internet service providers will be able to make large financial gains in case net neutrality is compromised.

2. Large companies in virtual existence will be able to promote themselves at the cost of others.

3. The biggest challenge came from ‘FREE BASICS’.

Free basics refers to free access of certain websites such as Facebook, Samsung, Twitter, Nokia etc. No internet data will be

consumed or charges will be levied if such websites are accessed.

To provide free basics, ‘internet.org’ an ip address was created.

Justification of free basics:

The providers of free basics argue that provision of free basics will enable access of internet to large section of population which at

present does not have access. Thus, it will bridge digital divide.

TRAI’s Ruling on Net Neutrality:

1. TRAI has held that no discriminatory tariffs will be charged for (content led) data services.

2. However reduced tariffs can be charged for providing emergency services.

3. A fine of Rs. 50,000/- would be levied per day subject a maximum of Rs. 50,00,000 for any violation of these regulations by the

service providers.

Rationale behind TRAI’s decision:

1. People should have access which is unrestrictive to all the resources available on internet.


2. It would ensure that Indians are not forced to be satisfied with services that pretend to be the internet itself, robbing them of real

benefits of internet.

3. The regulator has argued that to address the concern of free basics, free data can be provided up to certain extent rather than price

differentiation of data. This free data would allow users to access internet.

TRAI has also mentioned that it may review its decision after two years.





1. Important topics of General Studies

2. NewsJuice (daily newspaper analysis of The Hindu, The Indian Express etc.)

3. Short educational videos

4. UPSC Prelims Objective Type tests

5. UPSC mains answer writing challenge












Current affairs from 10th June to 7th July, 2016



The current affairs contained in this document are from 10th June, 2016 till

7th July, 2016. The current affairs are required to be read along with 50 plus

most important concepts.


1. Comprehensive


3. Organized

4. Would cover most of (or all) the questions pertaining to current affairs asked in

CSP,2016


Best of Luck !!


plus most important concepts




Section


International Events and Relations


Mozambique visit of PM

Pact to buy pluses

Mr. Modi’s wide-ranging talks with Mozambique President Filipe Nyusi, the two countries signed three pacts, including a significant

“long-term agreement” under which India will buy pulses from this African nation to meet its recurring shortfall and contain prices of

this commodity.

Chilcot Inquiry committee report

Findings of the Inquiry Committee

1. The first is that the judgments of the severity of the threat posed by Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction were “presented [to the

British Parliament] with a certainty that was not justified”. Mr. Blair, in a misleading statement to Parliament in September 2002, had

warned that the-then Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had chemical and biological capabilities that posed a threat to the U.K. “with a

certainty that was not justified”, the report states.

2. Second, the outcome of the invasion was underestimated by Mr. Blair, “despite explicit warnings”.While military action in Iraq “might

have been necessary at some point”, the report notes that in March 2003, when the U.S.-U.K.-led coalition entered Iraq, “there was no

imminent threat from Saddam Hussein.”

More than 1,50,000 Iraqis had died by the time most of the British troops withdrew in 2009, while 179 British soldiers also lost their

lives.


3. Third, planning for an Iraq after Saddam was “wholly inadequate”, and finally, the government “failed to realise its stated

objectives”.Mr. Blair did not establish clear ministerial oversight in planning and preparation for the war and his post-war efforts in Iraq

“never matched the scale of its challenge”, the report concluded.

Seven years later, the country remains badly plagued by sectarian violence, as shown notably by Sunday’s Baghdad suicide bombing

claimed by the Islamic State (IS) militant group which killed at least 250 people.

4. Mr. Blair faced particular criticism for pledging to support U.S. President George W. Bush the year before the invasion, writing: “I will

be with you, whatever”.

In the report, Mr. Blair emerges as not just an obedient junior ally of the then U.S. President George W. Bush, but as a powerful backer

and, sometimes, a step ahead of the U.S. President, first in pushing for regime-change in Iraq, and then endorsing military invasion as a

means to carry it out.

View Point of former British PM Tony Blair

Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair, who took the controversial and unpopular decision to send British troops into war

in Iraq in 2003, said he would take the same decision today if he had the same level of information as he had then.

Mr. Blair argued that if the US-led coalition had withdrawn the threat of invasion in 2003, they would have found it impossible to

regroup the forces, and Saddam Hussein would have been strengthened by then insisting that they did not have “the option to delay.”

Comprehensive Convention on International terrorism


Demand by India

India has revived its two decade old proposal for the adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at

the UN General Assembly in September this year, given the recent spate of terror attacks across the globe.

Opposition to draft

India has been able to complete a draft which effectively counters the opposition from the three main blocs that have raised objections:

the U.S., the Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the Latin American countries.

Objections by US

The most powerful objector, the U.S. has been worried about the application of the CCIT to its own military forces especially with regard

to interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Objections by OIC

Convention will be used against Pakistan and right of self-determination groups in Kashmir and Palestine. Both Pakistan and Palestine

are members of OIC.

Objections by Latin American Nations

Concerns that by application of harsh laws human rights may be violated.

Contents of original draft

The original draft that was tabled in 1996 and discussed until April 2013 includes amongst key objectives:

1. to have a universal definition of terrorism that all 193-members of the UNGA will adopt into their own criminal law

2. to ban all terror groups and shut down terror camps regardless of their stated objectives

3. to prosecute all terrorists under special laws

4. to make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence worldwide.


India abstains at UN vote on LGBT

India’s avoided voting at UN

India avoided taking a position on the need to end discrimination based on sexual orientation at the Human Rights Council of the UN.

Reason for India’s avoiding stand at UN

The issue of LGBT rights in India is a matter being considered by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is yet to pronounce on this

issue

World Bank approves aid for India’s solar programme

The World Bank Group president Jim Yong Kim who is on two-day trip to India announced $ 1 billion in support of India’s ambitious

solar generation plans, its largest financing of solar projects for any country in the world.

The projects now under preparation include solar rooftop technology, infrastructure for solar parks, bringing innovative solar and

hybrid technologies to the market, and transmission lines for solar-rich States.

About International Solar Alliance

International Solar Alliance aims to collaborate on increasing solar energy use around the world, with the goal of mobilising $1 trillion in

investments by 2030. The Alliance, consisting of 121 countries, is led by India.

The World Bank Group president also signed an agreement to be the financial partner for the International Solar Alliance.


Other Important Projects Financed by World Bank in India

1. Smart Cities

2. Ganga Rejuvenation

3. Skill Development

4. Swachh Bharat

5. Power for All

Lionel Messi retires from international football

Ace footballer Lionel Messi announced retirement from International Football after Argentina's loss in Copa America final. Chile stunned

Argentina to win the Copa America Centenario in a penalty shootout.

Achievements of Messi

Messi, a five-time FIFA player of the year, winner of four Champions League titles and eight Spanish La Liga crowns with Barcelona, was

crushed. Much of his nation had counted on him to bring home its first major title since 1993.

Reason for retirement

Playing two days after his 29th birthday, Messi lost a final for the third year in a row and the fourth time overall with Argentina. Messi

has taken retirement from Argentina’s football team. However, he will continue to play for club.

India joins MTCR


About MTCR

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is a multilateral export control regime. It is an informal and voluntary partnership

among 35 countries (including India) to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of carrying

above 500 kg payload for more than 300 km.

The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) established in April 1987 by

the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, and the United States of America.

MTCR: Top five things to know

» MTCR membership will enable India to buy high-end missile technology and also enhance its joint ventures with Russia.

» MTCR aims at restricting the proliferation of missiles, complete rocket systems, unmanned air vehicles and related technology for

those systems capable of carrying a 500 kilogramme payload for at least 300 kilometres, as well as systems intended for the delivery of

weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

» India’s efforts to get into the MTCR also got a boost after it agreed to join the Hague Code of Conduct, dealing with the ballistic missile

non-proliferation arrangement, earlier this month.

» China, which stonewalled India’s entry into the 48-nation Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) at the just-concluded Seoul plenary, is not a

member of 34-nation MTCR.

Brexit Vote: UK decides to leave EU

The United Kingdom opted to leave the European Union in a closely-fought referendum. The ‘Leave’ side won decisively with 52 per cent

of the vote in the high-turnout vote.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_export_control_regime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(G7)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America


This is the second referendum on Britain’s relationship with the European project. In 1975, in a referendum on whether the U.K. should

stay or leave the European Community (Common Market) Area, the country voted for staying in with a resounding 67.2 per cent vote.

What is 'Brexit'?

It's the issue of whether Britain should exit the European Union or not — a question that is decided through a historic referendum.

When did Britain join the EU?

In 1973, though not without much hand-wringing beforehand. In fact, it has maintained a semidetached relationship, refusing to sign on

to the single Euro currency or the Schengen Agreement on passport-free travel throughout the Continent.

What are the pros of a Brexit?

Economically, Britain would immediately save $12 billion a year in EU budget payments. Freed from famously cumbersome EU

regulations, Brexit supporters say, Britain would attract greater investment and become a more dynamic economic hub — particularly if

it still had full access to the EU's tariff-free single market.

But that's a big if, and would rely on Britain renegotiating a new trade deal with the EU's remaining 27 member states — many of whom,

post-Brexit, would want to make a bitter example of the U.K., to discourage other members from fleeing.

What about immigration?

This is one of the biggest issues for Euroskeptics. Since it didn't embrace fully open borders with Europe, Britain can already demand

that visitors present a passport when entering the country. But under the EU's labor rules, any citizen of a member state has the right to

live and work in another member state — a rule that has allowed some 942,000 Eastern Europeans to move to the U.K. as the EU has


expanded its borders. Brexiters say these migrants have overwhelmed the housing system and abused Britain's generous in-work

benefits. At least 34,000 of them are getting child benefits for children who do not even live in the U.K. and sending that money —

totaling about $42 million a year — back to their home countries. Leaving the EU would allow Britain more control over how many

migrants are allowed to enter. That's become a big selling point after the influx of 1 million refugees into EU countries.

What would happen if Britain left?

A "Leave" vote would trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, starting a step-by-step, two-year withdrawal process. Britain's Parliament

would have to repeal all the laws that bind the country to the EU and come up with new trading and travel agreements with the

remaining 27 nations.

What about the wider consequences?

There could be many. Scotland, which sends half of its international exports to the EU, strongly favors the Remain side, and has

threatened to hold a snap referendum enabling it to break away from the U.K. if there is a Brexit. Without a seat at the EU table, Britain

might find itself more isolated and its already diminished status as a world power weakened. The EU would lose its second-largest

financial contributor, and might find itself crumbling at the edges — particularly if other member states decide to follow Britain's lead.

But given that no country has ever left the EU, it's impossible to say with any confidence what might happen.

Impact of Brexit vote for India

Possible concerns of India

1. India is less exposed to the external sector as compared to many other countries.

To some extent India is not a significant commodity exporter. The economy itself is on a stronger growth path than elsewhere and after

the initial concern of Brexit, people will look around for places that are relatively less affected.


2. There are concerns that Indian companies in the IT and automobiles sector, having base in the U.K., may face issues in getting

preferential access to the EU market post Britain’s exit.

Europe is the second largest market for Indian IT-BPM industry, constituting almost 30 per cent of the sector’s export revenue of about

$100 billion.


India has to complete a long process for SCO membership

A long-drawn process lies ahead for India to complete its entry into the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) which has begin its

annual summit on June 23-24 at Tashkent.

