national ambient air quality status & … ambient air quality status & trends - 20 11 ......

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NAAQMS/……/2013-2014

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

STATUS & TRENDS - 2011

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS

Website: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ e-mail: [email protected]

August 2014

Contributions by CPCB & Others

Principal Coordinators

Dr. A. B. Akolkar, Member Secretary, CPCB Shri J. S. Kamyotra, Director, CPCB Dr. Sanjeev Agrawal, Scientist ‘D’, CPCB PAMS Division

Data Collection, Compilation, Securitization, Storage and Report Preparation

Dr. Sanjeev Agrawal, Scientist ‘D’ Sh. Tarun Darbari, Scientist `C’ Dr. Sanghita Roychoudhury, RA Ms. Razia Sultan, DEO

Data entry (Online)

SPCBs/PCCs/NEERI/Universities and other agencies

Data Storage in EDB (Online)

Shri A. Sudhakar, Scientist `D’ Ms. Smriti Upadhyay, Scientist `C’ Ms. Sashi Goel, DPA

Monitoring agencies involved in NAMP Network

Air laboratory CPCB/ZOs/SPCBs/ PCCs, NEERI/Universities and other agencies

i

CONTENTS

Chapter No.

Title Page No.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-14

1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 2

1.2 Air Pollutants, their sources and effects 3

1.3 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (N.A.M.P.) 4

1.3.1. Present status of NAMP 4

1.3.2. Objectives of NAMP 10 1.3.3. Parameters monitored under NAMP 10

1.3.4. Data Analysis and Limitations 12

1.3.5. Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Data and Management 13

CHAPTER 2 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT & MAJOR FINDINGS 15-36

2.0 Major Findings 16

2.1 Air Quality Assessment 16

2.2 Number of locations / monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical pollution level of air pollution

17

2.3 Number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in the country

19

2.4 Annual average concentration of pollutants in different states and union territories

27

2.5 Exceedence of pollutants from National Ambient Air Quality Standard 30

2.5.1 Locations exceeding NAAQS 30

2.5.2 Cities exceeding NAAQS 33

2.6 Percentage of residential/industrial/rural/other location in different pollution categories

33

2.7 National Mean Concentration 35

CHAPTER 3 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) 37-61

3.0 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 38

3.1 Locations and cities with highest SO2 values during 2011 38

3.2 Percentage Exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) 2011 40

3.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) -2011 40

Station Wise Annual Average Data for SO2 42-61

CHAPTER 4 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) 62-86

4.0 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 63

4.1 Locations and cities with highest NO2values during 2011 63

4.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)-2011 65

4.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) -2011 66

Station Wise Annual Average Data for NO2 67-86

CHAPTER 5 AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO PM10 (PARTICULATE MATTER HAVING AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 10µm)

87-112

5.0 Particulate Matter (PM10/RSPM) 89

5.1 Locations and cities with highest PM10 values during 2011 89

5.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) 91

5.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical) 92

Stations Wise Annual Average Data for PM10 93-112

CHAPTER 6 AIR QUALITY TREND IN METROPOLITAN CITIES- 2011 113-167

6.0 Air Quality in Metropolitan cities - 2011 114

6.1 Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan Cities-2011 114

6.2 Air quality in metropolitan cities during 2011 116

6.3 Air quality trend in metropolitan cities-2011 118

6.3.1 Andhra Pradesh 117

i. Hyderabad 119

ii

Chapter No.

Title Page No.

ii.Vijaywada 120

iii.Vishakhapatnam 121

6.3.2 Bihar 122

iv.Patna 122

6.3.3 v.Chandigarh 123

6.3.4 Chattisgarh 124

vi.Bhillainagar 124

vii.Raipur 125

6.3.5 Delhi 126

viii.Delhi 126

6.3.6 Gujarat 127

ix.Ahmedabad 127

x.Rajkot 128

xi.Surat 129

xiii.Vadodara 130

6.3.7 Haryana 131

xiii.Faridabad 131

6.3.8 Jharkhand 132

xiv.Dhanbad 132

xv.Jamshedpur 133

xvi.Ranchi 134

6.3.9 Karnataka 135

xvii.Bangalore 135

6.3.10 Kerala 136

xviii.Kochi 136

xix.Kollam 137

xx.Kozhikode 138

xxi.Mallapuram 139

xxii.Thrissur 140

xxiii.Thiruvananthapuram 141

6.3.11 Maharashtra 142

xxiv.Aurangabad 142

xxv.Mumbai 143

xxvi.Nagpur 144

xxvii.Nashik 145

xxviii.Pune 146

6.3.12 Madhya Pradesh 147

xxix.Bhopal 147

xxx.Gwalior 148

xxxi.Indore 149

xxxii.Jabalpur 150

6.3.13 Punjab 151

xxxiii.Amritsar 151

xxxiv.Ludhiana 152

6.3.14 Rajasthan 153

xxxv.Jaipur 153

xxxvi.Jodhpur 154

xxxvii.Kota 155

6.3.15 Tamilnadu 156

xxxviii.Chennai 156

xxxix.Coimbaatore 157

xxxx.Madurai 158

6.3.16 Uttar Pradesh 159

xxxxi.Agra 159

xxxxii.Allahabad 160

xxxxiii.Ghaziabad 161

xxxxiv.Kanpur 162

iii

Chapter No.

Title Page No.

xxxxv.Lucknow 163

xxxxvi.Meerut 164

xxxxvii.Varanasi 165

6.3.17 West Bengal 166

xxxxviii.Asansol 166

xxxxix.Kolkata 167

CHAPTER 7 AIR POLLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER POLLUTANTS (NH3, CO, O3, PM2.5)

168-182

7.0 Other notified pollutants 169

7.1 Ammonia Levels 169

7.2 Carbon Monoxide 173

7.3 Ozone 176

7.4 Particulate matter with size less than 2.5 m (PM2.5) 178

7.5 Conclusion 182

CHAPTER 8 INITIATIVES FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 183-187

8.0 Initiatives for control of air pollution 184

8.1 Measures taken to Reduce Vehicular Pollution 184

8.2 Measures Taken for Controlling Air Pollution from Industries 186

8.3 Action Plan for the control of air pollution in sixteen cities identified by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India

186

CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 188-190

9.0 Summary and conclusion of national ambient air quality during 2011 189 CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES 191-192

References 192

ANNEXURE 193-208

Annexure 1 Air pollutants, their sources and effects 193-200

Annexure 2 Methods of Measurement 201-208

iv

ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation Meaning

AD Adequate data (locations where ≥50 days of monitoring was done in a year) As Arsenic

B(a)P Benzo (a) Pyrene

C Critical pollution category

C6H6 Benzene

CO Carbon monoxide

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPCB ZO CPCB Zonal Offices

EDB Environmental Data Bank

ES Ecologically sensitive

ESA Ecologically sensitive area

EF Exceedence factor

H High pollution category H2S Hydrogen Sulphide

ID Inadequate data (locations < 50 days of monitoring was done in a year)

L Low pollution category M Moderate pollution category NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAMP National Air Quality Monitoring Programme

ND No data (Monitoring not done or data not received for the particular

parameter)

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NH3 Ammonia

NH3 Ammonia

Ni Nickel

NM No monitoring

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

O3 Ozone

PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Pb Lead

PCC Pollution Control Committees

PM10 Particulate matter of size ≤ 10m PM2.5 Particulate matter of size ≤ 2.5m QA/QC Quality assurance and Quality control

RIRuO Residential / Industrial / Rural / Others area

RSPM Respiratory Suspended Particulate Matter

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SPCB State Pollution Control Boards

Chapter1: Introduction

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


2

1.0 Introduction

The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (diurnal temperature variation). The common name given to the atmospheric gases used in breathing and photosynthesis is air. By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. (Figure 1.1). Rapid urbanization and industrialization has added other elements/compounds to the pure air and thus caused the increase in pollution. In order to prevent, control and abate air pollution, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981. According to Section 2(b) of Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 ‘air pollution’ has been defined as ‘the presence in the atmosphere of any air pollutant.’ As per Section 2(a) of Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 ‘air pollutant’ has been defined as ‘any solid, liquid or gaseous substance [(including noise)] present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment’. Therefore ambient air quality standard is developed as a policy guideline that regulates the effect of human activity upon the environment so that pollutant emission into the air can be regulated. Standards may specify a desired state or limit alterations.

Figure 1.1: Composition of dry air in the lower atmosphere of the Earth

1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) The objectives of air quality standards are:

• To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health, vegetation and property;

• To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level;

• To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level;

• To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.


3

1.2 Air Pollutants, their sources and effects In order to combat air pollution it is required to identify the pollutants, its source of emission and investigate the effects of living and the environment. The Central Pollution Control Board has therefore identified and revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standards on April 11, 1994 which was notified in Gazette of India, Extra-ordinary Part-II Section 3, sub section (ii), dated May 20, 1994. The revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards notified on November 2009 is depicted below (Table 1.1). The pollutants enlisted in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and their sources and effects are summarized in Annexure 1

Table 1.1: Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) [NAAQS Notification dated 18

th November, 2009]

S. No.

Pollutants

Time Weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Methods of Measurement Industrial,

Residential, Rural and

other Areas

Ecologically Sensitive Area

(notified by Central

Government)

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m

3

Annual* 50 20 1. Improved West and Gaeke 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence 24 Hours** 80 80

2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2 ), µg/m

3

Annual* 40 30 1. Modified Jacob & Hochheiser 2. Chemiluminescence 24 Hours** 80 80

3 Particulate Matter (Size <10µm) or PM10 µg/m

3

Annual* 60 60 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation

24 Hours** 100 100

4 Particulate Matter (Size <2.5 µm) or PM2.5 µg/m

3

Annual* 40 40 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation 24 Hours ** 60 60

5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3 8 hours** 100 100 1. UV photometric

2. Chemiluminescence 3. Chemical Method

1 hours ** 180 180

6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3 Annual * 0.50 0.50 1. AAS/ICP Method after sampling

using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 2. ED-XRF using Teflon filter

24 Hour** 1.0 1.0

7 Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m

3

8 Hours ** 02 02 Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy 1 Hour** 04 04

8 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3 Annual* 100 100 1. Chemiluminescence

2. Indophernol blue method 24 Hour** 400 400

9 Benzene (C6H6) , µg/m3 Annual * 05 05 1. Gas chromatography based

continuous analyzer 2. Adsorption and Desorption

followed by GC analysis

10

Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m

3

Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on

EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling on

EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.** 24 hourly 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring. NOTE: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.


4

1.3 National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (N.A.M.P.) 1.3.1. Present status of NAMP: Central Pollution Control Board initiated National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) programme in the year 1984 with 7 stations at Agra and Anpara. Subsequently the programme was renamed as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). Steadily the air quality monitoring network got strengthened by increasing the number of monitoring stations from 28 to 456 during 1985 – 2011. During the financial year 2011 – 12, 67 new stations were added and the number of stations under operation was raised to 523 covering 215 cities in 26 states and 5 Union Territories as on 31st March 2012. The growth in number of stations under operation is given in Figure 1.2. Figures 1.3 & 1.4 depict the status of operating stations against the sanctioned monitoring stations in different states and UTs respectively. As on 1st January 2013 the number of stations under operation has been further raised to 542 distributed in 223 cities, 26 states and 5 UTs.

Figure 1.2: Growth in number of stations under operation in NAMP

(as on 31st March 2012)

106

150

220

260290 295

314342 346

365

456

523

728

53

84

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

1982

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

-199

9

2000

-200

3

2004

-200

6

2007

-200

8

2008

-200

9

2009

-201

0

2010

-201

1

2011

-201

2

Years

Nu

mb

er

of

mo

nito

ring

sta

tion

s


5

Table 1.2. Details of Air Quality Monitoring Stations under operation in India as on 31

st March

2012

S. No. State/Union territory City Number of operating stations

1 Andhra Pradesh (31) Hyderabad 9

Visakhapatnam 8

Tirupati 1

Vijayawada 2

Kurnool 1

Ramagundum 1

Patencheru 1

Nalgonda 1

Guntur 1

Warangal 1

Nellore, Nellore 1

Kakinada 1

Khamam, Kothagudem 1

Chitoor, Tirumala 1

Jeetimalta 1

2 Assam (23) Bongaigaon 3

Gawahati 6

Tezpur 1

Sibasagar 2

Dibrugarh 1

Golaghat 1

Silcher 2

Daranga 1

Margheita 1

North Lakhimpur 1

Nagaon 1

Tinsukhia 2

Nalbari 1 3 Bihar (2) Patna 2

4 Chandigarh (5) Chandigarh 5 5 Chattisgarh (10) Korba 3

Bhilai 3

Raipur 3

Bilaspur 1 6 Delhi (10) Delhi 10

7 Dadara & Nagar Haveli (2) Silvasa 2 8 Daman Diu (2) Daman 2

9 Goa (10) Panaji 1

Vasco 1

Marmagao 1

Codli tisk 1

Honda Junction 1

Bicholim City 1

Amona 1

Assanora 1

Curchorem 1

Usgao-Pale 1

10 Gujarat (20) Ahmedabad 6

Ankaleshwar 2

Jamnagar 1

Rajkot 2


6

Surat 3

Vadodara 4

Vapi 2

11 Haryana (5) Faridabad 2

Hissar 2

Yamuna Nagar 1 12 Himachal Pradesh (20) Damtal 2

Parwanoo 2

Poanta Sahib 2

Shimla 2

Kala Amb 2

Baddi-Barotiwala 3

Nalagarh 1

Una 2

Sunder Nagar 2

Manali 2

13 Jammu& Kashmir (3) Jammu 3

14 Jharkand (10) Dhanbad 1

Jharia 3

Sindri 1

Jamshedpur 2

Ranchi 1

Saraikela-Kharsawan 1

West Singhbhum 1 15 Karnataka (29) Bangalore 9

Dharwar, Hubli 2

Mangalore 1

Hassan 1

Mysore 2

Gulbarga 1

Belgaum 1

Devanagere 3

Mandya 1

Raichur 1

Bijapur 1

Chitradurga 1

Shimaga 1

Karwar 1

Bagalkote 1

Kolar 1

Bidar 1 16 Kerala (24) Kozhikode 2

Kottayam 2

Cochin 7

Thiruvanantapuram 4

Palakkad 1

Alappuzha 2

Makkamkunnu, Pathanamthitta 1

Kollam 2

Sulthan, Bathery, Wayanad 1

Mallappuram 1

Poonkunnam, Thrissur 1

17 Madhya Pradesh (26) Bhopal 4

Indore 3

Jabalpur 1

Nagda 3

Gwalior 2

Sagar 2


7

Satna 2

Singrauli 3

Ujjain 3

Dewas 3 18 Maharashtra (77) Aurangabad 4

Lote 2

Tarapur 3

Kolhapur 3

Mumbai 3

Ambernath 2

Chandrapur 6

Nagpur 7

Nasik 4

Solapur 2

Pune 4

Thane 3

Navi Mumbai (incl TTC Ind. Area, Taloja Ind Area)

6

Mahad 3

Roha 2

Sangli 3

Amravati 3

Latur 3

Ulhas Nagar 2

Badlapur 1

Nanded 3

Jalgaon 3

Jalna 2

Akola 3 19 Meghalaya (5) Shillong 2

Dwaki 1

Ri-Bhoi, Brynihat 1

Tura 1 20 Mizoram (11) Aizwal 5

Lunglei 2

Kolasib 2

Champhai 2 21 Manipur (1) Imphal 1 22 Nagaland (4) Dimapur 2

Kohima 2 23 Orissa (15) Rayagada 2

Rourkela 2

Talcher 2

Angul 2

Bhubaneshwar 3

Cuttack 1

Sambalpur 1

Balasore 1

Berhampur 1

24 Punjab (24) Gobindgarh 3

Jalandhar 4

Ludhiana 4

Naya Nangal 2

Khanna 2

Pathankot (Derababa) 1

Amritsar 2

Derra Bassi 2

Bhatinda 1


8

Batala 1

Patiala 2 25 Pondicherry (3) Pondicherry 3

26 Rajasthan (21) Alwar 3

Jaipur 6

Jodhpur 6

Kota 3

Udaipur 3 27 Sikkim (2) Gangtok 2

28 Tamilnadu (26) Chennai 11

Tuticorin 3

Coimbatore 3

Madurai 3

Salem 1

Trichy 5

29 Uttar Pradesh (54) Agra 6

Allahabad 2

Anpara 2

Firozabad 3

Gajroula 2

Ghaziabad 2

Kanpur 9

Lucknow 5

Noida 2

Varanasi 2

Jhansi 2

Khurja 2

Meerut 2

Bareily 2

Moradabad 2

Mathura 2

Saharanpur 2

Unnao 2

Gorakhpur 3 30 Uttarakhand (8) Dehradun 3

Haridwar 1

Rishikesh 1

Haldwani 1

Rudrapur 1

kashipur 1

31 West Bengal (39) Kolkata 10

Durgapur 4

Haldia 5

Howrah 4

Asansol 3

Barrckpore 3

Ranigunj 3

South Suburban 3

Sankrail 4

Total 26 states, 5UTs 215 cities 523 stations


9

Figure 1.3: Status of State wise Distribution of sanctioned versus

operational air quality monitoring stations during 2011-2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Arunc

hal P

rade

sh

Andhr

a Pra

desh

Assam

Bihar

Cha

ttisg

arh

Goa

Gujar

at

Har

yana

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

Jam

mu

& Kas

hmir

Jhar

khan

d

Karna

taka

Kerala

Mad

hya

Prade

sh

Mah

aras

htra

Man

ipur

Meg

halaya

Mizor

am

Nag

alan

d

Oris

sa

Punjab

Rajas

than

Sikkim

Tamiln

adu

Tripur

a

Utta

r Pra

desh

Utta

rakh

and

Wes

t Ben

gal

States

No.

of

monitoring s

tations Sanctioned

Operating

Figure 1.4: Status of Distribution of sanctioned versus operational air

quality monitoring stations in PCC's/Union Territories during 2011-2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar

Haveli

Daman & Diu Lakshadweep Delhi Puducherry

Union Territories

No.

of

monitoring s

tations

Sanctioned

Operating


10

1.3.2. Objectives of NAMP The objectives of the NAMP are as follows: To determine status and trends of ambient air quality; To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated; To Identify Non-attainment Cities; To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and

corrective measures; To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through

pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.

1.3.3. Parameters monitored under NAMP Under NAMP three major pollutants viz. PM10 (Particulate Matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 µm), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations. Other parameters like PM2.5 (Particulate Matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm), Carbon monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo(a)pyrene {B(a)P}, Arsenic (As) and Nickel (Ni) are being monitored at selected locations and are slowly being added to the monitoring network under NAMP. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year. The monitoring under the NAMP is being carried out with the help of State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees (PCC), National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) head and Zonal Offices. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure uniformity, consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring station (Plate 1.1).


11

Plate1.1. Different monitoring modes a. Mobile van monitoring, b. cabin for monitoring, c. Continuous analyzers and d. analysis facility under NAMP

a. Monitoring using Mobile Van

c. Continuous analysers d. Analysis facility in CPCB


12

1.3.4. Data Analysis and Limitations The air quality data generated at the monitoring stations are entered into data bank of CPCB known as Environmental Data Bank (EDB) by respective SPCBs and PCCs, where the data is scrutinized for outliers and gaps in input of data. In case of any gaps the matter is discussed with the respective agencies and later the data is checked, scrutinized, compiled, processed and analyzed statistically to get the information on the annual mean, standard deviation etc. of the pollutants and payment is also made to the respective agencies. Figure 1.5 shows the data flow in NAMP. In the present report, results of PM10, SO2 and NO2, for the year 2011 are presented. While presenting the air quality data in this report following conventions have been followed: i. If the 24 hours sampling in a day could not be fulfilled at all the locations due to force

majeure like power failure, rainfall etc, and the values monitored for 16 hours and more are considered as the representative values for assessing the ambient air quality for that day;

ii. In case no data is available in a particular month with respect to all the three parameters, the month has been excluded;

iii. In case, no data is reported for a particular station with respect to all the three parameters, during entire year, that station has been excluded; and

iv. The frequency of monitoring twice a week, 104 days in a year could not be met in some of the locations. In such cases, 50 days of monitoring in a year is considered adequate for the purpose of data analysis.

Figure 1.5 Data flow chart under NAMP

As NAMP is being operated through various monitoring agencies, a large number of personnel and equipments are involved in the sampling, chemical analyses, data reporting etc. This increases the probability of personal biases reflecting in the data. Hence, it is pertinent to mention that this document be referred keeping in view the above facts and the data be considered more as indicative rather than absolute. The data presented in this report is average over the entire year as available.


13

1.3.5. Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Data and Management Quality assurance and Quality control (QA/QC) is an essential part of any monitoring system. QA/QC is a programme of activities which ensures that measurements meet defined standards of quality, with a stated level of confidence. In order to ensure the quality of data the CPCB is carrying out various exercises as follows: i) Calibration, Servicing and Repair of Instruments CPCB is carrying out a project on calibration, servicing and repair of instruments/equipments and evaluation of ambient air quality monitoring stations under NAMP. Servicing and repair of respirable dust sampler and high volume sampler is carried out and they are also calibrated using top loading calibrator (Plate 1.2). The location of monitoring stations is evaluated as per CPCB guidelines so as to ensure quality of data. ii) Training Program on Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CPCB carries out training program on ambient air quality monitoring with an objective to improve quality of data generated under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). Training is provided to field and laboratory staff involved in NAMP. The training is provided on measurement methods of air pollutants i.e. sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter of size less than or equal to 10µg (PM10) and other notified parameters in NAAQS-2009 etc. iii) Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring CPCB has developed guidelines for carrying out ambient air quality monitoring. The Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring include site selection criteria, quality assurance and quality control in air quality monitoring, type of pollutants to be monitored in a city, frequency and duration of monitoring, data reporting and compilation procedures and measurement methods of various air pollutants etc. iv) Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Regular Inspection of Monitoring stations and monitoring laboratories are regularly inspected by CPCB officials to ensure proper and uniform methodology for sampling and analysis. v) Review meetings of NAMP are regularly conducted with monitoring agencies to discuss various problems related to monitoring activities and sort out the remedial measures. vi) Analytical quality control exercises using Ring Test Facility are regularly conducted to evaluate the performance of different laboratories. NB. In this report data has been taken from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2011. Operating stations has been listed as numbers reported till 31st March 2011 (financial year wise). However, there are cases where data has been given on October 2012 which has been included during data analysis.


14

Plate 1.2: Field calibration a, b.Top loading calibration of Respirable Dust Sampler at Kurnool and Goa c. Use of dry gas meter for gaseous calibration at Vizag d. Calibration of balance at Ramachandrapuram

Chapter 2: Major findings - 2011

15

CHAPTER 2

AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT & MAJOR FINDINGS - 2011


16

2.0 Major Findings Air Quality Assessment and major findings of the ambient air quality monitoring carried out countrywide during the year 2011 are presented in this chapter. The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS.

2.1 Air Quality Assessment The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). The Exceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows: Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutant Exceedence Factor = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class The four air quality categories are:

Critical pollution (C) : when EF is > 1.5;

High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - <1.5;

Moderate pollution (M) : when the EF between 0.5 - <1.0; and

Low pollution (L): when the EF is < 0.5.

It is obvious from the above categorization, that the locations in either of the first two categories are actually not meeting the standards, although, with varying magnitude. Those, falling in the third category are meeting the standards as of now but likely to exceed the standards in future if pollution continues to increase and is not controlled. However, the locations in Low pollution category have a rather clean air quality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution. The pollution control classification is given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Pollution Level Classification

Pollution level Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

Industrial, Residential, Rural & others areas Ecologically Sensitive Area

SO2 NO2 PM10 SO2 NO2 PM10

Low (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30 0-10 0-15 0-30

Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60 11-20 16-30 31-60

High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90 21-30 31-45 61-90

Critical (C) >75 >60 >90 >30 >45 >90

There are 28 states and 7 union territories in India. CPCB has sanctioned 700 stations air quality monitoring stations in 300 cities covering all the 28 states and 7 UTs in India. However, 545 air quality monitoring stations in 225 cities covering 26 states and 5 UTs are operating as on 31st March 2013. This report represent the air quality scenario with air quality data from January – December 2011 of 485 stations from residential / commercial / industrial / rural area and 44 stations from ecologically sensitive area {List of Ecologically Sensitive Area Notified by Ministry of Environment and Forests under Section 3(2)(V) of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rule 5(3)(d) of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986} ie a total of 529 stations. Out of 485

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_state

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory


17

air quality monitoring stations from residential / commercial / industrial / rural area, adequate data on annual average concentration (with 50 and more day of monitoring) was received from 389 stations for SO2, 391 stations for NO2 and 393 stations PM10 for residential / commercial / industrial / rural area. In case of Ecologically Sensitive Area adequate data was received from 27 stations for SO2, 27 stations for NO2 and 29 stations for PM10. The detail of number of stations for which data was adequate or inadequate is given in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Details of data generated during 2011

Data type

Number of monitoring stations

Residential / industrial / rural / commercial areas

Ecologically sensitive area


Adequate data 389 391 393 27 27 29

Inadequate data 53 51 47 14 14 12

No data 43 43 45 3 3 3

Total monitoring stations 485 485 485 44 44 44

Key: Adequate data: locations where ≥50 days of monitoring was done in a year; Inadequate data: locations < 50 days of monitoring were done in a year; No data: Monitoring not done or data not received for the particular parameter

2.2 Number of locations / monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical pollution level of air pollution-2011

The analysis of three criteria pollutants (adequate data) with respect to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) during 2011 revealed that SO2 showed low concentration in most of the locations (367 locations, 94%), moderate in 21 locations (5%) and high in 1 location. With respect to NO2, 162 locations (41%) were in low category, 159 in moderate (41%), 49 in high (13%) and 21 (5%) in critical category. With respect to PM10 only 9 locations (2%) showed low PM10 level, 60 locations (15%) showed moderate, 96 high (24%) and 228 location (58%) were in critical category. Table 2.3, Figure 2.1a shows categorization of locations according to low, moderate, high and critical level of pollutants in residential / industrial / commercial / rural and other Figure 2.1b shows the same in ecologically sensitive areas. Locations at sensitive zones also showed more or less a similar trend. SO2 mainly showed low concentration in most of the locations (17 locations, 63%), moderate in 9 locations (33%) and high in 1 location (4%). There was no locations in critical range. With respect to NO2, 12 locations (44%) were in low category, 11 in moderate (41%) and 4 in high (15%). In case of PM10 no location showed low PM10 level. 8 (28%) locations showed moderate and 2 (7%) high and 19 (66%) locations were in critical category. Table 2.3, Figure 2.2 gives a picture of percentage of locations according to low, moderate, high and critical level of pollutants in both residential / industrial / commercial / rural and other and sensitive areas.

Table 2.3: Number of locations with low, moderate, high & critical air quality-2011 (residential/industrial/commercial/rural and sensitive)

Category

Number of monitoring stations




Low (L) 367 (94) 162 (41) 9 (2) 17 (63) 12 (44) 0 (0)

Moderate (M) 21 (5) 159 (41) 60 (15) 9 (33) 11 (41) 8 (28)

High (H) 1 (0.3) 49 (13) 96 (24) 1 (4) 4 (15) 2 (7)

Critical (C) 0 21 (5) 228 (58) 0 0 19 (66)

Inadequate data (ID) 53 51 47 14 14 12


18

No monitoring (NM) 43 43 45 3 3 3 Total locations (LMHC) 389 391 393 27 27 29

Grand total (L/M/H/C/IA/NM) 485 485 485 44 44 44

NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2. Figures in parenthesis represent percentage of stations in a particular category.

Figure 2.1a,b: a.Number of locations with low, moderate, high & critical pollution level in a. residential/industrial/commercial/rural b. ecologically sensitive ares-2011

21

159

60

1

49

96

021

367

162

9

228

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

SO2 NO2 PM10

Parameter

Nu

mb

er

of

loca

tio

ns

9

11

8

1

4

2

0 0

1917

12

0

0

5

10

15

20

SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter

Num

ber

of

locatio

ns

Low Moderate High Critical

Figure 2.2 Percentage of locations in residential/industrial/commercial/rural and

ecologically sensitive ares with low, moderate, high & critical pollution level-2011

44

05

41

15

33

41

28

0.3

13

24

4

15

7

05

58

0 0

66

94

41

2

63

0

20

40

60

80

100


Parameter

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

loca

tio

ns


Note:

Pollution level

Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

I/R/Ru/O ESA


Low 0-25 0-20 0-30 0-10 0-15 0-30

Moderate 26-50 21-40 31-60 11-20 16-30 31-60

High 51-75 41-60 61-90 21-30 31-45 61-90

Critical >75 >60 >90 >30 >45 >90

a b Residential/Industrial/Rural/Others Ecologically sensitive area

----Residential/Industrial/Rural/Others---- --------Ecologically sensitive area------


19

2.3 Number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical pollution levels in the country -2011

The analysis of three pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM10) was done in 198 cities of residential / industrial / commercial / rural and other areas. In case of ecologically sensitive area analysis was done in 19 cities for the three parameters. Data with number of monitoring days greater than 50 has only been considered with respect to all the parameters. Data for 2011 for residential / industrial / commercial / rural and other areas revealed that 161 cities fall uner low category and 9 under moderate category 1 (Byrnihat in Meghalaya) under high category with respect to Sulphur dioxide (SO2). As for NO2 pollution levels, time weighted annual average concentrations indicated that 89 cities are under the low category, 58 under moderate, 20 under high and 4 cities in the critical category. PM10 in indicated that 4 cities fall under low category, 29 cities in moderate category, 50 cities in high pollution levels category and 88 cities in critical category. The number of cities with low, moderate, high and critical categories are depicted in Table 2.4, Figure 2.3. Figure 2.4 shows the percentage of cities in low, moderate, high and critical categories

Table 2.4: Number of cities with low, moderate, high & critical air quality

Category

Number of cities

Cities with Residential / industrial / rural / commercial

areas Cities with sensitive area


Low (L) 161 (94) 89 (52) 4 (2) 7 (64) 6 (55) 0 (0)

Moderate (M) 9 (5) 58 (34) 29 (17) 4 (36) 4 (36) 3 (23)

High (H) 1 (1) 20 (12) 50 (29) 0 (0) 1 (9) 4 (31)

Critical (C) 0 (0) 4 (2) 88 (51) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (46)

Inadequate data (ID) 14 14 13 6 6 4

No monitoring (NM) 13 13 14 2 2 2

Total locations (LMHC) 171 171 171 11 11 13

Grand total (L/M/H/C/IA/NM) 198 198 198 19 19 19

NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1 Figures within parenthesis represent percentage

Figure 2.3: Number of cities with low, moderate, high & critical pollution level

(residential / industrial / rural / other area)

9

59

29

1

20

50

0 4

8989

4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

SO2 NO2 PM10Parameter

Num

ber

of

citie

s

LowModerateHighCritical

Pollution level

Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

Industrial, Residential, Rural & other areas

SO2 NO2 PM10

Low (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30

Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60

High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90 Critical (C) >75 >60 >90


20

Figure 2.4: Percentage of cities showing low, moderate, high and critical level of SO2, NO2 and PM10 (residential / industrial / rural / other area) 2011

Figure 2.4a: Percentage of cities

showing low, moderate, high and

critical level of SO2

01

94

5

Figure 2.4b: Percentage of cities

showing low, moderate, high and critical

level of NO2

2

52

34

12Low

Moderate

High

Critical

Figure 2.4c: Percentage of cities

showing low, moderate, high and

critical level PM10

52

2

17

29

Annual average in each city and its catagorization for different pollutant is represented in Table 2.5 represent the. Close examination of Table 2.5 indicates that:

Cities like Badlapur and Ulhasnagar (Maharashtra), Howrah and Kolkata (West Bengal) are critical with respect to both NO2 and PM10

State capital cities like Patna, Raipur, Delhi, Ranchi, Bhopal, Mumbai, Bhubaneswar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Lucknow, and Kolkata are critical with respect to PM10

Industrial cities like Bhilai, Korba, Faridabad, Jamshedpur, Jharia, Sindri, Ludhiana, Muradabad, Rourkela, Indore, Kota, Kanpur, Asansol, Durgapur, Haldia, Howrah are critical with respect to PM10

Pollution level

Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m

3) Industrial,

Residential, Rural & other areas

SO2 NO2 RSPM

Low (L) 0-25 0-20 0-30 Moderate (M) 26-50 21-40 31-60 High (H) 51-75 41-60 61-90 Critical (C) >75 >60 >90


21

Table 2.5: a. Ambient Air Quality in different cities for the year 2011

(residential / industrial / rural / others areas; RIRuO)

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Andhra

Pradesh

Chitoor 4 L 9 L 39 M

Guntur 4 L 10 L 74* H

Hydrabad 5 L 29 M 86* H

Kakinada 4 - 9 - 59 -

Kothagudem 4 L 9 L 81* H

Kurnool 4 L 9 L 82* H

Nalgonda 4 L 18 L 75* H

Nellore 4 L 10 L 63* H

Patencheru 6 L 22 M 76* H

Ramagundam 6 L 11 L 65* H

Tirupati 4 L 9 L 37 M

Vijaywada 6 L 11 L 90* H

Warangal 6 L 11 L 61* H

Vishakhapatnam 13 L 20 L 80* H

Assam

Bongaigaon 6 L 13 L 53 M

Daranga 6 L 14 L 56 M

Dibrugarh 6 L 13 L 42 M

Guwahati 6 L 14 L 93* C

Margherita 9 L 20 L 53 M

Lakhimpur 6 L 13 L 64* H

Nagaon 6 L 13 L 86* H

Nalbari 6 L 15 L 95* C

Sibsagar 6 L 14 L 99* C

Silchar 6 L 14 L 78* H

Tezpur 5 L 12 L 60 M

Tinsukia 6 L 12 L 56 M

Bihar Patna 5 L 47 H* 174* C

Chandigarh Chandigarh 2 L 16 L 102* C

Chattisgarh

Bhillai 9 L 22 M 106* C

Bilaspur 8 L 21 M - -

Korba 12 L 20 L 94* C

Raipur 14 L 42* H 293* C

Dadra &

Nagar Haveli Silvassa 8 L 19 L 24 -

Daman & Diu Daman 7 L 20 L 24 -


22

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Delhi Delhi 5 L 57* H 222* C

