national and international - mhy.fi€¢ metla and tut sponsors/collaborators. measuring bearing...
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National and international
Metla is one of best known
international forest research institutes
in the world.
Metla’s products and services, and the data
and know-how Metla generates and actively
communicates, are utilised both nationally
and internationally.
Financing and Personnel
Personnel
Metla is one of the biggest
forest research institutes in the
Europe. The whole personnel is
650 and about half of them are
researchers.
In 2013 the overall budget of Metla was
55 million €.
47 million euros
were expended
on research
Other sources of financing with 10 million share
were Ministry of Environment, Finlands
Academy, Tekes, EU, Foundations, etc
Research programmes
Woodenergy 2020 –pathways to 2020 and beyond
(2012-2016)
H2O – Forests and Water (2013-2017).
Wood materials and products in the development of
Bio-economy (2014-2018)
Forests and silviculture in the future (2012-2016)
New forest and forest biomass based products
and services (2014-2018)
Forests for multiple purposes (2014-2018)
Other tasks
Metla is in charge of several focal information services and official tasks of the forest sector:
Monitoring of forest health
Greenhouse gas reporting
Forest tree breeding
Forest statistics
Forest damage
diagnostic and
advisory
service
Testing and inspection of pesticides
Timber scaling methods and guidelines
Monitoring regeneration success in protection forest area
National forest inventory
Metla publishes
Statistical Yearbook of Forestry
Finnish Forest Sector Economic Outlook
Working Papers
Dissertationes Forestales
Forest Finland in Brief
Media Releases, Newsletters and Online Services
Together with Finnish Society of Forest Science :
- Metsätieteen aikakauskirja - in Finnish and Swedish
- Silva Fennica - in English
Luke
• The Finnish Forest Research Institute will
merge with MTT Agrifood Research Finland,
the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research
Institute and the statistical services of the
Information Centre of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry Tike on 1 January
2015, to form Natural Resources Institute
Finland.
www.luke.fi
METLA
Western FinlandParkanoStaff, (29) 38
•Reseachers ~(9) 14
•Laboratory (6) 9
•Technical (7) 8
•Administration and
supportive services 7
KannusStaff, (19) 23
•Reseachers (6) 9
•Laboratoryo 3
•Technical staff 9
•Admininstration and supportive
services (1) 3
Tree harvestig on sensitive soils
• Predicting bearing capacity on peatlands and fine-grained minreal soils
• Development of planning tools (hydrological modelling, GIS, ALS)
Jori Uusitalo
Harri Lindeman
Jyrki Hytönen
Efficient wood procurement as a
part of value chain
• New wood pricing methods
• Follow –up studies of forest work (harvesters
and forwarders)
• Wood quality prediction and wood allocation
centre - concept
• Transportation optimisation
• Bearing capacity of forest roads
R&D of small sawmills and carpentery
enterprises Maarit Haavisto, Jori Uusitalo
Lihasulan säätiö
Elinvoimainen puuverstas/Puusta elinvoimaa
2008-2014:
� puutoimialan kehittäminen
� yhteinen markkinointiviestintä (www.puutuotetori.fi)
� Puurakentamisen edistäminen
Kohderyhmät:
� puualan mikroyritykset
PUUPUUSTI 2015-2018:
� yhteinen
Thank you
Forest road
R&D – project (2011-2014)
Tomi Kaakkurivaara
Jori Uusitalo
• Funding 300 000€
• Metla and TUT
Sponsors/collaborators
Measuring bearing capacity in
forest road• Introduction
– Year-round need to transport timber from forest to mills
– Age of forest road network increase, need of rehabilitation
– Decreasing amount of money for rehabilitation in low
volume roads
– Increasing total weights of trucks
• Measuring devices can define repairing requirement
of road and situation of frost thawing in springtime
Measuring devicesDCP (Dynamic Cone Penetrometer)
- Developed by U.S. Army- 8-kg hammer drops over a height of 575 mm to an anvil and penetrate cone to ground
Easy to use for- Monitoring thawing process in spring- Measuring thickness and quality of constructed
layers - Simple structure and quikly to move- Workload is great when is several measuring
points Stiffness values are calculated for subsoil and layers of road
• Peneration mm/blow• CBR-value (California Bearing Ratio), %• Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus, MPa
Measuring devicesLoadman
– Finnish, portable and light Falling Weight
Deflectometer (AL-Engineering Oy)
– first tilted so that the free-moving weight slides
down to and contacts the magnet
– Quikly to use, results are immediately on display
– Lightness is benefit under measuring work
Loadman calculate direct results
• Deflection (mm) by integrating acceleration
• Bearing capacity, Elastic modulus (MPa)
• Compaction rate between first drop and following
drops
Measuring devicesFWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer)
- Made by Kuab Ab, Sweden
- Commonly use at public roads
- Create deflection bowl with falling
weight
- Measurement work are made by
specialized companies
- measuring whole road structure
and subsoil
The biggest load respond real life situation.