At this upcoming summit, the process of India’s accession to the SCO will start with a signature on the ‘base document’ which is called

the ‘Memorandum of Obligations’.

Status of India in Tashkent Summit

A diplomatic source has confirmed that India will attend the summit as an “Acceding Member” but will speak from the category of

“Observers.”

“There is a schedule laid down for us to sign up to the other documents that are required that India needs to accede to and that will

happen as the year goes by,” Ms. Mehta said, explaining that India would have to sign at least 30 sets of documents that would finally

culminate in India acceding to the SCO.

The Memorandum of Obligations, however, will begin a process of more intense engagement.

Absence of Pakistan

Unlike the last SCO summit at Ufa, where the bilateral between PM Narendra Modi and his Pakistan counterpart Nawaz Sharif was the

highlight, this year Pakistan has not yet “formally communicated” to India about its representation at the SCO, reducing the chances of a

bilateral meet. However, Prime Minister Modi is expected to hold two bilateral meetings with President Xi Jinping of China and

President Vladimir Putin of Russia at Tashkent.


Bid for membership for Nuclear Suppliers Group

The NSG did not take up India’s application for membership in its plenary meetings on June 24 in Seoul.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the

export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. As of now, the NSG has 48 nations as

its members.

What will India get by becoming member of NSG?

India will get easy access of nuclear fuel and technology from other countries. This access is crucial for development of civilian nuclear

energy programme in India.

Past dealings of India with NSG

1. It is said that NSG was set up in response to nuclear test by India in 1974.

2. India got an exemption from the NSG for nuclear imports in 2008, following the civil nuclear deal with the U.S.

3. In 2010, the Obama administration declared its support for India’s “full membership” of the group, but things have not moved far

since.

Instances in favour of India getting NSG membership

1. Countries such as US, France, Germany support India for membership of NSG.

2. India has a clean record in context of nuclear proliferation and is considered a peaceful nation.

Instances against India getting membership of NSG

1. China, acting in concert with Pakistan, has thrown a spanner in the works for India, by linking New Delhi’s candidacy to Islamabad’s.


2. NSG operates by consensus and all its current members are signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. However, India is

not a signatory of Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty. Namibia not allowed to export Uranium to India

Issue discussed during President Pranab Mukherjee visit to Namibia

What constrains Namibia from selling Uranium to India?

Namibia, the world’s fourth largest uranium producer, signed an agreement with India in 2009 for uranium supply. However, as a

member of the African Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (ANWFZT), it is barred from trading in uranium with India, which is not a

member of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, aka the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

The ANWFZT also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba (named after South Africa’s main Nuclear Research Centre, run by The South

African Nuclear Energy Corporation and was the location where South Africa’s atomic bombs of the 1970s were developed, constructed

and subsequently stored), establishes a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa.

India-Bangladesh waterways transit inaugurated in Dhaka

The India-Bangladesh waterways transit, carrying goods from Kolkata, was inaugurated in Dhaka.

In a first for New Delhi-Dhaka relations, the vessel carrying Indian goods consigned for Tripura marked the official transit to India’s

north-east via the inland waterways of Bangladesh.


Background

The opening is part of the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade signed by the Prime Ministers of the two nations

last year in 2015.

Benefits of transit

The transit would reduce the transportation cost substantially to carry goods from rest of India to country’s north-east as the distance

reduces from about 1,700 km via Siliguri in north Bengal to about 500 km via Bangladesh. UN plans to end AIDS threat by 2030

UN Resolution:

At the UN meeting, member states adopted a new political declaration, to end the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030,

within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

India at UN:

Mr. Nadda, India’s Health Minister proposed a five-point strategy to end AIDS. He stated that India was committed to enforcing TRIPS

flexibilities to make drugs affordable. The low cost generic medicines produced by the Indian pharmaceutical industry have been

instrumental in scaling up access to HIV treatment not only in India but in other parts of the world. More than 80% of the antiretroviral

drugs used globally are supplied by the Indian pharmaceutical industry.

The five-point strategy includes:

1. Adoption of the fast track target i.e. reaching 90% of all people in need with HIV treatment.

2. Commitment to maintain the TRIPS flexibilities.


3. Creating an inclusive society with programmes that work towards restoring the respect and dignity of individuals.

4. Prevention must be the primary goal.

5. We need to increase investments.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a proposed set of targets relating to future international development. They are to

replace the Millennium Development Goals once those expire at the end of 2015.

This agenda contains 17 goals and 169 targets. The goals are to be achieved by all member countries within the next fifteen years,

thereby giving it the moniker of ‘Agenda for 2030’.

RIMPAC 2016: World’s largest international maritime exercise kicks off

World’s largest international maritime exercise named RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) 2016 began in Pacific Ocean at Hawaii, United States.

RIMPAC 2016 will see participation of navies from 26 countries. This year it is the 25th edition of biennial exercise in the series that

began in 1971.

Key Facts

26 Participating Countries are: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy,

Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, China, Peru, Korea, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, the

United Kingdom and the United States.

About Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise


The RIMPAC is the world’s largest international maritime warfare exercise. It is held biennially during June and July of even-

numbered years from Honolulu to Hawaii.

AIIB approves first loans for projects in four countries

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved first set of loans totalling US 509 million dollars to finance projects in four

countries viz. Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia and Tajikistan.

Projects approved

Bangladesh: US 165 million dollars loan for a Power Distribution System Upgrade and Expansion Project.

Indonesia: US 216.5 million dollars loan for a National Slum Upgrading Project. It is expected to be co-financed with the World

Bank.

Pakistan: US 100 million dollars loan for Shorkot-Khanewal Section of National Motorway M-4. It will be co-financed with the

Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID).

Tajikistan: US 27.5 million dollars loan for the Dushanbe-Uzbekistan Border Road Improvement Project. It will be co-financed

with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

Chile wins 2016 Copa America Football tournament

Defending champion Chile won the 2016 Copa America Football tournament by defeating Argentina in a penalty shootout.

This was second Copa America title won by Chile after winning it for the first title in 2015 after defeating Argentina. With this, Chile also

became the first team to win the title back to back since 1947.

About Copa America Football title


The Copa America (means America Cup in Spanish and Portuguese) title is an international football competition.

It is played between the men’s national football teams of South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL).

Since the 1990s, teams from Asia and North America also are participating.

It is oldest international continental football competition established in 1916.

The present tournament format was restructured in 1993 which involves 12 teams. These teams compete at venues in a host

nation over a period of one month.

SCO summit 2016 begins in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

The 2016 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit started in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Key Facts

In it, India and Pakistan will sign a memorandum of obligation for obtaining SCO member states status.

About Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Its aim is jointly preserving and safeguarding regional peace, security and stability and also establishing a democratic, fair and

rational new international political and economic order.

Headquarters: Beijing, China.

Established: 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders 6 countries viz. China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

It is an outcome of The Shanghai Five grouping established in 1996 by Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

SCO’s first enlargement was in 2001 with addition of Uzbekistan and second enlargement was in July 2015 with addition of 2 new

members India and Pakistan.

Presently, it has four observers Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia.

Since 2005, India was having an Observer status of SCO and had applied for full membership in 2014.


Sunil Mittal elected as Chairman of International Chamber of Commerce

The chief executive of Bharti Group, Sunil Bharti Mittal has been elected chairman of the International Chambers of Commerce (ICC).

He succeeds Terry McGraw, Chairman Emeritus of S&P Global, who became ICC’s Honorary Chairman. Sunil Mittal is the third Indian

business leader to hold this position in ICC’s near 100 years history.

About Sunil Bharti Mittal

Sunil Mittal is Indian telecom tycoon, entrepreneur and philanthropist.

He is the founder, chairman and Group CEO of Bharti Enterprises, which has interests in telecom, financial services, retail and

agri business.

About International Chambers of Commerce (ICC)

ICC is the world’s largest business organisation that was founded in 1919.

It represents the private-sector’s views to national governments and intergovernmental bodies around the world.

Rio 2016 unveils official slogan ‘A New World’ for Olympic and Paralympic Games

The Rio 2016 organising committee has unveiled the official slogan (motto), A New World for the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games

scheduled to be held in August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Key Facts

2016 Rio Olympic and Paralympic Games will be the first Olympic and Paralympic Games to held in South America.

Background


The creation of official slogan for the Olympic and Paralympic Games is a tradition of each Olympic Games.

Kolkata-Ashuganj-Tripura transit facility between India, Bangladesh becomes operational

Kolkata-Ashuganj-Tripura transit facility under the revised Inland Water Transit and Trade Protocol between India and Bangladesh

became operational.

About Kolkata-Ashuganj-Tripura transit facility

The facility running through a land and river route crossing Bangladesh territory cuts the Kolkata-Agartala distance via Siliguri’s

‘chicken neck’ from 1600 km to 800 km.

It also has reduced the time of the journey from 30 days (via Siliguri corridor) to just 10 days.

India, Japan and US navies kick off 2016 Malabar Exercise near South China Sea

India, Japan and United States (US) navies have kicked off 2016 MALABAR trilateral naval Exercise near South China Sea.

This year it is the 20th edition of the naval exercise.

Background

Since 1992, Indian and US navies have regularly conducted the annual bilateral exercise. Since 2007, Malabar has been held alternatively

off India and in the Western Pacific. In 2015, it was conducted off Chennai coast in Bay of Bengal and included participation of Japan

making it trilateral naval exercise.


National and State News


Pulses deficit in India

Reasons and Solutions for High prices of Pulses

1. Demand for pulses is rising even in parts of the world where it hasn’t been a staple diet. As population increases and incomes rise,

pushing up demand for high-protein foods like pulses, the weaker sections may be forced to simply cut back on consumption. This is a

worrying portent for a country where per capita pulse intake has already fallen by more than a third over the past 55 years.

2. There are structural problems in boosting output. Farmers, for instance, prefer to sow wheat and paddy instead of pulses, thanks to

the Minimum Support Price regime.

3. Since the Centre may not have the resources to procure dal on the same scale as wheat and paddy, it needs to think beyond the usual

template.

4. Now that it has allowed 100 per cent FDI in food processing, dismantling the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee laws that

cripple free trade for farmers could pave the way for them to deal directly with large traders and retailers.

Measures taken

The Centre has already undertaken some measures to deal with the current uptick in dal prices:

1. Creating a buffer stock,

2. Imposing stock limits on traders,

3. Offering tur dal at Rs.120 a kg through mobile vans.

4. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is signing a pact with Mozambique to double pulses imports from that country. More dal diplomacy is

under way to scale up the approximately 5 million tonnes of pulses India procures from 46 countries.


5. Government’s move to raise the minimum support price for pulses is expected to help push up their output and thereby contain food

inflation

Note: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has designated 2016 as the year of pulses to highlight their importance in

curbing malnutrition.


All about NSCN (I-M)

Demands of National Socialist Council of Nagalim (Isak-Muivah)

1. NSCN (I-M) is the largest of the naga groups. Naga groups envisage a “Greater Nagalim” comprising the contiguous Naga-inhabited

parts of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Myanmar with Nagaland.

2. NSCN (I-M) also demands sovereignty from India. It agrues that the Nagas were never part of the Indian union by consent of the Naga

people. That is why the Nagas will have the right to decide their role as we were never under Indian rule.