Goa

Panaji 4 L 17 L 87* H

Marmagao 4 L 19 L 72* H

Vasco 4 L 18 L 57 M

Curchorem 7 L 16 L 87* H

Codli 9 L 15 L 76* H

Bicholim 10 L 16 L 111* C

Amona 11 L 16 L 79* H

Assanora 9 L 14 L 78* H

Usgao 15 L 15 L 125* C

Margao 15 - 23 - 90 -

Tilamol 18 - 25 - 150 -

Gujarat

Ahmedabad 13 L 25 M 79* H

Anklesvar 16 L 26 M 91* C

Jamnagar 12 L 25 M 104* C

Rajkot 13 L 18 L 98* C

Surat 17 L 26 M 94* C

Vadodara 17 L 29 M 88* H

Vapi 16 L 25 M 88* H

Haryana

Faridabad 21 L 44* H 177* C

Hissar 5 L 7 L 101* C

Yamunanagar 11 - 26 - 172 -

Himachal

Pradesh

Baddi 3 L 15 L 98* C

Damtal 2 L 10 L 67* H

Kala Amb 3 L 16 L 170* C

Nalagarh 2 L 13 L 89* H

Parwanoo 2 L 9 L 87* H

Paonta Sahib 2 L 8 L 72* H

Una 6 - 17 - 49 M

Sunder Nagar 2 L 11 L 85* H

Jammu &

Kashmir Jammu 5 L 12 L 107* C

Jharkhand

Dhanbad 16 L 35 M 202* C

Jamshedpur 36 M 48* H 152* C

Jharia 16 L 39 M 223* C

Ranchi 18 L 35 M 170* C


23

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Saraikela Kharsawan 35 - 45 - 216 -

Sindri 16 L 33 M 214* C

West Singhbhum 24 - 34 - 231 -

Karnataka

Bangalore 16 L 29 M 94* C

Gulburga 4 L 12 L 63* H

Hassan 5 L 24 M 46 M

Hubli-Dharwad 7 L 13 L 73* H

Mandya 11 L 22 M 43 M

Mangalore 7 L 8 L 55 M

Mysore 12 L 22 M 48 M

Devanagere 10 L 16 L 67* H

Raichur - - - - - -

Bijapur - - - - - -

Chitradurga - - - - - -

Shimaga - - - - - -

Karwar - - - - - -

Bagalkote - - - - - -

Kolar - - - - - -

Bidar - - - - - -

Kerala

Alappuzha 2 L 5 L 41 M

Kochi 3 L 13 L 38 M

Kollam 4 L 20 L 53 M

Kottayam 5 L 17 L 48 M

Kozhikode 2 L 8 L 47 M

Malapuram 2 L 5 L 30 L

Palakkad 3 L 9 L 23 L

Pathanamthitta 2 L 13 L 22 L

Thissur 2 L 14 L 33 M

Wayanad 2 L 12 L 28 L

Thiruvananthapuram 10 L 23 M 58 M

Madhya

Pradesh

Bhopal 3 L 17 L 175* C

Dewas 21 L 26 M 84* H

Gwalior 12 L 20 L 309* C

Indore 12 L 14 L 142* C

Jabalpur 2 L 25 M 73* H

Nagda 21 L 26 M 101* C


24

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Sagar 4 L 15 L 77* H

Satna 3 - 6 - 99 -

Singrauli - - - - - -

Ujjain 14 L 14 L 98* C

Maharashtra

Dombivali/Ambernath

Amravati 11 L 13 L 100* C

Aurangabad 9 L 31 M 83* H

Badlapur 39 M 63* C 105* C

Chandrapur 22 L 28 M 152* C

Jalgaon 17 L 42* H 118* C

Latur 6 L 16 L 116* C

Lote 43 M 32 M 86* H

Mahad 22 L 38 M 207* C

Mumbai 5 L 35 M 119* C

Nagpur 8 L 34 M 106* C

Nashik 25 L 27 M 101* C

Navi Mumbai 17 L 44* H 129* C

Pune 32 M 58* H 113* C

Roha 21 L 35 M 133* C

Sangli 10 L 35 M 76* H

Solapur 17 L 35 M 78* H

Tarapur - - - - - -

Thane 16 L 13 L 56 M

Ulhasnagar 37 M 67* C 114* C

Jalna 7 L 25 M 116* C

Akola 8 L 10 L 137* C

Nanded 28 M 29 M 39 M

Meghalaya

Byrnihat 74* H 17 L 178* C

Dawki 3 L 7 L 63* H

Tura 2 L 7 L 59 M

Nagaland Dimapur 2 L 7 L 88* H

Orissa

Angul 7 L 20 L 106* C

Balasore 2 L 12 L 76* H

Berhampur 2 L 15 L 75* H

Bhubneshwar 2 L 25 M 121* C

Cuttack 2 L 17 L 70* H


25

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Rayagada 3 L 22 M 58 M

Rourkela 5 L 11 L 104* C

Sambalpur 4 L 14 L 52 M

Talcher 9 L 20 L 109* C

Punjab

Amritsar 14 L 36 M 210* C

Bhatinda 10 L 22 M 105* C

Dera Bassi 9 L 22 M 105* C

Pathankot/Dera Baba 7 L 14 L 69* H

Gobindgarh 9 L 29 M 166* C

Jalandhar 12 L 26 M 142* C

Khanna 11 L 31 M 237* C

Ludhiana 11 L 28 M 221* C

Naya Nangal 7 L 17 L 76* H

Patiala 8 L 19 L 97* C

Batala - - - - - -

Puducherry Puducherry 7 L 16 L 42* M

Jaipur 7 L 42* H 147* C

Jodhpur 5 L 24 M 141* C

Jodhpur 5 L 23 M 168* C

Kota 7 L 31 M 139* C

Udaipur 6 L 32 M 171* C

Tamilnadu

Chennai 12 L 19 L 65* H

Coimbatore 4 L 33 M 86* H

Madurai 11 L 24 M 45 M

Salem 8 L 21 M 65* H

Tuticorin 10 L 15 L 130* C

Trichy - - - - - -

Allahabad 6 L 23 M 260* C

Anpara 16 L 26 M 140* C

Bareily 14 L 56* H 218* C

Gajraula 14 L 22 M 89* H

Ghaziabad 31 M 39 M 231* C

Jhansi 8 L 24 M 118* C

Kanpur 8 L 33 M 184* C

Khurja 28 M 28 M 164* C

Lucknow 8 L 33 M 189* C

Meerut 5 L 45* H 122* C


26

State City

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Muradabad 13 L 23 M 145* C

Noida 10 L 45* H 138* C

Varanasi 17 L 20 L 127* C

Unnao 10 - 34 - 132 -

Saharanpur 29 M 20 L 42 M

Raebareli 8 L 11 L 133* C

Mathura 20 - 24 - 206 -

Gorakpur 22 L 42* H 67 H

Haldwani 17 - 24 - 125 -

Haridwar 23 - 24 - 137* C

Kashipur 25 - 29 - 291* C

Rudrapur 15 - 20 - 150* -

West Bengal

Asansol 7 L 55* H 141* C

Barrackpore 21 L 45* H 98* C

Durgapur 7 L 57* H 166* C

Haldia 15 L 55* H 136* C

Howrah 12 L 62* C 131* C

Kolkata 13 L 66* C 115* C

Raniganj 7 L 52* H 153* C

Sankrail 9 L 50* H 114* C

South Suburban 6 L 50* H 96* C L: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, C: Critical; Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1;‘-‘ No monitoring:Monitoring not conducted;*- exceeding NAAQS; Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days less than 50 has also been included. For LMHC classification cities with monitoring days only ≥50 has been considered.


27

Table 2.5: b. Ambient Air Quality in different cities for the year 2011

(ecologically sensitive areas, ES)

State City

Type of

station Category of ESA

SO2

NO2

PM10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Air

qu

ali

ty

Assam Golaghat ES Numaligarh 6 L 15 L 63* H

Goa Honda ES Sahyadri 13 M 19 M 184* C

Himachal Pradesh Shimla ES Hill station 3 L 12 L 54 M

Himachal Pradesh Manali ES Hill station 2 - 9 - 109* C

Karnataka Belgaum ES Sahyadri 2 L 14 L 41 M

Maharashtra Kolhapur ES Sahyadri 16 M 22 M 86* H

Manipur Imphal ES Hill station - - - - - -

Meghalaya Shillong ES Hill station 3 L 10 L 72* H

Mizoram Aizawl ES Hill station 2 L 5 L 46 M

Mizoram Lunglei ES Hill station 2 - 5 - 41 -

Mizoram Kolasib ES Hill station 2 - 5 - 94 -

Mizoram Champhai ES Hill station 2 - 5 - 65 -

Nagaland Kohima ES Hill station 2 L 5 L 77* H

Rajasthan Alwar ES Aravali range 12 M 22 M 214* C

Sikkim Gangtok ES Hill station - - - - - -

Uttar Pradesh Agra ES Taj-trapezium 5 L 22 M 165* C

Uttar Pradesh Firozabad ES Taj-trapezium 12 M 39* H 271* C

Uttarakhand Dehradun ES Doon valley 22 - 24 - 157 -

Uttarakhand Rishikesh ES Hill station 21 - 22 - 94* C

L: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, C: Critical; Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1;‘-‘ No monitoring:Monitoring not conducted;*- exceeding NAAQS of 20 µg/m

3 for

SO2, 30 µg/m3 for NO2, and 60 µg/m

3 for PM10; Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days less than 50 has also

been included. For LMHC classification cities with monitoring days only ≥50 has been considered. 2.4 Annual average concentration of pollutants in different States and Union

territories-2011 The analysis of three pollutants (combining residential/industrial/rural/other and sensitive area; data with number of monitoring days less than and greater than or equal to 50 days has been considered) during 2011 in each state revealed that with respect to SO2 Jharkhand had the maximum annual average concentration (23 µg/m

3) followed by Uttarakhand (21 µg/m3). With

respect to NO2 Delhi had the maximum annual average concentration (57µg/m3) followed by West

Bengal (56.6 µg/m3). With respect to PM10 Delhi had the maximum annual average concentration

(222 µg/m3) followed by Jharkhand (197 µg/m

3). Table 2.6 shows the top 2 states with highest major pollutants and Table 2.7, Figure 2.5 shows the annual average concentration of states in India.


28

Table 2.6: The states / UTs having high annual averages of major pollutants

SO2 NO2 PM10

State Conc. µg/m

3

State Conc. µg/m

3

State Conc. µg/m

3

Jharkhand 23 Delhi 57 Delhi 222

Uttarakhand 21 West Bengal 56.6 Jharkhand 197

Figure 2.5: Annual average concentration in States and UTs of India-2011

SO2

65

2

12

87

5

10

15

13

3

5

23

11

4

12

1817

2 2

4

10

7 7

10

13

21

11

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

SO2States

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n in

mic

rog

ram

pe

r c

ub

ic m

ete

r

NO2

14

47

16

27

1920

57

18

2525

1212

39

21

14

18

33

10

5 6

19

25

16

31

22

30

24

56.6

19

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NO2

States

Co

ncen

trati

on

in

mic

rog

ram

per

cu

bic

mete

r

PM10

74

174

102

173

24 24

10088

146

88

107

71

42

135

111

89

57

82

147

165

77

163158

127

77

222

197

96

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

PM10

States

Co

ncen

trati

on

in

mic

rog

ram

per

cu

bic

mete

r

Andhra Pradesh Assam

Bihar Chandigarh

Chattisgarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Daman & Diu Delhi

Goa Gujarat

Haryana Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand

Karnataka Kerala

Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

Manipur Meghalaya

Mizoram Nagaland

Orissa Punjab

Puducherry Rajasthan

Sikkim Tamilnadu

Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand

West Bengal


29

Table 2.7: Annual average concentration of major pollutants in States / UTs during 2011 (residential/industrial/rural/other and sensitive area)

NB. ‘-‘ no monitoring data. Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days less than and greater than or equal to 50 has been considered

States & Union territories

SO2 NO2 PM10

Annual average (µg/m

3)

Standard deviation


3)

Standard deviation


3)

Standard deviation

Andhra Pradesh 7 3 19 5 77 28

Assam 6 1 14 2 74 42

Bihar 5 3 47 28 174 104

Chandigarh 2 0 16 9 102 50

Chattisgarh 12 1 27 2 173 18

Dadra & Nagar Haveli 8 1 19 1 24 0

Daman & Diu 7 0 20 3 24 0

Delhi 5 2 57.0 16 222 116

Goa 10 5 18 5 100 45

Gujarat 15 3 25 5 88 17

Haryana 13 5 25 9 146 50

Himachal Pradesh 3 2 12 6 88 45

Jammu & Kashmir 5 2 12 3 107 23

Jharkhand 23 6 39 9 197 51

Karnataka 11 4 21 6 71 35

Kerala 4 1 14 3 42 14

Madhya Pradesh 12 4 18 5 135 53

Maharashtra 18 7 33 11 111 50

Manipur - - - - - -

Meghalaya 17 10 10 4 89 18

Mizoram 2 0 5 0 57 8

Nagaland 2 0 6 2 82 37

Orissa 4 1 19 5 96 28

Punjab 10 3 25.7 5 156 33

Puducherry 7 1 16 1 42 10

Rajasthan 7 6 31 39 165 185

Sikkim - - - - - -

Tamilnadu 10 5 22 11 77 37

Uttar Pradesh 13 2 30 8 163 39

Uttarakhand 21 2 24 2 158 57

West Bengal 11 5 56.6 17 127 78


30

2.5 Exceedence of pollutants from National Ambient Air Quality Standard 2.5.1. Locations exceeding NAAQS Number of monitoring stations (with adequate data) exceeding NAAQS is presented in Table 2.8, Figure 2.6. For residential/industrial/rural area, taking annual average into considerration, 1 station for SO2, 70 stations (for NO2) and 324 stations (for PM10) exceed NAAQS. Considering 24-hourly average data into consideration, 15 stations (for SO2), 71 stations (for NO2) and 349 stations (for PM10) exceed NAAQS. For ecologically sensitive area, taking annual average into consideration, 1 station (for SO2), 4 stations (for NO2) and 21 stations (for PM10) stations exceed NAAQS. Considering 24-hourly average data, 1 station (for NO2), and 23 stations (for PM10) exceed NAAQS.

NB. NE/E: not exceedingNAAQS / exceeding the NAAQS

Figure 2.6: Locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/rural and sensitive

areas

42115

71

349

0 1231

70

324

1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Parameter

Perc

enta

ge o

f lo

catio

ns

Annual

24 hourly

Table 2.8. Number of locations exceeding the NAAQS-2011 (Based on annual average data and 24-hourly data in µg/m

3)

Residential/Industrial/Rural area Sensitive area


An

nu

al

>5

0

24

ho

url

y

>8

0

An

nu

al

>4

0

24

ho

url

y

>8

0

An

nu

al

>6

0

24

ho

url

y

>1

00

An

nu

al

>2

0

24

ho

url

y

>8

0

An

nu

al

>3

0

24

ho

url

y

>8

0

An

nu

al

>6

0

24

ho

url

y

>1

00

Not exceeding NAAQS

388 374 321 320 69 44 26 27 23 26 8 6

Exceeding NAAQS

1 15 70 71 324 349 1 0 4 1 21 23

Inadequate data

53 53 51 51 47 47 14 14 14 14 12 12

No monitoring 43 43 43 43 45 45 3 3 3 3 3 3

Total (NE & E)

389 389 391 391 393 393 27 27 27 27 29 29

Grand total stations

485 485 485 485 485 485 44 44 44 44 44 44

Time weighted average

Concentration in ambient air (µg/m

3)



3)

Ecologically sensitive areas


Annual 50 40 60 20 30 60 24 hourly 80 80 100 80 80 100

----Residential/Industrial/Rural/Others---- --------Ecologically sensitive area------


31

The percentage of locations exceeding national standards with respect to NO2, SO2 and PM10 is depicted in Table 2.9, Figure 2.7. For residential/industrial/rural area, considering annual average 0.3% locations for SO2, 18% locations (for NO2) and 82% (PM10) locations exceed NAAQS. Considering 24-hourly average, 4% locations (for SO2), 18% (NO2) locations and 90% locations (PM10) exceed NAAQS. In case of ecologically sensitive area taking annual average into 4% locations for SO2, 15% locations (for NO2) and 72% (PM10) locations exceed NAAQS. Considering 24-hourly average data, 4% locations (for NO2), 79% locations (PM10) exceed NAAQS. SO2 does not exceed the standard for 24-hourly data.

Figure 2.7: Percentage of locations exceeding NAAQS in residential/industrial/rural

and sensitive areas

15

72

4

18

90

04

79

0

18

82

4

0

20

40

60

80

100


Parameter

Perc

enta

ge o

f lo

catio

ns

Annual

24 hourly

Number and percentage of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of PM10 is depicted in Table 2.10. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS for residential/industrial/rural/other area was less than 2% at 379 (97%) monitoring stations for SO2, 345 (88%) monitoring stations for NO2 and 56 (14%) monitoring stations for PM10.. Therefore it can be mentioned that considering daily average values the exceedence from NAAQS for SO2 was minimum followed by NO2 and was maximum for PM10. (Figure 2.8). As for sensitive areas was less than 2% at 27 (100%) monitoring stations for SO2 , 26 (96%) monitoring stations for NO2 and 6 (21%) monitoring stations for PM10. (Figure 2.9).

Table 2.9: Percentage of locations exceeding the NAAQS-2011 (Based on annual average data and 24-hourly data in µg/m

3)

% of locations

Residential/Industrial/Rural area Sensitive area


An

nu

al

>50

24 h

ou

rly

>80

An

nu

al

>40

24 h

ou

rly

>80

An

nu

al

>60

24 h

ou

rly

>100

An

nu

al

>20

24 h

ou

rly

>80

An

nu

al

>30

24 h

ou

rly

>80

An

nu

al

>60

24 h

ou

rly

>100

Not exceeding NAAQS 100 96 82 82 18 11 96 100 85 96 28 21

Exceeding NAAQS 0 4 18 18 82 90 4 0 15 4 72 79

----Residential/Industrial/Rural/Others---- ------Ecologically sensitive area------


32

NB. NE/E: not exceeding/exceeding the NAAQS

Figure 2.8: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percent

exceedence for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in residential/industrial/rural/other

area379

6 3 1 0 0

345

924 12 1 0

56

17

7191

6692

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

<02% 2-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% >75%

Ranges of Percent violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)

Nu

mbe

r o

f M

onito

rin

g

Sta

tio

ns

SO2 NO2 PM10

Table 2.10: Number and percentage of locations in different ranges of percent exceedance Summary of 2011

Ranges of percent

exceedence

Residential/Industrial/rural/other area Sensitive area


no

.of

sta

tio

n

% o

f

sta

tio

n

no

.of

s

tati

on

% o

f

sta

tio

n

no

.of

s

tati

on

% o

f

sta

tio

n

no

.of

s

tati

on

% o

f

sta

tio

n

no

.of

s

tati

on

% o

f

sta

tio

n

no

.of

s

tati

on

% o

f

sta

tio

n

<2 379 97 345 88 56 14 27 100 26 96 6 21

2-5 6 2 9 2 17 4 0 0 1 4 2 7

6-25 3 1 24 6 71 18 0 0 0 0 3 10

26-50 1 0 12 3 91 23 0 0 0 0 4 14

51-75 0 0 1 0 66 17 0 0 0 0 6 21

>75 0 0 0 0 92 23 0 0 0 0 8 28

Total (NE/E) 389 100 391 100 393 100 27 100 27 100 29 100


33

Figure 2.9: Percentage of monitoring stations in various ranges of

percent exceedence for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 10 in

residential/industrial/rural/other 97

2 1 0 0 0

88

26 3 0 0

14

4

1823

1723

0

20

40

60

80

100

<02% 2-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% >75%

Ranges of Percent exceedence of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Mon

ito

rin

g S

tatio

ns

SO2 NO2 PM10

2.5.2. Cities exceeding NAAQS Number and percentage of cities exceeding NAAQS is presented in Table 2.9, Figure 2.10 and 2.11. Considering residential/industrial/rural area, 1 city (1% for SO2), 24 cities (14% for NO2) and 138 cities (81% for PM10) exceed NAAQS. Considering sensitive area, 1 (9%) cities exceed NAAQS for NO2 and 10 (77%) exceed for PM10 respectively.

NB. Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

Figure 2.10: Cities exceeding NAAQS considering

residential/industrial/rural areas

1

24

139

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

SO2 NO2 PM10

Parameter

No

. o

f ci

ties

Figure 2.11: Percentage of cities exceeding

NAAQS considering

residential/industrial/rural areas

1

14

81

0

20

40

60

80

100

SO2 NO2 PM10

Parameter

Perc

enta

ge o

f citie

s

Table 2.11. Number of cities exceeding the NAAQS (Based on annual average data-2011)

Residential/Industrial/Rural area Ecologically sensitive area

SO2

>50 NO2

>40 PM10

>60 SO2

>20 NO2

>30 PM10

>60

Not exceeding NAAQS 170 147 33 11 10 3

Exceeding NAAQS 1 24 138 0 1 10

Total cities 171 171 171 11 11 13

Time weighted average


3)


SO2 NO2 PM10

Annual 50 40 60

24 hourly 80 80 100


34

2.6 Percentage of residential/industrial/rural/other location in different pollution categories- Trend up to 2011 Trend in percentage of locations (Residential areas till 2009 and residential/industrial/rural/others from 2010 onwards, adequate data) with low, moderate, high and critical levels of SO2, NO2, PM10 is depicted in Figure 2.12. With respect to SO2, percentage of locations are limited to low and moderate category though fluctuating over the years. This indicates a low SO2 pollution level (Figure 2.12a). NO2 levels showed a reduction in the low category and an increase in moderate, high and critical level indicating an increase in the pollution level (Figure 2.12b). Location with respect to PM10 showed similar trend in 2011 with a reduction in the low category (Figure 2.12c)

Figure 2.12: Yearly (2011) Trends of Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of a. SO2, b. NO2 and c. PM10 (Residential areas; percentage of location)

Sulphur dioxide

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

% o

f lo

ca

tio

n


Nitrogen dioxide

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

% o

f lo

cati

on

Low ModerateHigh Critical

a.

b.


35

PM10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

% o

f lo

cati

on

CriticalHigh ModerateLow

2.7 National Mean Concentration of three regularly monitored pollutants

National mean concentration with 90th percentile and 10th percentile for SO2, NO2 and PM10 is depicted in Figure 2.13. National mean of SO2 concentration has decreased over the years indicating that there has been a decline in SO2 levels (Figure 2.13a). Decreasing trend may be due to various interventions that have taken place in recent years such as reduction in sulphur in diesel, use of cleaner fuel such as CNG in metro cities, change in domestic fuel from coal to LPG etc. National mean of NO2 concentration has remained stable over the years despite increase in sources like vehicles (Figure 2.13b). The reason for this may be various intervention measures that have taken place such as improvement in vehicle technology and other vehicular pollution control measures like alternate fuel etc. National mean of PM10 concentration shows fluctuating trend (Figure 2.13c). The reasons being emission from gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, suspension of traffic dust, natural dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel and vehicular emission etc. Figure 2.13: National mean concentration of different locations that fall under 10

th and 90

th

percentile for SO2, NO2 and PM10

c.

0

10

20

30

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

Co

ncen

tra

tio

n (

µg

/m3)

90% of Sites have concentrations below this line


Average

SO2

a.


36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/m3)



Average

NO2

b.

0

50

100

150

200

250

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/m3)



Average

PM10

c.

Chapter 3: Air quality wrt. SO2 - 2011

37

CHAPTER 3

AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)


38

3.0 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a colourless, soluble gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is the chemical compound produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes and are also a precursor to particulates in the atmosphere. Its natural source is volcanic eruptions (67%) and anthropogenic sources are combustion of fossil fuel (coal, heavy fuel oil in thermal power plants, office, factories), paper Industry, excavation & distribution of fossil fuels, smelting of metals (sulfide ores to produce copper, lead and zinc), petroleum refining, combustion process in diesel, petrol, natural gas driven vehicles. SO2 in ambient air can also affect human health, particularly in those suffering from asthma and chronic lung diseases and exacerbates respiratory symptoms and impaired breathing in sensitive individuals. It also causes visibility impairment. It is considered more harmful when particulate and other pollution concentrations are high. SO2 also causes acid rain and aesthetic damage. A compilation of sources and effects of SO2 are given in Annexure 1.

In this chapter a detailed summary of SO2 levels in the country is furnished. The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard. The four categories are low, moderate, high and critical levels. The top 10 location, cities and states with maximum SO2 pollution is given.

3.1 Locations, cities and states with highest SO2 values during 2011

Table 3.1 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of SO2 for residential / industrial / rural / other area in which highest concentration was observed at Byrnihat, Meghalaya. Table 3.2 shows sensitive area in which the highest concentration was observed at Ruikar Trust, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Among the cities Byrnihat, Meghalaya tops the list with 74 µg/m3 SO2 (Table 3.3). Among the states Jharkhand shows highest SO2 values 22.6 µg/m3

(Table 3.4).

Table 3.1: Ten locations with highest SO2 values (annual average) during 2011

(residential / industrial / rural / other area)

Sl.

No. State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 Meghalaya Byrnihat EPIP 568 99 16 178 73.5* 44 40 H

2 Maharashtra Lote Pump House, CETP 490 55 11 143 45.8 23 2 M

3 Maharashtra Nanded MIDC, CIDCO 705 70 5 103 42.2 31 7 M

4 Maharashtra Lote MIDC Chalkewadi 489 53 17 87 40.8 18 2 M

5 Maharashtra Ulhasnagar Octroi Naka 648 102 12 81 39.4 16 2 M

6 Maharashtra Badlapur BIWA Office 649 98 10 76 38.8 15 0 M

7 Maharashtra Pune Bhosari 312 104 11 95 38.0 17 1 M

8 Jharkhand Jamshedpur Golmuri 382 83 28 46 35.9 3 0 M

9 Jharkhand Jamshedpur Bistupur 351 95 24 47 35.6 4 0 M

10 Maharashtra Ulhasnagar CHM College 647 101 14 81 35.1 15 2 M

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 50 µg/m3 for Residential/ industrial / other area. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2., Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


39

Table 3.1: Ten locations with highest SO2 values (annual average) during 2011

(Ecologically sensitive area)

Sl. No.

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

ES

A c

ate

go

ry

No

. o

f m

on

. d

ays

(n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al avera

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

. D

ev.

% e

xceed

en

ce

(24 h

ou

rly)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 Maharashtra Kolhapur Ruikar Trust 509 Sahyadri 104 16 29 22.1 3 0 H

2 Maharashtra Kolhapur Mahadwar Road 510 Sahyadri 105 12 25 18.4 3 0 M

3 Uttar Pradesh Firozabad CDGI 399 Taj-trapezium 50 8 24 13.4 3 0 M

4 Goa Honda Honda Junction 631 Sahyadri 70 4 26 12.8 4 0 H

5 Rajasthan Alwar RIICO Pump House 219 Aravali range 69 5 25 12.8 4 0 M

6 Rajasthan Alwar Gaurav Solvex Ltd. 373 Aravali range 69 5 20 12.6 3 0 M

7 Uttar Pradesh Firozabad Raza ka Tal 401 Taj-trapezium 53 6 20 11.7 3 0 M

8 Uttar Pradesh Agra Nunhai 324 Taj-trapezium 93 7 17 11.4 2 0 M

9 Rajasthan Alwar Rajasthan SPCB 372 Aravali range 69 5 22 11.2 4 0 M

10 Uttar Pradesh Firozabad Tilak Nagar 400 Taj-trapezium 52 8 17 11.1 2 0 M

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 20 µg/m3 for Residential/ industrial / other area. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1 Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

Table 3.3: Ten cities with highest SO2 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)

Sl. No. State City Min Max


3)

Std. Dev.

Air Quality

1 Meghalaya Byrnihat 16 178 74* 44 H

2 Maharashtra Lote 14 115 43 20 M

3 Maharashtra Badlapur 10 76 39 15 M

4 Maharashtra Ulhasnagar 13 81 37 15 M

5 Jharkhand Jamshedpur 26 47 36 3 M

6 Maharashtra Pune 10 73 32 16 M

7 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad 23 40 31 3 M

8 Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur 25 31 29 1 M

9 Uttar Pradesh Khurja 20 32 28 3 M

10 Maharashtra Nanded 4 71 28 20 M

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 50 µg/m3 for Residential/ industrial / other area. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


40

Table 3.4: Ten states with highest SO2 values (annual average) during 2011

(residential / industrial / rural / other & ecologically sensitive area)

Sl. No. State Min Max Annual average (µg/m3)

1 Jharkhand 16 54 22.6

2 Uttarakhand 17 25 21.0

3 Maharashtra 8 36 17.7

4 Meghalaya 5 42 16.8

5 Gujarat 10 27 15.0

6 Uttar Pradesh 9 21 12.6

7 Haryana 5 21 12.6

8 Madhya Pradesh 6 21 11.8

9 Chattisgarh 9 14 11.5

10 West Bengal 5 27 11.2

Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

3.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SO2 is depicted in Figure 3.1. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly Average) was less than 2% at 379 monitoring stations out of 389 stations with adequate data. In the remaining stations (10 stations), the percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% or more.

Figure 3.1: Number of monitoring stations in various

(residential/industrial/rural/other) ranges of percent violation of SO2 (24

hourly average)379

6 3 1 0 00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

<02% 2-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% >75%


Nu

mbe

r o

f M

onito

rin

g

Sta

tio

ns

NB. Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

3.3 Air Quality (Low, Moderate, High & Critical)

Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of SO2 is depicted in Figure 3.2. 367 locations showed low SO2 level, 21 locations showed moderate and 1 location fall under high pollutin category. None of the location were in the critical category.


41

Figure 3.2: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of SO2

in residential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)

211 0

367

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Air quality

No

of

loc

ati

on

s

0-25 26-50

51-75 >75


The annual average concentration of SO2 at various monitoring stations is given in Table 3.5. The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and more hours of monitoring a day. Also, described in the table is air quality in terms of low, moderate, high and critical.


42

Table 3.5: SO2 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2011

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

An

dh

ra P

rad

esh

Chitoor GNC Toll Gate Tirumala 582 RIRuO

72 4 12 4 4 4 1 0 L

Guntur Near Hindu College, Market Road 583 RIRuO

69 2 5 4 2 5 1 0 L

Hydrabad

Tarnaka, NEERI Lab. IICT Campus 150 RIRuO

94 2 95 5 2 6 10 1 L

Nacharam, Industrial Estate 151 RIRuO

93 2 26 4 2 7 3 0 L

ABIDS Circle General Post Office 152 RIRuO

95 2 31 4 2 7 4 0 L

Balanagar 95 RIRuO

110 4 5 5 4 5 0 0 L

Uppal, Modern Foods & Industries IDA 203 RIRuO

107 4 10 5 4 5 1 0 L

Jublee Hills 365 RIRuO

108 4 5 4 4 5 0 0 L

Paradise 393 RIRuO

114 4 11 5 4 5 1 0 L

Charminar 394 RIRuO

117 4 5 5 4 5 0 0 L

Zoo Park 470 RIRuO

116 4 11 4 4 4 1 0 L

Kakinada Office Building Ramanayyapeta 578 RIRuO

36 4 11 4 4 4 1 0 -

Kothagudem CER Club, Khamam 581 RIRuO

71 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 L

Kurnool Mourya Inn 466 RIRuO

90 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 L

Nalgonda AP PCB Nalgonda 577 RIRuO

108 4 5 4 4 5 0 0 L

Nellore Venkatareddy nagar, Vedayapalem 580 RIRuO

60 2 5 4 2 4 1 0 L

Patencheru Police Station, Medak, Ramachadrapuram 468 RIRuO

108 4 14 6 5 8 1 0 L

Ramagundam Godavarikhani, Ramagundam, Karimnagar 465 RIRuO

91 4 17 6 4 9 2 0 L

Tirupati Regional Science Centre, Chittoor Bypass 389 RIRuO

90 4 12 4 4 4 1 0 L

Vijaywada Benz Circle 462 RIRuO

73 5 9 6 5 7 1 0 L

Autonagar 469 RIRuO

70 5 15 7 6 8 1 0 L

Warangal KUDA Office, Hanumakonda 579 RIRuO

91 4 26 6 4 8 4 0 L

Vishakhapatnam

Panchayat Raj office, Mindi 234 RIRuO

87 4 71 14 5 24 11 0 L

Industrial Estate, Marripalem 233 RIRuO

82 4 71 14 5 24 11 0 L

Police Barracks 371 RIRuO

78 4 43 17 8 23 7 0 L


43

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

INS-Virabahu, Naval Area 387 RIRuO

77 4 36 11 6 17 5 0 L

Seethammadhara 388 RIRuO

80 4 42 9 5 13 5 0 L

Ganapuram Area 467 RIRuO

80 4 65 21 10 31 10 0 L

Pedagantyada, Gajuwada 584 RIRuO

69 4 54 8 5 10 6 0 L

CWMP, RAMKY, Parawada 585 RIRuO

71 4 14 6 4 8 2 0 L

Ass

am

Bongaigaon

Oil India Ltd. PS-6, Chirang 542 RIRuO

103 3 8 5 4 7 1 0 L

Barpara Office Building 520 RIRuO

104 3 10 6 5 8 1 0 L

B.R.P.L. Expert Hostel 218 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Daranga BATAD, Baska 566 RIRuO

77 3 8 6 4 7 1 0 L

Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Office Building 538 RIRuO

98 4 8 6 4 7 1 0 L

Golaghat Golaghat Office Building 539 ES Numaligarh 89 3 9 6 4 7 1 0 L

Guwahati

Head Office, Bamunimaidam 193 RIRuO

251 2 11 6 5 8 1 0 L

Boragaon, IASST, Kamrup 603 RIRuO

99 3 9 6 4 7 1 0 L

Guwahati University, Kamrup 602 RIRuO

208 3 9 6 4 7 1 0 L

ITI Building, Gopinath Nagar 519 RIRuO

246 3 11 7 5 8 2 0 L

Khanapara, Central Dairy, Kamrup 596 RIRuO

250 3 10 6 4 7 1 0 L

Near Pragjyotish College, Santipur 541 RIRuO

250 3 9 6 5 8 1 0 L

Margherita Coal India Office 586 RIRuO

100 5 11 9 7 11 2 0 L

Lakhimpur Bazar Patti, North Lakhimpur Town 587 RIRuO

103 3 9 6 4 7 1 0 L

Nagaon Water Resources Div., Christian Patty 595 RIRuO

98 3 8 6 4 7 1 0 L

Nalbari PWD Rural Div Office Complex 597 RIRuO

92 4 9 6 5 7 1 0 L

Sibsagar Sibasagar Office Building 537 RIRuO

101 3 9 6 4 8 1 0 L

Usha Lodge, near ONGCL Colony 604 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Silchar Janiganj Govt. Boys HS School campus 607 RIRuO

97 3 8 6 5 8 1 0 L

RLO, Ithkola Market, Ghaniwala Road 567 RIRuO

95 3 9 6 4 7 1 0 L

Tezpur Tezpur Office Building 536 RIRuO

105 3 7 5 5 6 1 0 L

Tinsukia Digboi Carbon factory Campus, Borguri 594 RIRuO

101 4 8 6 4 7 1 0 L

Shreepuria, Borguri 605 RIRuO

100 2 8 6 5 7 1 0 L


44

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Bih ar Patna

Beltron Bhawan, Shastri Nagar 210 RIRuO

82 1 12 3 2 6 2 0 L

Gandhi Maidan Test Centre 284 RIRuO

84 1 22 6 3 10 4 0 L

Ch

an

dig

arh

Chandigarh

Modern Foods, Industrial Area 106 RIRuO

141 2 5 2 2 2 0 0 L

Sector-17 C 263 RIRuO

143 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Punjab Engineering College, Sector- 12 264 RIRuO