• E-modulus (MPa), SCI (surface layer), BCI
(subsoil) and middle layers’ values
Comparison between devices - coefficient of
determination
Peat subgrade (n=44):
FWD – Loadman R2=32.7
FWD – Loadman + thickness of surface layer R2=59.6
FWD – DCP R2=18.7
FWD – DCP + thickness of surface layer R2=48.7
Loadman – DCP R2=44.4
Mineral subgrade (n=35):
FWD – Loadman R2=50.8
FWD – DCP R2=59.6
Loadman – DCP R2=57.5
Conclusions• Loadman and DCP can many circumstances be used as fairly
reliable tools in asessing the stiffness of the road structure
instead of the FWD
• Loadman and DCP have certain strengths and weaknesses
that need to be taken into account in assessing the
applicability– Loadman is reasonable reliable tool in road surface layer
– Loadman can estimate trafficability during the thawing process
– DCP is more suitable for defining thawing depths and need of rehabilitation
– Both devices are flexible, faster and cheaper to use than FWD
– FWD gives more information than portable tools
– FWD measurement service includes also calculation of material demand for
rehabilitation
11 test road sections, measurements by Loadman, DCP and
FWD.
20
Estimation of risk for rutting on forest roads
during thawing period of seasonal frost2012 ja
32 tn truck over ran test sections
and laser scanning executed before
and after loading runs in springs
2012 and 2013.
0,5
45
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 30 50 70 90
Ru
ttin
g, m
m/o
verr
un
EFWD, MPa
FWD 2013 left
2013 right
2012 left
2012 right
52P, partly frozen
12M
RUTTING - FWD
22
Wheel path moved toanother position
Yhden verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan
THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 45 MPa WITH FWD
RUTTING - LOADMAN
23
Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan
THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 55 MPa WITH LOADMAN
0,5
55
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 30 50 70 90
Ru
ttin
g,
mm
/ov
err
un
ELFWD, MPa
LFWD2012 left
2012 right
52P, partly frozen
12M
51P
RUTTING – DCP
24
Yhden PPL-mittauksen E-arvoa verrataan 4 metrin matkalla syntyneeseen uraan
THRESHOLD VALUE IS ABOUT 115 MPa WITH DCP
0,5
115
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Ru
ttin
g, m
m/o
verr
un
EDCP, MPa
DCP 2012 left
2012 right
12M
51P
Measured 22.5.-12 left
Measured 22.5.-12 right
Conclusions - Bearing capacity
recommendations to avoid ruttingProbability of rutting EFWD, MPa ELFWD, MPa EDCP, MPa
Very high < 30 < 35 < 70
High 30 - 35 35 - 45 70 - 80
Medium 35 -45 45 - 55 80 - 115
small 45 - 70 55 - 70 115 - 150
very small >70 >70 >150
• Tentative suggestion for using FWD, Loadman
and DCP to estimate risk for rapid rutting from a
few passes by truck on forest road.
• Threshold values help to evaluate whether
timber loads can be fetched via the forest road
during frost thawing
Use of ash for repairing forest
roads
• Fly ash
• By-product from UPM’s power plants
(Kaipola and Jämsänkoski)
• Environmentally “friendly”?
• Good references from public road
construction
• Create chemical bonds with the help
of water
• 10 test section included references
Ash test roads in Jämsä
• Application/license from the local Environmental
agency
• Permission to use ash, but not without additional
surface level
• Construction of roads in september 2011
• Follow-up studies on bearing capacity 2011-2014
Structure of
forest road
”Classic”
forest road
Surface layer
Aggregate layer
Base material
(mineral/peat)
Embankment fill
Sand/gravel
(insulation layer) Geotextile optional
Embankment fill
Base material
(mineral/peat)
Crushed stone
(Ø 0-55 mm)
Crushed stone
(Ø 0-32mm)
”Modern”
forest road
Old road/Subgrade
Ash + (Crushed
stone )
Crushed stone
(Ø 0-32mm)
Ash
forest road
Test road area 1�31 15 cm (33/66 ash mixed with crushed
stone) + surface layer (crushed stone)
�32 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with crushed
stone + surface layer (crushed stone)
�33 crushed stone (reference)
�34 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed
stone)
�35 50cm ash + surface layer (crushed
stone)
Ash total 1082 tn
Test road area 2�36 50cm ash + surface layer (crushed
stone)
�37 25cm ash + surface layer (crushed
stone)
�38 20cm (50/50 ash mixed with
crushed stone + surface layer (crushed
stone)
�39 15 cm (33/66 ash mixed with
crushed stone + surface layer (crushed
stone)
�40 crushed stone (reference)
Ash total 854 tn
Mixed layer
• Sidewalls to restrain ash flow out
from road area
• Crushed stone and ash were
mixed together on construction
site
Ash layer with consistent texture
• Shape and compaction made by
excavator
• DCP - Bearing capacity
increased in both mixed
method types until last
measuring round
• Loadman and FWD
doesn’t show any
improvement
• DCP – improvement
lower level than mixed
methods road sections
• Loadman and FWD –
same as mixed
methods, no
improvements
Conclusions
• Loadman and FWD results doesn’t show
improvements!
• DCP results shows clear improvement. Maybe road
stiffness is better?
• Results were lower level 2014 spring - variation
between thawing periods
• Ash is not same kind of material as mineral materials
such as crushed rock – material properties can
change in the long run!
Thank you