Main Leaders

1. Thuingaleng Muivah is a general secretary of the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (Isak-Muivah)

2. Recently, chairman of NSCN (I-M) Isak Chishi Swu died.

Opposition to demand

1. Adjoining states of Nagaland oppose inclusion of their regions in Greater Nagaland.

2. Government of India argues that Nagas have to give up demand for sovereignty and the rebel outfit can be given “a solution within the

Constitution of India.”

Framework agreement Last year, the government signed the framework agreement with NSCN-IM as it was the largest group representing the Nagas.The framework agreement carried broad parameters on which further negotiations will be carried out by GOI and NSCN-IM. Details of the framework agreement has been kept secret.


Union Cabinet Expansion and Reshuffle

The council of ministers now has 77 members, the largest in years. Ex- Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar is considered most

significant benficiary after being elevated to full Cabinet rank and given HRD ministry.Smriti Irani has been shifted to Textiles from HRD

ministry.

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley has shed Information and Broadcasting (I&B) portfolio and Venkaiah Naidu has been given additional

charge of I&B.

Besides Mr. Javadekar, 19 new Ministers (17 new faces and two old hands) took oath as Ministers of State. The previous strength of the

government was 63 (after Gopinath Munde died and Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal and BJP Maharashta chief Rao Saheb

Danve quit). Five Ministers of State tendered their resignation on Tuesday, leaving 58 Ministers in the earlier batch.

Criticism:

1. The size of the council of ministers has led to critics describing it as far removed from the PM's promise of "minimum government and

maximum governance" made during his campaign for the general election.

2. A number of new ministers belong to backward castes, which will play a critical role in next year's election in the largest state of Uttar

Pradesh. Important states like Gujarat and Punjab will also choose their next governments soon.

Appreciation:

Political analysts are arguing that cabinet reshuffle seems to be a consequence of a very thorough appraisal done by PM Modi of his

ministers over a period of last three months.


Draft regional connectivity scheme for airlines

The civil aviation ministry released the draft regional connectivity scheme in a bid to make flying affordable and to revive dormant

airports.

Once the scheme is implemented, passengers will be able to fly an hour’s journey (of about 500 km) for an all-inclusive fare of Rs 2,500.

Who will be eligible for subsidy?

1. The cap on the airfares will be applicable only to a limited number of seats in an aircraft and the passengers will be eligible for

subsidised fare on a first-come-first served basis. Subsidised fares will be applicable only on nine seats (for 12 to 18-seater plane) and

40 seats (for aircraft with 80 or more seats).

2. Only routes covering a distance of 200-800 km connecting a ‘less connected or unconnected’ airport will qualify for the regional

connectivity scheme and the airfare cap will be proportional to the air distance travelled.

3. Airfares will be capped in the range of Rs.1,700-Rs.4,070 and will be revised every quarter based on the prevailing inflation rate.

4. While the scheme will be applicable to airports with no flight connections in the previous two flying seasons, the government has

identified 16 airports, receiving seven flights a week, which will also fall under the scheme.

Some of them are: Agra, Allahabad, Pantnagar, Diu, Shillong, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar, Kullu, Tezpur, among others.

5. The airlines will be mandated to fly at least three flights every week on such regional routes and the subsidy will be provided for

maximum seven flights per week.

How much will be Subsidy given by government?


While the Centre will provide 80 per cent subsidy to airlines for three years to fund the losses they incur, to enable them to charge lower

airfares to passengers, the remaining 20 per cent will come from the states.

How the subsidy will be financed?

The Centre will set up a regional connectivity fund, to be be financed by a cess charged to airlines flying on metro or trunk routes for

each departure.

The cess, which will likely be levied beginning August 1, may marginally increase airfares on such routes.

If an airline is not able to develop a route within three years even after (our) giving viability gap funding, then it will be given a cooling

off period of two years before the route can again qualify to become a part of the scheme.

Skill banks to train workers for global market

What are Global Skill banks?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s plan to make India “the human resource capital” of the world will first take off in Uttar Pradesh and

Bihar, where the government is setting up 50 global skill banks this year to train potential immigrant workers in 110 job roles as per

international standards.

Where these Skill banks will be set first?

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were selected first due to their high population and for having the record for the maximum migration for

overseas employment.

What will these banks do?

These banks, or training centres, will impart skills across sectors such as medicine and healthcare, hospitality, IT, construction,


automobile and retail trade — where job opportunities exist or are likely to arise across different countries. Before they emigrate, youth

trained in these skill banks would also be made familiar with the respective local culture and language of the country they obtain a job in

as well as its work ethic.

When will these banks be set up?

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship is likely to sign a pact with the External Affairs Ministry to co-operate on the

initiative to realise the Prime Minister’s vision. By the end of this month, about 20 global skill banks are expected to be up and running,

with another 30 becoming operational by the end of the 2016-17 period.


Government stretches list of Smart Cities from 100 to 109


Decision of the government to increase number of Smart Cities

As per the Urban Development Policy, only 100 cities are listed to be developed as Smart Cities in the next five years. The ministry,


however, has now allowed nine more capitals, including Patna, Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Amaravati, Itanagar and Gangtok, to

participate in the next round of the competition. It has also allowed the governments of Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh to nominate two cities each — Jammu and Srinagar, and Rae Bareli and Meerut respectively — in contravention of the rules.

7th Pay Commission recommendations

Decision of the government

1. The government announced an overall increase of 23.5 per cent for over one crore government employees and pensioners in line with

the Seventh Pay Commission’s recommendations.

2. The hikes will come with the August paychecks and be paid with effect from January 1, 2016. The arrears for the six months will be

disbursed during the current financial year (2016-17) itself.


3. Increase of 16% in pay and 24 per cent in pensions.

4. The starting salary for new recruits at the lowest level has been raised to Rs. 18,000 from Rs. 7,000 per month.

5. The approved maximum pay, drawn by the Cabinet Secretary, is Rs. 2.5 lakh per month (against the current Rs. 90,000), higher than

the salaries drawn by MPs.

6. The Cabinet also approved the recommendation of the commission to enhance the ceiling of house building advance from Rs. 7.5 lakh

to Rs. 25 lakh. All but four interest-free advances have been abolished

Background

The decision of the government has been taken on the recommendations of 7th Pay Commission headed by Justice A.K. Mathur.

Arguments in favour

1. Raise of salaries and pensions for more than one crore government employees and pensioners will impart a fillip to consumption

demand and economic growth.

In Indian economy, robust private consumption is a key driver of current economic momentum, additional money in the hands of the

government staff and retired personnel is bound to fuel a healthy demand for a variety of goods and services.

2. The announcement of the pay increases has been welcomed by industry groups, from automobile manufacturers to consumer

durables sellers. And with the additional payout from the government toward the enhanced pay, allowances and pensions projected to

exceed Rs.1.14 lakh crore over the course of the current fiscal year ending in March 2017, the multiplier effect is bound to be significant.

3. Centre’s decision will put upward pressure on salaries in State governments as well as the private sector.


4. The decision to more than triple the ceiling for house building advance to Rs.25 lakh from Rs.7.5 lakh is likely to provide a much-

needed incentive for more government and defence personnel to invest in housing, and thereby boost employment.

5. Besides the anticipated increases in spending, the higher pay and pensions are also expected to bolster savings, which could help the

banking and financial system channel funds to meet investment demand.

Arguments against

There are, however, some risks from the increased salary and pension outgo.

1. The RBI had flagged the upside risks to the inflation outlook posed by several factors including the implementation of the Seventh Pay

Commission’s recommendations.

2. The other concern relates to the impact on government finances, particularly the effort at fiscal consolidation. However, Finance

Minister Arun Jaitley is confident that the budget deficit will be contained within the 3.5 per cent of GDP target this financial year.

NIA

National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a central agency established by the Indian Government to investigate terror related crimes in

India. The agency is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states. The Agency

came into existence with the enactment of the National Investigation Agency Act 2008.

About UAPA

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act is an Indian law aimed at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India. Its main

objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India.


Parched Panchayati Raj Ministry on verge of closure

After facing massive budget cut last year, the future of Panchayati raj ministry looks bleak.

1. Last year, budget cut from Rs 7000 crore to Rs 96 crore.

2. Two of the key programmes - The Backward Regions Grant Fund (BGRF) and The Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan

(RGPSA) have been shuttered.

3. Role has been limited to that of an advisory group.

About the Panchayati Raj Ministry:

Ministry of Panchayati Raj looks into all matters relating of Panchayati Raj and Panchayati Raj Institutions. It was created in May 2004. The ministry is headed by a minister of cabinet rank. Currently, the ministry is headed by Ch. Birender Singh. Pulgaon ammunition depot fire

Cause of depot fire

Documents submitted to the Court of Inquiry into the deadly blast at the Central Ammunition Depot (CAD) in Pulgaon suggest that

defective anti-tank 1A ND mines made by the Ordnance Factory Chanda, packed with poor quality explosives, could have been the cause

of the disaster.

Pulgaon ammunition depot fire led to loss of 19 military and civilian personnel on May 31.


Flaw in design of mines

A major flaw in the mines, designed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in 2004, is said to have been

the quality of TNT (trinitrotoluene) used in them. TNT has the property of exudation (leaking), the amount of exudation directly linked

with the purity of TNT.

Carelessness by administration

Ironically, this issue was flagged way back in February 2010, after which the anti-tank 1A ND mines were segregated; a ban was also

imposed on their use. However, the mines were not destroyed or replaced but remained in the depot despite several internal

communications among the various stakeholders.

About Cental Ammunition depot, Pulgaon

CAD Camp or Central Ammunition Depot Camp is a military area and the second largest ammunition depot in Asia. It is located near

Pulgaon in Wardha district in the Indian state of Maharashtra

Airlines can now import older planes

New rules

Domestic airlines can now import aircraft that are up to 18 years old into the country with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation

(DGCA) has made changes to rules that had come into effect way back in July 1993.

.

Till now, aircraft that are more than 15 years old were not allowed to be imported.

Pressurised aircraft


With the revised norms, pressurised aircraft that are not over 18 years old or those which have not completed 50 per cent of design

economic pressurisation cycle can be imported.

A pressurised aircraft is one which is equipped to handle cabin pressure at an altitude of above 10,000 feet.

“Aircraft intended to be imported for air cargo operations shall not have completed 25 years in age or 75 per cent of its design economic

cycles or 45,000 landing cycles,” it noted.

The regulator also said that studies were conducted by international aviation community on the correlation between fatal accidents and

age of the aircraft.

“Such studies have not clearly established that there is a correlation between accident rate and aircraft age up till 18 years,” it added.

Unpressurised aircraft

With respect to unpressurised aircraft, the decision would be taken on a case to case basis after examining the record of the plane that is

to be procured from overseas.

Objective of new rule

The move is expected to provide a fillip for the government’s ambitious efforts to boost regional air connectivity as it gives more leeway

for operators in expanding their fleet.

Demand for Status of state for Delhi by AAP government

The AAP govt. in Delhi demand for a status of state for Delhi. Presently, Delhi doesn’t enjoy status of a state. It has an elected assembly

but is does not have police and land powers.


Demand for stat rood for Delhi has led to defences between AAP govt. and central govt.

Whether statehood should be given to Delhi?

Arguments in favour

Elected representatives from Delhi will be able to able to exercise power according to will of people of Delhi .