144 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Sector-39, IMTECH 463 RIRuO

143 2 5 2 2 2 0 0 L

Kaimbwala Village 464 RIRuO

134 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Ch

att

isg

arh

Bhillai

Visak Hostel, Sector-4 65 RIRuO

94 8 13 10 9 12 1 0 L

R.O., 5/32 Banglow Office Building 67 RIRuO

96 2 7 5 4 6 1 0 L

M.P. Laghu Udyog Nigam 245 RIRuO

94 10 14 12 11 13 1 0 L

Bilaspur Regional Office, CECB Vyapar Vihar 669 RIRuO

69 4 12 8 6 10 2 0 L

Korba

HIG 21,22.Near Ghantaghar, MP Extension 364 RIRuO

90 10 14 13 12 13 1 0 L

Pragati Nagar NTPC Colony, Jamnipali 249 RIRuO

94 11 14 12 11 13 1 0 L

I.T.I., Rampur 407 RIRuO

94 11 14 13 12 14 1 0 L

Raipur

New HIG-9, Hirapur 368 RIRuO

32 12 16 14 13 15 1 0 -

M/S Wool Worth India, Sarora 223 RIRuO

41 14 20 17 15 18 1 0 -

Yatayat Thana, Jai Stambh Chowk 447 RIRuO

29 11 15 13 12 14 1 0 -

ra

&

Na

g

ar

Ha

v

Silvassa Khadoli Industrial Area, Khadoli 558 RIRuO

97 7 20 8 7 8 1 0 L

Chetan Guest House, Near Post Office 559 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Da

ma

n &

Diu

Daman Kadaiya Industrial Area, Kadaiya 560 RIRuO

111 7 10 7 7 8 0 0 L

110/2, First Floor, Air Port Road, Kadaiya 561 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

De

lhi

Delhi

N.Y. School, Sarojini Nagar, Delhi 144 RIRuO

96 2 25 4 2 9 4 0 L

Town Hall, Chandni Chowk 146 RIRuO

96 2 33 6 2 12 6 0 L

Mayapuri Industrial Area, Delhi 345 RIRuO

96 2 32 10 2 22 8 0 L

Pritampura 531 RIRuO

76 4 7 4 4 5 0 0 L

Shahadra 58 RIRuO

75 4 7 5 4 5 1 0 L

Shahzada Bagh 57 RIRuO

72 4 7 5 4 6 1 0 L

Nizamuddin 55 RIRuO

73 4 5 4 4 5 0 0 L


45

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Janakpuri 59 RIRuO

74 4 5 4 4 4 0 0 L

Siri Fort 60 RIRuO

74 4 10 4 4 5 1 0 L

ITO, BSZ Marg 438 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Go

a

Panaji Old GSPCB premises, Patto 327 RIRuO

93 2 28 4 2 13 5 0 L

Marmagao Fire Brigade Station, Port Trust 435 RIRuO

92 2 27 4 2 9 5 0 L

Vasco Fuse Call Office, Mormugao 37 RIRuO

78 2 20 4 2 9 4 0 L

Curchorem Curchorem, Sanvordem, Quepem 628 RIRuO

103 3 17 7 4 10 3 0 L

Codli Codli Tisk, Ponda 630 RIRuO

121 6 27 9 6 14 4 0 L

Honda Honda Junction, Sattari 631 ES Sahyadri 70 4 26 13 7 17 4 0 M

Bicholim Bicholim Taluk 632 RIRuO

94 6 18 10 7 15 3 0 L

Amona Amona, Bicholim 633 RIRuO

93 6 17 11 7 14 3 0 L

Assanora Assanora Junction, Bardez Taluka 634 RIRuO

96 6 15 9 7 12 2 0 L

Usgao Usgao Plae, Junction, Ponda 629 RIRuO

100 2 76 15 5 16 18 0 L

Margao Margao Town 774 RIRuO

5 13 16 15 14 16 1 0 -

Tilamol Tilamol 778 RIRuO

20 15 20 18 15 20 2 0 -

Gu

jara

t

Ahmedabad

Naroda, G.I.D.C., Ahmadabad 101 RIRuO

102 8 46 19 13 23 5 0 L

Cadilla Bridge Narol 102 RIRuO

104 8 26 14 11 17 3 0 L

L.D. Engg. College 103 RIRuO

102 7 14 11 9 13 1 0 L

Shardaben Hospital, Saraspur 154 RIRuO

104 8 19 12 9 15 2 0 L

R.C. Technical High School, Mirzapur 155 RIRuO

104 8 25 12 10 15 2 0 L

Naroda, G.I.D.C. 347 RIRuO

103 8 21 12 9 14 2 0 L

Anklesvar Rallis India Ltd. 252 RIRuO

104 12 25 18 14 22 3 0 L

Durga Traders, Bhavanafarm Society 253 RIRuO

104 9 64 14 11 17 5 0 L

Jamnagar Fisheries Office 319 RIRuO

104 9 24 12 10 13 2 0 L

Rajkot Nr. Sardhara Industrial Corporation 257 RIRuO

104 9 21 14 13 16 1 0 L

GPCB Regional Offce 374 RIRuO

104 10 25 12 11 14 2 0 L

Surat S.V.R. Engg. College 21 RIRuO

104 10 25 15 11 18 3 0 L

B.R.C. High School, Udhna 22 RIRuO

104 12 28 20 15 25 4 0 L


46

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Near Air India Office 23 RIRuO

104 10 22 16 12 20 3 0 L

Vadodara

GPCB Office, Geri Vasahat 50 RIRuO

93 8 15 11 10 13 2 0 L

Dandia Bazaar 333 RIRuO

93 11 24 16 13 20 3 0 L

CETP Nandesari 334 RIRuO

90 13 29 23 20 27 3 0 L

Subhanpura 442 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Vapi GEB, IIIrd Phase, GIDC 367 RIRuO

104 12 48 18 14 22 4 0 L

Vapi Nagar Palika, Vapi 221 RIRuO

104 9 21 14 11 17 2 0 L

Ha

rya

na

Faridabad Escorts Research Centre Mathura Road 331 RIRuO

98 8 40 23 11 38 10 0 L

Haryana SPCB Sector-16A 330 RIRuO

133 3 33 18 6 29 9 0 L

Hissar Urban Estate - II 390 RIRuO

60 5 8 6 5 8 1 0 L

Guru Jambehswar University 414 RIRuO

102 2 7 5 2 7 2 0 L

Yamunanagar Ballarpur Industries 196 RIRuO

47 8 16 11 9 13 2 0 -

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Baddi

Industry Department Office Building 449 RIRuO

59 1 8 2 1 4 1 0 L

AHC barotiwala 564 RIRuO

59 1 8 2 1 4 2 0 L

Housing Board 563 RIRuO

31 1 10 4 2 8 2 0 -

Damtal Regional Office 268 RIRuO

144 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Old Road 271 RIRuO

129 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Kala Amb Kala Amb Industrial Area 461 RIRuO

166 2 12 4 2 7 2 0 L

Kala Amb Town/Trilokpur 530 RIRuO

170 2 7 2 2 3 1 0 L

Nalagarh Municipal Council 565 RIRuO

50 1 11 2 1 5 2 0 L

Parwanoo Regional Office, Sector- 4 132 RIRuO

142 0 6 2 1 3 1 0 L

Asst. Commissioner Building Sector I 339 RIRuO

129 0 8 2 1 3 1 0 L

Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib 117 RIRuO

149 2 6 2 2 3 1 0 L

Gondhpur Industrial Area 118 RIRuO

123 2 8 1 3 2 5 0 L

Shimla Tekka Bench Ridge 34 ES Hill station 116 2 8 2 2 4 1 0 L

Bus Stand, Winterfield 35 ES Hill station 111 2 9 4 2 6 2 0 L

Una Regional Office, Una 667 RIRuO

13 2 23 8 2 18 6 0 -


47

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

DIC Building, Mehatpur, Una 668 RIRuO

10 2 9 3 2 6 2 0 -

Sunder Nagar HPSPCB, BBMB Colony, Mandi 665 RIRuO

245 2 10 2 2 3 1 0 L

Muncipal Council, NH-21, Mandi 666 RIRuO

17 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Manali Nehru Park, Manali, District Kullu 670 ES Hill station 32 2 5 2 2 3 1 0 -

HPSPCB, Hadimba Road, Manali, Kullu 671 ES Hill station 10 2 4 2 2 3 1 0 -

Jammu

Regional Office, Jammu 184 RIRuO

21 2 5 3 2 4 1 0 -

M.A. Stadium, Jewel Chowk 482 RIRuO

23 2 7 5 3 7 2 0 -

Bari Brahamana Industrial Area 507 RIRuO

19 4 14 8 5 12 3 0 -

Jha

rkh

an

d

Dhanbad

R.O. Dhanbad 44 RIRuO

97 11 221 16 12 17 21 1 L

EMTI, Bastacola 612 RIRuO

99 11 31 16 13 18 3 0 L

CGM Office, Kusunda 611 RIRuO

58 11 23 15 13 19 2 0 L

Jamshedpur Bistupur Vehical Testing Centre 351 RIRuO

95 24 47 36 32 40 4 0 M

Golmuri Vehicle Testing Centre 382 RIRuO

83 28 46 36 33 39 3 0 M

Jharia M.A.D.A. 332 RIRuO

104 12 30 16 13 19 3 0 L

Ranchi Albert Ekka Chowk, Main Road 402 RIRuO

105 14 22 18 15 20 2 0 L

Saraikela Kharsawan RO Building, Adityapur 614 RIRuO

39 17 45 35 20 42 8 0 -

Sindri BIT / PDIL 46 RIRuO

61 11 31 16 12 20 3 0 L

West Singhbhum Barajamda U.M. Office 615 RIRuO

37 16 40 24 17 37 7 0 -

Ka

rna

tak

a

Bangalore

Graphite India, White Field Road 77 RIRuO

48 13 49 20 15 25 8 0 -

Yeshwanthpura police station 457 RIRuO

82 10 51 19 12 30 7 0 L

Peenya Industrial Area 405 RIRuO

52 9 24 16 10 19 3 0 L

KHB Industrial Area, Yelahanka 404 RIRuO

84 10 41 18 12 30 7 0 L

AMCO Batteries, Mysore Road 78 RIRuO

75 10 36 16 12 24 5 0 L

Jnanabharathi, Bangalore University 598 RIRuO

104 6 10 8 7 9 1 0 L

RV College of Engineering, Mysore Road 589 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

TERI office, Vital Medi healthcare Pvt Ltd 672 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Bangalore Victoria hospital 406 RIRuO

60 6 33 12 7 15 4 0 L

Belgaum Karnataka SPCB Office Building 460 ES Sahyadri 95 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L


48

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Gulburga Government Hospital 459 RIRuO

67 2 8 4 3 5 1 0 L

Hassan KSRTC bus stand building 458 RIRuO

107 4 6 5 5 6 0 0 L

Hubli-Dharwad Lakkamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad 432 RIRuO

97 3 11 7 5 9 2 0 L

Rani Chennamma Circle, Hubli 431 RIRuO

100 3 11 7 4 9 2 0 L

Mandya KSPCB Building, Bandigowda Badarahe 676 RIRuO

101 7 13 11 10 12 1 0 L

Mangalore Baikampady Industrial Area 488 RIRuO

100 3 20 7 4 10 3 0 L

Mysore K.R.Circle, Visvesvaraya Bldg 40 RIRuO

106 10 13 11 10 12 1 0 L

KSPCB Bldg. Hebbal Ind. Area 328 RIRuO

108 7 230 13 10 12 21 1 L

Devanagere

Mothi Theatre, Gandhi Circle, P.B. Road 674 RIRuO

62 5 38 11 7 14 5 0 L

HPF Intakewell, Kumarapattnam 675 RIRuO

58 5 17 10 7 13 3 0 L

Regional Office building, KSPCB 673 RIRuO

39 3 33 10 5 16 6 0 -

Raichur KSPCB Office Premises, Raichur 677 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Bijapur KSPCB Office Premises, Bijapur 678 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Chitradurga KSPCB Office Premises, Chitradurga 679 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Shimaga The VISL, Oxygen Plant, Shimoga 680 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Karwar Karwar Port Directors Office 681 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Bagalkote Bagalkote KSPCB Office Premises 682 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Kolar KSPCB Office Premises, Kolar 683 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Bidar KSPCB Office Premises, Bidar 684 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Ke

rala

Alappuzha District Office, Alissery Road 618 RIRuO

99 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

DC Mills, Pathirappally 617 RIRuO

99 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Kochi

Eloor I, FACT, Ambalamughal 149 RIRuO

108 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 L

Eloor II 29 RIRuO

108 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 L

Irumpanam 30 RIRuO

101 2 18 3 2 6 2 0 L

Ernakulum South 338 RIRuO

108 2 11 3 2 6 2 0 L

VYTTILA 562 RIRuO

106 2 14 4 2 7 3 0 L

MG Road Bank Ernakulum 147 RIRuO

108 2 15 4 2 8 3 0 L

KALAMASSERY / CSIR Complex 346 RIRuO

107 2 10 4 2 6 2 0 L


49

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Kollam KSPCB, District Office, Kadappakada 621 RIRuO

114 2 6 3 2 5 1 0 L

KMML Chavara 620 RIRuO

110 2 7 4 2 5 1 0 L

Kottayam Kottayam 187 RIRuO

116 2 6 6 5 6 1 0 L

Vadavathoor 361 RIRuO

116 3 5 4 4 5 0 0 L

Kozhikode Kozhikode City 360 RIRuO

116 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Nallalam 359 RIRuO

108 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Malapuram Kakkanchery, Sijmak oils 623 RIRuO

97 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Palakkad SEPR Refractories India Ltd. 311 RIRuO

119 2 10 3 2 5 2 0 L

Pathanamthitta KSPCB, Makkamkunnu 619 RIRuO

119 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Thissur KSPCB, District Office, Poonkunnam 624 RIRuO

110 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Wayanad Sulthan Bathery 622 RIRuO

119 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Thiruvananthapuram

PRS Hospital/COSMO 419 RIRuO

104 6 19 12 6 18 5 0 L

SMV School 181 RIRuO

104 6 27 7 6 7 2 0 L

VELI / HiTech Chackai 357 RIRuO

104 10 20 16 14 18 2 0 L

PETTAH / Sasthamangalam 358 RIRuO

104 6 8 6 6 7 0 0 L

Ma

dh

ya

Pra

de

sh

Bhopal

Hamidia Road, MP Hastshilp Vikas Nigam 122 RIRuO

57 2 12 5 2 10 3 0 L

C E T P Govindpura 123 RIRuO

58 2 9 3 2 5 2 0 L

Nutan Subhash School, T.T. Nagar 247 RIRuO

57 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Arera Colony 36 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Dewas

EID Perry (I) Limited 525 RIRuO

45 10 36 22 12 32 8 0 -

Dewas Metal Section 524 RIRuO

94 9 35 21 11 31 8 0 L

Vikas Nagar 523 RIRuO

93 7 31 19 11 27 6 0 L

Gwalior Dindayal Nagar 479 RIRuO

73 8 15 11 10 13 1 0 L

Maharaj Bada 478 RIRuO

64 9 16 13 11 14 1 0 L

Indore

M.P. Laghu Udyog, Pologround 127 RIRuO

66 7 58 19 12 33 10 0 L

Kothari Market, M.G. Road 128 RIRuO

73 5 23 10 7 13 3 0 L

Telephone Nagar, 26 A, Kanadia Road 131 RIRuO

66 3 12 8 6 11 2 0 L

Jabalpur Vijay Nagar 248 RIRuO

91 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L


50

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Nagda

Chem. D. Labour Club 82 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

B C I Labour Club 84 RIRuO

58 12 26 19 14 24 4 0 L

Grasim Kalyan Kendra 246 RIRuO

62 13 31 22 16 27 4 0 L

Sagar Pt.Deendayal Nagar 532 RIRuO

63 2 14 4 2 4 2 0 L

Katra Bazar, Sagar 533 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Satna Sub-divisional Office E/M Light Machniery 343 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

MPPCB,Dharwari GaliNo.5,House No.318 342 RIRuO

20 2 4 3 2 4 1 0 -

Singrauli

Jayant Township 515 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

N.T.P.C., Vidyanagar 514 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Waidhan 516 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Ujjain

District Office 527 RIRuO

72 8 24 16 13 20 3 0 L

Regional Office 526 RIRuO

76 6 22 8 7 9 2 0 L

Mahakal Temple 528 RIRuO

2 11 22 17 12 21 7 0 -

Ma

ha

rash

tra

Dombivali/Ambernath Dombivali MIDC Phase-II 265 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Ambernath Municipal Council Office 445 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Amravati

Apurva Oil Industries, A-23, MIDC 549 RIRuO

86 8 14 11 9 13 2 0 L

Elect. Dept., Govt College Engineering 548 RIRuO

97 8 13 10 9 12 1 0 L

Rajkamal Square, Vaneeta Samaj 547 RIRuO

95 9 16 12 10 14 2 0 L

Aurangabad

S.B.E.S. College 511 RIRuO

104 6 21 9 7 12 2 0 L

Collector Ofiice 512 RIRuO

102 6 13 8 7 9 1 0 L

C.A.D.A. Ofiice, Garkheda 513 RIRuO

102 6 20 9 7 11 2 0 L

MPCB, Chikalthana, Aurangabad 709 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Badlapur BIWA Office 649 RIRuO

98 10 76 39 19 62 15 0 M

Chandrapur

Grampanchat Ghughus 267 RIRuO

98 4 4 21 7 40 15 0 L

M.I.D.C. Chandrapur 281 RIRuO

111 4 77 27 10 53 18 0 M

Nagar Parishad 396 RIRuO

107 4 74 23 8 46 15 0 L

Gadchandur Gram Panchayat, Rajura 640 RIRuO

87 4 55 20 9 40 0 13 L

MIDC, Tadali 638 RIRuO

99 4 61 20 6 44 14 0 L


51

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Muncipal Council, Ballarshah 639 RIRuO

78 4 58 23 9 43 14 0 L

Jalgaon

B. J. Market 644 RIRuO

104 7 23 16 9 21 4 0 L

Girna water tank 645 RIRuO

104 6 20 13 9 16 3 0 L

MIDC Jalgaon 646 RIRuO

101 11 29 22 14 27 4 0 L

Kolhapur

University Campus, Shivaji University 508 ES Sahyadri 104 6 11 9 7 10 1 0 L

Ruikar Trust, S.T. Stand 509 ES Sahyadri 104 16 29 22 17 27 3 0 H

Mahadwar Road, Near Mahalaxmi Temple 510 ES Sahyadri 105 12 25 18 13 22 3 0 M

Latur

MIDC Water Works 641 RIRuO

105 4 17 6 4 8 2 0 L

Kshewraj Vidyalaya Shyam nagar 642 RIRuO

103 4 16 6 4 9 2 0 L

Sidhheshwar Sahakari Bank Ganjgolai 643 RIRuO

101 4 18 6 4 10 3 0 L

Lote MIDC Chalkewadi 489 RIRuO

53 17 87 41 21 61 18 2 M

Pump House, CETP 490 RIRuO

55 11 143 46 21 72 23 2 M

Mahad

Water treatment plant, Bhirwadi 569 RIRuO

81 12 32 20 14 28 5 0 L

EHS, building of M/s Privi organics 570 RIRuO

71 10 38 24 16 33 7 0 L

Mahatma Phule Hall, Mahad Nagar Parisha 571 RIRuO

78 12 34 21 14 29 6 0 L

Mumbai

Bank of India, Kalbadevi Branch, Kalbadevi 169 RIRuO

94 2 38 6 2 9 6 0 L

Parel TT, Ambedkar Road 170 RIRuO

95 2 18 5 2 9 3 0 L

Worli 349 RIRuO

84 2 38 5 2 9 5 0 L

Nagpur

Institution of Engineers 287 RIRuO

99 8 25 11 8 14 3 0 L

Govt. Polytechnic College, Sadar 314 RIRuO

102 8 20 11 9 14 2 0 L

MIDC Office Hingana Road 288 RIRuO

93 8 18 11 9 14 2 0 L

MIDC Industrial Area, MIDC Office, Hingna 165 RIRuO

97 2 48 6 2 12 8 0 L

Nagpur Coop Building, Maskasath, Itwari 166 RIRuO

97 2 31 4 2 9 4 0 L

NEERI Lab, Nehru Marg, Highway No. 7 167 RIRuO

99 2 15 3 2 6 2 0 L

Nashik

R.T.O. Colony Tank 259 RIRuO

104 19 32 25 21 30 3 0 L

VIP Industrial Area, MIDC Satpura 269 RIRuO

104 18 35 27 22 31 4 0 M

Nashik Municipal Council Building 280 RIRuO

103 17 33 25 21 29 3 0 L

MPCB Sub R.O. Udyog Bhawan, Nashik 710 RIRuO

53 17 29 22 18 25 2 0 L


52

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Navi Mumbai

T.B.I.A, Rabale Airoli, TTC 491 RIRuO

110 8 34 18 10 25 6 0 L

Dr. D.Y. Patil College, Nerul, TTC 492 RIRuO

101 6 27 15 9 21 5 0 L

MPCB Lab, Mhape, TTC 493 RIRuO

72 8 33 17 11 24 5 0 L

CIDCO Nodal Office Kharghar 494 RIRuO

102 8 26 16 10 22 4 0 L

Water Pump House, Panvel, Taloja 495 RIRuO

100 7 30 15 10 22 5 0 L

MIDC Collom Facility Building, Taloja 496 RIRuO

106 7 37 21 12 30 7 0 L

Pune

Maratha Chamber of commerce, Bhosari 312 RIRuO

104 11 95 38 17 61 17 1 M

State Electricity Board BLDG Nalstop 379 RIRuO

102 9 64 29 13 52 15 0 M

Swargate Police Chawki 381 RIRuO

101 11 66 29 14 55 16 0 M

Bank of Baroda Builing, Near Pimpri-

Chinchwad M.C Builiding 708 RIRuO

103 10 66 30 13 53 15 0 M

Roha Roha Industrial Association office 572 RIRuO

82 10 53 21 13 27 7 0 L

Filter House of MIDC Water works 573 RIRuO

55 10 38 20 6 14 26 0 L

Sangli

Udyog bhavan / SRO, MPCB Sangli 574 RIRuO

104 5 20 10 7 12 2 0 L

Sangli- Miraj Primary school Building 575 RIRuO

104 4 16 10 6 13 3 0 L

Krishna Valley School 576 RIRuO

105 5 16 10 7 12 2 0 L

Solapur WIT Campus 299 RIRuO

105 14 20 16 15 18 1 0 L

Voronoko School / Chitale Clinic 300 RIRuO

103 14 20 17 15 18 1 0 L

Tarapur

Plot No. AM-31, MIDC Office Compound 497 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Police Chowki, Plot No. AM-08 498 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Sports Stadium, Plot No.l -34 499 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Thane

Maternity Hospital, Dhobighat, Thane East 303 RIRuO

48 12 18 14 12 16 1 0 -

Shahu Market,Naupada, Thane West 304 RIRuO

53 13 18 15 14 16 1 0 L

Kolshet and Balkum, Thane West 305 RIRuO

30 12 25 18 14 23 4 0 -

Ulhasnagar Smt. C. H. M. College Campus 647 RIRuO

101 14 81 35 18 53 15 2 M

Octroi Naka 648 RIRuO

102 12 81 39 20 56 16 2 M

Jalna Bachat Bhawan, Near S P Office 706 RIRuO

79 4 9 6 5 8 1 0 L

Krishidhan Seeds Ltd, MIDC Area 707 RIRuO

78 4 16 8 6 9 2 0 L


53

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Akola

LRT Commerce College, Civil Lines, Akola 700 RIRuO

71 4 9 7 6 9 1 0 L

MIDC Water Work, Phash-II, MIDC Akola 701 RIRuO

69 5 13 10 7 13 2 0 L

College Of Engineering & Tech, Akola 702 RIRuO

72 6 11 9 7 11 2 0 L

Nanded

Ganesh Nagar 703 RIRuO

69 4 42 16 4 41 11 0 L

Mutha Chowk, Vazirabad 704 RIRuO

70 4 68 26 5 65 18 0 M

Industrial Area, MIDC, CIDCO 705 RIRuO

70 5 103 42 6 102 31 7 M

Ma

nip

ur

Imphal Secretariat Building 556 ES Hill station - - - - - - - - -

Me

gh

ala

ya

Byrnihat EPIP, Ri-Bhoi district 568 RIRuO

99 16 178 74* 26 141 44 40 H

Dawki Terrace building,Jaintia Hills District 588 RIRuO

97 2 10 3 2 5 1 0 L

Tura PHED, Araimille, West Garo Hills District 608 RIRuO

118 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Shillong State Tuberculosis Hospital 340 ES Hill station 98 2 14 4 2 7 2 0 L

Boards Office Permises, Lumpyngngad 120 ES Hill station 96 2 4 2 2 2 0 0 L

Miz

ora

m

Aizawl

Khatla, M.G-Road, Mizoram SPCB 450 ES Hill station 94 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Laipuitlang 451 ES Hill station 96 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Bawngkawn 452 ES Hill station 96 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Dawrpui Y.M.A, Building, Dawrpui 737 ES Hill station 1 2 2 2 2 2

0 -

Lengpui Airport, Model Veng, Lengpui 738 ES Hill station 1 2 2 2 2 2

0 -

Lunglei Thangkhuma Building, Salem Veng 735 ES Hill station 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

K.Lalliantluanga, Chanmari I, Lunglei 736 ES Hill station 4 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Kolasib H. Lalthuama Building, Project Veng 733 ES Hill station 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Synod Bookroom, Building Diakkawn 734 ES Hill station 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Champhai D.T.O Office Building, Kahrawt veng 731 ES Hill station 3 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Lalzidinga building, Vengthlang 732 ES Hill station 1 2 2 2 2 2

0 -

Na

g

ala nd

Dimapur Bank Colony 317 RIRuO

104 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Dhobinala 448 RIRuO

105 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L


54

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Kohima Opposite NST Office 609 ES Hill station 104 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Opposite War Cemetery 610 ES Hill station 103 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Ori

ssa

Angul Industrial Estate 70 RIRuO

101 3 10 6 6 8 1 0 L

NALCO Township 231 RIRuO

68 3 9 7 6 8 1 0 L

Balasore Sahadevkhunta 428 RIRuO

103 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Berhampur Regional Office Orissa SPCB 429 RIRuO

101 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 L

Bhubneshwar

Capital Police Station 424 RIRuO

101 2 13 2 2 2 1 0 L

IRC Village 423 RIRuO

104 2 9 2 2 2 1 0 L

SPCB Building 322 RIRuO

99 2 20 2 2 2 2 0 L

Water works, Palasuni, Rasalgarh 687 RIRuO

18 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Patrapara, Khandagiri 686 RIRuO

17 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Chandrashekharpur 688 RIRuO

8 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 -

Cuttack Roof of Traffic Tower, Badambadi 426 RIRuO

115 2 4 2 2 2 0 0 L

R.O. Cuttack Office, Surya Vihar 425 RIRuO

58 2 5 2 2 2 0 0 L

Rayagada Regional Office Orissa SPCB 428 RIRuO

108 2 43 3 2 3 4 0 L

LPS High School, Jaykaypur 229 RIRuO

104 2 6 3 2 3 1 0 L

Rourkela Regional Office, ORPB 370 RIRuO

96 5 12 5 5 6 1 0 L

IDL Police Out-post, Sonaparbat 227 RIRuO

92 4 11 5 5 6 1 0 L

Sambalpur Filter Plant, PHD Office, Modipara 427 RIRuO

109 2 8 4 3 4 1 0 L

Talcher Coal Field Area 471 RIRuO

2 8 10 9 8 10 1 0 -

T.T.P.S.Colony 68 RIRuO

103 4 15 9 6 12 2 0 L

Pu

nja

b

Amritsar R.O. Focal Point 487 RIRuO

62 8 19 14 11 17 2 0 L

A-1,Platers 486 RIRuO

96 9 18 14 12 16 2 0 L

Bhatinda Bathinda Milk Producers, Dabwali Road 506 RIRuO

95 7 20 10 7 13 2 0 L

Dera Bassi Punjab Chem and Crop Prot., Bhanakarpur 504 RIRuO

102 6 17 9 7 12 2 0 L

Dera Bassi Winsome Yarns Ltd., Barwala Road 505 RIRuO

130 6 34 9 7 12 3 0 L

Pathankot/Dera Baba C-PYTE Building 590 RIRuO

111 5 12 7 6 7 1 0 L

Gobindgarh Modi Oil and General Mills, Mandi 302 RIRuO

125 6 23 8 19 4 12 0 L


55

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Gobindgarh Raj Steel Rolling Mills, Mandi 301 RIRuO

112 7 34 13 9 19 4 0 L

Gobindgarh United Rolling Mills, Mandi Gobindgarh 483 RIRuO

120 6 30 7 16 12 4 0 L

Jalandhar Municipal Council Tubewell No. 27 353 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Jalandhar Regional Office 176 RIRuO

40 9 14 11 10 14 2 0 -

Jalandhar Punjab Maltex , Kapurthala Road 355 RIRuO

21 9 13 11 10 12 1 0 -

Jalandhar Focal Point 392 RIRuO

7 13 16 14 14 15 1 0 -

Khanna Markfed Vanaspati, Khanna 485 RIRuO

122 8 18 11 10 14 2 0 L

Khanna AS School, Khanna 484 RIRuO

129 8 15 11 9 13 2 0 L

Ludhiana Bharat Nagar Chowk 422 RIRuO

113 4 15 10 8 13 2 0 L

Ludhiana Nahar Spining Mlls, Dholewal Chawk 76 RIRuO

108 8 16 11 9 13 2 0 L

Ludhiana Ludhiana Coop. Milk Producer, Ferozpur

Rd 61 RIRuO

148 7 14 10 8 12 1 0 L

Ludhiana PPCB Office Building, Vishavkarma Chowk 335 RIRuO

131 8 15 11 9 13 2 0 L

Naya Nangal Punjab Alkalis & Chemicals Ltd 420 RIRuO

119 6 12 7 6 8 1 0 L

Naya Nangal M/s NFL Guest House,Naya Nangal 421 RIRuO

83 2 11 7 6 9 1 0 L

Patiala Ceylon Industries, Factory Area, Patiala 600 RIRuO

101 6 13 8 6 9 2 0 L

Patiala Fire Brigade Station, Bahera Road, Patiala 599 RIRuO

114 6 10 7 6 9 1 0 L

Batala Regional Office, PPCB, Batala 601 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Pu

du

ch

err

y

Puducherry

DSTC Office Upstairs, AnnaNagar 64 RIRuO

77 5 15 7 6 8 1 0 L

PIPDIC Ind. Estate Mettupalayam 93 RIRuO

70 5 10 7 6 9 1 0 L

Chamber Of Commerce 337 RIRuO

72 4 11 7 5 8 1 0 L

Ra

jast

ha

n

Alwar

Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board 372 ES Aravali range 69 5 22 11 6 17 4 0 M

Gaurav Solvex Ltd. MIA 373 ES Aravali range 69 5 20 13 8 17 3 0 M

RIICO Pump House, MIA 219 ES Aravali range 69 5 25 13 8 18 4 0 M

Jaipur

Ajmeri Gate 296 RIRuO

107 5 11 6 5 8 1 0 L

RJPB Office,Jhalana Doongari 298 RIRuO

100 5 33 8 5 9 7 0 L

District Education Officer, Chandpole 408 RIRuO

103 4 21 6 5 9 2 0 L

RIICO Office, M.I.A. 410 RIRuO

98 4 32 8 5 9 7 0 L


56

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

RSPCB, Vidyadhar Nagar 409 RIRuO

102 3 12 7 5 11 2 0 L

VKIA 297 RIRuO

93 4 9 6 5 7 1 0 L

Jodhpur

DIC Office, Industrial Estate 413 RIRuO

98 4 8 5 5 6 6 0 L

Sojati Gate 273 RIRuO

102 4 8 6 5 6 6 0 L

Basni Industrial Area, RIICO Office 274 RIRuO

96 4 10 6 5 7 7 0 L

Maha Mandir Police Thane 376 RIRuO

99 4 7 5 5 6 6 0 L

Office of Housing Board, Chopasani Road 411 RIRuO

101 4 7 5 5 6 6 0 L

Shastri Nagar Police Thana 412 RIRuO

100 4 7 5 5 6 6 0 L

Kota

Regional Office, RJPB, Anantpura 17 RIRuO

90 6 19 8 6 12 12 0 L

Municipal Corporation Building 326 RIRuO

89 6 15 7 6 8 8 0 L

Samcore Glass Ltd. 325 RIRuO

89 5 12 6 5 8 8 0 L

Udaipur

Ambamata 320 RIRuO

103 4 6 5 5 6 6 0 L

Town Hall 294 RIRuO

100 5 8 6 5 7 7 0 L

Regional Office,MIA 321 RIRuO

103 5 7 6 6 7 7 0 L

Sik

ki

m

Gangtok

White Hall Complex 521 ES Hill station - - - - - - - - -

Metro Point, Hospital Complex 522 ES Hill station - - - - - - - - -

Ta

mil

na

du

Chennai

Kathivakkam, Municipal Kalyana

Mandapam 38 RIRuO

100 9 48 21 10 35 10 0 L

Govt. High School, Manali 71 RIRuO

95 8 95 21 9 35 14 1 L

Thiruvottiyur 72 RIRuO

96 8 42 19 9 35 10 0 L

Madras Medical College 159 RIRuO

91 2 26 5 2 9 3 0 L

NEERI, CSIR CampusTaramani 160 RIRuO

94 2 13 4 2 8 3 0 L

Thiruvottiyur Municipal Office 161 RIRuO

93 2 13 5 2 9 3 0 L

Adiyar 437 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Kilpauk 767 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Thiyagaraya Nagar 766 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Vallar Nagar 768 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -


57

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Anna Nagar 765 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Coimbatore

Poniarajapuram, On the top of DEL 375 RIRuO

96 4 16 5 4 6 2 0 L

G.D.Matric Hr.Sec.School 238 RIRuO

92 4 19 5 4 6 2 0 L

SIDCO Office, Coimbatore/ Kurichi 237 RIRuO

101 4 8 4 4 5 1 0 L

Madurai

Highway (Project -I) Building 306 RIRuO

96 6 38 11 8 13 4 0 L

Fenner (I) Ltd. Kochadai 307 RIRuO

96 7 45 11 8 13 5 0 L

Kunnathur Chatram Avvai Girls HS School 308 RIRuO

102 5 22 11 8 13 2 0 L

Salem Sowdeswari College Building 309 RIRuO

144 5 22 8 7 10 2 0 L

Tuticorin

Fisheries College, Tuticorin Sipcot 239 RIRuO

95 4 32 11 6 19 5 0 L

Raja Agencies 240 RIRuO

95 4 88 10 4 18 11 1 L

AVM Jewellery Building 366 RIRuO

101 4 48 9 4 16 7 0 L

Trichy

Gandhi Market 769 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Main Guard Gate 770 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Bishop Heber College 771 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Golden Rock 772 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Central Bus Stand 773 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