Arguments against

If land and police powers are given to Delhi govt., then there powers may be misused against central govt. officials positioned in Delhi.

Present Status of Delhi is given under Art 239AA

1. UT of Delhi shall be called National capital territory of Delhi and administrator of Delhi shall be called Lieutenant Governor.

2. There shall be a separate Legislative assembly and Council of Ministers for Delhi.

3. Legislative assembly shall have the power to make laws on all matters of state and concurrent list with the exception of public order,

police and land.

However, Parliament also has the power to make laws with respect to any matter (mentioned in all the three lists) relating to Delhi.

In case of conflict between law made by legislative assembly and law made by Parliament with respect to a particular matter, law made

by Parliament shall prevail. However, law made by legislative assembly can prevail if the law has been reserved for the consideration of

the President and has received assent from the President.

4. The strength of Council of Ministers shall not exceed 10% of total strength of the legislative assembly (The strength of Legislative

assembly of Delhi is 70 members).


5. Lieutenant Governor is required to act in accordance with the aid and advice of Council of Ministers except in those matters where he

is required to act in his own discretion.

DGCA to get more punitive powers

For better enforcement of air safety standards, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) will soon be empowered to penalise airlines and airports for various offences and non-compliance of air regulations. Present powers of DGCA Under the present rules, the DGCA is authorised to either suspend the operations of airlines or airports or take away their licence, but has no powers to impose fines or penalties. Generally DGCA is not able to take any action because it does not want to take extreme steps such as suspending the operations as it also affects customers. Currently, it has to file a case in the court to take any action against the operators even for small violations. New proposed powers of DGCA The Civil Aviation Ministry will soon send a proposal to amend the Aircraft Act, 1937, to the Law Ministry, to empower the DGCA to impose fines for violations under the Act. The violations include operating aircraft without the specified minimum crew, flying without a valid pilot licence or medical fitness, not maintaining records, fraudulent entry in logbooks and not maintaining airports. Many of the violations can be easily controlled. The DGCA can levy a fine immediately which the operator will have to pay.The DGCA may be empowered to fill vacancies on deputation or promote its employees without getting the consent of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).The Union Civil Aviation Ministry is expected to take up the proposal with the Department of Personnel and Training soon. The DGCA will be given full financial autonomy, enabling it to spend money without taking the consent of the Civil Aviation Ministry. Present criticism of DGCA


The DGCA needs a complete overhaul before being converted into an operationally and financially independent civil aviation authority. The head of the DGCA should not be a political appointee and should be with proven knowledge of aviation and should be given at least a three-year term, instead of appointing an IAS officer for a short tenure of six to 12 months. Madras, Bombay HCs to reflect city names

Two decades after the city of ‘Madras’ became ‘Chennai’ and ‘Bombay’ became ‘Mumbai’, the High Courts in both the cities will finally

adopt the names by an act of Parliament during the upcoming monsoon session.

The Law Ministry has prepared a Cabinet note on a Bill changing the names of the High Courts. According to senior Ministry sources, not

only State governments but also the HCs have to concur with the name change as it involves technical issues regarding statute books and

the fact that the courts, especially the three presidency courts of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, were established under the Indian High

Court Act of 1861.

Other pending name changes

1. The third presidency High Court in Calcutta, however, will have to wait a while for its own name change to ‘Kolkata High Court’ as

the court is yet to give its concurrence. “The West Bengal government has asked for a name change but the honourable high court has

not responded to our letters yet.

2. With the change in the official spelling of ‘Odisha’ from ‘Orissa’, there have been demands that the State’s high court too changed its

name, which still goes by the old spelling.

Panel on education policy wants UGC Act to lapse


A high-power committee headed by former Cabinet Secretary T.S.R. Subramanian has recommended that the law that set up the higher

education regulator University Grants Commission (UGC) be allowed to lapse.

Present functions of UGC

The UGC’s mandate includes

1. overseeing disbursal of grants to colleges

2. fellowships to students

3. recognising and monitoring institutions.

Why UGC should be abolished?

The committee says the following arguments:

1. UGC has been unable to effectively implement its regulations aimed at ensuring the quality of higher education in the country over the

years.

2. The Committee was informed that there are widespread irregularities in grant of approval of institutions and courses.

3. There are serious concerns about the quality of education provided by a large number of colleges/universities; it is the responsibility

of the UGC to monitor standards of education in higher education institutions and the UGC has not succeeded in ensuring this.

What alternative arrangement has been suggested for UGC?

“The UGC could be revamped, made considerably leaner and thinner, and could be the nodal point for administration of the proposed

National Higher Education Fellowship Programme, without any other promotional or regulatory function.

Expert committee Report on examination of UGC

The Subramanian Commission report refers to a recent “expert committee's” examination of the working of the UGC.


“An expert Committee recently has examined thoroughly the past, present and future role of UGC; the report is under examination by

the Ministry.

It is understood that the report had concluded that the UGC does not have the adequate number of personnel, of requisite quality, to be

an effective regulatory force in the higher education sector,” says the TSR Subramanian Commission report, referring to the recent Hari

Gautam committee report. “It is recommended that as the new overarching higher education management law is enacted, which the

Committee suggests should be very soon, the UGC Act should be allowed to lapse.”

First women fighter pilots earn their stripes

History was created at the Air Force Academy (AFA) at Dundigal in state of Telangana when Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar

presented ‘wings and brevets’ to three women — Avani Chaturvedi, Bhawana Kanth and Mohana Singh — and commissioned them as

fighter pilots.

Chauhan appointed as NIFT chief

Former cricketer and two-time BJP MP Chetan Chauhan has been appointed as Chairperson of the premier National Institute of Fashion

Technology (NIFT).

About NIFT

The NIFT Act, 2006, says the chairperson to the statutory body under the Ministry of Textiles is expected to be an eminent academic,

scientist or technologist or professional to be nominated by the Visitor of the institute, who is the President of India.


Criticism of appointment

1. The former Indian cricketer played “a major role in shielding” the Union Minister, against the criticism levelled against DDCA —

especially of a financial nature — last year.

2. It is also alleged that Mr. Chauhan does not know much about fashion.

Other controversial appointments

1. Gajendra Chauhan as head of the FTII (Film and Television Institute of India)

2. A relatively unknown historian Y. Sudarshan Rao as chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research

3. Pahlaj Nihalani as CBFC chairperson (Central Board of Film Certification) Gulbarg Society verdict

The special Special Investigation Team trial court awarded life imprisonment to 11 persons found guilty of murder, one has received a

10-year jail term and 12 others have been sentenced to seven years in prison in the case of the brutal killing of 69 people including a

former lawmaker Ehsan Jafri and arson during the 2002 riots in Gujarat. Twenty-four persons were convicted and 36 acquitted in the

case.

Background

The Gulbarg Society massacre took place on 28 February 2002, during the 2002 Gujarat riots, when a Hindu mob attacked the Gulbarg

Society, a Muslim neighbourhood in Chamanpura, Ahmedabad. Most of the houses were burnt, and at least 35 victims, including a

former Congress Member of Parliament, Ehsan Jafri, were burnt alive, while 31 others went missing after the incident, later presumed

dead, bringing the total deaths to 69.

The Supreme Court of India had stayed the trial in major Gujarat cases on petitions filed by the National Human Rights Commission and


the Citizens for Justice and Peace, who sought a probe by the Central Bureau of Investigation and transfer of the cases outside Gujarat.

The SC bench directed the Gujarat government to constitute a Special Investigation Team (SIT), headed by R. K. Raghavan, a former head

of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the case.

It reopened nine crucial riot cases. Seven years after the incident, in February 2009, Erda, the Deputy Superintendent of Police with the

Gujarat Police at the time was arrested on charges of dereliction of duty and for tampering with evidence, as some survivors alleged that

he not only allowed the killings to happen but also helped rioters to burn the dead bodies.

SIT submitted its entire report including case papers, witnesses’ testimonies and other details in March 2012. On the basis of SIT report,

SC has given the verdict.

Teesta Setalvads NGO wont get foreign funds, MHA cancels FCRA licence

What is the decision of the government?

The FCRA (Foreign contribution regulation act) licence of an NGO run by activist Teesta Setalvad was cancelled by the government for

alleged violation of various provisions of law.

As a result, the NGO will not be able to secure donations from outside India to fund its activities.

What is the basis of action by government?

The Home Ministry said various irregularities were found in Sabrang Trust, where Teesta and her spouse Javed Anand work as chief

functionary or trustee, and after careful examination of the NGO’s response, its registration was cancelled.

Irregularities:

1. According to the Home Ministry, Teesta and Anand are also working as directors, co-editors, printers and publisher in the company

namely Sabrang Communications & Publishing Pvt Limited (SCPPL) and published a magazine called Communalism Combat.


Sabrang Trust has spent an amount of Rs 50 lakh for SCPPL clearly violating the mandate of the FCRA. By this action, the NGO has not

only unauthorisedly utilised the foreign contribution for the purposes of an unregistered entity but also that entity being a self-owned

media and publication company, utilised that amount for activities totally prohibited by FCRA.

2. The order said the NGO has transferred an amount of Rs 2.46 lakh from its foreign contribution designated account to Sabrang Trust

domestic account, thus mixing of domestic and foreign funds and violating the rules.

3. Sabrang Trust has made direct payments of approximately Rs 12 lakh from FCRA designated account to Citi Bank and Union Bank of

India on account of credit cards belonging to Teesta and Anand respectively.

The cards are issued in the name of the individuals and the above payments of the foreign contribution shall be treated to have been

used for personal gain, the Home Ministry said.

4. In 2010-11, the NGO has incurred 64.23 per cent of the foreign contribution on administrative expenditure and during 2011-12, it

incurred 55.14 per cent on administrative expenses without obtaining the prior approval of the central government, which is in

violation of FCRA.

FCRA rules state that if an NGO’s administrative expenses exceed 50 per cent of total foreign donations, the organisation needs an

approval from the Home Ministry.

Possibility of victimization by Government

Teesta has pursued the cases of post-Godhra riots victims in Gujarat whenNarendra Modi was Chief Minister of the state.

Another NGO run by Teesta and Anand — Citizens for Justice and Peace — has already been put under prior permission category, thus

making it mandatory for the organisation to take permission from the Home Ministry before accepting or utilising any foreign

contribution.


Following a recommendation of the Home Ministry, CBI has already registered a case and launched a probe against Sabrang

Communication and Publishing Pvt Limited for allegedly accepting and utilising foreign contribution in violation of FCRA.

New Civil Aviation Policy

First National Civil Aviation Policy emphasizes on three objectives:

1. Allowing new domestic airlines to fly abroad quickly. According to a 2004 norm, which is also known as the ‘5/20 rule’, a

domestic airline is allowed to go international only after flying for five years to domestic destinations and operating at least 20 aircraft.

New airlines, such as Vistara and AirAsia, will no longer have to wait for five years before starting operations on international routes.

Start-up airlines can now fly abroad after operating at least 20 planes or 20 per cent of their total flying capacity, whichever is higher, on

domestic routes.

View of Airline industry on introduction of 0/20 rule:

a. Old airlines feel that they have been brought at power with new airlines by scrapping 5 year condition.

b. New airlines said that replacement of 5/20 with 0/20 was a non-event. It is not going to benefit new players as they cannot scale up

immediately to be eligible to fly international. It should have been 0/0.

2. India will have an open-sky policy for countries beyond the 5,000-km radius from Delhi on a reciprocal basis. This means that airlines

from European or SAARC countries will have unlimited access, in terms of number of flights and seats, to Indian airports, leading to

increased flight frequencies with these countries.

3. Enhancement for regional connectivity:

a. As a part of its regional connectivity scheme, passengers will be charged Rs. 2,500 for an hour’s flight on regional routes by the


airlines. The ceiling on airfares will be proportionate to the flying hour. For instance, airlines will charge passengers around Rs. 1,200

for a 30-minute flight and around Rs. 1,800 for a 45-minute journey.

b. Domestic airlines will be required to provide more flights to the north-eastern region, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar

Islands and Lakshadweep as the route dispersal guidelines have been amended to add six more sectors to the metro routes. As per the

guidelines, on such north-eastern and other routes, airlines are mandated to fly 10 per cent of their total capacity they deploy on metro

routes.

c. The government has grand plans to revive 50 airports in the next two years through the regional connectivity scheme.

Review of functioning of Censor Board

The Shyam Benegal Committee, which recently submitted its report on norms relating to film certification, recommended that the CBFC

should be nothing more than a certification body. It has suggested that films be classified on the basis of their suitability to different age

groups.

About CBFC:

Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is a Statutory body under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, regulating the public

exhibition of films under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952.

Films can be publicly exhibited in India only after they have been certified by the Central Board of Film Certification.

The Board, consists of non-official members and a Chairman (all of whom are appointed by Central Government) and functions with

headquarters at Mumbai. It has nine Regional offices.


Saina clinches second Australian Open title

Saina Nehwal clinched her second Australian Open title of the Super Series badminton tournament.

About Saina:

1. London Olympics bronze medallist.

2. It is Saina’s second Australian Open victory, having clinched the title in 2014 as well.

3. She is also the first Indian afterPrakash Padukone and the first Indian woman to become world number 1 badminton player.

4. She was also the first Indian to win a Super Series tournament, by clinching the Indonesia Open on 21 June 2009.

Dabholkar murder case accused in CBI custody

Rightwing Hindutva activist arrested by the CBI in connection with the 2013 murder of rationalist-thinker Dr. Narendra Dabholkar.

This is the first arrest in Dr. Dabholkar’s murder nearly 34 months since his death. The CBI had taken over the probe in May 2014

following the directions of the Bombay High Court.

Who was Dr. Narendra Dabholkar ?

Narendra Achyut Dabholkar (November 1945 – August 2013) was an Indian rationalist and author from Maharashtra, India. In 1989 he

founded and became president of the Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti (MANS), (the Committee to Eradicate superstition

in Maharashtra). Triggered by his murder on 20 August 2013, the pending Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Ordinance was


promulgated in the state of Maharashtra, four days later. The next year, in 2014, he was posthumously awarded the Padma Shri for

social work.

National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme

The Union Cabinet has approved a National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) for providing apprenticeship training to over 50

lakh youngsters in order to create more jobs. The Scheme has an outlay of 10,000 crore rupees and a target of training 50 lakh

apprentices by 2019-20.

Key Feature of Scheme

It will be implemented by Director General of Training (DGT) under the aegis of Union Ministry of Skill Development and

Entrepreneurship (MSDE).

Union Government for the first time will provide financial incentives to the employers to engage apprentices.

Union Government will directly share 25% of the total stipend payable to an apprentice with employers.

In addition, Union Government will also support basic training which is considered an essential component of apprenticeship

training.

Union Government will bear the 50% of the total expenditure incurred on providing basic training to an apprentice.

Background

Apprenticeship Training is considered as one of the most efficient and effective way to develop skilled manpower for the country.

It provides for an industry led, practice oriented, effective and efficient mode of formal training.

The NAPS has been framed to meet objective of National Policy of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, 2015 which focuses

on apprenticeship as one of the key components for creating skilled manpower in India.


India’s first Commercial Court and Commercial Disputes Resolution Centre inaugurated in Chattisgarh

India’s first Commercial Court and Commercial Disputes Resolution Centre was inaugurated at Raipur, capital of Chhattisgarh.

Key facts

It will help in improving the judicial system and the investors and business world. It will also facilitate the investors in their

commercial dealings.

The court also consists of arbitration centre and a mediation centre

National Mineral Exploration Policy

The NMEP primarily aims at accelerating the exploration activity in the country through enhanced participation of the private sector.

Key Facts

The policy seeks to uncover full mineral potential in order to put the nation’s mineral resources (non-fuel and non-coal) to best

use and maximize sectoral contribution to the Indian economy.

It emphasizes on making available baseline geoscientific data of world standards in the public domain, quality research in a

public-private partnership (PPP).

It also seeks to pave way for the special initiatives for search of deep-seated and concealed mineral deposits.

It also seeks to undertake quick aerogeophysical surveys of country and creation of dedicated geoscience database etc.

The Union Ministry of Mines will carry out auctioning of identified exploration blocks for exploration by private sector.

It will be done on the revenue sharing basis in case their exploration leads to auctionable resources. The revenue will be borne by

the successful bidder of those auctionable blocks.


Assam’s Majuli becomes India’s first island district

The Assam Government has granted district status to Majuli, a 400 square kilometres island in the Brahmaputra River. With this it

becomes India’s first island district.

With this erosion-troubled Majuli island will become the 34th district of Assam. Earlier it was sub-division of Jorhat district.

About Majuli island

Geographical occurrence: The fluvial riverine island is formed by the Brahmaputra river system. It is the world’s largest mid

river delta (island) system.

The island is surrounded by Subanisri River in the North and main Brahmaputra River on the South.

People and Culture: Majuli island is mostly inhabited by Mishing tribal people.

The island had some 65 satras (monasteries adhering) to Vaishnavism. But large numbers of them were relocated to the

mainland after being washed away.

BCCI appoints Anil Kumble as the head coach of Indian Cricket Team

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has appointed former spinner Anil Kumble (45) as the head coach of Indian Cricket

Team. He will have tenure of one year.


Economy


FCNR (B) Redemption:

The redemption pressure of the Foreign Currency Non-Resident (bank) deposits, or the FCNR(B) deposits, as outflows will start from

September. These deposits were raised in 2013 when the rupee was depreciating sharply and went on to hit its lowest against the dollar

in August 2013. While Mr. Rajan said the outflows, estimated at about $20 billion, was a non-event, there are concerns of foreign inflows

slowing down.

Monetary Policy Committee established by amendment to RBI act


The Centre brought the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) one step closer to reality on Monday by notifying the changes made to the

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act.

What would be MPC?


Monetary Policy Committee will have the responsibility to take decisions on monetary policy matters to meet inflation target as decided

between Central Government and RBI.

Composition

The six-member Committee— will comprise three members from RBI, including the Governor, who will be the ex-officio chairperson, a

Deputy Governor and one officer of the central bank.

The other three members will be appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee to be headed

by the Cabinet Secretary. These three members of MPC will be experts in the field of economics or banking or finance or monetary policy

and will be appointed for a period of four years and shall not be eligible for re-appointment.

Decision making by MPC

The Committee is to meet four times a year and make public its decisions following each meeting. Decisions by MPC will be taken on

majority basis and chairman of the committee will have casting vote only (and not veto power.)

Implications of setting up MPC

Earlier decisions on monetary policy were taken solely by RBI. With the establishment of MPC, Central Government will have equal say

in deciding on Monetary policy matters.

US firm Lockheed Martin to set up Manufacturing in India

American military manufacturer Lockheed Martin could soon be producing F-16 fighters in an assembly line based in India, taking

advantage of the new liberalised FDI conditions announced by the government on Monday.


Rafael deal future uncertain

Negotiations with the French government for the purchase of 36 Rafale fighters haven’t succeeded yet in securing a competitive price.

Other defence firms interested in India

Several foreign defence firms have been expressing their willingness to set up assembly lines in India. Among them are the Eurofighter

consortium and Sweden’s Gripen. Both Lockheed Martin and Boeing from the U.S. in April held discussions in New Delhi about the

possibility of producing their jets in India. While Lockheed has proposed F-16, Boeing has offered to make F/A-18s in India.

FDI Reforms in Defence, Airlines, Pharmaceutical and Retail sectors

The NDA government announced a “radical liberalisation” of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) regime by easing norms for a host of

important sectors including defence, civil aviation and pharmaceuticals, opening them up for complete foreign ownership.

FDI reform in Single Brand Retail

The government has tightened rules for such companies producing items with cutting-edge and state-of-art technology -- by giving them

only a three-year blanket exemption from the 30 per cent local sourcing norm over and above the five years where the 30 per cent

procurement requirement would have to be met as an average of five years’ total value of the goods purchased.

This is to ensure that they manufacture in India rather than making profits through just trading activities. This is expected to pave way

for companies such as Apple Inc to immediately set shop in India.

FDI reforms in Defence

In defence, foreign investment beyond 49 per cent (and upto 100 per cent) has been permitted through the government approval route,

in cases resulting in access to modern technology in the country. The condition of access to ‘state-of-art’ technology in the country has


been done away with, as many foreign investors had complained about the ambiguity regarding that term.

FDI reforms in Pharmaceutical sector

To promote the development of pharmaceutical sector, the government has permitted up to 74 per cent FDI under automatic route in

existing pharmaceutical ventures. It added that the government approval route will continue beyond 74 per cent FDI and upto 100 per

cent in such brown-field (existing Projects) pharma. 100% FDI is already permitted in Green-field projects ( new projects).

FDI in airline sector

The government has permitted 100 per cent FDI in India-based airlines. However, a foreign carrier can only own upto 49 per cent stake

in the venture, and the rest can come from a private investors including those based overseas. This is expected to bring in more funds

into domestic airlines.

To boost airport development and modernisation, 100 per cent FDI in existing airport projects has been allowed without government

permission, from 74 per cent permitted so far. The move comes close on the heels of the new civil aviation policy that relaxed norms for

domestic carriers to fly abroad.

Winsome Group Rs. 7,000-cr. default

Winsome Group The Winsome Group, involved in diamond and gold trade, through its three Dubai-based companies, has committed the second biggest bank loan default after Kingfisher Airlines. Default of loan According to official records of Indian banks, the Winsome Group has now accumulated defaults of almost Rs. 7000 crore on loans from a consortium of 15 public sector banks.


Raghuram Rajan not to seek second term as RBI Governor

Announcement by Raghuram Rajan

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan announced that he would not continue to head the central bank after his term

expires on September 4.


Merger of SBI with associate banks


What is the decision?

The Union Cabinet has approved the merger of State Bank of India (SBI), the country’s largest lender, and its associate banks State Bank

of Mysore, State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Hyderabad and Bhartiya

Mahila Bank.

What is the history of merger?

The merger of SBI with its associates began eight years ago when SBI merged State Bank of Saurashtra with itself in 2008. In 2010, State

Bank of Indore was also merged with the larger bank. SBI has since made repeated attempts to merge its units but none came to fruition

due to a shortage of capital.

What will be the benefits of merger?

1. The merged entity will have an asset base of about Rs.37 lakh crore, with nearly 24,000 branches and about 58,700 ATMs across the

country as of March 2016-end . SBI and its associates employed 2.85 lakh people in 2014-15.

2. While the network of SBI would stand to increase, its reach would multiply. Rationalisation of branches would be undertaken.