Agra

Regional Office, Bodla 323 ES Taj-trapezium 91 7 14 10 8 12 1 0 L

Nunhai 324 ES Taj-trapezium 93 7 17 11 9 15 2 0 M

Taj Mahal 1 ES Taj-trapezium 260 2 11 3 2 5 2 0 L

DIC Nunhai 415 ES Taj-trapezium 116 2 11 3 2 6 2 0 L

Etmad-uddaulah 416 ES Taj-trapezium 117 2 8 3 2 4 1 0 L

Rambagh 417 ES Taj-trapezium 122 2 13 3 2 4 1 0 L

Allahabad Square crossing circle of Laxmi Talkies 554 RIRuO

42 2 15 6 3 12 3 0 -

Bharat Yantra Nigam Ltd 555 RIRuO

95 1 18 6 2 9 3 0 L

Anpara Anpara Colony, Sonabhadra 6 RIRuO

103 11 19 16 15 18 1 0 L

Renusagar Colony, Sonabhadra 7 RIRuO

103 12 34 16 14 18 3 0 L

Bareily IVRI Izatnaga 714 RIRuO

83 6 33 12 8 15 5 0 L

Indian oetrol pump, Civil Line 715 RIRuO

84 8 31 16 11 22 4 0 L


58

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Firozabad

Center for Development of Glass Industry 399 ES Taj-trapezium 50 8 24 13 10 20 3 0 M

Tilak Nagar 400 ES Taj-trapezium 52 8 17 11 9 13 2 0 M

Raza ka Tal 401 ES Taj-trapezium 53 6 20 12 9 17 3 0 M

Gajraula Raunaq Auto Ltd, J.P. Nagar 140 RIRuO

45 12 21 16 13 18 2 0 -

Indira Chowk, J.P. Nagar 139 RIRuO

6 13 14 13 13 14 1 0 -

Ghaziabad

Atlas Cycles Industries, Sahibabad Ind.

area 258 RIRuO

95 24 41 32 27 37 4 0 M

Bulandshaar Road Industrial Area 369 RIRuO

91 23 39 30 27 35 3 0 M

Jhansi Jail Chauraha 517 RIRuO

120 7 16 9 7 10 1 0 L

Veeranga Nagar 518 RIRuO

120 6 11 8 6 9 1 0 L

Kanpur

Forest & Training Centre, Kidwai Nagar 212 RIRuO

59 4 10 7 6 9 1 0 L

Chamber Of Commerce Darshanpurwa 98 RIRuO

55 4 18 8 6 9 2 0 L

Associated Chem Pvt Ltd, Fazalganj, Panki,

Site-5 86 RIRuO

38 6 10 8 7 9 1 0 -

Dabauli / Shastri NGR 391 RIRuO

28 5 9 8 6 9 1 0 -

Jajmau / Awas Vikas 395 RIRuO

55 5 10 7 6 9 1 0 L

Vikas Nagar, Kanpur 439 RIRuO

226 1 18 2 1 3 2 0 L

I.I.T. Campus, Kanpur 721 RIRuO

71 2 20 4 2 8 4 0 L

Dada Nagar, Kanpur 722 RIRuO

83 10 75 29 14 52 16 0 M

Ramadevi, Kanpur 723 RIRuO

62 2 6 2 2 4 1 0 L

Khurja Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute 534 RIRuO

96 20 34 30 26 33 3 0 M

Ahirpara 535 RIRuO

73 19 30 26 22 29 3 0 M

Lucknow

Mahanagar 377 RIRuO

105 6 20 8 7 9 1 0 L

Chandganj Garden, Aliganj 398 RIRuO

107 6 12 8 7 9 1 0 L

Kapoor Hotel, Hazratganj 109 RIRuO

103 6 9 8 7 8 0 0 L

Talkatora 113 RIRuO

105 7 22 9 8 9 2 0 L

Aminabad / S.M.K Chowk 397 RIRuO

106 7 9 8 7 9 1 0 L

Meerut Begum Bridge 550 RIRuO

71 4 6 5 4 6 1 0 L


59

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Thana Railway Road / Kesarganj 551 RIRuO

66 4 10 5 4 5 1 0 L

Muradabad Hindu College, Station Road 712 RIRuO

102 5 50 14 8 20 6 0 L

Central Police Hospital, Civil Lines 713 RIRuO

98 5 41 11 6 17 5 0 L

Noida UP PPCB, E-12/1, Sector - 1 403 RIRuO

96 7 15 10 8 13 2 0 L

Gee-Pee Electroplating and Eng. Work 378 RIRuO

96 7 14 10 9 12 1 0 L

Varanasi Regional Office, Jawahar Nagar 362 RIRuO

88 14 18 17 15 18 1 0 L

Sigra 553 RIRuO

84 14 19 17 15 18 1 0 L

Unnao H. No. 5, Krishna Nagar, Unnao 726 RIRuO

12 8 11 9 8 11 1 0 -

IIA Building, Industrial Area, Site 10, Unnao 727 RIRuO

14 11 13 11 11 12 1 0 -

Saharanpur SRE-A, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus 716 RIRuO

28 25 32 30 28 31 2 0 -

UPCL S.E. Office, Near Clock Tower 717 RIRuO

28 25 30 28 27 29 1 0 -

Raebareli

Town Hall Colony, Ahmad Nagar, Gulab

Road 718 RIRuO

70 5 12 7 5 10 2 0 L

Khoya mandi Tiraha Lucknow Road

Raebareli 719 RIRuO

57 5 15 10 7 14 3 0 L

Amawan Road Ind. Area Raebareli 720 RIRuO

49 6 12 8 6 11 2 0 -

Mathura RO. UPPCB, 65 Baldevpuri, Maholi Road 724 RIRuO

14 14 20 16 14 19 2 0 -

CETP, Industrial Area, Mathura 725 RIRuO

16 18 35 23 18 30 6 0 -

Gorakpur

M. M.M. Engineering College, Gorakhpur 728 RIRuO

36 13 23 19 15 22 3 0 -

India Glycol Ltd. Gida, Gorakhpur 729 RIRuO

36 13 36 22 17 25 4 0 -

Jalkal, Muncipal Corporation, Golghar 730 RIRuO

19 25 29 27 25 29 1 0 -

Utt

ara

kh

an

d Dehradun

Raipur Road, Near parag Diary 90 ES Doon valley 25 17 24 21 19 23 2 0 -

Clock Tower, PWD Guest House 89 ES Doon valley 29 20 30 24 21 28 3 0 -

Himalaya Drug Co. Near ISBT 637 ES Doon valley 33 18 31 22 19 25 3 0 -

Haldwani Govt. Women Hospital 625 RIRuO

10 15 19 17 15 18 1 0 -

Haridwar SIDCUL, Haridwar 635 RIRuO

42 11 31 23 19 28 4 0 -

Kashipur BSNL Office, Kashipur 627 RIRuO

12 24 25 25 25 25 0 0 -

Rishikesh Nagar Palika Parishad 636 ES Hill station 32 16 25 21 17 24 2 0 -


60

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Rudrapur SIDCUL Office 626 RIRuO

5 14 16 15 14 16 1 0 -

We

st B

en

ga

l

Asansol

Asansol Municipal Corporation 386 RIRuO

96 4 19 7 5 9 2 0 L

Kangsabati Spinning Mill, Barjora 593 RIRuO

96 4 14 7 5 9 2 0 L

Burnpur Town Department, Burnpur 592 RIRuO

104 4 13 7 5 10 2 0 L

Barrackpore

Barrackpore Municiaplity 655 RIRuO

104 4 47 18 6 40 13 0 L

Dum Dum Telephone Exchange 653 RIRuO

104 5 54 22 9 48 15 0 L

Khardah Municipality 654 RIRuO

104 7 53 23 9 47 14 0 L

Durgapur

DMC Water Works, Angadpur 591 RIRuO

43 5 10 7 6 9 1 0 -

Kwality Hotel, Bhiringi More, Benachiti 384 RIRuO

43 5 10 7 5 9 1 0 -

Bidhannagar, PCBL Club, Muchipara 385 RIRuO

43 4 9 6 4 7 1 0 -

Dew India Limited, PCBL More, Durgapur 383 RIRuO

43 6 13 9 7 11 2 0 -

Haldia

Bhabanipur, Milan Viyapith, Bhabanipur 663 RIRuO

104 8 24 15 11 19 3 0 L

Bhunia Raichak, Driver's Hut , Bhunia 664 RIRuO

104 10 24 15 12 19 3 0 L

Supermarket Building, Durgachak 15 RIRuO

104 8 21 13 10 17 3 0 L

WBIIDC Ruchi Soya Ind. Durgachak 14 RIRuO

104 9 24 16 12 19 3 0 L

Priyangbada, Housing Estate 418 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Howrah

Howrah Municipal Corporation Building 8 RIRuO

104 5 22 11 7 17 4 0 L

Naskarpara Pump House, Ghuseri 10 RIRuO

104 6 31 14 8 20 5 0 L

CDS & Health Centre, Bator 11 RIRuO

104 4 16 10 6 13 3 0 L

Howrah Municipality School, Bandhaghat 9 RIRuO

104 6 34 15 9 22 5 0 L

Kolkata

Salt Lake, Rooftop of CK Market 474 RIRuO

104 4 19 7 5 9 2 0 L

Moulali, Rooftop of KMC office Building 473 RIRuO

104 5 14 8 5 10 2 0 L

Minto Park, Inside Park AJC Bose Road 475 RIRuO

104 3 15 7 5 9 2 0 L

Dunlop Bridge, National Sample Survey 472 RIRuO

104 4 14 8 5 11 2 0 L

Behala Chowrasta, Traffic Guard Building 476 RIRuO

104 4 16 8 5 10 2 0 L

Baishnabghata, Upanagari Sporting Club 477 RIRuO

104 4 10 6 4 8 1 0 L

Cossipore Police Station, B.T. Road 162 RIRuO

88 2 131 28 7 66 25 3 M

Dalhousie Square, Lal Bazzar Police 163 RIRuO

88 2 117 23 6 55 22 2 L


61

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

SO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Headqtr.

Kasba 348 RIRuO

88 2 76 22 6 52 20 0 L

JD Park 440 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Raniganj

Raniganj Municipality 662 RIRuO

104 5 30 9 7 12 3 0 L

Mangalpur, SKS School Mangalpur 660 RIRuO

104 4 10 6 4 8 1 0 L

Jamuria Municipality 661 RIRuO

104 4 12 7 5 9 2 0 L

Sankrail

Bharat Co-op Housing Society 657 RIRuO

104 4 19 9 6 14 3 0 L

Bagan Police Station, Bagan 659 RIRuO

77 4 19 11 7 15 3 0 L

Dhulagar Gram Pachayat 656 RIRuO

104 4 18 10 6 14 3 0 L

P Mukherjee's House, Near SBI Amta 658 RIRuO

104 3 11 6 4 9 2 0 L

South Suburban

Chanditala Water Supply , Tollygunge 652 RIRuO

104 4 12 7 5 9 2 0 L

Bauipur Police Station, Baruipur 650 RIRuO

104 3 13 6 4 7 1 0 L

P Roy Industrial Training Institute, Amtala 651 RIRuO

104 4 11 6 5 8 2 0 L

Note: * - Locations where annual mean concentration of SO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 50 µg/m3

for Residential/ industrial / other area and 20 µg/m3 for sensitive area. ‘-‘

Data not available/outlier/not classified as monitoring days <50days, RIRuO – Residential/industrial/rural/other area, ES – Ecologically sensitive area, Std dev. – Standard deviation, Mon - monitoring, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day L- Low, M- Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution

based on exceedence factor (calculated for n 50 days) classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1, % violation – percentage violation of

NAAQS (24 hourly average) BDL = Below Detection Limit (Concentration less than 4 g/m3 for SO2).

Chapter 4: Air quality wrt. NO2 - 2011

62

CHAPTER 4

AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)


63

4.0 Nitrogen dioxide Oxides of nitrogen are a generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Oxides of nitrogen are formed during combustion processes at high temperatures from the oxidation of nitrogen in air. NOx are emitted as nitrogen oxide (NO) which is rapidly oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air pollutant. Sources of nitrogen oxides includes lightning, forest fires, bacterial activity of soil as natural source and vehicles, industrial processes that burn, high temperature combustion (internal combustion engines, fossil fuel-fired power stations, industrial, burning of bio-mass and fossil fuels are anthropogenic sources. NO2 irritates the nose and throat increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In addition, NOx is a potent and selective vasodilator in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Oxides of nitrogen react with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to form ground level ozone. They also react to form nitrates, acid aerosols. Almost all NOx is emitted as NO, which is rapidly oxidized to non toxic NO2. In this chapter the detailed summary of NO2 levels in the country is furnished. The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard. The four categories are low, moderate, high and critical levels. The top 10 location, cities and states with maximum NO2 pollution is given.

4.1 Locations, cities and states with highest NO2 values during 2011

Table 4.1 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of NO2 for residential / industrial / rural / other area in which highest concentration was observed at monitoring station located at BT Road, Kolkata, West Bengal. In sensitive area highest concentration was observed at DIC Nunhai, Agra, Uttar Pradesh (Table 4.2). Among the cities Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra tops the list with 67 µg/m3 NO2 (Table 4.3). Among the states Delhi shows highest NO2 values 57µg/m3 (Table 4.4)

Table 4.1: Ten locations with higher NO2 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)

Sl.


Sta

tio

n c

od

e

No

. o

f m

on

. d

ay

s

(n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 West Bengal Kolkata B.T. Road 162 88 5 592 96.7* 67 61 C

2 West Bengal Kolkata Kasba 348 88 5 150 75.5* 33 47 C

3 Delhi Delhi Town Hall, Chandni Chowk 146 96 17 141 75.0* 30 39 C

4 Delhi Delhi N.Y. School, Sarojini Nagar 144 96 26 151 73.8* 31 38 C

5 Maharashtra Ulhasnagar Octroi Naka 648 102 19 118 72.8* 24 48 C

6 Rajasthan Jaipur Ajmeri Gate 296 107 26 3607 71.1* 345 1 C

7 West Bengal Howrah Bandhaghat 9 104 41 124 70.4* 17 27 C

8 Maharashtra Pune Swargate Police Chawki 381 101 13 138 70.2* 26 35 C

9 Delhi Delhi Mayapuri Industrial Area 345 96 19 139 69.9* 30 34 C

10 Bihar Patna Gandhi Maidan Test Centre 284 84 11 183 69.6* 44 42 C

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m3

for Residential/ industrial / other area. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


64

Table 4.2: Ten locations with highest NO2 values (annual average) during 2011 (Ecologically sensitive area)

Sl. No.

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

ES

A c

ate

go

ry

No

. o

f m

on

. d

ay

s (

n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(2

4 h

ou

rly

)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 Uttar Pradesh Agra DIC Nunhai 415 Taj-trapezium 115 7 68 32* 13 0 H

2 Maharashtra Kolhapur Ruikar Trust 509 Sahyadri 104 22 42 30 5 0 M

3 Maharashtra Kolhapur Mahadwar Road 510 Sahyadri 105 14 33 23 4 0 M

4 Rajasthan Alwar Gaurav Solvex Ltd. 373 Aravali range 69 14 35 22 5 0 M

5 Rajasthan Alwar RIICO Pump House 219 Aravali range 69 9 76 22 9 0 M

6 Rajasthan Alwar Rajasthan SPCB 372 Aravali range 69 10 48 22 7 0 M

7 Goa Honda Honda Junction 631 Sahyadri 70 10 34 19 6 0 M

8 Uttar Pradesh Agra Taj Mahal 1 Taj-trapezium 261 5 61 18 11 0 M

9 Uttar Pradesh Agra Nunhai 324 Taj-trapezium 93 11 27 18 4 0 M

10 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Winterfield 35 Hill station 111 5 30 17 4 0 M

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 30 µg/m3

for Ecologically sensitive areas. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

Table 4.3: Ten cities with highest NO2 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)



3)

Std. Dev.

Air Quality

1 Maharashtra Ulhasnagar 15 109 67* 22 C

2 West Bengal Kolkata 18 180 66* 30 C

3 Maharashtra Badlapur 15 118 63* 27 C

4 West Bengal Howrah 33 107 62* 15 C

5 Maharashtra Pune 18 107 58* 20 H

6 West Bengal Durgapur 42 72 57* 7 H

7 Delhi Delhi 26 94 57* 16 H

8 Uttar Pradesh Bareily 17 335 56* 91 H

9 West Bengal Asansol 37 74 55* 8 H

10 West Bengal Haldia 42 69 55* 5 H

* - Cities where annual mean concentration of NO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m3

for Residential/ industrial / other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


65

Table 4.4: Ten states with highest NO2 values (annual average) during 2011

(residential / industrial / rural / other & ecologically sensitive area)

Sl. No. State Min Max Annual average

(µg/m3)

1 Delhi 26 94 57.0

2 West Bengal 28 108 56.6

3 Bihar 6 117 47.2

4 Jharkhand 26 98 38.6

5 Maharashtra 15 62 32.5

6 Rajasthan 18 219 30.8

7 Uttar Pradesh 20 56 30.2

8 Chattisgarh 23 31 27.5

10 Haryana 9 43 25.5

Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

4.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average) Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO2 is depicted in Figure 4.1. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly Average) was less than 2% at 345 monitoring stations out of 391stations. In the remaining 46 stations, the percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% or more.

Figure 4.1: Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of

percent exceedence of NO2 of NAAQS (24 hourly average)

345

9 24 12 1 00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

<02% 2-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% >75%

Ranges of Percent violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg)

Num

ber

of M

onitoring

Sta

tions



66


Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of NO2 is depicted in Figure 4.2. 162 locations showed low NO2 level, 159 locations showed moderate, 49 high and 21 location were in critical category. Therefore, 70 (18%) locations out of 391 exceeded the NAAQS.


NO2 in residential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)

159

49

21

162

0

50

100

150

200


Air quality

No

of

loc

ati

on

s

0-20 21-4041-60 >60

NB. Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered The annual average concentration of NO2 at various monitoring stations is given in Table 4.5. The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and more hours of monitoring a day. Also, described in the table is air quality in terms of low, moderate, high and critical. NO2 levels at many monitoring stations (with high and critical air quality) exceeded the prescribed limit.


67

Table 4.5: NO2 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2011

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

An

dh

ra P

rad

esh


72 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 L


69 9 13 10 9 11 1 0 L

Hydrabad


94 5 55 33 24 40 8 0 M


93 13 54 32 21 38 7 0 M


95 10 62 35 27 41 7 0 M

Balanagar 95 RIRuO

110 14 108 32 22 41 12 2 M


107 18 48 30 21 39 6 0 M


108 11 49 19 13 26 7 0 L

Paradise 393 RIRuO

114 15 51 30 22 38 7 0 M

Charminar 394 RIRuO

117 16 46 29 21 36 6 0 M

Zoo Park 470 RIRuO

116 11 335 18 12 19 30 1 L


36 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 -


71 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 L


90 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 L


108 11 23 18 14 21 3 0 L


60 9 13 10 9 11 1 0 L


108 16 50 22 19 25 4 0 M


91 4 38 11 9 15 5 0 L


90 9 24 9 9 9 2 0 L


73 10 26 11 10 14 2 0 L

Autonagar 469 RIRuO

70 10 17 11 10 14 2 0 L


91 5 36 11 9 14 3 0 L

Vishakhapatnam


87 9 38 20 12 27 6 0 L


82 9 43 21 13 31 7 0 M


78 11 85 27 18 33 10 1 M


77 11 30 19 13 25 4 0 L


68

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


80 10 32 18 12 23 5 0 L


80 10 73 29 20 36 9 0 M


69 9 25 16 11 22 4 0 L


71 9 19 13 10 17 3 0 L

Ass

am

Bongaigaon


103 8 16 12 10 14 2 0 L


104 8 28 15 12 18 3 0 L


- - - - - - - - -


77 10 20 14 11 16 2 0 L


98 9 17 13 11 15 2 0 L

Golaghat Golaghat Office Building 539 ES Numaligarh 89 9 25 15 12 17 2 0 L

Guwahati


251 9 20 14 13 16 2 0 L


99 8 20 14 11 16 2 0 L


208 7 46 13 11 15 3 0 L


246 8 22 15 13 18 2 0 L


250 6 20 13 11 15 2 0 L


250 7 19 14 11 17 2 0 L


100 13 26 20 17 24 3 0 L


103 10 18 13 12 15 1 0 L


98 7 19 13 10 15 2 0 L


92 10 23 15 13 17 2 0 L


101 9 18 14 12 17 2 0 L


- - - - - - - - -


97 10 17 14 12 16 2 0 L


95 8 19 15 12 17 2 0 L


105 9 17 12 11 14 1 0 L


101 9 18 12 11 14 1 0 L


100 6 15 12 11 14 1 0 L

B i h a r Patna Beltron Bhawan, Shastri Nagar 210 RIRuO

83 2 51 25 11 42 13 0 M


69

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


84 11 183 70* 22 124 44 42 C

Ch

an

dig

arh

Chandigarh


142 5 54 20 8 35 11 0 L


143 5 53 18 7 28 9 0 L


144 5 42 14 5 24 8 0 L


143 5 42 14 5 25 8 0 L


134 5 40 13 5 24 8 0 L

Ch

att

isg

arh

Bhillai


94 18 25 21 19 23 1 0 M


96 12 19 15 13 17 1 0 L


94 28 34 31 30 32 1 0 M


69 8 30 21 17 28 5 0 M

Korba


89 18 22 20 19 21 1 0 L


94 18 22 20 19 21 1 0 L


94 19 22 21 20 22 1 0 M

Raipur


32 37 45 42 39 44 2 0 -


41 38 50 44 41 48 3 0 -


29 35 44 40 37 42 2 0 -

ra

&

Na

g

ar

Ha

v


97 17 25 19 18 20 1 0 L


- - - - - - - - -

Da

ma

n &

Diu


111 17 49 20 18 20 3 0 L


- - - - - - - - -

De

lhi

Delhi


96 26 151 74* 41 125 31 38 C


96 17 141 75* 37 115 30 39 C


96 19 139 70* 32 113 30 34 C


76 31 58 41* 34 51 7 0 H

Shahadra 58 RIRuO

75 35 70 54* 43 62 8 0 H


72 34 76 56* 46 69 9 0 H

Nizamuddin 55 RIRuO

73 22 67 47* 35 58 9 0 H

Janakpuri 59 RIRuO

74 26 67 49* 38 60 9 0 H


70

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Siri Fort 60 RIRuO

74 22 78 47* 34 60 11 0 H


- - - - - - - - -

Go

a


93 5 48 17 10 26 7 0 L


92 5 63 19 10 31 9 0 L


78 6 66 18 10 29 10 0 L


102 10 34 16 12 20 4 0 L


121 10 32 15 11 24 5 0 L

Honda Honda Junction, Sattari 631 ES Sahyadri 70 10 34 19* 12 26 6 0 H


94 11 32 16 12 22 5 0 L


93 10 31 16 11 24 5 0 L


96 10 24 14 10 20 4 0 L


100 6 30 15 10 23 5 0 L


5 20 24 23 21 24 2 0 -


20 24 27 25 24 27 1 0 -

Gu

jara

t

Ahmedabad


102 16 49 35 28 42 6 0 M


104 18 54 27 21 33 5 0 M


102 12 28 18 15 22 3 0 L


104 15 42 23 18 27 4 0 M


104 15 57 23 18 27 5 0 M


103 16 58 24 19 29 6 0 M


104 20 94 28 22 31 9 1 M


104 12 31 23 19 27 3 0 M


104 18 35 25 21 29 3 0 M


104 12 47 20 17 22 3 0 L


104 12 24 16 14 18 2 0 L

Surat

S.V.R. Engg. College 21 RIRuO

104 16 67 24 18 27 6 0 M


104 21 38 29 25 34 4 0 M


104 19 65 26 20 29 6 0 M


71

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Vadodara


93 11 27 15 12 19 3 0 L


93 22 45 29 24 39 6 0 M


90 21 95 43* 37 49 8 1 H


- - - - - - - - -


104 21 35 26 22 31 3 0 M


104 16 31 24 19 27 3 0 M

Ha

rya

na


98 11 99 50* 18 78 25 8 H


133 4 61 38 13 56 17 0 M


60 5 9 7 5 9 1 0 L


102 5 11 7 5 10 2 0 L


47 23 32 26 24 29 2 0 -

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Baddi


138 5 59 15 9

9 0 L


134 4 148 15 9 27 14 1 L


129 1 41 16 9 27 7 0 L


144 5 18 9 6 13 3 0 L

Old Road 271 RIRuO

129 5 17 11 7 14 3 0 L


166 12 27 17 15 20 2 0 L


170 12 18 15 13 16 1 0 L


126 5 27 13 8 22 5 0 L


147 1 15 7 5 11 3 0 L


133 4 29 10 5 14 4 0 L


150 12 28 15 13 17 2 0 L


123 14 23 2 16 14 18 0 L

Shimla Tekka Bench Ridge 34 ES Hill station 118 5 18 8 5 13 3 0 L

Bus Stand, Winterfield 35 ES Hill station 111 5 30 17 11 22 4 0 M


13 5 60 20 6 37 15 0 -


10 6 34 13 7 26 9 0 -


244 5 17 6 5 11 3 0 L


72

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


17 13 20 16 14 18 2 0 -

Manali Nehru Park, Manali, District Kullu 670 ES Hill station 31 5 19 9 5 18 5 0 -


Jammu


21 8 17 11 9 13 2 0 -


23 6 17 12 9 15 3 0 -


18 5 20 12 7 17 4 0 -

Jha

rkh

an

d

Dhanbad


97 27 47 36 31 41 4 0 M


99 27 43 34 31 38 3 0 M


58 21 43 34 30 38 4 0 M


95 37 60 47* 43 52 3 0 H


83 39 64 48* 44 52 3 0 H


104 20 530 39 31 38 49 1 M


105 28 41 35 31 39 3 0 M


39 27 57 45 31 52 8 0 -


61 15 47 33 29 37 4 0 M


37 20 52 34 27 47 8 0 -

Ka

rna

tak

a

Bangalore


48 25 52 33 30 41 6 0 -


82 21 186 34 27 39 19 1 M


52 13 43 29 24 33 5 0 M


84 26 112 34 29 42 11 1 M


75 14 113 31 26 35 10 1 M


104 17 20 18 18 19 1 0 L


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


60 9 75 26 19 31 10 0 M

Belgaum Karnataka SPCB Office Building 460 ES Sahyadri 95 5 27 14 8 21 5 0 L


67 10 25 12 11 14 3 0 L


107 15 30 24 16 28 4 0 M


73

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


97 10 32 13 12 17 3 0 L


100 11 17 13 12 14 1 0 L


101 19 40 22 21 24 2 0 M


101 5 20 8 5 16 4 0 L


106 20 27 22 21 25 2 0 M


108 17 27 22 20 24 2 0 M

Devanagere


62 9 45 16 11 26 8 0 L


57 9 26 14 11 19 3 0 L


39 6 49 16 8 29 11 0 -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Ke

rala


99 5 6 5 5 5 0 0 L


98 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 L

Kochi


108 5 6 5 5 6 0 0 L

Eloor II 29 RIRuO

108 5 7 5 5 6 1 0 L

Irumpanam 30 RIRuO

101 5 22 12 6 17 4 0 L


108 5 39 17 11 23 5 0 L

VYTTILA 562 RIRuO

106 5 30 15 10 23 5 0 L


108 5 35 19 12 26 6 0 L


107 5 26 15 10 21 5 0 L


114 10 43 23 17 31 6 0 M


110 11 32 17 11 23 5 0 L


74

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


116 5 24 21 18 22 3 0 M


116 8 14 12 11 13 1 0 L


116 2 22 8 5 13 3 0 L

Nallalam 359 RIRuO

108 5 15 7 5 10 2 0 L


97 5 10 5 5 7 1 0 L


119 5 17 9 5 15 4 0 L


119 5 27 13 8 18 4 0 L


110 5 28 14 5 22 7 0 L


119 5 25 12 6 18 5 0 L

Thiruvananthapuram


104 15 33 22 18 29 5 0 M


104 22 52 28 25 30 3 0 M


104 15 37 18 16 20 2 0 L


104 20 30 25 22 27 2 0 M

Ma

dh

ya

Pra

de

sh

Bhopal


57 7 31 16 8 25 6 0 L


58 5 57 23 10 43 14 0 M


57 5 46 11 5 28 10 0 L


- - - - - - - - -

Dewas


45 17 39 28 21 37 7 0 -


94 15 40 27 18 35 7 7 M


93 13 36 24 17 33 6 0 M


71 14 32 19 15 23 4 0 L


62 13 29 21 18 25 3 0 M

Indore


66 10 31 15 12 20 4 0 L


73 8 21 14 11 17 3 0 L


66 6 28 13 10 15 3 0 L


91 19 54 25 22 27 4 0 M

Nagda Chem. D. Labour Club 82 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -


59 14 71 25 21 30 7 0 M


75

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


62 15 42 26 21 31 5 0 M


76 8 22 15 11 20 4 0 L


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


20 5 8 6 5 7 1 0 -

Singrauli


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Waidhan 516 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Ujjain


72 9 25 17 14 21 3 0 L


76 8 23 9 8 10 2 0 L


2 12 23 17 13 22 8 0 -

Ma

ha

rash

tra


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Amravati


86 10 16 13 11 15 2 0 L


97 10 16 13 11 14 1 0 L


95 10 18 14 12 17 2 0 L

Aurangabad


104 22 72 32 24 38 7 0 M


102 22 41 30 24 34 4 0 M


102 21 77 33 25 39 8 0 M


- - - - - - - - -


69 15 118 63* 28 95 27 17 C

Chandrapur


98 8 8 25 11 51 17 0 M


111 10 95 31 15 52 15 1 M


107 7 71 31 15 54 15 0 M


87 7 64 23 9 41 0 13 M


99 7 76 21 10 33 12 0 M


78 10 66 34 19 52 13 0 M

Jalgaon B. J. Market 644 RIRuO

104 23 51 42* 31 48 6 0 H


76

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


104 17 45 37 30 43 6 0 M


101 19 56 47* 36 54 8 0 H

Kolhapur

University Campus, Shivaji University 508 ES Sahyadri 104 8 16 11 9 13 2 0 L

Ruikar Trust, S.T. Stand 509 ES Sahyadri 104 22 42 30 24 37 5 0 M

Mahadwar Road, Near Mahalaxmi Temple 510 ES Sahyadri 105 14 33 23 18 29 4 0 M

Latur


105 9 40 16 10 24 6 0 L


103 8 31 14 9 20 5 0 L


101 9 37 17 10 26 7 0 L


53 9 76 31 15 47 15 0 M


55 9 70 32 14 58 17 0 M

Mahad


81 27 47 36 29 43 5 0 M


71 27 54 41* 32 48 6 0 H


78 26 48 38 29 45 6 0 M

Mumbai


94 5 189 35 8 62 29 4 M


95 5 67 29 9 52 17 0 M

Worli 349 RIRuO

86 5 170 39 7 73 28 3 M

Nagpur


100 19 130 40 24 60 19 4 M


102 20 78 38 27 55 12 0 M


93 20 80 40 27 59 13 1 M


97 5 98 28 11 56 18 1 M


96 5 84 36 16 68 20 3 M


99 5 75 24 8 46 16 0 M

Nashik


104 19 33 27 23 31 3 0 M


104 22 36 28 24 32 3 0 M


103 21 33 27 23 31 3 0 M


53 23 31 27 24 30 2 0 M

Navi Mumbai T.B.I.A, Rabale Airoli, TTC 491 RIRuO

109 23 64 45* 33 56 9 0 H


101 21 66 42* 30 53 9 0 H


77

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


72 22 64 44* 32 55 9 0 H


102 25 68 42* 32 52 8 0 H


99 22 61 41* 30 52 9 0 H


106 28 84 51* 38 64 10 1 H

Pune


104 17 85 50* 31 71 15 3 H


102 23 119 62* 39 83 18 17 C


101 13 138 70* 39 107 26 35 C

Bank of Baroda Builing 708 RIRuO

103 18 88 49* 24 75 19 6 H


82 15 49 34 23 43 8 0 M


55 16 46 35 7 25 43 0 M

Sangli


104 16 76 34 20 58 15 0 M


104 14 74 38 20 64 17 0 M


105 18 65 32 21 47 11 0 M


105 31 40 35 33 37 2 0 M


103 31 44 35 33 37 2 0 M

Tarapur


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Thane


51 10 19 13 11 14 2 0 L


54 11 19 14 12 15 2 0 L


30 11 17 13 12 14 1 0 -


101 11 100 62* 33 83 19 19 C


102 19 118 73* 40 100 24 48 C


79 16 37 24 19 29 4 0 M


78 14 39 26 21 30 4 0 M

Akola


71 6 12 9 8 10 1 0 L


69 6 16 11 9 14 2 0 L


72 7 14 11 9 13 1 0 L


78

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Nanded


69 5 43 18 9 41 10 0 L


70 2 67 25 9 59 16 0 M


70 2 103 43* 9 103 32 8 H

Ma

nip

ur


Me

gh

ala

ya


99 5 34 17 11 24 5 0 L


97 4 16 7 5 11 3 0 L


118 5 14 7 5 10 2 0 L

Shillong State Tuberculosis Hospital 340 ES Hill station 98 5 34 15 7 21 6 0 L

Boards Office Permises, Lumpyngngad 120 ES Hill station 96 5 13 5 5 6 1 0 L

Miz

ora

m

Aizawl

Khatla, M.G-Road, Mizoram SPCB 450 ES Hill station 93 5 8 6 5 7 1 0 L

Laipuitlang 451 ES Hill station 96 5 8 5 5 5 1 0 L

Bawngkawn 452 ES Hill station 96 5 9 6 5 8 1 0 L

Dawrpui Y.M.A, Building, Dawrpui 737 ES Hill station 1 5 5 5 5 5

0 -

Lengpui Airport, Model Veng, Lengpui 738 ES Hill station 1 5 5 5 5 5

0 -






Lalzidinga building, Vengthlang 732 ES Hill station 1 6 6 6 6 6

0 -

Na

ga

lan

d


104 5 22 6 5 8 3 0 L

Dhobinala 448 RIRuO

105 5 34 8 5 11 4 0 L

Kohima Opposite NST Office 609 ES Hill station 104 5 11 5 5 5 1 0 L

Opposite War Cemetery 610 ES Hill station 103 5 7 5 5 6 1 0 L

O r i s s a


101 12 26 20 17 24 3 0 L


79

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


68 13 23 19 15 22 3 0 L


103 9 14 12 11 13 1 0 L


101 11 38 15 12 19 3 0 L

Bhubneshwar


101 5 38 18 9 27 7 0 L


104 5 33 15 8 21 6 0 L


99 5 41 16 10 22 7 0 L


17 29 104 41 30 45 17 6 -


17 13 37 26 18 35 7 0 -


8 22 40 31 22 37 7 0 -


115 7 41 20 12 37 8 0 L


58 7 26 15 10 20 4 0 L


108 9 51 22 17 24 4 0 M


104 17 27 22 19 25 2 0 M


96 10 24 10 10 11 1 0 L


92 10 12 11 10 11 0 0 L


109 9 20 14 12 16 2 0 L


2 20 21 21 20 21 1 0 -


103 12 26 19 16 22 2 0 L

Pu

nja

b


62 29 48 37 34 40 3 0 M


96 23 44 36 32 40 3 0 M


95 13 38 22 15 30 6 0 M


102 15 39 23 17 30 6 0 M


130 13 37 21 16 28 5 0 M


111 12 36 14 13 15 2 0 L


125 24 86 27 35 6 32 1 M


112 22 94 33 28 36 7 1 M


120 9 40 28 36 32 4 0 M


- - - - - - - - -


80

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


40 20 27 23 21 26 2 0 -


21 21 29 25 22 28 2 0 -


7 24 31 28 26 30 3 0 -


121 26 44 31 29 34 3 0 M


129 22 39 30 27 33 3 0 M


113 19 34 29 26 31 3 0 M


107 21 91 30 25 34 7 1 M

Ludhiana Ludhiana Coop. Milk Producer, Ferozpur Rd 61 RIRuO

148 16 41 26 21 33 5 0 M


131 21 60 29 24 34 5 0 M


119 12 27 17 13 22 3 0 L


83 12 29 17 13 22 4 0 L


101 10 32 20 16 27 5 0 L


114 11 53 18 14 21 6 0 L


- - - - - - - - -

Pu

du

ch

err

y

Puducherry


82 11 19 16 14 18 1 0 L


70 15 19 17 15 18 1 0 L


72 10 17 14 12 16 1 0 L

Ra

jast

ha

n

Alwar

Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board 372 ES Aravali range 69 10 48 22 14 29 7 0 M