3. Currently, no Indian bank features in the top 50 banks of the world. With this merger, some visibility at global level is likely to

increase.

4. Any introduction of new technology by SBI would simultaneously be available uniformly. The scale of operations and common cost

would get rationalised.

GST


Explaining the road map for GST:

1. The first thing which will have to be done is to pass the constitutional amendment.

2. It will have to be then ratified by the States.

3. Then Parliament will have to pass the Central GST (CGST) Bill and States, the State GST (SGST) Bills.

4. He assured the States of full compensation in lieu of losses that might arise out of the transition to the new levy.

Goods and Services Tax (GST):

As the name suggests, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) will be levied both on goods (manufacturing) and services.

GST will convert the country into unified market, replacing most indirect taxes with one tax. It would have a dual structure – a Central

component levied and collected by the Centre and a state component administered by states.

At the Central level, it will subsume Central excise duty, service tax and additional customs duties while at the state level it will include

value-added tax, entertainment tax, luxury tax, lottery taxes and electricity duty.

But state taxes on petroleum products will continue for a few years after GST is introduced, as per the deal brokered between the Centre

and states. State taxes on alcohol and tobacco, too, would remain.

The administration of the Central GST to the Centre and for State GST to the States would be given. This would imply a reduction in

unhealthy competition among the centre and the states over tax revenue that was prevalent earlier and an increase in harmonious

functioning between them.


As with VAT, the tax will be charged on each stage of value addition. At each stage, a supplier can off-set the levy through a tax credit

mechanism. This means, the consumer pays GST added on by only the last dealer in the supply chain.

Retail inflation rises to 21-month high

Retail inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), accelerated to 5.76 per cent in May, its highest level in 21 months.

The index came in at 5.47 per cent in April 2016. It was 5 per cent in May last year.

The last time the retail inflation was higher was in August 2014 when it crossed 7 per cent.

Expect easing to commence only when the RBI is sure of hitting the 5 per cent target in March next year.

Reason:

It is driven primarily by rising food prices such as sugar, tomato and pulses.

Fund of Funds for Startups under SIDBI

The Union Cabinet has approved setting up of Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) under Small Industries Development Bank of India

(SIDBI) for extending support to Startups.

This 10,000 rupees corpus fund will be established in line with the Start up India Action Plan, an initiative of Department of Industrial

Policy & Promotion (DIPP) which was unveiled by Union Government in January 2016.

Key Facts


Allocation of Resources: It will be built up over the 14th (2015-2020) and 15th (2020-2025) Finance Commission cycle.

However it will be subject to progress of the scheme and availability of funds.

Execution and Monitoring: The day to day operations of the FFS will be managed by the expertise of SIDBI.

Union Cabinet approves Mega Spectrum Auction

The Union Cabinet has approved mega auction of all available spectrum (more than 2300 Megahertz) across the seven bands.

This decision will pave way for the largest-ever spectrum auction in the country and could potentially fetch the exchequer about 5.5 lakh

crore ruppees going by the reserve price.

Key Facts

The airwaves in the seven spectrum bands to be auctioned are 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2300 and 2500 MHz.

The auction of such a large quantity of spectrum will give a fillip for Digital India programme.

It will also allow telecom operators to purchase spectrum at par with international holding values and end spectrum shortage.

This auction for the first time will sell 700 MHz band which is preferred for offering high-speed broadband services.

The 700 MHz band is approximately 70% cheaper than in the 2100 MHz band (used for 3G services). Thus help to increase

internet penetration in the country.

India ranks 10th in FDI inflows: UNCTAD report

As per the recently released 2016 World Investment Report, India ranks 10th in FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows.

As per the report, India’s FDI inflows have increased to 44 billion dollars in 2015 as compared to 35 billion dollars in 2014.

Key highlights of the report


Top 10 Countries are: United States, Hong Kong, China, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore, Brazil, Canada and India.

United States with 380 billion dollars FDI inflows has topped the list.


Contract for Exploration of Poly metallic Sulphides

The Union Cabinet has given its approval for signing of 15 years contract for undertaking exploration and other developmental activities

related to Poly-Metallic Sulphides (PMS).

The contract was approved between the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The exploration

and other developmental activities has been allotted in the area of 10,000 sq km in parts of Central and South – West Indian Ridges

(SWIR), located in the Indian Ocean.

Benefits of signing contract

India’s exclusive rights for exploration of PMS in the allotted Area in the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and South West Indian Ridge

(SWIR) in Indian Ocean will be formalized.

It will enhance India’s presence in the Indian Ocean where other players like China, South Korea and Germany are active.

This exploration program will be implemented by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences with the participation from various

national institutes and research organisations/ laboratories.

What are Poly-Metallic Sulphides (PMS)?

PMS are mineral deposit with three or more metals in commercial quantities that may occur in volcanogenic, magmatic or

hydrothermal environments.

Deep seabed PMS mainly contain iron, silver, gold, zinc, copper, platinum in variable constitutions.

They are formed due to precipitation of hot fluids coming from deep interior of the oceanic crust due to upwelling hot magma

discharged through mineralized chimneys.

Owing to their long term commercial as well as strategic values, PMS found in the Ocean Ridges have attracted worldwide

attention.

About International Seabed Authority (ISA)


The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is an intergovernmental body that organizes, regulates and control all mineral (non-living

resources) related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. It functions under the aegis of the

United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).


Laws and Rulings


Madras High Court ruled in favour of Perumal Murugan

Judgement of Madras High Court

The Madras High Court ruled in favour of Perumal Murugan, author of novel Madhorubhagan, granting him relief from all the

controversies that affected the work of fiction that compelled him to announce that he would withdraw his entire body of work from

publication and never write again.

Background

Perumal Murugan was forced to agree to a written “unconditional apology” at a ‘peace committee’ meeting organised by local officials in

the face of orchestrated protests to demand a ban on his novel Mathorubhagan (One Part Woman) and his prosecution.

Basis of Judgement

The judgment builds on a series of progressive rulings. It has applied the contemporary community standards test in concluding that

there is nothing obscene in the novel.

Govt. bats for big diesel cars, tells SC that they pollute less

Union govt arguments favouring big diesel cars

1. Big and high-end diesel cars have better emission norms and pollute less than the commoner’s small cars, the Centre told the Supreme

Court on Monday .Big diesel cars and SUVs have better emission norms than smaller cars. Just because a car is big and powerful does not

mean it is more polluting.


2. Global car makers would opt to leave India , rendering lakhs of youths without jobs and FDI in a shambles. Background The arguments by Mukul Rohtagi were in response to the court’s blanket ban on fresh registration of diesel luxury cars and SUVs with over 2000 CC engine capacity in the national capital.


Supreme Court: 3 per cent quota for disabled must in all posts

The SC quashed central government’s earlier orders on restricting reservation for the differently-abled in promotion to Group A and

Group B posts, the Supreme Court has ruled that three per cent reservation shall be provided to them in all posts and services under the

Government of India. The government had confined such reservation to Group C and Group D posts.

The SC declared government order as “illegal and inconsistent” with the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of

Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.This judgment has directed the government to give benefits of reservation to the differently-

abled, without any classification.

Govt. View:

The government opposed reservation to the disabled, contending that they have no right to demand reservation in promotion to

identified Group A and Group B posts.It also cited the nine-judge bench ruling by the apex court in the Indra Sawhney (Mandal

reservation) case which said reservation should be confined to recruitment at the initial level and not at the stage of promotions.

SC view: The bench said that Indra Sawhney’s case shall not impose a bar on reservation for the disabled, since the principle laid down in this case is applicable only when the State seeks to give preferential treatment in the matter of employment to the backward class.

Is the appointment of Parliamentary Secretary unconstitutional?

Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal reacted strongly to the President’s rejection of proposed legislation by the Delhi government to

exempt the post of Parliamentary Secretary from the purview of ‘office-of-profit’.


The CM said that Delhi is being singled out as other States too have instituted the post of ‘Parliamentary Secretary.’ The posts do exist in

various States at present, including Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan where the BJP is in power.

Who are Parliament Secretaries:

A parliamentary secretary is a MP who assists a more senior minister with his or her duties.

Current position of Parliament Secretaries in various states:

Some argue that PS are in contradiction to Article 164 (1A) of the Constitution which provides for limiting the number of Ministers in

the State Cabinets to 15 per cent of the total number of members of the State Legislative Assembly.

Because a Parliament Secretary often holds the rank of Minister of State, various High Courts, have quashed the appointment of

Parliamentary Secretaries in West Bengal, Goa and Himachal Pradesh dubbing it unconstitutional. The Hyderabad High Court stayed the

appointment of Parliamentary Secretaries in Telangana. The matter is sub judice in Punjab and Haryana.

The number of Cabinet Ministers in Delhi cannot exceed 10 per cent of the total 70 seats that is seven as per Article 239(A) of

Constitution. As of now, only one Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister is authorised.
















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Current Affairs from 8th July to 21st July, 2016


The current affairs contained in this document are from 8th July, 2016 till 21st

July, 2016. The remaining current affairs for csp, 2016 from 1st July, 2015 till

7th July,2016 are there on our website shubhamsias.com under section Free

Library=== Free Study Material. Also, the website has 55 important

concepts on which questions are likely in prelims.


1. Comprehensive


3. Organized

4. Would cover most of (or all) the questions pertaining to current affairs asked in

CSP,2016


Best of Luck !!


plus most important concepts




Section


Govt. defends LPG subsidy calculations

Defence by the government

The government clarified that an intensive exercise was carried out for identifying duplicate/fake/ ghost/inactive domestic LPG connections and, as of April 1,

2015, 3.34 crore such connections were identified by the oil marketing companies.

As a result of implementation of Direct benefit tranfer (PAHAL) mechanism, it became possible to block these 3.34 crore LPG connections as the subsidy was

transferred in the accounts of only those consumers who had registered under PAHAL and who have been cleared after de-duplication exercise.

“For the financial year 2014-15, for 3.34 crore consumers outside the PAHAL net, the estimated savings would be 3.34 crore x 12 cylinders x Rs.369.72

(average subsidy/cylinder for FY 2014-15) equal to Rs. 14,818.4 crore. Following a similar principle, the savings estimated for FY 2015-16 is Rs. 6,443 crore

and the total for both the years, works out to Rs. 21,261 crore,” the government clarification said.

CAG findings

The CAG audit has found that the saving from people voluntarily giving up LPG subsidy — under the government‟s Give It Up campaign — and direct bank

transfers under the PAHAL scheme adds up to less than Rs. 2,000 crore, a far cry from the Rs. 22,000 crore-odd touted by the government.

The remaining saving, according to the auditor, is due to the dramatic fall in the prices of LPG that India annually imports.

Trump is the Republican candidate

Republican candidate for the presidential election

Donald J Trump is the Republican nomination for president. The Democrat candidate for the presidential election is Hillary Clinton.

Date of presidential elections in US 8th November, 2016


Expected Date when new president will enter the White House: 20th January, 2017

A.P. set to be nuclear power hub of India

Nuclear Plants coming up in A.P.

1. After the government announced that U.S. company Westinghouse‟s Nuclear Power Project (NPP), planned in Gujarat's Mithi Virdi, is being moved to

Andhra Pradesh, sources confirmed that Russian-owned Rosatom will build its next phase of six reactors in Andhra Pradesh as well.

2. With other States like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra facing local protests over NPPs, the government is now pinning its mega plans

for generating the „clean‟ energy on coastal Andhra Pradesh. In fact, if all the projects under consideration from Russia, the U.S. and NPCIL were to actually

go through, NPPs in Andhra could account for more than 30,000 MW of the Modi government‟s goal of 63,000 MW installed capacity by 2031.

3. The site for the next set of six Russian reactors is believed to be Kavali in Nellore district.

4. Prior to the move by Westinghouse, U.S. company GE-Hitachi had also been allocated a site in Kovvada, where the State plans its nuclear park.

5. Another Russian project that has been hanging fire for years, to build 6 Reactors of 1000 MWe in

Microbeads

What are Microbeads?

Microbeads, also called microplastics, small pellets of plastic, extensively used in personal care products such as shampoo, baby lotion and face cream and

considered toxic to marine life.


Status of Microbeads

They are being banned internationally but Indian government has not banned them.

The United States has promulgated a ban, which will come into effect next July, on cosmetic products containing microbeads.

Over 299 million tonnes of plastic was produced worldwide in 2013 some of which made its way to oceans, costing approximately $13 billion per year in

environmental damage to marine ecosystems, says a June 2015 report by the United Nations Environmental Programme that investigated the possible harm

by microbeads/microplastics.

Arguments for ban

These plastics are too small to be caught by sewage treatment and water filtration techniques and they pass unchecked into rivers and seas and

contaminated them. They take centuries to degrade and worse, are sometimes eaten by fish and other aquatic animals and could even make their way into

human diets.

Petition pending in NGT

On a petition filed by Ashwani Kumar, an environment lawyer, requesting a ban on microbeads, this March, a National Green Tribunal Bench asked the

Ministries of Health, Environment and Water Resources file their response.

Panama agrees to sign tax treaty

Panama has agreed to sign the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, which the Indian agencies believe will help them

expedite investigations into the “Panama papers” recently made public by the International Consortium of Investigative Journa lists.

Benefit to India

India is among the 98 countries and jurisdictions that have already joined the Convention. “It is a positive development and in due course, will he lp the

Convention participants like India exchange information on tax matters with Panama more swiftly,” said a government official.


History of the treaty

It was developed jointly by the OECD and the Council of Europe in 1988 and amended in 2010, in response to the call by the G-20 to align it to the

international standard on exchange of information and to open it to all countries, “thus ensuring that developing countries could benefit from the new

transparent environment.” The Convention also represents a wide range of countries, including all G20, BRIICS and OECD countries, financial centres and

several developing countries.

Status of Panama under Treaty

It is learnt that though Panama has decided to sign the Convention following an analysis of international expectations and consultations with the private

sector, its commitment for automatic exchange of information would be only towards those countries with which it signs bilateral agreements.

Erdogan continues post-coup purge

Turkish authorities moved to widen their purge of perceived opponents by removing thousands of police officers from their posts, part of the crackdown that

followed a failed military coup that was aimed at toppling the government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

The Interior Ministry fired nearly 9,000 police officers. That followed the arrests of 7,500 military personnel and 103 generals and admirals, and the

suspension of nearly 3,000 judges.

Also, Mr. Erdogan extended an order for jets to patrol the airspace over Istanbul and Ankara, and banned military helicopters from taking off in Istanbul.

Concern over undemocratic means adopted by Mr. Erdogan

The magnitude of the purges has raised concerns among Turkey‟s Western allies that Mr. Erdogan is abandoning the rule of law and using the coup attempt

as a pretext to cleanse the country‟s institutions of his enemies.


Change of Government expected in Nepal

Withdrawl of support

After the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre) led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal „Prachanda‟ withdrew support to K.P. Oli‟s Communist Party of Nepal

(Unified Marxist-Leninist)-led government last week, no-confidence motion is due to be taken up in Parliament on July 21, and the numbers are stacked

against Mr. Oli.

Possible new government

The opposition Nepali Congress led by Sher Bahadur Deuba and the UCPN(M-C) have worked out an alternative arrangement to share power. Mr.

Prachanda will lead the government for nine months, and Mr. Deuba will then take over for the next nine months until the scheduled parliamentary elections.

If, as expected, the UCPN(M-C)-NC coalition manages to form the government with the support of smaller Madhesi parties and other groups, this would mark

eight prime ministers in eight years since the creation of a new republic in 2008 .

Performance of Oli Govt.

Mr. Oli‟s government had barely managed to get a grip on the reconstruction effort after the devastation of the 2015 earthquake and the instability in the

federal arrangement after the turmoil in the Terai with Madhesi groups protesting against the new Constitution.

Mr. Oli had never showed any enthusiasm for a truly federal Nepal and chose to ignore the demands of Madhesi, Tharu and Janajati groups that sought

greater decentralisation of power.

Possibility of recognition of demands of federal structure

The new government is expected to have representation of marginalized sections such as Madhesi, Tharu and Janajati groups and thus is expected to

accept the demands of these communities.


The most important demand being carving out the provinces according to the population so that these sections are able to form government in provinces.

SC accepts Lodha panel report to revamp BCCI

Major recommendations

1. Bar on ministers and civil servants and those above 70 from becoming its members.

2. It, however, left it to Parliament to decide whether BCCI should come under the RTI and betting on the game should be legalised.

3. A CAG nominee in the BCCI to oversee receipt and expenditure of funds.

4. The Bench rejected the BCCI‟s objection against recommendation of one-State-one-vote. It said that States like Maharashtra and Gujarat that have more

than one cricket association will have voting rights on a rotational basis.

5. It accepted the recommendation that there should be a players association in the BCCI and the funding of players‟ association accepted while leaving it to

the Board to decide the extent of funding.

6. The Bench accepted the recommendation that one person should hold one post in cricket administration to avoid any conflict of interest and scrapping of

all other administrative committees in the BCCI after the CAG nominee comes in.

7. It left it to the Board to decide whether there is need for any change in the existing agreement relating to broadcasting rights and whether a franchise

member should be in the Board to avoid any conflict of interest.


The Bench requested the three-member panel headed by former CJI Lodha to oversee the transition of administrative structure in the BCCI which has to take

place within six months.

Backgornd

The apex court-appointed Lodha Committee on January 4 to recommend reforms in functioning of BCCI.

About BCCI

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the national governing body for cricket in India. The board was formed in December 1928 as a society,

registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act. It is a consortium of state cricket associations and the state associations select their

representatives who in turn elect the BCCI officials.

Three World Heritage sites recognized in India's by UNESCO

The listing was announced at the 40th session of the WHC, currently under way at Istanbul in Turkey.

1. Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP) in Sikkim has been named a world heritage site by the World Heritage Committee (WHC) of UNESCO.

The KNP is the first „mixed‟ heritage site from India to make it to the list. A „mixed site‟ exhibits qualities of both natural and cultural significance.

2. The archaeological site of Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University) in Bihar was also marked as a heritage site.

3. The Capitol Complex in Chandigarh also made it to the list.

This is the first time that any country got three sites inscribed in the Word Heritage List at a single session of the committee meeting, a Culture Ministry official

said.

India now has 35 sites, including 27 cultural properties, seven natural sites and one mixed site, notified as World Heritage Sites.

About Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP)


The park exhibits one of the widest altitudinal ranges of any protected area worldwide. It boasts of a unique diversity of lowlands, steep valleys and snow-clad

mountains, including the world‟s third highest peak, Mt. Khangchendzonga, besides numerous lakes and glaciers.

The KNP, which covers 25 per cent of Sikkim, is home to a significant number of endemic, rare and threatened plant and animal species. A large number of

bird and mammal species has also been recorded from here.

The park combines the religious and cultural practices of Buddhism as well as the ecological significance of the region, and stands out as an outstanding

example of traditional knowledge and environmental preservation. It is also a unique example of coexistence and exchange between different religious

traditions and people.

The park qualified as a mixed site under the Operational Guidelines of WHC for its “exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is

living or which has disappeared.”

Capitol marvel

Chandigarh‟s famed Capitol Complex, which includes the Legislative Assembly, Secretariat and High Court, was designed by French architect Le Corbusier.

The complex was designed by Le Corbusier in the 1950s when the city was constructed as a symbol of independent, modern India.

Speaker facing the axe cannot disqualify MLAs, says SC

Judgement of Supreme Court

A Speaker should refrain from deciding the disqualification of MLAs for defection under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution if he himself is facing the

prospect of removal, the Supreme Court has held.


Basis of judgement

A Speaker, under the threat of losing his position, may choose to disqualify the MLAs to alter the composition of the House in his favour.

“We hereby hold that it would be constitutionally impermissible for a Speaker to adjudicate upon disqualification petitions under the Tenth Schedule, while a

notice of resolution for his own removal from the office of Speaker is pending,” SC Bench interpreted .

Background

The court was discussing Speaker Nabam Rebia‟s disqualification of 14 legislators when a resolution against his own removal was pending.

It refrained from going into Mr. Rebia‟s actions, merely saying that the Gauhati High Court had already stayed the disqualification. Instead, the judgment

interprets Article 179, which deals with the “vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker”.

Article 179(c) provides that a Speaker (or Deputy Speaker) “may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly passed by a majority of all the

then members of the Assembly”.

The judgment points to the phrase “all the then members of the Assembly” to conclude that the composition of legislators should remain the very same while

deciding whether a majority in the House wants the Speaker to continue or not.

“The words „all the then members‟ demonstrate an expression of definiteness. Any change in the strength and composition of the Assembly, by disqualifying

sitting MLAs, for the period during which the notice of resolution for the removal of the Speaker (or the Deputy Speaker) is pending, would conflict with the

express mandate of Article 179(c), requiring all „the then members‟ to determine the right of the Speaker to continue,” the court held.

Developments in Arunachal Pradesh

Progression of events

The Congress retained power by backing 36-year-old Pema Khandu as Chief Minister after it became evident that former Chief Minister Nabam Tuki would

fail to command a majority.


The credit must primarily go to the Supreme Court for reinstating the Tuki regime purely on grounds of constitutional propriety, despite serious doubts about

whether he commanded a majority.

The numbers in the legislature tell an interesting tale. Out of the 47 MLAs with the Congress, 14 were disqualified by the Speaker in December, while two

were told that their resignations had been accepted. The game-plan was to give the impression that the rebels had 31 MLAs, a clear majority.

When Kalikho Pul, the rebel faction head, was sworn in as Chief Minister in February, he claimed the support of 29 Congress MLAs. (Orders disqualifying 14

MLAs had already been stayed.) He declared that his 30-strong group had „merged‟ with another party. The strategy was to claim that two-thirds of the

Congress Legislature Party had merged with another party, the only situation in which an act of defection is permitted under the law.

After Mr. Tuki‟s regime was reinstated after the Supreme Court verdict, he stood no chance of surviving a floor test. This impending embarrassment appears

to have goaded the Congress to shake off months of lethargy. It salvaged the situation by recognising the dissidents‟ grievances, offering the leadership to a

more acceptable candidate and winning back the entire rebel faction.

Limits on Governor role

Now that the Supreme Court has reemphasised the limits of the Governor‟s role, the political class needs to show that it has learnt the right lessons, a

significant one being that parties should not seek to use individual ambitions for political ends. There is a stronger case than ever before for greater care in

the appointment of Governors and the manner of their functioning. Guidance is available in abundance — the reports of the Sarkaria and Punchhi

Commissions, for instance. A better sense of propriety is required to heed it.