Gaurav Solvex Ltd. MIA 373 ES Aravali range 69 14 35 22 16 29 5 0 M

RIICO Pump House, MIA 219 ES Aravali range 69 9 76 22 15 31 9 0 M

Jaipur


107 26

71 32 50 345 1 C


100 27 56 35 31 42 6 0 M


103 25 83 39 31 54 10 1 M


98 25 54 34 30 43 6 0 M


102 14 85 38 30 58 12 1 M

VKIA 297 RIRuO

93 22 55 36 30 42 5 0 M

Jodhpur DIC Office, Industrial Estate 413 RIRuO

98 17 43 23 19 27 27 0 M


102 14 39 24 19 28 28 0 M


81

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


96 15 31 23 19 27 27 0 M


99 13 32 22 19 27 27 0 M


101 11 29 22 19 27 27 0 M


100 14 35 24 19 29 29 0 M

Kota


90 15 58 33 20 50 50 0 M


89 12 62 30 18 43 43 0 M


89 13 59 28 16 41 41 0 M

Udaipur

Ambamata 320 RIRuO

103 18 38 24 20 30 30 0 M

Town Hall 294 RIRuO

100 27 40 36 34 38 38 0 M


103 29 42 37 34 39 39 0 M

Sik

ki

m

Gangtok



Ta

mil

na

du

Chennai

Kathivakkam, Municipal Kalyana Mandapam 38 RIRuO

100 10 62 26 15 36 10 0 M


95 12 68 25 13 38 12 0 M


96 12 62 26 13 39 11 0 M


91 5 37 12 5 20 7 0 L


94 5 30 12 5 22 7 0 L


93 5 32 12 5 19 6 0 L

Adiyar 437 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Kilpauk 767 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Coimbatore


96 13 588 36 17 54 59 1 M


92 12 83 29 18 51 14 1 M


101 9 111 35 19 57 19 4 M

Madurai Highway (Project -I) Building 306 RIRuO

96 16 28 24 21 26 2 0 M


82

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


96 17 29 24 21 26 2 0 M


102 16 38 24 21 26 3 0 M


144 13 46 21 17 26 4 0 M

Tuticorin


95 7 34 15 10 24 6 0 L


95 9 57 15 9 22 8 0 L


101 8 46 14 9 21 7 0 L

Trichy


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

Agra

Regional Office, Bodla 323 ES Taj-trapezium 91 10 19 14 10 17 3 0 L

Nunhai 324 ES Taj-trapezium 93 11 27 18 13 23 4 0 M

Taj Mahal 1 ES Taj-trapezium 261 5 61 18 6 33 11 0 M

DIC Nunhai 415 ES Taj-trapezium 115 7 68 32* 18 51 13 0 H

Etmad-uddaulah 416 ES Taj-trapezium 117 6 61 24 10 42 13 0 M

Rambagh 417 ES Taj-trapezium 122 5 58 24 11 40 11 0 M


42 11 47 26 17 40 8 0 -


104 8 38 20 12 29 6 0 L


103 18 77 26 23 29 6 0 M


103 18 56 26 22 29 4 0 M


83 15 285 51 17 218 79 11 H


84 19 386 61* 20 37 102 10 C

Firozabad

Center for Development of Glass Industry 399 ES Taj-trapezium 50 35 83 45* 37 64 11 2 H

Tilak Nagar 400 ES Taj-trapezium 52 25 43 37* 32 42 4 0 H

Raza ka Tal 401 ES Taj-trapezium 53 30 46 37* 33 41 3 0 H


49 18 26 23 21 25 2 0 -


6 19 23 21 20 23 2 0 -


83

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Ghaziabad Atlas Cycles Industries, Sahibabad Ind. area 258 RIRuO

95 34 44 40 37 42 2 0 M


91 29 52 38 34 40 3 0 M


120 18 31 25 20 29 4 0 M


120 17 30 22 18 27 4 0 M

Kanpur


59 23 47 38 30 46 6 0 M


55 21 51 35 26 43 6 0 M


Site-5 86 RIRuO

38 28 49 41 37 48 5 0 -


28 24 43 35 28 40 5 0 -


55 20 50 36 28 45 7 0 M


225 3 101 33 11 66 22 3 M


71 5 36 13 5 20 6 0 L


83 8 82 35 20 56 14 1 M


62 10 78 29 17 55 14 0 M


96 22 35 30 26 33 3 0 M

Ahirpara 535 RIRuO

73 20 30 26 22 29 3 0 M

Lucknow

Mahanagar 377 RIRuO

104 27 39 32 30 35 2 0 M


107 28 36 32 30 35 2 0 M


103 28 93 33 30 34 8 2 M

Talkatora 113 RIRuO

105 27 39 34 32 36 2 0 M


107 26 100 33 30 35 7 1 M


71 35 61 48* 40 56 7 0 H


66 36 51 41* 37 46 3 0 H


102 14 48 26 17 38 7 0 M


98 11 34 20 13 30 6 0 L


96 27 59 44* 33 56 8 0 H


96 29 59 45* 35 54 7 0 H


88 18 23 20 19 21 1 0 L


84

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Sigra 553 RIRuO

84 18 23 20 19 21 1 0 L


12 29 36 33 30 35 2 0 -


14 33 37 35 33 35 1 0 -


28 16 24 20 18 22 2 0 -


28 18 24 20 18 24 2 0 -

Raebareli

Town Hall Colony, Ahmad Nagar, Gulab Road 718 RIRuO

71 5 19 10 7 16 3 0 L

Khoya mandi Tiraha Lucknow Road Raebareli 719 RIRuO

57 7 23 13 9 20 4 0 L


49 8 16 11 8 14 3 0 -


14 14 25 21 16 25 4 0 -


16 21 34 27 23 30 3 0 -

Gorakpur


36 25 41 34 29 39 4 0 -


36 34 61 49 35 58 8 0 -


19 41 46 44 42 46 1 0 -

Utt

ara

kh

an

d

Dehradun





10 21 28 24 21 27 3 0 -


42 20 30 24 20 29 3 0 -


12 28 30 29 28 30 1 0 -

Rishikesh Nagar Palika Parishad 636 ES Hill station 32 16 25 22 18 24 2 0 -


5 20 21 20 20 21 1 0 -

We

st B

en

ga

l Asansol


96 39 86 60* 50 71 9 0 H


96 38 69 55* 46 66 8 0 H


104 34 66 51* 42 61 8 0 H

Barrackpore


104 10 94 41* 16 80 26 11 H


104 14 103 47* 18 85 27 14 H


104 14 107 49* 20 85 28 17 H

Durgapur DMC Water Works, Angadpur 591 RIRuO

43 37 66 53 43 62 7 0 -


85

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


43 44 75 60 50 71 7 0 -


43 35 61 46 39 56 7 0 -


43 53 86 69 59 79 8 0 -

Haldia


104 42 65 55* 48 62 5 0 H


104 43 70 55* 47 62 6 0 H


104 38 69 53* 47 59 5 0 H


104 44 70 56* 49 63 6 0 H


- - - - - - - - -

Howrah


104 35 109 63* 47 83 14 13 C


104 27 111 61* 44 85 16 15 C


104 28 83 53* 39 73 12 1 H


104 41 124 70* 53 96 17 27 C

Kolkata


104 21 110 55* 31 91 22 17 H


104 30 130 65* 38 102 25 27 C


104 28 111 57* 34 85 21 20 H


104 27 130 65* 38 103 26 28 C


104 24 128 62* 38 102 25 21 C


104 19 109 48* 26 78 20 9 H


88 5 592 97* 45 140 67 61 C

Dalhousie Square, Lal Bazzar Police Headqtr. 163 RIRuO

88 5 154 68* 26 105 32 38 C

Kasba 348 RIRuO

88 5 150 75* 37 124 33 47 C

JD Park 440 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Raniganj


104 46 106 64* 53 78 11 6 C


104 29 58 45* 36 53 7 0 H


104 32 60 47* 39 56 6 0 H

Sankrail


104 25 82 51* 35 70 13 1 H


77 29 96 58* 37 77 15 8 H


104 27 91 54* 38 71 14 3 H


86

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NO

2 A

nn

ua

l

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

P Mukherjee's House, Near SBI Amta 658

104 21 64 37 24 51 10 0 M

South Suburban

Chanditala Water Supply , Tollygunge 652

104 25 113 54* 30 87 22 15 H

Bauipur Police Station, Baruipur 650

104 19 101 46* 23 78 21 10 H

P Roy Industrial Training Institute, Amtala 651

104 20 107 51* 29 86 21 13 H

Note: * - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO2 exceeded the NAAQS of 40 µg/m3

for Residential/ industrial / other area and 30 µg/m3 for

sensitive area. ‘-‘ Data not available/outlier/not classified as monitoring days <50days, RIRuO – Residential/industrial/rural/other area, ES – Ecologically sensitive area, mon- monitoring Std dev. – Standard deviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day L- Low, M- Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution based

on exceedence factor (calculated for n 50 days) classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1; % violation – percentage violation of NAAQS (24

hourly average) BDL = Below Detection Limit (Concentration less than 9 g/m3 for NO2).

Chapter 5: Air quality wrt. PM10 - 2011

87

CHAPTER 5

AIR QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO PM10 (PARTICULATE MATTER HAVING AERODYNAMIC

DIAMETER ≤ to 10µm)


88

5.0 Particulate Matter (PM10/RSPM)

Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particle in semi

equilibrium with surrounding gases. It is classified in different ways:

a. Classification on emission:

Primary PM: Particulate matter is called primary if it is in the same chemical term in which it is emitted into the atmosphere. The primary particulate matter includes wind blown dust such as road dust, fly ash, soot etc.

Secondary PM: Particulate matter is called secondary if it is formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Secondary particulate matter include sulphates, nitrates etc.

b. Classification on size: Table 5.1, Figure 5.1 shows the classification and size of particulate matter

Table 5.1 Classification of particulate matter

Fraction Size range

Respirable suspended particulate metter (RSPM) or PM10 (thoracic fraction)

<=10 μm diameter produced by mechanical attrition of industrial dusts lung deposition principally by impaction 2.5 μm – 10 μm is called coarse fraction

Accumulation mode or Fine particles or PM2.5 (respirable fraction)

<=2.5 μm in diameter composed mainly of carbonaceous materials (organic and elemental), inorganic compounds (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium), and trace metal compounds (iron, aluminium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead) penetrates deeper into the lungs increases respiratory symptoms, causes irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing, decreases lung function; aggravates asthma, chronic bronchitis, irregular heartbeat, nonfatal heart attacks, premature death in people with heart or lung disease

Ultrafine particles (UFP) <=0.1 μm large surface area to mass ratio making them potential carriers of harmful gaseous compounds cause severe pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage, high degree of alveolar and interstitial edema, disruption of epithelial and endothelial cell layers and even death

Figure 5.1: Particulate matter


89

c. Based on the generation mechanism PM are categorized into Dispersion Originated- the particulate originated from wind generated movement in nature as

well as manmade or from the breakdown from liquid or solid bulk materials, i.e. by grinding, atomization, natural dispersion, wind erosion etc. Eg. Dust (Dispersion Originated) is produced by subdivision of solid material through mechanical actions or in nature. Anthropogenic emissions are generated during grinding or milling of materials, during transfer of finely divided material as well as from agriculture, forestry and construction activities. The larger the particle diameter, they tend to settle faster. The rate of settling also depends on density and shape of particles. Particles larger than 50 μm settle rapidly.

Condensation Originated - build up from molecular dimension after heating and cooling. Eg. Fumes (Condensation Originated) areroduced from hot solid substances by vaporization and condensation usually industrial process originated, combustion originated or from metallurgical processes. Mist (Dispersion & Condensation Originated) is generated from liquid by mechanical actions, evaporation and/or condensation of vapors generated from Industrial processes, spraying, electroplating etc.

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter or PM10 are the particles with upper size limited by a

50% cut at 10 m aerodynamic diameter (USEPA, 1996). They consist of particles with a diameter up to 10 µm. The major constituents of PM10 are organic and elemental carbon, metals/elements like silicon, magnesium, iron, ions like sulphates, nitrates, ammonium etc. PM10 can be formed by physical processes of crushing, grinding and abrasion of surfaces. Mining and agricultural activities are some of the sources of large size particles. The anthropogenic source are mechanical break-up of larger solid particles, wind blown dust such as road dust, fly ash, soot, agricultural processes, physical processes of crushing, grinding and abrasion of surfaces, photo chemically produced particles, such as those found in urban haze, pollen grains, mould spores, and plant and insect parts, combustion of fossil fuel (coal, heavy fuel oil in thermal power plants, office, factories), paper Industry, extraction & distribution of fossil fuels, smelting of metals (sulfide ores to produce copper, lead and zinc), petroleum refining, combustion process in diesel, petrol, natural gas driven vehicles. PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems like respiratory illness, visibility impairment, aggravate existing heart and lung diseases. It also causes visibility reduction. A compilation of sources and effects of PM10 are given in Annexure 1. In this chapter a detailed summary of PM10 levels in the country is furnished. The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective standard. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard. The four categories are low, moderate, high and critical levels. The top 10 location, cities and states with maximum PM10 pollution is furnished.

5.1 Locations, cities and states with highest PM10 values during 2011

Table 5.2 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of PM10. For residential / industrial / rural / other area in which highest concentration was observed at Sarora, Raipur, Chattisgarh and Table 5.3 shows sensitive area in highest concentration was observed at Gaurav Solvex Ltd. MIA, Alwar, Rajasthan. Among the cities Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh tops the list with 309 µg/m

3 PM10.(Table 5.4). Among the states Delhi shows highest PM10 values 222 µg/m

3.(Table 5.5)


90

Table 5.2: Ten locations with higher PM10 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)

Sl.


Sta

tio

n c

od

e

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 Chattisgarh Raipur Sarora 223 50 277 477 379* 40 100 C

2 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Dindayal Nagar 479 76 82 560 313* 115 97 C

3 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Maharaj Bada 478 71 97 479 305* 110 99 C

4 Uttarakhand Kashipur BSNL Office, Kashipur 627 59 89 575 291* 112 98 C

5 Delhi Delhi Town Hall, Chandni Chowk 146 96 49 692 268* 150 84 C

6 Punjab Ludhiana Rita Sewing Machines 76 108 150 402 260* 35 100 C

7 Delhi Delhi Shahzada Bagh 57 71 71 529 258* 117 92 C

8 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Bharat Yantra Nigam Ltd 555 104 100 649 256* 104 99 C

9 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad Sahibabad Industrial 258 95 214 308 250* 17 100 C

10 Rajasthan Udaipur Regional Office, MIA 321 103 54 869 249* 427 88 C

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m3 for Residential/ industrial

/ other area. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

Table 5.3: Ten locations with higher PM10 values (annual average) during 2011

(Ecologically sensitive area)

Sl.


Sta

tio

n

cod

e

ES

A

cate

go

r

y

No

. o

f

mo

n.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3)

Std

.

De

v.

ex

cee

de

nce

(24

Air

Qu

ali

ty

1 Rajasthan Alwar Gaurav

Solvex Ltd. 373 Aravali range 69 35 1288

294

* 240 90

C

2 Uttar

Pradesh Firozabad CDGI 399 Taj-trapezium 50 85 460

283

* 75 98

C

3 Uttar

Pradesh Firozabad Raza ka Tal 401 Taj-trapezium 53 36 543

268

* 99 91

C

4 Uttar

Pradesh Firozabad Tilak Nagar 400 Taj-trapezium 52 74 426

262

* 72 94

C

5 Uttar

Pradesh Agra Nunhai 324 Taj-trapezium 96 123 268

190

* 29 100

C

6 Goa Honda Honda

Junction 631 Sahyadri 70 33 495

184

* 111 77

C

7 Uttar

Pradesh Agra DIC Nunhai 415 Taj-trapezium 117 26 601

183

* 129 64

C

8 Rajasthan Alwar Rajasthan

SPCB 372 Aravali range 69 39 405

175

* 79 80

C

9 Rajasthan Alwar

RIICO

Pump

House

219 Aravali range 69 34 614 173

* 107 70

C

10 Uttar

Pradesh Agra

Etmad-

uddaulah 416 Taj-trapezium 117 12 485

167

* 113 68 C

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m3

for sensitive areas. Std.dev:standard deviation, mon:monitoring, n:number of monitoring days; L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification,Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


91

Table 5.4: Ten cities with highest PM10 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other area)



3)

Std. Dev.

Air Quality

1 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior 90 520 309* 113 C

2 Chattisgarh Raipur 229 353 293* 29 C

3 Uttarakhand Kashipur 89 575 291* 112 C

4 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad 109 532 260* 89 C

5 Punjab Khanna 128 373 237* 34 C

6 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad 166 281 231* 18 C

7 Jharkhand Jharia 89 346 223* 44 C

8 Delhi Delhi 51 553 222* 116 C

9 Punjab Ludhiana 108 343 221* 33 C

10 Uttar Pradesh Bareily 139 439 218* 51 C

* - Cities where annual mean concentration of PM10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m3

for Residential/ industrial / other area. L:Low, M:moderate, H:high, C:critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1, Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered

Table 5.5: Ten states with highest PM10 values (annual average) during 2011 (residential / industrial / rural / other & ecologically sensitive area)

Sl. No. State Min Max Annual average (µg/m3)

1 Delhi 51 553 222

2 Jharkhand 90 338 197

3 Bihar 32 589 174

4 Chattisgarh 132 208 173

5 Rajasthan 35 443 165

6 Uttar Pradesh 93 283 163

7 Uttarakhand 62 307 158

8 Punjab 91 258 156

9 Haryana 48 284 146

10 Madhya Pradesh 47 291 135

Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered 5.2 Percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage of exceeding limit of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of PM10 is depicted in Figure 5.2. The percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly Average) was less than 2% at 56 monitoring stations out of 393 stations. In the remaining 337 stations, the percentage exceedence of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% or more.


92


percent exceedence of PM10 of NAAQS (24 hourly average)

56

17

71

91

66

92

0

20

40

60

80

100

<02% 2-5% 6-25% 26-50% 51-75% >75%


Num

ber

of M

onitoring

Sta

tions



Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of PM10 is depicted in Figure 5.3. 9 locations showed low PM10 level, 60 locations showed moderate, 96 high and 228 location were in critical category. Therefore, 323 (83%) locations out of 393 exceeded the NAAQS.


PM10 in residential/industrial/rural/other area (annual average)

60

96

228

9

0

50

100

150

200

250


Air quality

No

of

loc

ati

on

s

0-30 31-6061-90 >60


The annual average concentration of PM10 at various monitoring stations is given in Table 5.6. The data given is annual average concentration and number of observations with 16 and more hours of monitoring a day. Also, described in the table is air quality in terms of low, moderate, high and critical. PM10 levels at many monitoring stations (with high and critical air quality) exceeded the prescribed NAAQS.


93

Table 5.6: PM10 levels (Annual average) in Ambient Air Quality Stations under NAMP during 2011

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

An

dh

ra P

rad

esh


72 20 47 39 35 43 4 0 M


69 70 78 74* 72 77 2 0 H

Hydrabad


94 3 170 60 15 129 43 18 M


94 16 171 61* 24 107 34 14 H


95 14 277 83* 29 145 49 27 H

Balanagar 95 RIRuO

110 34 267 111* 46 171 47 58 C


107 33 234 104* 56 163 42 48 C


108 28 166 84* 42 127 33 28 H

Paradise 393 RIRuO

114 51 159 101* 71 130 24 52 C

Charminar 394 RIRuO

117 39 180 104* 56 149 35 57 C

Zoo Park 470 RIRuO

116 15 152 70* 32 109 32 19 H


44 51 75 59 55 64 4 0 -


71 28 188 81* 64 99 20 8 H


90 28 188 82* 63 63 24 11 H


108 31 109 75* 58 90 14 3 H


60 55 69 63* 59 66 3 0 H


108 35 154 76* 50 117 27 20 H


91 6 264 65* 19 117 44 18 H


90 9 91 37 28 51 12 0 M


73 65 120 88* 75 112 13 18 H

Autonagar 469 RIRuO

70 58 145 91* 76 118 17 24 C


91 10 229 61* 24 103 34 15 H

Vishakhapatnam


87 21 124 66* 32 102 27 13 H


82 14 228 70* 35 118 36 16 H


79 45 288 136* 72 216 55 73 C


77 24 173 69* 34 106 32 12 H


94

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


80 27 150 70* 39 105 26 14 H


80 34 308 114* 65 175 50 53 C


69 20 157 66* 37 104 29 13 H


71 15 178 47 22 76 25 1 M

Ass

am

Bongaigaon


103 31 72 54 42 67 9 0 M


104 30 67 51 43 61 8 0 M


- - - - - - - - -


77 18 176 56 25 91 32 9 M


98 12 127 42 22 64 21 3 M

Golaghat Golaghat Office Building 539 ES Numaligarh 89 16 160 63* 24 120 37 18 H

Guwahati


251 21 337 95* 35 181 59 38 C


99 14 264 82* 29 160 55 31 H


208 13 204 70* 24 132 41 23 H


246 21 475 103* 38 198 66 41 C


249 21 433 110* 43 204 68 45 C


250 17 267 97* 36 192 61 37 C


100 13 176 53 21 95 31 8 M


103 23 154 64* 30 109 31 16 H


98 16 223 86* 35 162 51 47 H


92 18 306 95* 35 169 60 35 C


101 24 291 99* 38 186 65 39 C


- - - - - - - - -


97 20 196 84* 35 158 48 29 H


95 18 176 71* 33 119 36 23 H


105 13 193 60 27 118 36 16 M


101 18 190 55 28 96 33 21 M


100 14 243 57 25 115 42 14 M

B i h a r Patna Beltron Bhawan, Shastri Nagar 210 RIRuO

85 11 538 135* 44 240 93 55 C


95

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


84 53 641 213* 84 365 115 87 C

Ch

an

dig

arh

Chandigarh


138 27 526 137* 67 217 72 67 C


141 19 283 87* 42 138 43 28 H


140 18 248 91* 44 148 44 35 C


141 20 258 90* 42 143 46 36 H


132 37 322 104* 49 159 47 48 C

Ch

att

isg

arh

Bhillai


94 76 104 88* 80 95 6 1 H


96 61 86 74* 67 82 6 0 H


94 136 177 157* 146 167 9 100 C


- - - - - - - - -

Korba


- - - - - - - - -


94 58 111 88* 65 106 16 35 H


94 40 128 100* 82 116 16 54 C

Raipur


14 199 314 266 230 306 33 100 -


50 277 477 379* 333 426 40 100 C


36 212 268 233 219 259 16 100 -

Da

d

ra

&

Na

g

ar

Ha

v

eli


7 23 24 24 24 24 0 0 -


- - - - - - - - -

Da

ma

n &

Diu


10 24 24 24 24 24 0 0 -


- - - - - - - - -

De

lhi

Delhi


96 27 644 168* 51 327 122 61 C


96 49 692 268* 79 444 150 84 C


96 50 600 225* 80 451 134 84 C


75 47 502 217* 110 338 101 93 C

Shahadra 58 RIRuO

76 51 486 244* 108 396 109 91 C


71 71 529 258* 122 411 117 92 C

Nizamuddin 55 RIRuO

72 54 556 192* 80 307 99 83 C

Janakpuri 59 RIRuO

72 66 496 216* 92 340 108 86 C


96

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Siri Fort 60 RIRuO

71 41 472 214* 87 353 105 80 C


- - - - - - - - -

Go

a


93 19 193 87* 36 153 44 35 H


92 19 156 72* 39 110 30 16 H


78 23 119 57 32 88 24 6 M


103 23 239 87* 37 138 49 32 H


121 15 161 76* 35 129 36 23 H

Honda Honda Junction, Sattari 631 ES Sahyadri 70 33 495 184* 60 324 111 77 C


94 35 266 111* 45 183 57 47 C


93 27 145 79* 40 113 30 20 H


96 27 137 78* 39 118 28 24 H


100 15 425 125* 75 257 84 41 C


5 84 95 90 86 94 4 0 -


20 92 217 150 96 191 39 85 -

Gu

jara

t

Ahmedabad


103 47 142 108* 86 128 19 73 C


104 46 129 84* 65 102 16 12 H


103 37 111 62* 44 75 12 1 H


104 37 129 72* 53 89 15 2 H


104 44 135 74* 57 88 14 1 H


103 42 138 74* 54 92 15 3 H


104 60 126 97* 74 118 16 42 C


104 55 112 85* 69 103 14 15 H


104 86 206 104* 94 110 14 65 C


104 46 183 122* 100 151 22 90 C


104 46 149 74* 58 92 17 6 H

Surat

S.V.R. Engg. College 21 RIRuO

104 56 112 86* 66 102 14 17 H


104 56 133 104* 84 124 17 66 C


104 56 121 93* 73 110 14 38 C


97

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Vadodara


94 24 227 52 37 62 21 1 M


94 28 123 85* 55 107 20 22 H


93 86 170 127* 107 153 19 92 C


- - - - - - - - -


104 56 123 93* 66 116 19 45 C


104 46 114 84* 58 105 18 20 H

Ha

rya

na


98 75 241 195* 147 229 37 95 C


133 55 222 159* 130 191 31 93 C


60 20 413 135* 42 243 91 55 C


102 42 183 68* 51 87 19 3 H


46 50 363 172 75 259 72 80 -

Him

ach

al

Pra

de

sh

Baddi


146 36 169 94* 54

29 40 C


145 37 176 94* 52 132 30 45 C


129 29 468 105* 61 150 48 50 C


146 11 131 55 29 86 23 5 M

Old Road 271 RIRuO

131 33 214 79* 48 118 29 18 H


166 80 530 245* 167 343 77 98 C


170 35 265 94* 57 135 38 34 C


142 23 175 89* 43 133 33 33 H


152 20 337 66* 34 100 33 10 H


146 31 258 107* 55 164 42 55 C


149 36 197 109* 65 155 35 56 C


127 62 262 35 148 109 188 93 M

Shimla Tekka Bench Ridge 34 ES Hill station 127 13 146 50 24 80 25 4 M

Bus Stand, Winterfield 35 ES Hill station 118 23 152 58 30 89 25 5 M


62 18 140 49 29 72 22 3 M


62 12 112 50 27 76 19 2 M


249 12 275 56 24 92 30 8 M


98

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


17 66 185 114 83 165 35 53 -

Manali Nehru Park, Manali, District Kullu 670 ES Hill station 56 24 275 98* 43 157 53 43 C


Jammu


21 58 144 96 74 115 19 43 -


23 71 148 97 78 123 19 35 -


18 69 181 128 94 159 30 89 -

Jha

rkh

an

d

Dhanbad


97 32 285 163* 101 234 51 92 C


98 89 378 218* 161 273 48 97 C


58 86 423 226* 165 272 55 97 C


95 88 224 149* 112 176 27 96 C


83 84 239 155* 113 176 26 94 C


104 89 346 223* 171 271 44 99 C


105 72 338 170* 113 243 55 92 C


39 141 401 216 150 344 72 100 -


61 94 327 214* 140 282 56 97 C


37 124 418 231 145 334 76 100 -

Ka

rna

tak

a

Bangalore


40 30 551 120 41 245 104 43 -


82 27 462 115* 59 199 61 52 C


52 47 286 103* 58 142 47 44 C


84 36 685 187* 94 280 94 88 C


75 19 223 54 23 117 42 13 M


104 33 46 42 38 44 2 0 M


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


60 17 202 40 21 67 30 5 M

Belgaum Karnataka SPCB Office Building 460 ES Sahyadri 95 10 93 41 17 63 19 0 M


67 13 144 63* 19 113 36 16 H


107 16 102 46 27 70 18 1 M


99

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


97 32 125 64* 40 86 18 2 H


100 34 197 82* 48 123 32 22 H


101 22 81 43 30 62 12 0 M


101 7 152 55 27 114 33 16 M


106 32 74 48 38 62 10 0 M


108 20 100 47 31 67 15 1 M

Devanagere


62 34 240 92* 40 153 45 39 C


58 24 139 65* 35 93 24 7 H


39 20 108 45 26 76 20 3 -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Ke

rala


99 17 82 38 21 57 15 0 M


99 17 93 44 22 65 17 0 M

Kochi


108 12 21 17 15 19 2 0 L

Eloor II 29 RIRuO

108 13 27 18 16 21 3 0 L

Irumpanam 30 RIRuO

101 10 94 36 15 65 20 0 M


108 12 129 53 25 87 25 2 M

VYTTILA 562 RIRuO

106 10 120 46 21 80 23 1 M


108 12 91 40 17 68 20 0 M


107 15 128 60 27 101 29 10 M


114 24 116 50 27 81 22 2 M


110 24 132 56 31 94 24 5 M


100

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


116 3 59 52 42 59 8 0 M


116 15 50 43 36 48 5 0 M


116 18 92 36 24 57 14 0 M

Nallalam 359 RIRuO

108 27 86 57 43 75 13 0 M


97 12 56 30 21 41 8 0 L


119 12 42 23 16 31 6 0 L


119 13 30 22 18 27 4 0 L


110 7 99 33 11 58 20 0 M


119 20 43 28 22 38 7 0 L

Thiruvananthapuram


104 44 77 58 49 66 7 0 M


104 44 343 56 47 61 29 1 M


104 50 97 67* 56 79 9 0 H


104 42 59 49 45 53 3 0 M

Ma

dh

ya

Pra

de

sh

Bhopal


57 50 718 197* 100 305 114 89 C


57 59 690 191* 71 336 125 70 C


58 38 397 136* 60 218 71 64 C


- - - - - - - - -

Dewas


46 40 144 71 44 102 24 13 -


94 22 177 95* 50 140 33 38 C


94 17 145 87* 46 33 6 0 H


76 82 560 313* 140 460 115 97 C


71 97 479 305* 126 439 110 99 C

Indore


67 28 304 143* 66 219 67 69 C


73 44 332 159* 64 276 77 74 C


69 25 279 124* 49 203 60 57 C


91 42 142 73* 55 95 16 4 H

Nagda Chem. D. Labour Club 82 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -


65 51 214 98* 70 150 30 60 C


101

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


65 46 235 104* 82 145 28 83 C


76 18 165 77* 35 120 35 24 H


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


20 72 118 99 82 112 13 55 -

Singrauli


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Waidhan 516 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Ujjain


78 62 170 131* 98 157 23 86 C


77 32 127 63* 52 78 14 3 H


2 61 136 99 69 129 53 50 -

Ma

ha

rash

tra


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Amravati


86 77 160 105* 80 145 23 34 C


97 45 106 80* 59 99 15 8 H


95 71 169 115* 82 143 23 67 C

Aurangabad


104 19 252 94* 58 129 36 35 C


104 33 174 81* 48 108 25 17 H


103 23 158 74* 35 102 28 15 H


- - - - - - - - -


69 28 235 105* 46 162 46 24 C

Chandrapur


98 59 59 218* 139 298 66 92 C


111 20 391 147* 48 253 77 89 C


107 12 191 81* 34 149 44 36 H


87 52 285 158* 90 219 64 50 C


99 32 357 172* 89 267 73 84 C


78 28 254 139* 60 213 61 40 C

Jalgaon B. J. Market 644 RIRuO

104 52 163 111* 68 142 25 78 C


102

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


104 46 141 110* 80 133 22 82 C


101 48 175 134* 96 163 28 90 C

Kolhapur

University Campus, Shivaji University 508 ES Sahyadri 104 39 74 57 46 67 8 0 M

Ruikar Trust, S.T. Stand 509 ES Sahyadri 104 72 141 106* 80 129 18 71 C

Mahadwar Road, Near Mahalaxmi Temple 510 ES Sahyadri 105 61 122 94* 73 112 15 42 C

Latur


103 14 241 84* 29 126 40 36 H


102 23 641 132* 61 207 89 63 C


101 49 444 131* 75 188 58 72 C


54 13 270 86* 19 198 72 11 H


54 15 293 86* 22 210 75 9 H

Mahad


81 34 461 210* 84 361 109 56 C


71 44 474 197* 71 387 115 40 C


78 36 560 214* 85 353 123 55 C

Mumbai


94 33 206 100* 56 148 37 49 C


95 27 352 152* 53 266 79 63 C

Worli 349 RIRuO

86 35 208 105* 56 159 40 37 C

Nagpur


100 36 343 97* 55 141 47 36 C


102 36 309 88* 51 132 43 26 H


94 43 347 115* 64 177 54 48 C


95 17 316 140* 55 234 70 58 C


98 16 347 115* 40 182 60 56 C


99 10 178 82* 27 133 42 35 H

Nashik


104 32 186 92* 48 140 37 47 C


104 28 187 86* 47 123 34 34 H


103 35 190 91* 48 140 34 38 C


53 54 209 134* 95 183 34 23 C

Navi Mumbai T.B.I.A, Rabale Airoli, TTC 491 RIRuO

110 17 309 110* 41 210 68 54 C


101 20 466 139* 41 240 80 64 C


103

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


72 22 264 105* 49 164 50 24 C


102 36 367 127* 56 201 63 63 C


100 14 424 128* 34 247 87 58 C


106 22 402 165* 50 293 88 82 C

Pune


104 37 304 126* 55 216 65 59 C


102 18 299 93* 37 157 50 43 C


101 14 391 93* 28 169 61 41 C

Bank of Baroda Builing, Near Pimpri-

Chinchwad M.C Builiding 708 RIRuO

103 24 263 139* 53 220 62 72 C


82 22 544 136* 52 267 98 45 C


55 29 350 130* 87 45 269 16 C

Sangli


104 13 148 64* 25 106 33 17 H


104 18 181 77* 32 137 42 33 H


105 22 230 87* 39 133 40 41 H


105 51 124 77* 58 104 18 15 H


103 50 148 79* 61 106 20 16 H

Tarapur


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Thane


56 44 60 53 45 59 5 0 M


60 47 68 56 48 62 5 0 M


30 48 69 59 53 68 6 0 -


101 42 196 105* 63 145 33 80 C


102 32 224 122* 64 190 46 66 C


79 26 220 82* 37 121 35 20 H


78 46 366 149* 78 246 67 46 C

Akola


71 52 138 120* 98 134 18 45 C


69 74 169 139* 113 165 20 46 C


72 83 179 151* 122 174 24 49 C


104

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Nanded


69 2 58 22 5 54 16 0 L


70 1 90 37 5 85 27 0 M


70 2 142 59 8 139 42 7 M

Ma

nip

ur


Me

gh

ala

ya


99 85 301 178* 129 232 43 97 C


97 22 105 63* 45 89 16 3 H


118 41 77 59 48 70 8 0 M

Shillong State Tuberculosis Hospital 340 ES Hill station 98 75 152 93* 83 107 12 21 C

Boards Office Permises, Lumpyngngad 120 ES Hill station 96 25 80 52 38 65 12 0 M

Miz

ora

m

Aizawl

Khatla, M.G-Road, Mizoram SPCB 450 ES Hill station 94 22 53 40 32 48 7 0 M

Laipuitlang 451 ES Hill station 96 19 46 33 26 42 6 0 M

Bawngkawn 452 ES Hill station 96 23 53 43 36 50 6 0 M

Dawrpui Y.M.A, Building, Dawrpui 737 ES Hill station 1 82 82 82 82 82 - 0 -

Lengpui Airport, Model Veng, Lengpui 738 ES Hill station 1 31 31 31 31 31 - 0 -






Lalzidinga building, Vengthlang 732 ES Hill station 1 113 113 113 113 113 - 100 -

Na

ga

lan

d


104 5 187 80* 19 153 51 38 H

Dhobinala 448 RIRuO

105 13 218 96* 34 165 50 41 C

Kohima Opposite NST Office 609 ES Hill station 104 18 152 62* 30 96 27 9 H

Opposite War Cemetery 610 ES Hill station 103 46 139 92* 62 120 22 39 C

Ori

s

sa


101 52 210 124* 85 165 32 75 C


68 58 137 88* 68 106 16 22 H


105

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


103 42 105 76* 57 93 13 1 H


101 25 274 75* 45 116 37 18 H

Bhubneshwar


101 17 463 97* 41 154 63 43 C


104 17 334 75* 30 119 50 25 H


99 17 214 78* 27 130 47 31 H


18 108 256 165 115 230 45 100 -


17 106 239 163 121 214 41 100 -


8 116 203 150 119 191 32 100 -


115 29 212 77* 38 139 40 30 H


58 24 171 62* 35 105 28 12 H


109 22 302 58 43 66 31 3 M


104 28 77 57 41 68 10 0 M


96 87 137 110* 96 124 11 76 C


92 76 129 98* 82 113 11 45 C


109 29 71 52 41 62 9 0 M


2 108 117 113 109 116 6 100 -


103 59 155 105* 79 131 20 60 C

Pu

nja

b


62 155 257 206* 175 238 24 100 C


96 120 262 214* 184 243 25 100 C


95 62 216 105* 88 128 22 44 C


102 63 197 111* 82 139 23 72 C


130 54 173 99* 74 134 25 33 C


109 48 165 69* 53 80 13 1 H


125 92 305 124* 218 39 182 95 C


112 87 465 200* 152 225 40 98 C


120 104 238 173* 229 204 24 100 C


- - - - - - - - -


40 90 127 114 101 123 9 90 -


106

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


21 131 197 157 135 183 19 100 -


7 119 171 154 138 168 17 100 -


122 129 404 242* 212 269 38 100 C


129 126 341 232* 201 269 30 100 C


113 45 270 157* 120 198 37 96 C


108 150 402 260* 238 290 35 100 C

Ludhiana Ludhiana Coop. Milk Producer, Ferozpur

Rd 61 RIRuO

148 104 336 226 205 250 226 30 C


131 132 364 242* 219 258 30 100 C


119 41 144 75* 54 110 23 12 H


83 48 152 76* 57 114 23 13 H


101 46 157 97* 70 114 17 39 C


114 59 335 96* 75 116 29 25 C


- - - - - - - - -

Pu

du

ch

err

y

Puducherry


84 21 70 43 31 59 10 0 M


72 25 73 50 35 65 12 0 M


76 17 48 32 23 43 7 0 M

Ra

jast

ha

n

Alwar

Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board 372 ES Aravali range 69 39 405 175* 86 279 79 80 C

Gaurav Solvex Ltd. MIA 373 ES Aravali range 69 35 1288 294* 108 652 240 90 C

RIICO Pump House, MIA 219 ES Aravali range 69 34 614 173* 75 290 107 70 C

Jaipur


107 22 422 141* 58 245 75 68 C


100 15 277 90* 43 133 45 33 H


103 53 380 167* 89 278 77 81 C


98 20 387 97* 40 162 55 35 C


102 33 485 189* 72 324 90 83 C

VKIA 297 RIRuO

93 59 461 200* 88 323 90 85 C

Jodhpur

DIC Office, Industrial Estate 413 RIRuO

99 38 274 124* 63 186 186 68 C


102 63 415 217* 124 293 293 94 C


96 66 409 195* 104 271 271 91 C


107

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


99 44 403 203* 114 278 278 95 C


102 21 275 126* 61 183 183 73 C


100 32 297 141* 55 213 213 73 C

Kota


90 15 370 164* 44 280 280 68 C


90 20 301 125* 32 217 217 62 C


89 15 307 129* 38 215 215 60 C

Udaipur

Ambamata 320 RIRuO

103 21 275 112* 46 180 180 54 C

Town Hall 294 RIRuO

100 33 392 153* 49 280 280 69 C


103 54 869 249* 93 427 427 88 C

Sik

ki

m

Gangtok



Ta

mil

na

du

Chennai

Kathivakkam, Municipal Kalyana

Mandapam 38 RIRuO

100 24 363 130* 71 217 65 62 C


95 26 225 85* 41 134 40 38 H


96 22 197 83* 48 124 33 31 H


91 5 80 28 14 43 14 0 L


94 3 65 29 15 46 13 0 L


93 7 78 36 22 55 15 0 M

Adiyar 437 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Kilpauk 767 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Coimbatore


96 11 273 69* 28 109 40 17 H


92 16 218 70* 36 107 38 14 H


101 20 443 119* 51 192 71 53 C

Madurai Highway (Project -I) Building 306 RIRuO

96 23 77 47 36 58 10 0 M


95 18 63 43 34 54 8 0 M


108

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


102 25 75 45 34 55 9 0 M


144 28 150 65* 42 99 24 10 H

Tuticorin


95 26 437 111* 52 175 65 48 C


95 51 601 204* 96 309 106 89 C


101 17 196 76* 37 127 36 20 H

Trichy


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -


- - - - - - - - -

Utt

ar

Pra

de

sh

Agra

Regional Office, Bodla 323 ES Taj-trapezium 95 112 215 162* 132 192 24 100 C

Nunhai 324 ES Taj-trapezium 96 123 268 190* 158 228 29 100 C

Taj Mahal 1 ES Taj-trapezium 260 9 622 141* 28 274 101 62 C

DIC Nunhai 415 ES Taj-trapezium 117 26 601 183* 47 364 129 64 C

Etmad-uddaulah 416 ES Taj-trapezium 117 12 485 167* 34 328 113 68 C

Rambagh 417 ES Taj-trapezium 122 20 420 144* 43 268 91 61 C


42 118 415 264 156 355 74 100 -


104 100 649 256* 141 384 104 99 C


103 75 582 140* 120 154 47 94 C


103 92 168 140* 116 162 18 97 C


82 130 348 189* 155 225 37 100 C


84 148 530 247* 189 286 65 100 C

Firozabad

Center for Development of Glass Industry 399 ES Taj-trapezium 50 85 460 283 213 362 75 98 C

Tilak Nagar 400 ES Taj-trapezium 52 74 426 262* 206 324 72 94 C

Raza ka Tal 401 ES Taj-trapezium 53 36 543 268* 157 388 99 91 C


50 71 114 95* 86 104 8 22 C


22 68 102 84 72 96 9 5 -

Ghaziabad Atlas Cycles Industries, Sahibabad Ind.

area 258 RIRuO

95 214 308 250* 231 270 17 100 C


109

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

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Air

Qu

ali

ty


91 118 254 212* 191 230 20 100 C


120 87 189 130* 109 148 17 94 C


120 65 172 106* 80 122 17 73 C

Kanpur


59 178 246 209* 186 227 15 100 C


55 180 247 211* 194 231 16 100 C


Site-5 86 RIRuO

38 190 269 227 201 261 21 76 -


28 177 222 204 188 220 13 100 -


55 162 225 199* 181 212 14 100 C


226 19 504 139* 32 265 98 60 C


71 34 228 108* 64 159 40 52 C


83 66 521 213* 91 343 97 86 C


62 47 388 146* 70 238 77 66 C


96 140 197 173* 161 182 10 100 C

Ahirpara 535 RIRuO

73 134 167 154* 142 163 8 100 C

Lucknow

Mahanagar 377 RIRuO

104 130 352 188* 153 210 28 100 C


107 115 234 183* 150 206 22 100 C


103 135 433 187* 155 211 32 100 C

Talkatora 113 RIRuO

106 139 253 196* 162 222 25 100 C


107 109 227 190* 158 215 23 100 C


71 103 143 126* 115 138 9 100 C


66 107 191 119* 109 128 11 100 C


102 38 335 168* 101 240 55 90 C


99 19 258 123* 50 197 53 63 C


96 78 193 139* 115 159 21 94 C


96 84 166 137* 120 153 15 97 C


87 111 151 128* 112 144 12 100 C

Sigra 553 RIRuO

85 108 149 127* 113 145 12 100 C


12 99 167 128 105 156 26 92 -


110

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


14 107 160 135 112 154 16 100 -


28 33 39 36 35 38 2 0 -


28 33 56 48 42 56 6 0 -

Raebareli

Town Hall Colony, Ahmad Nagar, Gulab

Road 718 RIRuO

71 54 217 130* 61 186 49 65 C

Khoya mandi Tiraha Lucknow Road

Raebareli 719 RIRuO

57 66 206 123* 71 191 49 44 C


49 69 268 146 83 212 56 67 -


22 139 277 198 146 243 40 100 -


22 148 299 214 158 283 50 100 -

Gorakpur


36 31 62 46 34 59 10 0 -


36 55 89 69 57 85 11 0 -


19 84 91 87 84 90 3 0 -

Utt

ara

kh

an

d

Dehradun





45 42 245 125 60 179 49 64 -


57 57 247 137* 81 211 49 75 C


59 89 575 291* 172 471 112 98 C

Rishikesh Nagar Palika Parishad 636 ES Hill station 62 22 234 94* 52 137 34 37 C


30 73 309 150 96 259 62 83 -

We

st B

en

ga

l

Asansol


96 25 326 124* 45 229 74 50 C


96 20 348 122* 33 259 91 43 C


104 17 440 178* 46 357 119 63 C

Barrackpore


104 16 155 50 23 91 28 8 M


104 22 410 127* 44 239 84 54 C


104 31 404 116* 42 241 81 42 C

Durgapur DMC Water Works, Angadpur 591 RIRuO

43 49 384 166 64 272 89 65 -


43 54 277 135 70 198 57 63 -


111

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty


43 30 188 91 40 161 49 47 -


43 77 650 272 98 497 168 88 -

Haldia


104 72 361 157* 104 248 61 92 C


104 66 217 122* 90 172 33 76 C


104 45 181 113* 84 145 26 70 C


104 79 347 152* 105 215 49 93 C


- - - - - - - - -

Howrah


104 30 343 138* 50 265 88 49 C


104 27 375 127* 42 248 91 44 C


104 25 350 129* 43 261 92 48 C


104 23 361 129* 46 249 87 45 C

Kolkata


104 18 359 98* 30 212 76 43 C


104 28 341 116* 40 234 82 45 C


104 19 291 86* 27 176 64 42 H


104 26 335 123* 34 246 87 56 C


104 22 311 111* 38 246 80 45 C


104 18 322 89* 25 187 71 41 H


88 13 533 151* 39 283 108 56 C

Dalhousie Square, Lal Bazzar Police

Headqtr. 163 RIRuO

88 18 475 140* 37 290 102 57 C

Kasba 348 RIRuO

88 19 349 118* 30 239 90 45 C

JD Park 440 RIRuO

- - - - - - - - -

Raniganj


104 50 498 206* 72 365 115 80 C


104 21 292 122* 36 247 77 50 C


104 26 291 132* 54 226 65 61 C

Sankrail


104 24 273 112* 39 212 68 45 C


77 23 283 137* 37 238 77 58 C


104 25 353 114* 39 229 75 43 C

P Mukherjee's House, Near SBI Amta 658 RIRuO

104 18 242 92* 26 185 63 39 C


112

State City Location

Sta

tio

n c

od

e

Ty

pe

Ca

teg

ory

of

ES

No

. o

f m

on

.

da

ys

(n)

Min

Ma

x

PM

10

An

nu

al

av

era

ge

(µg

/m3

)

10

90

Std

. D

ev

.

% e

xce

ed

en

ce

(24

ho

url

y)

Air

Qu

ali

ty

South Suburban

Chanditala Water Supply , Tollygunge 652 RIRuO

104 18 295 89* 25 186 66 38 H

Bauipur Police Station, Baruipur 650 RIRuO

104 15 263 105* 32 221 75 43 C

P Roy Industrial Training Institute, Amtala 651 RIRuO

104 12 287 95* 26 192 72 39 C

Note: * - Locations where annual mean concentration of PM10 exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m

3 for Residential/ industrial / other area and 60 µg/m

3 for sensitive area. ‘-‘ Data not available/outlier/not classified

as monitoring days <50daysRIRuO – Residential/industrial/rural/other area, ES – Ecologically sensitive area, mon- monitoring Std dev. – Standard deviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more

hours a day L- Low, M- Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution based on exceedence factor (calculated for n 50 days) classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table

2.1; % violation – percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) BDL = Below Detection Limit (Concentration less than 5 g/m3 for PM10).

Chapter 6: Air quality in metropolitan cities - 2011

113

CHAPTER 6

AIR QUALITY IN METROPOLITAN CITIES - 2011


114

6.0 Air Quality in Metropolitan cities - 2011 A metropolitan area is a region consisting of a populous urban core with an agglomeration of peripheral zones not themselves necessarily urban in character, but closely bound to the center socio-economically by employment or commerce. It is characterized by urbanization which is a process of human movement and centralization towards and into cities and urban areas with the associated industrialization, urban sprawl and lifestyle. Urbanization in India is more rapid around the major cities in India. The population growth has been mainly centered around cities due primarily to the large scale migration of rural population accelerated by high population growth rates. Increase in industrial activities, population both endemic and floating and vehicular population etc. have led to a rapid increase in environmental problems, one of them being air pollution. An inventory of air pollutants is a necessary first step towards control of air pollution. Air pollutants can be natural or may be the result of various anthropogenic activities like industrial emissions. Further the air pollutants can be primary or secondary depending upon their formation mechanism. Primary pollutants are directly emitted from the source and secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere. Meteorological factors play a critical role in ambient concentrations of air pollutants. Even though the total discharge of air pollutants into the atmosphere may remain constant, the ambient concentrations of air pollutants may vary depending upon the meteorological conditions. Keeping all these factors in mind, an attempt is made to address the problem of air pollution in seventeen cities in India identified by Honorable Supreme Court as polluted cities. These include the metropolitan cities of India which has been classified by Census of India 2001 as metropolitan cities. According to Census of India, 2011 conducted by the office of the Register General and Census Commissioner, India under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, a place with population 1,000,000-4,999,999 is termed as a metropolitan city. A per the Census 2011 there are 53 metropolitan cities in India. Ambient air quality monitoring is required to determine the existing quality of air, evaluation of the effectiveness of control programme and to identify areas in need of restoration and their prioritization. This chapter gives an insight into the trends of air pollutants for SO2, NO2 and PM10 in the 35 metropolitan cities (population ≥ 10 lacs; Census 2001). An analysis of ten years data reveals a decreasing trend of SO2. This may be attributed to various interventions that have taken place in recent years such as reduction in sulphur in diesel, use of cleaner fuel such as CNG in metro cities, change in domestic fuel from coal to LPG etc. NO2 concentration has remained more or less stable over the years despite increase in sources like vehicles. The reason for this may be various intervention measures that have taken place such as improvement in vehicle technology and other vehicular pollution control measures like alternate fuel etc. PM10 concentration shows fluctuating trend. Vehicular emission are a major source of PM10. Increasing number of vehicles may be a reason for this trend. The other reasons being emission from gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, suspension of traffic dust, natural dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel etc.

6.1 Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan Cities There are 206 monitoring stations in 53 metropolitan cities covering 17 states and 1 UT. These are listed in Table 6.1


115

Table 6.1 Details of the Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Metropolitan Cities

Indian Zone

State City Population

(in lakhs, Census 2011)

Type & category of city

Total No. of

Operating Stations

North Zone

Delhi (10) Delhi 1,10,07,835 RIRuO 10 Chandigarh (5) Chandigarh 9,60,787 RIRuO 5 Haryana (2) Faridabad 14,04,653 RIRuO 2 Jammu & Kashmir Shrinagar @ 11,92,792 ES (Hill station) -

Punjab (6) Amritsar 11,32,761 RIRuO 2 Ludhiana 16,13,878 RIRuO 4

Uttar Pradesh (28)

Agra 15,74,542 ES (Taj-trapezium) 6 Allahabad 11,17,094 RIRuO 2 Ghaziabad 16,36,068 RIRuO 2 Kanpur 27,67,031 RIRuO 9 Lucknow 28,15,601 RIRuO 5 Meerut 13,09,023 RIRuO 2 Varanasi 12,01,815 RIRuO 2

East Zone

Bihar (2) Patna 16,83,200 RIRuO 2 Chattisgarh (6) Durg-bhillainagar 6,25,697 RIRuO 3

Raipur 10,10,087 RIRuO 3

Jharkhand (6) Dhanbad 11,61,561 RIRuO 3 Jamshedpur 6,29,659 RIRuO 2 Ranchi 10,73,440 RIRuO 1

West Bengal (13) Asansol 5,64,491 RIRuO 3 Kolkata 44,86,679 RIRuO 10

South Zone

Andhra Pradesh (19)

Hyderabad 68,09,970 RIRuO 9 Vijayawada 10,48,240 RIRuO 2 Visakhapatnam 17,30,320 RIRuO 8

Karnataka (9) Bangalore 84,25,970 RIRuO 9

Kerala (17)

Kochi 6,01,574 RIRuO 7 Kannur # 16,42,892 RIRuO NA Kollam 3,49,033 RIRuO 2 Kozhikode 4,32,097 RIRuO 2 Malappuram 1,01,330 RIRuO 1 Thrissur 3,15,596 RIRuO 1 Thiruvananthapuram 7,52,490 RIRuO 4

Tamilnadu (22)

Chennai 46,81,087 RIRuO 11 Coimbatore 21,51,466 RIRuO 3 Madurai 10,16,885 RIRuO 3 Tiruchirapally 8,46,915 RIRuO 5

West Zone

Gujarat (15)

Ahmedabad 55,70,585 RIRuO 6 Rajkot 12,86,995 RIRuO 2 Surat 44,62,002 RIRuO 3 Vadodara 16,66,703 RIRuO 4

Maharashtra (21)

Aurangabad 11,71,330 RIRuO 4 Mumbai 1,24,78,447 RIRuO 3 Nagpur 24,05,421 RIRuO 6 Nashik 14,86,973 RIRuO 4 Pune 31,15,431 RIRuO 4 Vasai-virar # 12,21,233 NA NA

Rajasthan (15) Jaipur 30,73,350 RIRuO 6 Jodhpur 10,33,918 RIRuO 6 Kota 10,01,365 RIRuO 3

Central Zone

Madhya Pradesh (10)

Bhopal 17,95,648 RIRuO 4 Gwalior 10,53,505 RIRuO 2 Indore 19,60,631 RIRuO 3 Jabalpur 10,54,336 RIRuO 1

5 18 53 -- 206

NB. Figures within parentheses represent total number of monitoring stations in the state # no monitoring station in the city @ monitoring station sanctioned but not yet operational; RIRuO – Residential/industrial/rural/other area, ES – Ecologically sensitive area;


116

6.2 Air quality in metropolitan cities during 2011 The analysis of air quality in metropolitan cities with respect to SO2 reveals all the cities except Ghaziabad, Jamshedpur and Pune are in the low category and all are within the prescribed standard. As for NO2, 14 cities are in the low category, 24 cities are in the moderate category, 9 in high and 1 in critical category in the residential / industrial / rural / commercial areas. With respect to PM10, 1 (Malappuram) fall in low category, 6 in moderate, 9 under high and 32 cities fall in the critical category (Table 6.2). Table 6.4 gives an insight to the annual average and categories of the metropolitan cities.

Table 6.2: Number of metropolitan cities with low, moderate, high & critical air quality (residential/industrial/commercial/rural and sensitive)

Category

Number of Metropolitan cities (population > 10 lacs)




Low (L) 45 14 1 1 0 0 Moderate (M) 3 24 6 0 1 0

High (H) 0 9 9 0 0 0 Critical (C) 0 1 32 0 0 1 Inadequate data 0 0 0 0 0 0 No monitoring 1 1 1 0 0 0 No operational monitoring station 0 0 0 1 1 1 No monitoring station 2 2 2 0 0 0 Total LMHC 48 48 48 1 1 1

Total metro cities (as per Census 2011) 51 51 51 2 2 2

NB. Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1. Of the 53 metropolitan cities 10 (21%) and 41(85%) cities exceed the NAAQS with respect to NO2 and PM10 in the residential / industrial / rural / commercial areas. None of the cities exceed the standard limit with respect to SO2 (Table 6.3)

Table 6.3: Number of metropolitan cities exceeding the NAAQS (Based on annual average data)

Category

Number of Metropolitan cities (population > 10 lacs)




Not exceeding NAAQS (NE) 48 38 7 1 1 0 Exceeding NAAQS (E) 0 10 41 0 0 1 Inadequate data 0 0 0 0 0 0 No monitoring 1 1 1 0 0 0 No operational monitoring station 0 0 0 1 1 1 No monitoring station 2 2 2 0 0 0 Total E+NE 48 48 48 1 1 1 Total metro cities (as per Census 2011) 51 51 51 2 2 2


117

Table 6.4 Air Quality in Metropolitan Cities of India -2011

Indian Zone

State City

Type & category of city

Total No. of

Operating Stations

SO2 NO2 PM10


3)

Air quality


3)

Air quality


3)

Air quality

Nort

h Z

one

Delhi (10) Delhi RIRuO 10 5 L 57* H 222* C Chandigarh (5) Chandigarh RIRuO 5 2 L 16 L 102* C Haryana (2) Faridabad RIRuO 2 21 L 44* H 177* C Jammu & Kashmir Shrinagar @ ES (Hill station) - - - - - - -

Punjab (6) Amritsar RIRuO 2 14 L 36 M 210* C Ludhiana RIRuO 4 11 L 28 M 221* C

Uttar Pradesh (28)

Agra ES (Taj-trapezium) 6 5 L 22 M 165* C Allahabad RIRuO 2 6 L 23 M 260* C Ghaziabad RIRuO 2 31 M 39 M 231* C Kanpur RIRuO 9 8 L 33 M 184* C Lucknow RIRuO 5 8 L 33 M 189* C Meerut RIRuO 2 5 L 45* H 122* C Varanasi RIRuO 2 17 L 20 L 127* C

E

ast

Zo

ne

Bihar (2) Patna RIRuO 2 5 L 47* H 174* C Chattisgarh (6) Durg-bhillainagar RIRuO 3 9 L 22 M 106* C

Raipur RIRuO 3 14 L 42* H 293* C

Jharkhand (6) Dhanbad RIRuO 3 16 L 35 M 202* C Jamshedpur RIRuO 2 36 M 48* H 152* C Ranchi RIRuO 1 18 L 35 M 170* C

West Bengal (13) Asansol RIRuO 3 7 L 55* H 141* C Kolkata RIRuO 10 13 L 66* C 115* C

South

Zo

ne

Andhra Pradesh (19)

Hyderabad RIRuO 9 5 L 29 M 86* H Vijayawada RIRuO 2 6 L 11 L 90* H Visakhapatnam RIRuO 8 13 L 20 L 80* H

Karnataka (9) Bangalore RIRuO 9 16 L 29 M 94* C

Kerala (17)

Kochi RIRuO 7 3 L 13 L 38 M Kannur # NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kollam RIRuO 2 4 L 20 L 53 M Kozhikode RIRuO 2 2 L 8 L 47 M Mallapuram RIRuO 1 2 L 5 L 30 L Thrissur RIRuO 1 2 L 14 L 33 M Thiruvananthapuram RIRuO 4 10 L 23 M 58 M

Tamilnadu (22)

Chennai RIRuO 11 12 L 19 L 65* H Coimbatore RIRuO 3 4 L 33 M 86* H Madurai RIRuO 3 11 L 24 M 45 M Tiruchirapally RIRuO 5 - - - - - -

West Z

one

Gujarat (15)

Ahmedabad RIRuO 6 13 L 25 M 79* H Rajkot RIRuO 2 13 L 18 L 98* C Surat RIRuO 3 17 L 26 M 94* C Vadodara RIRuO 4 17 L 29 M 88* H

Maharashtra (21)

Aurangabad RIRuO 4 9 L 31 M 83* H Mumbai RIRuO 3 5 L 35 M 119* C Nagpur RIRuO 6 8 L 34 M 106* C Nashik RIRuO 4 25 L 27 M 101* C Pune RIRuO 4 32 M 58* H 113* C Vasai-virar # NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Rajasthan (15) Jaipur RIRuO 6 7 L 42* H 147* C Jodhpur RIRuO 6 5 L 23 M 168* C Kota RIRuO 3 7 L 31 M 139* C

Centr

al

Zo

ne

Madhya Pradesh (10)

Bhopal RIRuO 4 3 L 17 L 175* C Gwalior RIRuO 2 12 L 20 L 309* C Indore RIRuO 3 12 L 14 L 142* C Jabalpur RIRuO 1 2 L 25 M 73* H

5 18 53 -- 206

NB. Figures within parentheses represent total number of monitoring stations in the state # no monitoring station in the city @ monitoring station sanctioned but not yet operational; RIRuO – Residential/industrial/rural/other area, ES – Ecologically sensitive area; L: Low, M: Moderate, H: High, C: Critical *Concentration exceeding NAAQS of 50 µg/m3 for SO2, 40 µg/m3 for NO2, and 60 µg/m3 for PM10 for Residential/ industrial / other area & 20 µg/m3 for SO2, 30 µg/m3 for NO2, and 60 µg/m3 for Ecologically sensitive area; Low, moderate, high, critical classification based on Pollution Level Classification, Chapter 2,Table 2.1, ’-‘ inadequate data; Data of monitoring stations with monitoring days ≥50 has only been considered


118

6.3 Ambient air quality in metropolitan cities during 2011

State City Type & category of city

Andhra Pradesh (19) Hyderabad RIRuO Vijayawada RIRuO Visakhapatnam RIRuO

Bihar (2) Patna RIRuO Chandigarh (5) Chandigarh RIRuO Chattisgarh (6) Durg-bhillainagar RIRuO

Raipur RIRuO Delhi (10) Delhi RIRuO

Gujarat (15)

Ahmedabad RIRuO Rajkot RIRuO Surat RIRuO Vadodara RIRuO

Haryana (2) Faridabad RIRuO Jammu & Kashmir Shrinagar @ ES (Hill station) Jharkhand (6) Dhanbad RIRuO Jamshedpur RIRuO Ranchi RIRuO Karnataka (9) Bangalore RIRuO

Kerala (17)

Kochi RIRuO Kannur # NA Kollam RIRuO Kozhikode RIRuO Mallapuram RIRuO Thrissur RIRuO Thiruvananthapuram RIRuO

Maharashtra (21)

Aurangabad RIRuO Mumbai RIRuO Nagpur RIRuO Nashik RIRuO Pune RIRuO Vasai-virar # NA

Madhya Pradesh (10)

Bhopal RIRuO Gwalior RIRuO Indore RIRuO Jabalpur RIRuO

Punjab (6) Amritsar RIRuO Ludhiana RIRuO

Rajasthan (15) Jaipur RIRuO Jodhpur RIRuO Kota RIRuO

Tamilnadu (22)

Chennai RIRuO Coimbatore RIRuO Madurai RIRuO Tiruchirapally RIRuO

Uttar Pradesh (28)

Agra ES (Taj-trapezium) Allahabad RIRuO Ghaziabad RIRuO Kanpur RIRuO Lucknow RIRuO Meerut RIRuO Varanasi RIRuO

West Bengal (13) Asansol RIRuO Kolkata RIRuO

18 53 --

NB. Figures within parentheses represent total number of monitoring stations in the state


119

6.3.1 ANDHRA PRADESH i) Hyderabad

State Andhra Pradesh Location 17.366°N 78.476°E. Area 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi) Elevation 542 metres (1,778 ft) Population 7,749,334 (Census 2011) Climate Combination of a tropical wet and dry climate that borders on a hot semi-arid climate with hot

summers from late February to early June, the monsoon season from late June to early October and a pleasant winter from late October to early February.. Temperature: Moderate annual range of temperature Rainfall: The normal rainfall of the area is 805 mm with 76% from South-West monsoon

Geography Situated on the Deccan Plateau. Most of the area has a rocky terrain and some areas are hilly. Spreads on the North and South bank of the river Musi, a tributary of Krishna. The Hussain Sagar Lake is centrally located in the city and connecting the Hyderabad and Secunderabad twin cities Geomorphologically the area is divided into (1) Residual Hills (2) Pediment inselberg complex (3) Shallow to moderate weathered pediplains and (4) Valley hills.

Industries Cotton, cigarettes, refrigerators, machine tools, oil, drugs, pharmaceuticals, printing material, mint

Air quality stations 9 (5 residential, 3 industrial, 1 sensitive) Location of Hyderabad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Hyderabad city, 2011: The ambient air quality of Hyderabad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 137 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 41 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Hyderabad, 2011

----Maximum

----90th percentile line

---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Hyderabad&params=17.366_N_78.476_E_type:city\(6809970\)_region:IN-AP


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ii) Vijaywada

State Andhra Pradesh Location 16°31 8.50 N 80°37 17.38 E Area 261.88 km2(101.11 sq mi). Elevation 11.88 m (38.98 ft) Population 1,491,202 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate, with hot summers and moderate

winters. Temperature: peak temperature reaches 47 °C (117 °F) in May-June, while the winter temperature is 20-27 C Rainfall: normal rainfall of the district is 1028 mm

Geography located on the banks of the Krishna River and bounded by the Indrakiladri Hills on the West and the Budameru River on the North. Soil is very fertile and cultivated intensively.

Industries Rice mills, edible oil, beverages, tobacco products, cotton textiles, wood and wood products, paper and paper products, leather, rubber, plastic products, motor vehicle spare parts, utensils, scientific instruments, dall and flour mills, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, oil refinery of used motor oils, brawn oil companies, ayurvedic medicines, pickle companies

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Vijaywada city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Vijaywada city, 2011: The ambient air quality of Vijaywada city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 115 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 76 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Vijaywada, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Vijayawada&params=16_31_8.50_N_80_37_17.38_E_type:city\(1048240\)_region:IN-AP


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iii) Vishakhapatnam

State Andhra Pradesh Location 17°41 18 N 83°13 07 E Area 544 km2 (210 sq mi) Elevation 5 m (16 ft) Population 1,730,320 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical savanna climate with little variation in temperature through the year. High humidity

throughout the year with aggressive summer and pleasant winter Temperature: temperature generally varies from 28 to 38C in summer and 18 to 30C in winter mean temperature ranges from 23.5 to 30C Rainfall: mean annual rainfall of the area is 982 mm

Geography Situated among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and faces the Bay of Bengal to the east. Forms a part of Eastern Ghat tectonic complex of Archaean age which include khondalites, charnockite and migmatite groups

Industries Shipyard, steel, refinery, fertlisers, heavy plates and vessels, dredging Air quality stations 8 (4 residential, 3 industrial, 1 sensitive) Location of Vishakhapatnam city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Vishakhapatnam city, 2011: The ambient air quality of Vishakhapatnam city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 125 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 42 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Vishakhapatnam, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Visakhapatnam&params=17_41_18_N_83_13_07_E_type:city\(2035690\)_region:IN-AP


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6.3.2 BIHAR iv) Patna

State Bihar

25.611°N 85.144°E 25.611°N 85.144°E

Area 125 km2

Elevation 53 m (174 ft) Population 2,046,652 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical type characterized by three distinct seasons

Temperature: maximum temperature is 31.6 °C varying between 23.6°C in January to 38.9°C in the month of May while the night temperature varies between 11 to 27.1oC with mean annual value of 20.8 °C Rainfall: relative humidity is comparatively higher over the year ranging between 41 to 83% lowest being in the month of April. The bulk of the annual rainfall (1109.8mm) is received through South Western monsoon between the period June to September.

Geography River Punpun flows south of township limit and Ganga River is it's Northern limit. The township and surrounding is underlain by thick fluvial sediments deposited by the river Ganga and its right bank tributaries, Sone and Punpun. Basically the deposits belong to Quaternary period and are flood plain deposits. The sediments are admixture of clay and sand of different grades.