With many Indians opting to remain, eye brows have been raised over the cost of Operation Sankat Mochan


While the government declared the South Sudan evacuation Operation Sankat Mochan a “success”, questions are being raised after hundreds of Indians

chose to stay back in Juba, meaning that one of two airforce C-17 Globemaster planes sent returned empty with only 154 of the 550 initially expected

passengers.

Background

The two factions are

1. Soldiers loyal to Mr. Kiir (President of South Sudan) , a member of the Dinka tribe, and

2 Rebels backing Mr. Machar (Presently Vice-President), a Nuer.

The conflict between the tribal groups are to seize the resources and Political power of South Sudan.

Recently, the civil war got reignited because of altercation between the soldiers of the warring groups.

84 killed in France as terror truck ploughs through crowd


What was the incident?

An attacker ploughed a truck through crowds celebrating Bastille Day on the French Riviera, killing at least 84 people, including 10 children and injuring 202.

Who was behind the attack?

The driver, identified by police sources as Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, a 31-year-old Tunisian resident in France, also appeared to open fire before officers

shot him dead. He was known to the police in connection with common crimes such as theft and violence but was not on the watch list of French intelligence

services, the sources said.

Cause of concern

The third mass killing in Western Europe in eight months caused more fear across an already anxious continent struggling with security challenges from mass

immigration, open borders and pockets of Islamist radicalism.

The attack is the third major one in France in less than 18 months, following last November‟s siege of Paris that claimed 130 lives, and the January 2015

attack on the office of satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo that left 12 persons dead.

Brutal Crowd Control Tactics

What has happened recently?

With the death toll rising to at least 38 in the clashes in the Kashmir Valley, the brutal crowd-control tactics of the police have come under the spotlight. The

clashes are taking place because people are opposing death of their leader Wani by security forces. The security forces considered him a terrorist.

Changes in Standard operating procedure questioned

They call into question the changes in standard operating procedure that were made after the violent protests of 2010, when scores of people died, mostly to

bullet injuries. A decision had then been taken to introduce “non-lethal” pellets. But ammunition can only be as “non-lethal” as the tactics employed. And it is


evident that the security forces have failed to exercise enough restraint, given the nature of injuries sustained by many young men and women.

Pellets have been fired from 12-bore guns for riot control. These are not long-distance weapons. Police around the world have been trained to aim for below

the knee. The idea is that the pain caused by the pellets, usually made of metal and sometimes encased in rubber, acts as a deterrent without maiming or

causing serious life-inhibiting injuries.

Ashok Patnaik is NATGRID chief The NDA government appointed a serving Intelligence Bureau (IB) officer Ashok Patnaik as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the National Intelligence

Grid (NATGRID), one of the most ambitious intelligence projects, which failed to take off during United Progressive Alliance (UPA) rule.

The appointment of Mr. Patnaik, a 1983-batch IPS officer of Gujarat cadre, who also happens to be the son-in-law of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

is being seen as the government‟s effort to revive the project, which was conceived in the wake of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

About NATGRID

The NATGRID is a centralised agency which stores sensitive personal information on citizens from almost two dozen agencies to be made available for

counter-terror investigations.

Mr. Patnaik is currently serving as Additional Director in the IB and he will continue to hold this post till his superannuation in 2018.

While the clearance for Rs.3,400-crore project from the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) came in 2011, execution of the project slowed down after the

exit of Home Minister P. Chidambaram in July 2012. There are around 70 personnel, drawn from both the government and private sectors, in the NATGRID.

Analysis of PM Africa tour


Focus areas in the present tour

1. energy

2. food

3. maritime security.

Visits

PM stops at Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya were accompanied by discussions on securing lines of coal and natural gas and funding

capacity-building in energy production.

In Tanzania and Mozambique, in particular, there were discussions on enhancing the export of pulses to India to meet a demand shortfall.

Comparison with China

India has been slow to upgrade ties with Africa. China‟s current hold in trade and investment in Africa is three times India‟s, and South Africa, for instance,

has a key role in promoting the Maritime Silk Route programme as part of the One Belt One Road initiative.

Mr. Modi‟s visit to these four countries in southern and east Africa should, therefore, be seen as a work in progress. Africa is a continent of 54 countries, and

each has diverse reasons to improve ties with India — from sharing low-cost technologies and pharmaceuticals, building on the Solar Alliance and renewable

energies, and growing markets for each other‟s goods.

Ancient terms used in relation to Indo-African relations

1. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam meaning Globalism

2. Ubuntu is a zulu word meaning humanism

International tribunal ruling in South China Sea


Details of the ruling

A tribunal ruled that China has no legal basis for its vast claims in the South China Sea and had aggravated the seething regional dispute with its extensive

construction of artificial islands that destroyed coral reefs and infringed on the Philippines‟ exclusive economic zone.

Besides, the court slammed China for damaging parts of the ecosystem in the Spratly islands — a contested archipelago-- on account of overfishing and

development of artificial islands.

Who has refferd the matter?

The Philippines, under a U.N. treaty governing the seas, asked in 2013 for arbitration. The five-member panel from the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The

Hague, Netherlands, unanimously concluded that China had violated its obligations to refrain from aggravating the dispute while the settlement process was

under way.


About South China Sea dispute

Spartly and Parcel Islands in South China Sea are claimed by six nations namely China, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan.

As per United Nations Convention on Law of Seas (UNCLOS), ownership of islands leads to claim 200 nautical mile of sea waters adjoining islands.

Significance of disputed waters

1. Estimated $5 trillion in global trade passes each year.

2. Nearly 3 million sq/ km. of water is under threat.

3. 190 trillion cu feet gas

4. 11 billion barrel of oil reserves

Response of China to ruling

The Chinese Foreign Ministry strongly asserted that Beijing‟s "territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea shall under no

circumstances be affected by those awards.

The Chinese response follows the ruling by the 5-member international tribunal, which rejected the legal validity of the nine-dash line—the demarcation line

underlying Beijing‟s claim to most of the South China

Euro Cup won by Portugal defeating

An extra-time goal by Eder saw Portugal beat hosts France 1-0 in Euro 2016 final to win their first major tournament.

The victory ended Portugal's run of 10 straight defeats against France, who had eliminated them in the semi-finals at Euro 1984, Euro 2000 and the 2006

World Cup.

About Euro Cup

The UEFA European Championship (known informally as the Euros) is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men's national

teams of the members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), determining the continental champion of Europe. Held every four years since


1960, in the even-numbered year between World Cup tournaments, it was originally called the UEFA European Nations Cup, changing to the current name in

1968.

Theresa May to become next British PM

Theresa May will take over as new Prime Minister of UK.

Challenges before incoming PM

1. Talks with EU over Brexit.

2. Handling dissatisfaction among people who did not want to leave EU.

About May

1. 59-year-old Ms. May would become Britain‟s second female Prime Minister after Margaret Thatcher.

2. Presently, she holds the post of Home secretary.

3. She will succeed David Cameron as PM. Mr. Cameron resigned because he was supporter of Britain continuing as member of EU.

Unrest in Kashmir after death of Wani


Eleven protesters were killed and over 120 persons, including 96 security personnel, were injured, as violent street protests erupted across the Kashmir after

militant commander Burhan Wani was killed in a joint operation by security forces.

Why does mob support cause of Wani?

The killing of top Hizbul Mujahideen militant Burhan Wani is likely to throw Jammu and Kashmir into a cycle of deadly violence in the coming days, officials

worry.

A senior police official told that the Kashmiri youth was attracted to Wani because he was “one among them”, who grew up in the aftermath of the insurgency

of 1990s and came of age witnessing two violent summers — in 2008 and 2010 — and the subsequent hanging of Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru in

2013.

Youth are quick takers of the oppression theory and it‟s becoming increasingly hard for Government of India to counter this belief among the youth.

Highlights of PM Kenya Visit

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, after his talks with Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, announced extension of a concessional Line of Credit (LoC) of $44.95

million to the African nation to help it in development of small and medium enterprises and textiles.

India is Kenya‟s largest trading partner, and the second largest investor. Visit to marks the end of PMs four-nation African tour.

Highlights of PM Tanzania Visit

1. The two leaders, Indian PM and Nigerian President agreed to work closely, bilaterally, regionally and globally to combat the twin threats of terrorism and

climate change.


2. The two sides signed an agreement under which India would provide a Line of Credit of $ 92 million for rehabilitation and improvement of Zanzibar‟s water

supply system.

3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi interacted with „Solar Mamas‟, a group of nearly 30 rural women solar engineers from six African countries, who have been

trained under India‟s developmental support for harnessing solar energy. These women are calles as Solar Mamas.

The „Solar Mamas‟, who come from across Africa, are trained at the Barefoot college in Rajasthan‟s Tilonia village or the centre in Tanzania. These women

have been trained to fabricate, install, use, repair and maintain solar lanterns and household solar lighting systems in their villages.

About Barefoot College Under Government of India-supported programmes, the college in Rajasthan has been promoting and training rural women solar engineers from Africa in household solar lighting systems.A barefoot women vocational training college in Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania and other countries in Africa has also been setup for imparting solar electrification skills and distributing solar kits.These colleges also support various entrepreneurial skills such a bee-keeping and tailoring among others.

PM South Africa visit

Prime Minister Narendra Modi today reached out to South Africa on the second leg of his Africa tour and recalled Mahatama Gandhi and Nelson Mandela

saying the duo connected the two nations.

Highlights of the visit

1. Defence and security co-operation was high on agenda as well as increased co-operation at international forums. South African President Jacob Zuma is

scheduled to visit Goa later this year to attend BRICS Summit, an event that will provide both the leaders another chance to discuss various issues.

2. Zuma did not explicitly endorse India‟s bid for a permanent seat in the UNSC, but said South Africa would work with India on reforming the council.


3. The issue of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) also came up since South Africa was among those nations that had objected to process-related

procedures for India's entry and thus, supported India‟s entry to NSG.

Modi “thanked the President for South Africa‟s support for India‟s membership to the Nuclear Suppliers Group”.

4. Terrorism was another topic discussed between the two leaders.

Pizzas in Kerala get a 14.5% fat tax

Decision by Kerala Govt.

Kerala announced a 14.5 per cent “fat tax” on pizzas, burgers, sandwiches and tacos sold through branded outlets on Friday, in sync with the World Health

Organization‟s advocacy of using fiscal tools to promote healthy eating.

Drop in intake likely

“The „fat tax‟ may not stop children from eating junk food altogether. But there will definitely be a drop in consumption because many parents will put their foot

down when it comes to spending more. Also, fat tax will create awareness about health consequences of consuming unhealthy food.

Similar tax

Like a cigarette tax and an alcohol tax, a fat tax would dissuade children from eating a lot of energy dense foods.

Reasons for introducing tax

Worldwide, obesity rates have prompted governments to consider imposing a tax to slow sales of food laden with saturated fat and sugars.

Mozambique visit of PM


Pact to buy pluses

Mr. Modi‟s wide-ranging talks with Mozambique President Filipe Nyusi, the two countries signed three pacts, including a significant “long-term agreement”

under which India will buy pulses from this African nation to meet its recurring shortfall and contain prices of this commodity.

Both the leaders recognized terrorism as the biggest threst to the world.





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