Industries Plastic and steel Air quality stations 2 (2 residential) Location of Patna city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Delhi, 2011: The ambient air quality of Delhi city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 302 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 64 µg/m3 for PM10. Despite of the increase in sources like vehicles, the low concentration of NO2 indicates that it may be due to various intervention measures that have taken place such as improvement in vehicle technology and other vehicular pollution control measures like alternate fuel etc. However, the high concentration of PM10 may be due to higher emissions from gensets, small scale industries, biomass burning, incineration, re-suspension of traffic dust, natural dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel and vehicular emission etc.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Patna, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Patna&params=25.611_N_85.144_E_type:city\(1683200\)_region:IN-BR

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Patna&params=25.611_N_85.144_E_type:city\(1683200\)_region:IN-BR


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6.3.3 CHANDIGARH v) Chandigarh

Union territory Chandigarh Location 30.75°N 76.78°E Area 114 km2 (44 sq mi) Elevation 350 m (1,150 ft) Population 1,025,682 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical type characterized by three distinct seasons

Temperature: maximum temperature is 31.6 °C varying between 23.6°C in January to 38.9°C in the month of May while the night temperature varies between 11 to 27.1oC with mean annual value of 20.8 °C Rainfall: relative humidity is comparatively higher over the year ranging between 41 to 83% lowest being in the month of April. The bulk of the annual rainfall (1109.8mm) is received through South Western monsoon between the period June to September.

Geography River Punpun flows south of township limit and Ganga River is it's Northern limit. The township and surrounding is underlain by thick fluvial sediments deposited by the river Ganga and its right bank tributaries, Sone and Punpun. Basically the deposits belong to Quaternary period and are flood plain deposits. The sediments are admixture of clay and sand of different grades.

Industries Plastic and steel Air quality stations 2 (4 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Chandigarh city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Chandigarh, 2011: The ambient air quality of Chandigarh city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 161 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 49 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Chandigarh, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chandigarh&params=30.75_N_76.78_E_type:city\(960787\)_region:IN-CH


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6.3.4 CHATTISGARH vi) Bhilainagar

State Chattisgarh Location 21.19°N 81.28°E Area 137 km2 (53 sq mi) Elevation 290 m (950 ft) Population 1,064,077 (Census 2011) Climate Dry tropical weather which is moderate but on a warmer side in summer season.

Temperature: The climate is pleasant and mild in the winter (minimum temperature 10 °C, 50 °F). The summers are very hot and dry, with maximum temperature 48 °C(118.4 °F), and minimum humidity. Rainfall: The onset of monsoon is usually from July and the season extends up to September, with monsoon peaking during July and August. Maximum, Average & Minimum Rain fall Of District Durg are 1477.2 mm, 1071.16 mm and 781.5 mm per year respectively.

Geography Forest Cover is 9.01% i.e. 730 square kilometers. Possesses belts of hilly country in the south, southwest and northwest, bestowed with mineral resources and forests. Sheonath is the main river of the district which originates from Panabaras Hill (625 M) and flows towards north-east. This river is the main tributary of Mahanadi River. A dam is constructed during the period 1905 to 1921 at the joining point of Sukhanala and Tandula river.

Industries Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Bhillainagar city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Bhillainagar, 2011: The ambient air quality of Bhillainagar city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 115 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 98 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Durg-Bhillainagar, 2011

----Maximum ----90th percentile line

---- Average line

----10th percentile line ----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Durg&params=21.19_N_81.28_E_type:city\(281436\)_region:IN-CT


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vii) Raipur

State Chattisgarh Location 21.14°N 81.38°E Area 226 km2 (87 sq mi) Elevation 298.15 m (978.18 ft) Population 1,122,555 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate,

Temperature: remain moderate throughout the year, except from March to June, which can be extremely hot. The temperature in April–May sometimes rises above 48 °C (118 °F).These summer months also have dry and hot winds. Ranfall: About 1,300 millimetres (51 in) of rain, mostly in the monsoon season from late June to early October. Winters last from November to January and are mild, although lows can fall to 5 °C (41 °F).

Geography Raipur is located near the centre of a large plain, sometimes referred as the "rice bowl of India", where hundreds of varieties of rice are grown. The Mahanadi River flows to the east of the city of Raipur, and the southern side has dense forests. The Maikal Hills rise on the north-west of Raipur; on the north, the land rises and merges with the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which extends north-east across Jharkhand state. On the south of Raipur lies theDeccan Plateau.

Industries Raipur's economy has been based on agricultural-rocessing, Steel, Cement, Alloy, Poha and Rice. Industries: coal, power, plywood, steel and aluminium industries. Raipur is the largest market of Steel in India. Raipur is among the richest cities and India’s biggest iron market; there are about 200 steel rolling mills, 195 sponge iron plants, more than 6 steel plants, more than 60 plywood factories, 500 agro-industries and more than 35 ferro-alloy plants.

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Raipur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Delhi, 2011: The ambient air quality of Delhi city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 330 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 261 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Raipur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Minimum


----Maximum

---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Raipur&params=21.14_N_81.38_E_type:city_region:IN-CT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_season

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikal_Hills

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poha_\(rice\)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium


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6.3.5 DELHI – THE CAPITAL CITY

viii) Delhi

State Delhi Location 28°36 36 N 77°13 48 E Area 1,484.0 km2(573.0 sq mi) Elevation 0–125 m (0–409 ft) Population 16,314,838 (Census 2001) Climate Humid subtropical. Summers are long and extremely hot (early April to mid-October). Monsoon

winds advent from end of June. Reversal in the wind direction from the north-western direction to the south-western in early March brings hot waves (called loo) from Rajasthan. Winter starts in late November and peaks in January accompanied by heavy fog. Temperature: 45ºC in summers to 4ºC in winters Rainfall: Average annual rainfall is 714 mm (28.1 inches)

Geography The river Yamuna flows through the city having huge catchment area distributed at both the banks. Mixed type of soil deposits. Quartz rock and extends from south part to west bank of the Yamuna River for about 35 km.

Industries Engineering goods, textile, chemical, electronics, electrical goods, dyes and paints, steel, plastic, rubber, automobiles, thermal power stations (Badarpur thermal power station, Indraprastha thermal power station, Rajghat thermal power station and Gas turbine thermal power station)

Air quality stations 10 (7 residential, 3 industrial) Location of Delhi city


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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Delhi, 2011

----Minimum



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SO2 - 50µg/m3

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PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Delhi&params=28_36_36_N_77_13_48_E_type:city\(12565901\)_region:US-DC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E%2B9_m%C2%B2


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6.3.6 GUJARAT

ix) Ahmedabad

State Gujarat Location 23.03°N 72.58°E Elevation 53 m (174 ft) Area 464 km2 (179 sq mi) Population 6,240,201 (Census 2001) Climate Semi-arid climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the

monsoon season, the climate is dry. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. Temperature: May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 41.3˚C and occasionally rises up to over 46˚C. January is the coldest month with the mean daily temperature of 29˚C. Rainfall: average annual rainfall for this period was 732 mm

Geography The city sits on the banks of the River Sabarmati, in north-central Gujarat. falls under seismic zone-III. Area forms part of the Cambay sedimentary basin, and is underlain by post-Miocene alluvium, both aeolian and fluvial, composed of sand, silt, gravel and clay.

Industries Textile mill, chemicals and pharmaceuticals industry. Air quality stations 6 (4 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Ahmedabad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Ahmedabad, 2011: The ambient air quality of Ahmedabad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 96 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 60 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Ahmedabad, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ahmedabad&params=23.03_N_72.58_E_type:city\(5570585\)_region:IN-GJ


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x) Rajkot

State Gujarat Location 23.03°N 72.58°E Area 170.00 km2 (65.64 sq mi) Elevation 134 m (440 ft) Population 1,390,933 (Census 2011) Climate Semiarid climate with hot dry summers from mid-March to mid-June and the wet monsoon season

from mid-June to October. The cyclones generally occur in the Arabian Sea during the months after the rainy season. Temperature: average maximum and minimum temperatures recorded over the last 40 years are 43.5˚C and 24.2˚C respectively Rainfall: average annual rainfall is observed about 500 mm in the area

Geography Dharangadhra sand stones (Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous), Deccan Trap (Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene), Fluviomarine alluvium and Milliolite limestone (Quaternary to Upper Tertiary). However, major part of the area is constituted of Basaltic lava flows.

Industries Bearings, diesel engines, kitchen knives and other cutting appliances, watch parts (cases & bracelets), automotive parts, forging industry, casting industry, machine tools, share market and software development, textile mill There are eight industrial areas/estates functioning in the city. The total number of small scale industries registered is about 12000.

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Rajkot city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Rajkot, 2011: The ambient air quality of Rajkot city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 122 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 79 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Rajkot, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ahmedabad&params=23.03_N_72.58_E_type:city\(5570585\)_region:IN-GJ


129

xi) Surat

State Gujarat Location 21.17°N 72.83°E Area 326.515 km2 (126.068 sq mi) Elevation 13 m (43 ft) Population 4,585,367 ( Census 2011) Climate Tropical monsoon climate, moderated strongly by the Arabian Sea. The summer begins in early

March and lasts till June. April and May are the hottest months, the average temperature being 30 °C. Monsoon begins in late June. Very often heavy monsoon rain brings floods in the Tapi basin area. Temperature: temperature of the city varies from 12˚C to 31˚C, while it varies from 24˚C to 42˚C Rainfall: 931 mm

Geography Situated on the left bank of the Tapti River, 14 miles from its mouth soil of the area is of black cotton type upto 1.5 m followed by yellow soil and silt upto 10 m. Below 10 m depth, soft rocks are available. There is no signature of hardrock in the area.

Industries Production of synthetic fibers and man-made fabrics, diamond-polishing industry, steel. The total number of industries registered is about 45000.

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Surat city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Surat, 2011: The ambient air quality of Surat city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 112 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 74 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Surat, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Surat&params=21.17_N_72.83_E_type:city\(7573733\)_region:IN-GJ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapti_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fibre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond


130

xii) Vadodara

State Gujarat Location 22°18 00 N 73°12 01 E Area 148.95 km2(57.51 sq mi) Elevation 129 m (423 ft) Population 1,817,191 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: Summer, Monsoon and Winter. Aside

from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. Temperature: The temperature of the city varies from 8˚C to 46˚C Rainfall: 900 mm

Geography Basement rocks, exposed in northern and eastern parts, had been controlled by the Precambrian orogenies (Arvalli and Delhi cycles), and the older crystalline rocks ideally shows folds, faults and magmatism related to the two orogenies. The city sits on the banks of the River Vishwamitri, in central Gujarat, Mahi & Narmada Rivers. Falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).

Industries Petrochemicals, engineering, pharmaceuticals, plastics and Forex. The total number of industries registered is about 7500, out of which 6000 are functioning. There are about 2200 industries under GIDC in Makarpura.

Air quality stations 4 (3 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Vadodara city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Vadodara, 2011: The ambient air quality of Vadodara city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 107 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 66 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Vadodara, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Vadodara&params=22_18_00_N_73_12_01_E_type:city\(1602424\)_region:IN-GJ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwamitri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forex


131

6.3.7 HARYANA

xiii) Faridabad

State Haryana Location 28.4211°N 77.3078°E Area 2,151.00 km2(830.51 sq mi) Elevation 1,404,653 (Census 2011) Population 10, 54, 981 Climate Temperature: extreme conditions of summer and cold with maximum and minimum

temperatures of 45 and 5ºC respectively Rainfall: July to September with 562.9 mm

Geography Alluvium and pre-combrian sediments systems. The stratifgraphic units are windblown sands, newer alluvium, older alluvium, slates, phyllites, quartzites, mica sheets, pagamite intrusions, silts, gravel, sand, clay and kankar

Industries Drugs & pharmaceuticals, plastics, metal casting, agriculture equipments, automobile parts, electricals, garments, Chemicals, petrochemicals, Gas & other engineering industries. 15,000 small, medium and large scale industries are in operation.

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Faridabad city


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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Faridabad, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Faridabad&params=28.4211_N_77.3078_E_type:city\(1404653\)_region:IN-HR


132

6.3.8 JHARKHAND

xiv) Dhanbad

State Jharkhand Location 23.8°N 86.45°E Area 2,052 km2 (792 sq mi) Population 1,195,298 (Census 2011) Climate Dry and hot summer and a dry and cold winter with an intermediate monsoon period from

the middle of June to the end of September. The summer is extremely hot, whereas the winter from November to February is very pleasant Temperature: varies from 8˚C to 34˚C. After February, the climate becomes warmer till the rains break in the middle of June. The temperature during these four months from March to June usually varies from 13˚C to 45.5˚C. July to October, which include the rainy season, temperature usually ranges from 15˚C to 36˚C. Rainfall: Average rainfall of the area is 1310.6 mm

Geography Crystalline metamorphites of Archaean (Dharwar) age which form the basement. Over these rocks were deposited in slowly sinking faulted troughs (basins), the Lower Gondwana group of sedimentary strata including the coal-bearing beds

Industries Coal and coal based industries. The total number of small scale industries registered is about 300, out of which 150 are coal based and 150 of other types.

Air quality stations 3 (1 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Dhanbad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Dhanbad, 2011: The ambient air quality of Dhanbad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 260 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 142 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities -Dhanbad, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Dhanbad&params=23.8_N_86.45_E_type:city\(1195298\)_region:IN-JH


133

xv) Jamshedpur

State Jharkhand Location 22.8°N 86.45°E Area 150 km2 (60 sq mi) Elevation 135 m (443 ft) Population 1,337,131 (Census 2011) Climate Humid climate due to inland position and presence of hills

Temperature: day temperature is quite high in summer, generally around 43˚C occasionally reaching up to 48˚C Rainfall: annual rainfall in Singhbhum district is recorded as 1434 mm.

Geography Diverse rock types are developed with a none-too-simple structure of Dunn. The areas surrounding Jamshedpur are rich in minerals, including iron ore, coal, manganese and lime.

Industries The main industries include iron and steel, truck manufacturing, tinplate production, cement, plastic and rubber, chemicals, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, electrical, sponge foam, LPG bottling plant and other small and medium scale industries.

Air quality stations 2 (2 industrial) Location of Jamshedpur city


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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Jamshedpur, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jamshedpur&params=22.8_N_86.45_E_type:city_region:IN-JH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28mineral%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron



134

xvi) Ranchi

State Jharkhand Location 23.35°N 85.33°E Area 5,321 km2(2,054 sq mi) Elevation 629 m (2,064 ft) Population 1,126,741 (Census 2011) Climate Although Ranchi has a humid subtropical climate, its location and the forests surrounding it

combine to produce the unusually pleasant climate for which it's known. Its climate is the primary reason why Ranchi was once the summer capital of the undivided State of Bihar and was designated a preferable "hill station". Summer temperatures range from 20 °C to 42 degrees, winter temperatures from 0 °C to 25 degrees. December and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dipping to the freezing point in some areas. The annual rainfall is about 1430 mm (56.34 inches). From June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa"(Humid Subtropical Climate)

Geography Ranchi is located in the southern part of the Chota Nagpur plateau, which is the eastern section of the Deccan plateau and there are numerous waterfalls. Subarnarekha river and its tributaries constitute the local river system. The channels Kanke, Rukka and Hatia have been dammed to create reservoirs that supply water to the majority of the population. Ranchi has a hilly topography and its dense tropical forests a combination that produces a relatively moderate climate compared to the rest of the state.

Industries Large Scale Industries like Heavy Engineering Corporation, Marine Diesel EngineProject, Ship Builders, Central Coalfields, Metallurgical Consultant, Steel Authority of India Limited, Central Mining & Planning Design Limited, Sikidiri Hydro PowerPlant

Air quality stations 1 (residential) Location of Ranchi city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Ranchi, 2011: The ambient air quality of Ranchi city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 243 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 113µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Ranchi, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ranchi&params=23.35_N_85.33_E_type:city_region:IN-JH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_plateau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanke


135

6.3.9 KARNATAKA

xvii) Bangalore

State Karnataka Location 12°58 N 77°34 E Area 1,276 km2 (493 sq mi) Elevation 920 m (3,020 ft) Population 8,499,399 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation,

Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms. Temperature: 28 to 36°C during hottest months (April/May) to 16 to 25°C during winter months (December/January). Rainfall: average rainfall is 686 mm

Geography Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka. Soils consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils

Industries Silicon valley of India. Major industries are aircraft, earthmoving equipments, watches, garments, silk, machine tools, handicrafts, computer software, computer hardware, electronics, telecommunication, instrumentation and information technology, steel and coffee.

Air quality stations 9 (4 residential, 3 industrial, 2 sensitive) Location of Bangalore city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Bangalore, 2011: The ambient air quality of Bangalore city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 156 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 48 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Bangalore, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

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----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bangalore&params=12_58_N_77_34_E_type:city\(9621551\)_region:IN-KA


136

6.3.10 KERALA

xviii) Kochi

State Kerala Location 9.97°N 76.28°E Area 131 km2 (78 sq mi) Elevation 0 m (0 ft) Population 2,117,990 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical monsoon climate. From June through September, the south-west monsoon brings in

heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Temperature: maximum of 40 ºC while in winter it is around 25ºC Rainfall: annual rainfall is about 310 cm

Geography To the west lies the Arabian Sea, and to the east are estuaries drained by perennial rivers originating in the Western Ghats. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km. Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teri's, brown sands, etc. Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters. Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses.

Industries Cashew and other food products, Cochin Spices, Coir products, Chemicals and Agro products, Chemicals, Handloom, Handicrafts, Rubber, Electric, Electronic appliances, Transformers, Telephone cables, Ceramics, Tiles, Drugs, Chemicals, Paints, Newsprint, Refinery and wood craft industries.

Air quality stations 7 (4 residential, 3 industrial) Location of Kochi city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Kochi, 2011: The ambient air quality of Kochi city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 63 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 19 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kochi, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

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---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kochi&params=9.97_N_76.28_E_type:city\(612343\)_region:IN-KL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaean


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xix) Kollam

State Kerala Location 8.88°N 76.60°E Area 58.18 km2(22.46 sq mi) Elevation 3 m (10 ft) Population 1,110,005 (Census 2011) Climate Temperature: maximum of 32 ºC while in winter it is around 29ºC

Rainfall: maximum rainfall during June of about 518cm Geography Kollam city is bordered by the panchayaths of Neendakara and Thrikkadavoor to the north,

Mayyanad to the south, Thrikkovilvattom and Kottamkara to the east and Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi lake is in the heart of the city. Two major rivers in the district are Kallada and Ithikkara. Kallada River empties into Ashtamudi lake while Ithikkara River to Paravur Kayal. Jadayuppara, Palaruvi waterfalls are also important geographical attractions of the kollam district.

Industries Kollam, like other districts in the state, is moderately industrialised. Some of the major employers in the public sector are Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE) at Chavara, Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited at Chavara, Kerala Primo pipe factory at Chavara (closed 3 decades ago); United Electrical Industries (popularly known as the Meter Company) and Parvathi Spinning at Kollam.

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Kollam city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Kollam, 2011: The ambient air quality of Kollam city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 87 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 29 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kollam, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kollam&params=8.88_N_76.60_E_type:city\(349033\)_region:IN-KL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neendakara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallada_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithikkara_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravur_Kayal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravur_Kayal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavara


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xx) Kozhikode

State Kerala Location 11.25°N 75.77°E Area 128 km2 (49 sq mi) Elevation 1 m (3 ft) Population 2,030,519 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical monsoon climate.

Temperature: The city has a highly humid tropical climate with high temperatures recorded from March to May. A brief spell of pre-monsoon Mango showers hits the city sometime during April. However, the primary source of rain is the South-west monsoon that sets in the first week of June and continues until September. Rainfall: The city receives significant precipitation from the North-East Monsoon that sets in from the second half of October through November. The average annual rainfall is 3,266 mm. Winters are seldom cold.

Geography Kozhikode has an elevation of 1 metre (3 ft) along the coast with the city's eastern edges rising to at least 15 metres, with a sandy coastal belt and a lateritic midland. The city has a 15 km (9.3 mi) long shoreline and small hills dot the terrain in the eastern and central regions. To the city's west is the Arabian Sea and from approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the east rises the Sahyadri Mountains. A few kilometres from the sea to the east, the surface gathers into slopes and clustering hills with numerous valleys in between formed due to floods and sediment transport. The Midlands is represented by hummocky rocky terrain with lateritised denudational hills and intervening valley fills (locally called elas). The rivers originating from the Sahyadri are Chaliyar puzha, Kallayi uzha, Korapuzha river, Poonoor puzha(river), and Iravanjhi puzha.

Industries Kozhikode is one of the main commercial cities of Kerala. The economy is mainly business oriented. Large timber yards along the banks of the Kallayi River. Two IT "cyber parks" are under construction in Kozhikode. Other planned projects include the Birla IT park (at Mavoor) and Malaysian satellite city (at Kinaloor) where KINFRA has plans to set up a 400-acre (1.6 km2) industrial park.

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Kozhikode city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Kozhikode, 2011: The ambient air quality of Kozhikode city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 66 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 33 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kozhikode, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

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---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kozhikode&params=11.25_N_75.77_E_type:city\(432097\)_region:IN-KL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_showers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-west_monsoon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Monsoon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyadri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaliyar_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallayi_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korapuzha

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonoor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallayi_River


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xxi) Mallapuram

State Kerala Location 11.041°N 76.083°E Area 33.61 km2 (12.98 sq mi) Elevation 131 feet Population 1,698,645 (Census 2011) Climate The climate is generally mild hot and humid in nature. However the South West Monsoon is

usually very heavy. Malappuram is also a city of fresh air. Geography Malappuram is situated in the mid land area of the state. Covered with small beautiful mountains

of lush greenery, bonded with several fresh water streams. Kadalundi Puzha is a major river in Kerala is flowing around the city.

Industries Banking sector, Hotels and bakery business out numbers, Textile and Medical sector, Tourism, General Engineering, Cloth Manufacturing, Timber oriented business

Air quality stations 1 (industrial) Location of Mallapuram city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Mallapuram, 2011: The ambient air quality of Mallapuram city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 41 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 21 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Mallapuram, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Malappuram&params=11.041_N_76.083_E_type:city\(101330\)_region:IN-KL


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xxii) Thrissur

State Kerala Location 10.52°N 76.21°E Area 101.43 km2 (39.16 sq mi) Population 1,854,783 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical monsoon climate.

Temperature: Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats. The maximum average temperature of the City in the summer season is 330C- minimum and 22.50C and in winter maximum average of 290C and a minimum average of 200C Rainfall: The City is drained in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is 3000 mm.

Geography Thrissur is situated in Thrissur District of Central Kerala in India in a hillock called The Kole Wetlands act as a natural drainage for the City where the water is carried out to river and from there to the Arabian Sea, thus keeping Thrissur city safe from flood waters which affect most of the other cities in Kerala. Different ponds, rivers and canals . Geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Lies near the center of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.

Industries Manufacturing centres of plain gold and rolled gold jewellery , banking institutions, Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry, silk textile , technology park , tourism

Air quality stations 1 (industrial) Location of Thrissur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Thrissur, 2011: The ambient air quality of Thrissur city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 58 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 11 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Thrissur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Thrissur&params=10.52_N_76.21_E_type:city\(315596\)_region:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_gold


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xxiii) Thiruvananthapuram

State Kerala Location 08°29 15 N 76°57 9 E Area 141.2 km2 (54.5 sq mi) Elevation 10 m (30 ft) Population 1,687,406 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate.

Temperature: mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. Rainfall: The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season. It is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coldest months while March, April and May are the hottest.

Geography Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills by the sea shore on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India. Bounded by Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone. Lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lies in the city

Industries Studios and related industries, IT centre, medium and large-scale industrial units (KSIDC, Milma,Keltron, VSSC, ISRO LPSC, Travancore Titanium and Hindustan Latex), handloom and coir

Air quality stations 4 (2 residential, 1 industrial, 1 sensitive) Location of Thiruvananthapuram city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Thiruvananthapuram, 2011: The ambient air quality of Thiruvananthapuram city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 65 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 49 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Thiruvananthapuram, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 -

60µg/m3

----Maximum

----90th percentile line ---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Thiruvananthapuram&params=08_29_15_N_76_57_9_E_type:city\(752490\)_region:IN-KL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killi_river

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellayani_Lake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Industrial_Development_Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_Titanium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Latex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handloom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coir


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6.3.11 MAHARASHTRA

xiv) Aurangabad

State Maharashtra Location 19.88°N 75.32°E Area 300 km2 (100 sq mi) Elevation 568 m (1,864 ft) Population 1,189,376 (Census 2011) Climate semiarid climate

Temperature: Annual mean temperatures range from 17 to 33 °C, with the most comfortable time to visit in the winter – October to February. In the cold season, the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about 2 °C to 4 °C (35.6 °F to 39.2 °F) Rainfall: Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Average annual rainfall is 711 mm.

Geography City is surrounded by hills on all directions, entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age

Industries silk and cotton textile production centre, Industrial areas of Aurangabad are Chikhalthana MIDC, Shendra MIDC and Waluj MIDC, manufacturing of superior quality bogies for locomotives, electric multiple units and metro coaches at Shendra MIDC Aurangabad

Air quality stations 4 (2 residential, 1 industrial, 1 sensitive) Location of Aurangabad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Aurangabad, 2011: The ambient air quality of Aurangabad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 113 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 47 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Aurangabad, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Aurangabad%2C_Maharashtra&params=19.88_N_75.32_E_type:city\(1171330\)_region:IN-MH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiarid_climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Eocene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shendra_MIDC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waluj_MIDC


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xxv) Mumbai – commercial capital

State Maharashtra Location 18°58 30 N 72°49 33 E Area 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi)[

Elevation 4,355km2(1,681.5 sq mi) Population 18,414,288 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate with seven months of dryness and

peak of rains in July. The cold season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. Temperature: average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C (88.2 °F), while the average minimum temperature is 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) Rainfall: average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 millimetres (84.51 in) for the Island City, and 2,457 millimetres (96.73 in) for the suburbs

Geography Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants It is a seismically active zone

Industries port and shipping, film industry, Automotive parts, Utensils, Biscuits (Cookies), Textile mills, Pencils, Tractors, Pharmaceuticals, Import & Export, IT, Health Care

Air quality stations 3 (2residential, 1industrial) Location of Mumbai city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Mumbai, 2011: The ambient air quality of Mumbai city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 191 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 55 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Mumbai, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 -

60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mumbai&params=18_58_30_N_72_49_33_E_type:city\(13830884\)_region:IN-MH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahisar_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisar_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshiwara_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshiwara_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithi_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood


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xxvi) Nagpur

State Maharashtra Location 21.15°N 79.09°E Area 3,780 km2(1,460 sq mi) elevation 310 m (1,020 ft) Population 2,583,911 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. Summers are

extremely hot lasting from March to June, with maximum temperatures occurring in May. Winter lasts from November to January Temperature: mean daily temperature at 12.1°C and daily maximum temperature being 28.7 °C. Rainfall average annual rainfall being 1178.7 mm

Geography Nagpur lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula The underlying rock strata is covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. In some places these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low lying areas which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of city crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites are found, while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lower Gondwana formations are found.[

Industries Engineering Works, Saw mills, Rolling mills, Ayurvedic medicines. Different types of small scale and cottage units.

Air quality stations 6 (4 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Nagpur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Nagpur, 2011: The ambient air quality of Nagpur city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 166 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 49 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Nagpur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nagpur&params=21.15_N_79.09_E_type:city\(2405421\)_region:IN-MH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana


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xxvii) Nashik

State Maharashtra Location 20.00°N 73.78°E Area 360 km2 (140 sq mi) Elevation 560 m (1,840 ft) Population 1,562,769 (Census 2011) Climate Semi-arid climate. The period from June to September is the (South West) Monsoon Season.

Mild, dry winter from November to February, with warm days and cool nights, although occasional cold waves can dip temperatures. Temperature: summer and winter temperatures ranged 22 to 43°C and 20 to 3° C respectively Rainfall: average annual rainfall is about 700 mm Relative humidity is maximum 62% and minimum 43.65%.

Geography The river Godavari originates from Trimbakeshwar) flows through various parts of the city. Lies on western edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation. The soil here is primarily black which is favorable for agriculture. Occupied by Deccan basaltic rocks.

Industries Aircraft manufacturing plant, automobile, pharmaceuticals, electricals, steel , nation's currency printer

Air quality stations 4 (2 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Nashik city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Nashik, 2011: The ambient air quality of Nashik city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 147 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 60 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Nashik, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nashik&params=20.00_N_73.78_E_type:city\(1486973\)_region:IN-MH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimbakeshwar


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xxviii) Pune

State Maharashtra Location 18°31 13 N 73°51 24 E Area 450.69 km2 (174.01 sq mi) Elevation 560 m (1,840 ft) Population 5,049,968 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate. Three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. The height

above sea level and the leeward location with reference to the Western ghats have made the city climate moderate and salubrious. Temperature: mean summer maximum and the minimum temperatures are 37º and 23º C respectively. The same for the cold season are 30 and 12ºC respectively relative humidity ranges from 36% in March to 81% in August Rainfall: average rainfall is about 70 cm in just four months from June to September

Geography Lcated on the western margin of the Deccan plateau on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which form a barrier from the Arabian sea. At the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana and Indrayani rivers, tributaries of the Bhima river, traverse the northwestern outskirts of metropolitan Pune. Underlain by basaltic lava flows (Pahoehoe and AA) of upper cretaceous econe age associated with basic intrusives. The soil texture contains alluvial deposites of sand, gravels, fine silts and clays along the bank of major rivers.

Industries One of the world's three largest two-wheeler manufacturers. Engineering, electronic and electrical industries culture.

Air quality stations 4 (3 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Pune city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Pune, 2011: The ambient air quality of Pune city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 191 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 43 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Pune, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Pune&params=18_31_13_N_73_51_24_E_type:city\(5049968\)_region:IN-MH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyadri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_River_\(India\)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutha_river

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavana_river

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrayani_river

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhima_river


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6.3.12 MADHYA PRADESH

xxix) Bhopal

State Madhya Pradesh Location 23°15 N 77°25 E Area 837.24 km2 (323.26 sq mi) Elevation 527 m (1,729 ft) Population 1,883,381 (Census 2011) Climate Humid subtropical climate, with mild, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon

season, starting in late June and ends in late September with frequent thunderstorms and flooding.. The winter peaks in January when temperatures may drop close to freezing on some nights. Temperature: Summers start in late March and go on till mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 °C (86 °F) Winters in Bhopal are mild, sunny and dry, with average temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F) Rainfall The normal annual rainfall of Bhopal city is about 1260 mm

Geography Located in upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges, on the Malwa plateau. The area is occupied alluvial formations

Industries Engineering Works, Bewerage, Bottling, Paints, Anciallary to BHEL, Electrical, Mechanical Engineering, Heavy fabrication factories, Glass fibre industries, Wooden, Saw mills, Food products, Automobiles and Agricultural equipments. The total number of registered units (small scale and cottage) in the city is 11960

Air quality stations 4 (2 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Bhopal city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Bhopal, 2011: The ambient air quality of Bhopal city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 286 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 77 µg/m3

for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Bhopal, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bhopal&params=23_15_N_77_25_E_type:city_region:IN-MP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa


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xxx) Gwalior

State Madhya Pradesh Location 26.221521°N 78.178024°E Area 362 km2 (140 sq mi) Elevation 196 m (643 ft) Population 1,101,981 Climate Sub-tropical climate with hot summers from late March to early July, the humid monsoon

season from late June to early October, and a cool dry winter from early November to late February Temperature: Temperatures peak in May and June with daily averages being around 33–35 °C (93–95 °F), and end in late June with the onset of the monsoon. Winter in Gwalior starts in late October, and is generally very mild with daily temperatures averaging in the 14–16 °C (58–62 °F) range, and mostly dry and sunny conditions. Rainfall: 970 mm (39 in) of rain every year, most of which is concentrated in the monsoon months from late June to early October. August is the wettest month with about 310 mm (12 in) of rain.

Geography The region is rich in rich black soil. And alluvial deposits. Dominant vegetation moist deciduous forests along with the bamboo thickets as well as the mixed forests.

Industries Dairy, chemical, manufacturing, textiles, and other industries, handicraft and small industries Air quality stations 2 (residential) Location of Gwalior city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Gwalior, 2011: The ambient air quality of Gwalior city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 450 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 113 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Gwalior, 2011

----Maximum


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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gwalior&params=26.221521_N_78.178024_E_type:city_region:IN-MP



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xxxi) Indore

State Madhya Pradesh Location 22.725298°N 75.865534°E Area 530 km2 (200 sq mi) Elevation 553 m (1,814 ft) Population 2,210,447 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate and a humid subtropical climate. Three distinct seasons are

observed: summer, monsoon and winter. Summers start in mid-March and can be extremely hot in April and May. Due to Indore's location on the southern edge of the Malwa Plateau, a cool breeze in the evenings makes summer nights quite pleasant. Temperature: Average Summer temperatures may go as high as 42-44.c (100.4 °F) but humidity is very low. The monsoon season starts in late June, with temperatures averaging around 26 °C (79 °F), with sustained, torrential rainfall and high humidity. Winters start in mid-November and are dry, mild and sunny. Temperatures average about 4–15 °C (39–59 °F), but can fall close to freezing on some nights. Rainfall: Average rainfall of Indore district is about 980 mm

Geography Located in the southern edge of the Malwa plateau, on the Saraswati and Khan rivers, which are tributaries of the Shipra River. Isolated patches of alluvium also occur along the Kshipra and Khar rivers and the Katkiya nallla

Industries Food product, Tobacco product, Cotton textile, Wool milk, synthetic powder, Jute product, Housary garments, Wood products, Paper and paper product, Leather and leather product, Rubber and Plastic products, Chemical and chemical product, Metal product, Basic metal industries, Machinery parts, Electric machinery product, Repairing and servicing, Steel furniture, Printing, Paints & Varnish, Pulses mills, Cold storage and Fertilizers, Electronics & Computer parts, Readymade garments, etc.

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Indore city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Indore, 2011: The ambient air quality of Indore city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 233 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 60 µg/m3

for PM10..

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Indore, 2011

----Maximum


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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Indore&params=22.725298_N_75.865534_E_type:city\(3272335\)_region:IN-MP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipra


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xxxii) Jabalpur

State Madhya Pradesh Location 23°10 N 79°56 E Area 367 km2 (142 sq mi) Elevation 412 m (1,352 ft) Population 1,267,564 (Census 2011) Climate Humid subtropical climate. Summers start in late March and last up to June. May is the

hottest month followed by the monsoon season, which lasts until early October. Winters start in early November and last until early March. Temperature: average minimum temperature of 18.3 C and an average maximum of 32.1 C. Rainfall annual rainfall of 1130 mm with June to September being the principal rainy period

Geography rocks of Archaen era, Bijawars, Vindhyan, Gondwanas, Lametas and Deccan traps. Schists, gneiss and granite are prevalent in the Archaeans

Industries Steel fabrication factories, food products, polythene, RCC hume pipes, plastic base factories, sodium silicate, telecom, air products, etc. The total number of registered small scale and cottage units in the city is 320.

Air quality stations 1 (1 residential) Location of Jabalpur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Jabalpur, 2011: The ambient air quality of Jabalpur city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 95 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 55 µg/m3

for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Jabalpur, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jabalpur&params=23_10_N_79_56_E_type:city_region:IN-MP


151

6.3.13 PUNJAB

xxxiii) Amritsar

State Punjab Location 31.64°N 74.86°E Area 5,056 km² Elevation Population 1,183,705 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical type with three well defined seasons winter, summer and monsoon

Rainfall: annual average normal rainfall is 700 mm Geography Alluvial deposits of quaternary age which are a part of Indus basin Industries Food, textile, readymade garments and tailoring, leather goods, wood based, paper, dying &

chemical, detergent, medicine, machine, agriculture, electrical goods and appliances, surgical items, auto and cycle parts, floor mills, cold storages etc. The total number of small scale industries functioning is approximately 8000

Air quality stations 2 (1 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Amritsar city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Amritsar, 2011: The ambient air quality of Amritsar city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 240 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 179 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Amritsar, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Amritsar&params=31.64_N_74.86_E_type:city\(1132761\)_region:IN-X


152

xxxiv) Ludhiana

State Punjab Location 30.91°N 75.85°E Average elevation of 244 metres (798 ft). Area 3,767 km2(1,454 sq mi) Elevation 262 m (860 ft) Population 1,613,878 Climate Semi humid in the North and North East to semi arid to arid in the South. Summer, winter and

rainy season. Temperature: Summers, which range from April through June in the city, very hot and very dry with average highs in May and June around 40 degrees Celsius. The monsoon season which runs from July through September, increase in humidity. October and November interestingly enough is dry; Average temperatures though tend to decrease during the course of each of these months. December through February, which forms the winter months, is relatively mild with warm days and chilly nights. March is more of a sharp transitional month from winter to summer. Rainfall: average roughly 730 mm of precipitation annually

Geography Soil is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips. The city stands on the Sutlej River's old bank, 13 km south of its present course

Industries Knitwear factories, hosiery yarn mills, bicycles factories, factories for machine tools, sewing machines, generators, diesel engines, tyres & tubes, and other consumer goods

Air quality stations 4 (2 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Ludhiana city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Ludhiana, 2011: The ambient air quality of Ludhiana city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 249 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 196 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Ludhiana, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum

----Minimum


---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ludhiana&params=30.91_N_75.85_E_type:city\(3487882\)_region:IN-X


153

6.3.14 RAJASTHAN

xxxv) Jaipur

State Rajasthan Location 26.9260°N 75.8235°E Area 111.8 km2 (43.2 sq mi) Elevation 431 m (1,414 ft) Population 3,073,350 (Census 2011) Climate Semi-arid climate Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year. During the

monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms. Winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, There are however occasional cold waves that lead to temperatures near freezing is dry and healthy and is subjected to extremes of cold and heat at various places. Temperature: minimum and maximum temperatures are 3C and 45C respectively while the mean temperature is 24C. Rainfall annual rainfall in the district is 548 mm

Geography Ooldest groups of rock in the district are schist, gneisses, migmatite and quartzite of Pre-Aravalli, which are considered to be nearly 2,500 million year old. These rocks are covered under a mantle of sand and alluvium, of recent to sub recent age. The major rivers passing through the Jaipur district are Banas and Banganga. Ground water resources to the extent of about 28.65 million cubic meter are available in the district.

Industries Marbel units, Readymade garments, Rolling mills, Chemical units, Printing units, Powerloom units, Gems and Jewelry unit, Casting units, Vanaspati oil mills, Precious and semi precious stone cutting units, Leather units and Electronics industries. The total number of registered small scale and artizen units in the city is 16799.

Air quality stations 6 (4 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Jaipur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Jaipur, 2011: The ambient air quality of Jaipur city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 244 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 65 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Jaipur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jaipur&params=26.9260_N_75.8235_E_type:city_region:IN-RJ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banganga


154

xxxvi) Jodhpur

State Rajasthan Location 26.28°N 73.02°E Area 112.40 km2(43.40 sq mi) Elevation 231 m (758 ft) Population 1,137,815 (Census 2011) Climate Hot and semi-arid,.

Temperatures: extreme throughout the period from March to October, except when monsoonal rain produces thick clouds to lower it slightly. In the months of April, May and June, high temperatures routinely exceed 40 degrees Celsius. During the monsoon season, average temperatures decrease slightly. However, the city's generally low humidity rises and this adds to the normal discomfort from the heat. Rainfall: rainy season from late June to September. Although the average rainfall is around 450 millimetres (18 in), it is extraordinarily variable.

Geography It covers 11.6% of the arid zone of the state. Some area of Thar comes under this area. General slope of the terrain is towards west. Soil is sandy and loamy.

Industries Handicrafts industry, textiles, metal utensils, bicycles, ink and sporting goods, Air quality stations 6 (4 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Hyderabad city


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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Jodhpur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jodhpur&params=26.28_N_73.02_E_type:city\(1260000\)_region:IN-RJ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiarid_climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft


155

xxxvii) Kota

State Rajasthan Location 25.18°N 75.83°E Area 318 km2 (123 sq mi) Elevation 271 m (889 ft) Population 1,001,365 Climate Semi arid climate (with high temperatures throughout the year.

Temperature: Summers are long, hot and dry, starting in late March and lasting till the end of June. The monsoon season follows with comparatively lower temperatures, but higher humidity and frequent, torrential downpours. The monsoons subside in October and temperatures rise again. The brief, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until the last week of February. Temperatures hover between 26.7°C (max) to 12°C (min). Rainfall: The average annual rainfall is 660.6 mm.Most of the rainfall can be attributed to the southwest monsoon which has its beginning around the last week of June and may last till mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June with post-monsoon rains occasionally occurring in October. The winter is largely dry, although some rainfall does occur as a result of the Western Disturbance passing over the region.

Geography Kota is located along eastern bank of the Chambal River in the southern part of Rajasthan. The Mokandarra hills run from southeast to northwest axis of the town. It has fertile land and greenery with irrigation facilities through canals.

Industries Chemical, engineering and power plants (thermal, hydro and gas),Glass, cement, fertilizer, Metals, mustard oil, Dairy farming

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Hyderabad city


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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kota, 2011

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SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

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----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kota%2C_Rajasthan&params=25.18_N_75.83_E_type:city\(1001365\)_region:IN-RJ


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Disturbance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambal_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFCL_Chambal_Fertilizers_and_Chemicals_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1


156

6.3.15 TAMILNADU

xxxviii) Chennai

State Tamilnadu Location 13.08389°N 80.27000°E Area 1,189 km2 (464.45 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population 8,696,010 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The city gets

most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. T Temperature: 24.30 C (min) to 32.9 0C (max) Rainfall: annual rainfall in the region is the range from 1286 to 1233 mm

Geography Situated on the eastern coastal plains. Drained by Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre, Adyar River to the south and Kortalaiyar on the northern fringes. Soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.

Industries Chemicals, oil refinery, oil storage tanks motors, cycles, rubber factory, surgical instruments factory, refinery, food factories, beverage factories, wood, paper and paper products, machinery tool industries, transport equipments, electrical machinery industries

Air quality stations 11 (7 residential, 4 industrial) Location of Chennai city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Chennai, 2011: The ambient air quality of Chennai city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 103 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 35 µg/m3

for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Chennai, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chennai&params=13_5_2_N_80_16_12_E_type:city\(6500000\)_region:IN-TN


157

xxxix) Coimbatore

State Tamilnadu Location 11°1 6 N 76°58 21 E Area 246.75 km2 (95.27 sq mi) Elevation 411.2 m (1,349.1 ft) Population 2,151,466 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet and dry climate. Regular monsoon starts from October lasting till early November

brought about by the retreating North-eastern monsoon. Temperature: The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during summer and winter varies between 35°C to 18°C. Rainfall: annual rainfall of the district is 647 mm

Geography The soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but it also has some red loamy soil. Falls under the Class III/IV Seismic Zone

Industries Textile mills, engineering industries, automobile components, washing machines, wet grinders, general engineering industries, food processing units and readymade garments.Large number of small-scale industries also florish

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Coimbatore city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Coimbatore, 2011: The ambient air quality of Coimbatore city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 136 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 39 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Coimbatore, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Coimbatore&params=11_1_6_N_76_58_21_E_type:city_region:IN-TN


158

xxxx) Madurai

State Tamilnadu Location 9.919662°N 78.119393°E Area 248 km2 (96 sq mi) Elevation 101 m (331 ft) Population 1,462,420 (Madurai) Climate Hot and humid, Madurai has the typical climate of the rest of the Deccan plateau. Normally,

Sub tropical climate prevails over the city without any sharp variation. four distinct seasons, viz., and South West monsoon, North East Monsoon, Winter Season and Hot Summer Season Temperature: Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 40 and a minimum of 26.3 °C, though temperatures over 43 °C are not uncommon. Winter temperatures range between 29.6 and 18 °C. Rainfall: average annual rainfall of the city is 867 mm

Geography Situated on the banks of the River Vaigai Industries Textile mills, engineering industries, mechanical industries, electrical and electronic appliances,

steel rolling mills and small scale industries like Food products, readymade garments, wooden industries, printing, moulding industries predominate in the area.

Air quality stations 3 (2 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Madurai city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Madurai, 2011: The ambient air quality of Madurai city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 56 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 34 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Madurai, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Madurai&params=9.919662_N_78.119393_E_type:city_region:IN-TN


159

6.3.16 UTTAR PRADESH

xxxxi) Agra

State Uttar Pradesh Location 27.18°N 78.02°E Area 1,880.40 km2

Elevation 171 m (561 ft) Population 1,746,467 (Census 2011) Climate Semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. Mild winters, hot and dry summers

and a monsoon season Temperature: extreme temperature Rainfall: The average rainfall in the region is 685 mm

Geography Bounded by Thar Desert on its southwest, west and northwest peripheries. Drained by Yamuna river.

Industries 73 industries and 2 industrial clusters. Textiles, hosiery items, woolen, jute, footwear, leather, metal processing, machinery parts, marble, food processing and handicrafts 6,463 small-scale units of various handicraft items like Zari work, leather craft, and marble craft and carpet craft.

Air quality stations 6 (1 residential, 1 industrial, 4 sensitive) Location of Agra city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Agra, 2011: The ambient air quality of Agra city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 276 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 73 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Agra, 2011

----Maximum


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SO2 - 20µg/m3

NO2 - 30µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Agra&params=27.18_N_78.02_E_type:city_region:IN-UP


160

xxxxii) Allahabad

State Uttar Pradesh Location 25.45°N 81.85°E Area 63.07 km2 (24.35 sq mi) Elevation 98 m (322 ft) Population 1,216,719 (Census 2011) Climate Humid subtropical climate with hot dry summer, cool dry winter and warm humid monsoon.

Monsoon begins in early July and lasts till September. Temperature: ranging between 22 °C (72 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). Severe fog in January Rainfall: average rainfall of the city is varies from min 520.6 mm to the highest of 1276.5 mm

Geography Soil fertile but not too moist. The southern and eastern parts are dry and rocky. Stands at the confluence of two rivers the Ganges and Yamuna

Industries Glass and wire based industries, fertilizer complex based on naphtha as feed stock, three mega thermal power projects

Air quality stations 2 (2 residential) Location of Allahabad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Allahabad, 2011: The ambient air quality of Allahabad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 369 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 149 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Allahabad, 2011

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NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Allahabad&params=25.45_N_81.85_E_type:city_region:IN-UP


161

xxxxiii) Ghaziabad

State Uttar Pradesh Location 28.67°N 77.42°E Area 210 km2 (80 sq mi) Elevation 250 m (820 ft) Population 2,358,525 Climate Temperature: Rajasthan's dust storms and snowfall in

the Himalayas, Kumaon and Garhwal hills name their impact in the weather regularly. The monsoon arrives in the district during the end of the June or the first week of July and normally it rains until October. As in other districts of northern India mainly three seasons- summer, winter and rainy prevail here but sometimes due to severe snowfall in the Himalayas and Kumaon Hills adverse weather can also seen. Temperature varies from 7°Cin January to 39 °C during April-May Rainfall: 10.2mm in December to 236mm in July-August

Geography Ghaziabad is situated about 2.5 km from the Hindon river. Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains, the city has two major divisions separated by the Hindon River, namely: Trans-Hindon on the west and Cis-Hindon on the east side.

Industries food, soft drinks and tobbaco, cotton textiles, woolen silk & synthatic textiles, paper and paper products & printings, rubber, plastic and petrolium, chemical & chemical products, non matelic minerals, metal products, basic metal products, machinery tools & parts, electric machinery equipment & parts, transport equipments & parts

Air quality stations 2 (2 industrial) Location of Ghaziabad city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Ghaziabad, 2011: The ambient air quality of Ghaziabad city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 250 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 211 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Ghaziabad, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ghaziabad%2C_Uttar_Pradesh&params=28.67_N_77.42_E_type:city\(2358525\)_region:IN-UP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_division

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Himalaya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindon_River


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xxxxiv) Kanpur

State Uttar Pradesh Location 26.460738°N 80.333405°E Area 605 km2 (234 sq mi) Elevation 126 m (413 ft) Population 2,920,067 (Census 2011) Climate Humid subtropical climate with very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters, dust storms

and a monsoon season. Severe fog in December and January. Summer excessive dry heat is accompanied by dust storms and loo. Rains appear between July and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. Temperature: mean maximum monthly temperatures 41.7˚C during May and minimum 22.8˚C in January Rainfall: average normal annual rainfall is 833.5 mm

Geography The area is underlain by Indo-Gangetic alluvium of quaternary age formed by fluvial processes comprising of clay, silts, sands of various texture and kankar in varying proportion Surrounded by two main rivers of India, the Ganges in the northeast and the Pandu River (Yamuna) in the south.

Industries Biggest producers of textile and leather products. Fertilizer, chemicals, two wheelers, soaps, pan masala, hosiery and engineering industries are also present. The total number of small scale industries registered is 12000

Air quality stations 9 (7 residential, 2 industrial) Location of Kanpur city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Kanpur, 2011: The ambient air quality of Kanpur city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 240 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 134 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kanpur, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

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---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kanpur&params=26.460738_N_80.333405_E_type:city\(2767031\)_region:IN-UP


163

xxxxv) Lucknow

State Uttar Pradesh Location 26.847°N 80.947°E Area 689.1 km2 (266.1 sq mi) Elevation 128 m (420 ft) Population 2,901,474 Climate Humid subtropical climate with cool, dry winters from December to February and dry, hot

summers from April to June. The rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September. Fog is quite common from late December to late January. Dry except during Southwest monsoon period Temperature: In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 0C and the minimum is in the 6 to 8 0C. Summers are very hot with temperatures rising to the 40 to 45 0C Rainfall: average normal rainfall of the city is approximately 1100 mm

Geography Situated in gangetic plain and drained by Gomti river. Located in the seismic zone Industries Pharmaceutical industries, sugarcane plantations and sugar industries ,small scale industries

that are based on unique styles of embroidery, producer of tobacco products and handicrafts such as pottery, earthen toys, silver and gold foil work, and bone carving products.

Air quality stations 5 (4 residential, 1 industrial) Location of Lucknow city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Lucknow, 2011: The ambient air quality of Lucknow city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 213 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 155 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Parameter

Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Lucknow, 2011


----Maximum

---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lucknow&params=26.847_N_80.947_E_type:city\(4801474\)_region:IN-UP


164

xxxxvi) Meerut

State Uttar Pradesh Location 28.99°N 77.70°E Area 177.57 km2(68.56 sq mi) Elevation 224.659 m (737.070 ft) Population 1,424,908 (Census 2011) Climate Moderate type of climate. Very hot summers and very cold winters. Visibility is almost zero

during November to January due to fog. Temperature: summers can reach 48 degree Celsius. Lowest temperature recorded is 0.5 degrees. Rainfall: average annual rainfall is about 1000 mm

Geography The ground is not rocky and there are no mountains. Meerut lies between plains of rivers Ganges and Yamuna

Industries 14,000 registered industrial units in the metropolitan city of Meerut, out of which only about 9,000 units are functional at present. Distillery and small scale industries like sports goods, chemicals, food processing, surgical goods, engineering works, petrochemicals, rubber, plastic, leather goods, flour mills and readymade garments predominate in the area

Air quality stations 2 (2 residential) Location of Meerut city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Meerut, 2011: The ambient air quality of Meerut city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 133 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 112 µg/m3 for PM10.

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in µ

g/m

3

Parameter

Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Meerut, 2011

----Maximum


---- Average line ----10th percentile line

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Meerut&params=28.99_N_77.70_E_type:city\(1309023\)_region:IN-UP


165

xxxxvii) Varanasi

State Uttar Pradesh Location 25.282°N 82.9563°E Area 1,535 km2 (593 sq mi) Elevation 80.71 m (264.80 ft) Population 1,435,113 (Census 2011) Climate Humid subtropical climate with large variations between summer and winter temperatures.

Summers are long, from early April to October, with intervening monsoon seasons and are also extremely hot. Winters in Varanasi sees very large diurnal variations, with warm days and downright cold nights. Cold waves from the Himalayan region Temperature: The temperature ranges between 32°C – 46 °C (90°F – 115 °F) in the summers and below 5 °C during December to February Rainfall: average normal rainfall of the city is varied from min 3.3 mm to the highest of1113.4 mm

Geography Divided into two physical regions, the northern alluvial plain and the southern plateau area. The northern alluvial plain is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries namely the Gomti and the Varuna rivers and Assi .

Industries Diesel locomotive factory, oxygen plant, small cottage industries include silk making making, the production of textiles such as hand-woven carpets, and handicrafts

Air quality stations 2 (2 residential) Location of Varanasi city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Varanasi, 2011: The ambient air quality of Varanasi city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 and NO2 are within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 60 µg/m3. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 145 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 112 µg/m3 for PM10.

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in µ

g/m

3

Parameter

Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Varanasi, 2011

----Maximum ----90th percentile line

---- Average line


----Minimum

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Varanasi&params=25.282_N_82.9563_E_type:city\(3676841\)_region:IN-UP


166

6.3.17 WEST BENGAL

xxxxviii) Asansol

State West Bengal Location 23.68°N 86.99°E Area 127.3 km2 (49.2 sq mi) Elevation 97 m (318 ft) Population 1,243,008 (Census 2011) Climate Dry and hot in summer and dry and cold in winter with an intermediate monsoon period from

the middle of June to the end of September Temperature: Maximum temperature 35˚C during summer and minimum of 4˚C during winter Rainfall: Maximum of 533 mm during July

Geography Lies on Gondwana rocks between rivers Damodar and Ajay. A small rivulet, Nunia, flows flows past Asansol

Industries Coal mines, irol and steel, polymer industries, cement, plastic, musturd oil, rubber, leather products, polymer pipes, fabrication, paint and varnish, flour mills, PVC pipes, aromatic chemicals, food product packing etc. The total number of small scale industries registered is about 500

Air quality stations 3 (3 industrial) Location of Asansol city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Asansol, 2011: The ambient air quality of Asansol city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 282 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 41 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Parameter

Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Asansol, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


----Minimum

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Asansol&params=23.68_N_86.99_E_type:city\(1243008\)_region:IN-WB


167

xxxxix) Kolkata

State West Bengal Location 22.567°N 88.367°E Area 1,886.67 km2(728.45 sq mi) Elevation 9 m (30 ft) Population 14,112,536 (Census 2011) Climate Tropical wet-and-dry climate. Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and

during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (54 °F – 57 °F) between December and January. Dusty squalls followed by thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains with ice sleets lash during early summer. Southeast monsoon rains lash the city between June and September Temperature: annual mean temperature is 26.8˚C; monthly mean temperatures range from 19˚C to 30˚C Rainfall: annual rainfall of 1,582 mm

Geography Spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 m (820 ft) and 650 m (2,133 ft) and the upper one ranging between 10 m (33 ft) and 40 m (131 ft) in thickness. The town falls under seismic zone-III and wind and cyclone zone

Industries Industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations; major sectors include steel, heavy engineering, mining, minerals, cement, pharmaceuticals, food processing, agriculture, electronics, textiles, and jute

Air quality stations 10 (7 residential, 3 industrial) Location of Kolkata city

Summary Interpretation of ambient air quality in Kolkata, 2011: The ambient air quality of Kolkata city is depicted in Figure below with respect to minimum, maximum and average concentrations along with 10th percentile and 90th percentile data for SO2, NO2 and PM10. The annual average concentration of SO2 is within the National Standard (NAAQS), whereas annual average concentration of NO2 and PM10 exceeds the National Standard of 40 µg/m3 and 60 µg/m3 respectively. The figure further revealed that 90% of the data in the year 2011 lies below the concentrations of 235 µg/m3 and 10% of the data lies within the 33 µg/m3 for PM10.

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Ambient air quality of metropolitan cities - Kolkata, 2011

NAAQS:

SO2 - 50µg/m3

NO2 - 40µg/m3

PM10 - 60µg/m3

----Maximum


---- Average line


http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Kolkata&params=22_34_N_88_22_E_type:city\(4486679\)_region:IN-WB


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

Chapter 7: Air Quality wrt Other pollutants - 2011

168

CHAPTER 7

Air Quality with respect to the other pollutants - 2011

(NH3, CO, O3, PM2.5)


169

7.0 Other notified pollutants In addition to criteria pollution like SO2, NO2 and PM10 Central Pollution Control board carried out four other parameters such as Ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3) and Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5). NH3 has been measured in six metro cities viz Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Nagpur and Hyderabad with the help of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) under NAMP.

7.1 Ammonia Levels Annual average concentration of ammonia has been compared with the NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). The four categories are low, moderate, high and critical as explained in earlier chapters. Low levels were observed in Mumbai, Nagpur and Chennai. Moderate levels were observed in Delhi and Kolkata. Critical levels were observed in Hyderabad. There was no exceedence of air quality standards (annual average and 24 hourly averages) at all the monitored locations except Parel in Mumbai. The air quality is given in Table 7.1. Annual average concentration of ammonia at 18 monitoring stations in 6 cities are given in Table 7.2

Table 7.1 : Ambient Air Quality wrt Ammonia in India during 2011

Pollution level Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

Low (L) 0-50

Moderate (M) 51-100

High (H) 101-150

Critical (C) > 150

STATE, UT / CITY Ammonia

AREA CLASS Residential Industrial & Other Areas

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad C

Delhi

Delhi M

Maharashtra

Mumbai L

Nagpur L

Tamil Nadu

Chennai L

West Bengal

Kolkata M


170

Table 7.2: Summary of Ammonia Levels (Annual Average Concentration in g/m3) during 2011

S.No. State / UT City Location

Typ

e o

f A

rea

No

. o

f m

on

. d

ay

s

(n)

Min

Ma

x

NH

3 A

nn

ual

Avera

ge

(g

/m3)

10

pe

rce

nti

le

90

pe

rce

nti

le

S

td.

Dev

.

% e

xc

eed

en

ce

(

24 h

rly a

vg

.)

Air

Qu

ality

1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad

Nacharam I 93 7 241 172 94 212 52 0 C

Tarnaka R 94 12 229 182 129 219 45 0 C

ABIDS Circle R 94 6 246 182 95 221 51 0 C

2 Delhi Delhi

Mayapuri Ind. Area I 96 36 121 76 49 105 21 0 M

Sarojini Nagar R 96 26 117 71 45 99 21 0 M

Town Hall R 96 41 153 84 52 118 27 0 M

3 Maharashtra

Mumbai

Parel I 95 5 270 59 13 91 104 1 M

Worli R 94 5 227 47 14 85 35 0 L

Kalbadevi R 94 5 199 50 10 96 42 0 L

Nagpur

Hingna Road I 97 6 73 26 9 52 16 0 L

Maskasath R 97 6 128 36 13 70 24 0 L

NEERI Lab., Nehru Marg R 99 5 68 23 9 45 15 0 L

4 Tamil Nadu Chennai

Thiruvottiyur Municipal Office I 89 9 79 34 20 48 11 0 L

Madras Medical College R 87 5 59 35 21 49 11 0 L

NEERI CSIR Campus R 92 5 104 36 22 50 14 0 L

5 West Bengal Kolkata

Cossipore I 87 5 208 65 6 136 56 0 M

Lal Bazaar R 88 5 216 74 8 131 52 0 M

Kasba R 88 5 233 58 7 127 53 0 M

Note:- R – Residential and other areas, I – Industrial area, Std dev. – Standard deviation, n – number of days monitored for 16 and more hours a day L- Low, M-

Moderate, H – High and C – Critical levels of pollution based on exceedence factor (calculated for n 50 days), % exceedence (24 hrly avg.) – Percentage violation wrt NAAQS ( 24 hourly average).


171

Fig. 7.1: Ambient Air Quality wrt Ammonia in six cities during 2011

0

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150

200

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300

Nacharam Tarnaka ABIDS Circle

Co

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µg

/m3

Loction

Level of Ammonia at Hyderabad, 2011

----Maximum

----Average

----10 th percentile line

----Mimimum


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Mayapuri Ind. Area Sarojini Nagar Town Hall

Co

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/m3

Location

Level of Ammonia at Delhi, 2011

----Maximum


----Average


----Mimimum

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Parel Worli Kalbadevi

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Location

Level of Ammonia at Mumbai, 2011

----Maximum


----Average

----10 th percentile line ----Mimimum


172

0

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60

80

100

120

140

Higna Road Maskasath NEERI Lab, Nehru

Marg

Co

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ati

on

in

µg

/m3

Location

Level of Ammonia at Nagpur, 2011

----Maximum


----Average


0

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Thiruvottiyur MC

Office

Madras Medical

College

NEERI CIRS, Campus

Co

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Location

Level of Ammonia at Chennai, 2011

----Maximum


----Average


----Mimimum

0

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250

Thiruvottiyur MC

Office

Madras Medical

College

NEERI CIRS, Campus

Co

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Location

Level of Ammonia at Kolkata, 2011

----Maximum


----Average



173

7.2 Carbon Monoxide a) CO levels at BSZ Marg ( ITO) Carbon monoxide is monitored at Bahadur Shah Zafar (BSZ) Marg, New Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO is given in Table 8.3. The annual average concentration of CO was 1711 µg/m3 during 2011 and monthly average concentration varied from 999 µg/m3 to 3444 µg/m3. High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi.

Table 7.3: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at BSZ Marg,

New Delhi during 2011

Months of 2011 CO Concentration (µg/m3)

January 1113

February 999

March 1693

April 1849

May 1609

June 2087

July 1725

August 1422

September 1503

October 2596

November 3444

December 1524

Annual Average 1711

NA – Data not adequate

b) CO levels at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bhawana

Carbon monoxide is monitored at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bhawana, Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO is given in Table 7.4. The annual average concentration of CO was 646 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration varied from 431 µg/m3 to 828 µg/m3. Low levels of CO might be due to low vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) area of Delhi.


174

Table 7.4: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at DCE, Bhawana, Delhi during 2011


January 672

February 759

March 828

April 802

May 532

June 530

July 515

August 445

September 443

October 664

November 431

December 828

Average 646

c) CO levels at NSIT Dwarka Carbon monoxide is monitored at NSIT Dwarka, New Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO is given in Table 8.5. The annual average concentration of CO was 1041 µg/m3 during 2011 and the monthly average concentration varied from 448 µg/m3 to 1689 µg/m3. Low levels of CO might be due to low vehicular population especially passenger cars in NSIT Dwarka area of Delhi.

Table 7.5: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at NSIT

Dwaraka, Delhi during 2011


January NA

February NA

March NA

April NA

May NA

June NA

July 1142

August 650

September 448

October 1186

November 1408

December 1689

Average 1041

NA – Data not available


175

d) CO levels at DMS Shadipur Carbon monoxide is monitored at DMS Shadipur, Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO is given in Table 8.6. The annual average concentration of CO was 2073 µg/m3 during 2011 and the monthly average concentration varied from 737 µg/m3 to 2814 µg/m3. High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi.

Table 7.6: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at DMS

Shadipur, Delhi during 2011


January NA

February NA

March NA

April NA

May NA

June NA

July 737

August 1810

September 1660

October 2579

November 2278

December 2814

Average 2073


e) CO levels at IHBAS Dilshad Garden

Carbon monoxide is monitored at IHBAS Dilshad Garden, Delhi using Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectrometry (NDIR) method. Monthly average and annual average concentration of CO is given in Table 8.7. The annual average concentration of CO was 2073 µg/m3 during 2011 and the monthly average concentration varied from 580 µg/m3 to 2053 µg/m3. High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars in Delhi.

Table 7.7: Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at DMS

Shadipur, Delhi during 2011


January NA

February NA

March NA

April NA

May NA

June NA

July 688

August 580

September 740

October 1768

November 2053

December 1904

Average 1232



176

7.3 Ozone

a) Ozone level at BSZ Marg ( ITO) Ozone was measured at BSZ Marg (ITO) using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.8. The annual average concentration of Ozone was 41 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of ozone varied from 20 µg/m3 to 88 µg/m3.

Table 7.8: Concentration of Ozone at BSZ Marg (ITO), New Delhi during 2011

Months of 2011 Ozone Concentration (µg/m3)

January 20

February 23

March 34

April 39

May 42

June 31

July 53

August 88

September 62

October 52

November 26

December 29

Average 41

NA – Data not available/not adequate

Higher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed by photochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to mid afternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity.

b) Ozone levels at NSIT Dwarka Ozone was measured at NSIT Dwarka using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.9. The annual average concentration of Ozone was 17 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of ozone varied from 7 µg/m3 to 24 µg/m3. The values indicate that ozone levels are within NAAQS.


177

Table 7.9: Concentration of Ozone at NSIT Dwarka, Delhi during 2011


January NA

February NA

March NA

April NA

May NA

June NA

July 7

August 19

September 15

October 24

November 16

December 24

Average 17


Higher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed by photochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to mid afternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozone levels are within NAAQS. c) Ozone levels Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bhawana Ozone was measured at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 7.10. The annual average concentration of Ozone was 61 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of ozone varied from 27 µg/m3 to 100 µg/m3.

Table 7.10: Concentration of Ozone at DCE, Bhawana, Delhi during 2011


January 70

February 55

March 39

April 84

May 61

June 89

July 55

August 27

September 55

October 100

November 50

December 39

61



178

Higher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed by photochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to mid afternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozone levels are within NAAQS. d) Ozone levels at DMS Shadipur Ozone was measured at DMS Shadipur using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of Ozone are given in Table 8.11. The annual average concentration of Ozone was 24 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of ozone varied from 15 µg/m3 to 36 µg/m3.

Table 7.11: Concentration of Ozone at DMS Shadipur, Delhi during 2011


January NA

February NA

March NA

April NA

May NA

June NA

July 25

August 36

September 15

October 34

November 25

December 16

24


Higher ozone concentrations are observed, in general, in Summer months as it is formed by photochemical reactions of NOx and VOCs. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in early to mid afternoon in areas where there is strong photochemical activity. The values indicate that ozone levels are within NAAQS.

7.4 Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5)

a) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Pritampura, New Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Pritampura, New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table 8.12. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 60 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 28 µg/m3 to 106 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.


179

Table 7.12: Concentration of PM2.5 at Pritampura, New

Delhi during 2011

Months of 2011 PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3)

January 69 February 62 March 46 April 101 May 29 June 54 July 40 August 28 September 37 October 52 November 96 December 106 Average 60

b) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Sirifort, New Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Sirifort, New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table 8.13. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 53 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 18 µg/m3 to 130 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.

Table 7.13: Concentration of PM2.5 at Sirifort, New Delhi during 2011


January 74 February 130 March 84 April 47 May 34 June 45 July 38 August 24 September 18 October 29 November NA December 38 Average 53



180

c) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Janakpuri, New Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Janakpuri, New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table.14. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 63 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 22 µg/m3 to 160 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.

Table 7.14: Concentration of PM2.5 at Janakpuri, New Delhi during 2011



d) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Nizamuddin, New Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Nizamuddin, New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table 8.15. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 48 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 23 µg/m3 to 95 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.


181

Table 7.15: Concentration of PM2.5 at Nizamuddin, New Delhi during 2011



e) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Shahzada Bagh, New Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Shahzada Bagh, New Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table 8.16. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 72 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 27 µg/m3 to 153 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.

Table 7.16: Concentration of PM2.5 at Shahzada Bagh, New

Delhi during 2011




182

f) Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5) at Shahdara, Delhi

Particulate matter with size less than or equal to 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) was measured at Shahdara, Delhi using continuous analysers. Monthly average and annual average concentration of PM2.5 are given in Table 8.17. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 68 µg/m3 during 2011. The monthly average concentration of PM2.5 varied from 20 µg/m3 to 150 µg/m3. Higher PM2.5 levels were observed in winter months as mixing height is lower in winter months resulting is less volume of troposphere for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Lower concentrations were observed in monsoon months as particulate matters are washed out due to wet deposition.

Table 7.17: Concentration of PM2.5 at Shahdara,

Delhi during 2011



7.5 Findings It is observed that Ammonia (NH3) is within NAAQS in five metro cities viz Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Nagpur is mostly within the NAAQS and w.r.t. Hyderabad, concentration of Ammonia (NH3) is mostly above the NAAQS. The concentrations of Ozone (O3) at Delhi are within NAAQS, however in case of PM2.5 and Carbon monoxide (CO) with respect to Delhi the concentration observed is mostly above the NAAQS. These observations indicate the vehicular pollution is the major cause of exceedence of CO and PM2.5 in Delhi.

Chapter 8: Initiatives for control of air pollution

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CHAPTER 8

INITIATIVES FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION


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8.0 INITIATIVES FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION Various measures have been taken to control air pollution from vehicles, industries and other sources. The steps taken to control air pollution from vehicles and industries are as follows:

8.1 Measures taken to Reduce Vehicular Pollution Automobile Pollution Control initiatives gained this year marks enforcement of a variety of control measures ranging from notification of advanced Euro-IV equivalent emission norms and commensurate fuel for new vehicles to stricter exhaust emission limits for in-use vehicles, augmentation of infrastructures for alternative fuels and mass transits and other urban planning and management options. This year marks the continuation of the implementation of the road map as recommended by the Auto Fuel Policy of India. The vehicular pollution control framework in the country has now shifted its focus towards integrated control and management options and has extended its domain to cover all major metro cities and now it is no more restricted only to capital of India. Important measures pertaining to vehicular pollution control initiated during this financial year are as follows: Mass Emission Standards Mass emission standards are the primary technical policy for controlling emissions from vehicles. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, and the Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR), 1989, are the principal instruments for regulation of motor vehicular traffic /emissions throughout the country. The implementation of various provisions of this Act rests with the state governments. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MRTH) acts as a nodal agency for the formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act and CMVR.

Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage IV) have been notified for all categories of new vehicles (except two and three wheelers) in 11 mega cities, to be implemented on or after the 1st April, 2010.

Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage III) have been notified for two and three wheelers all over the country, to be implemented on or after the 1st April, 2010.

Mass Emission Standards (Bharat (Trem) Stage III) have been notified for every diesel driven agricultural tractors, to be implemented on or after the 1st April, 2010 for the category < 37KW and on or after the 1st April, 2011 for the category >37 KW.

Mass Emission Standards (Bharat Stage III) have been notified for two and three wheelers, to be implemented on or after the 1st April, 2010.

Fuel Quality Specifications

Auto-Fuels commensurate to Euro III (whole country) and Euro IV (for 11 cities) specifications is proposed to be made available in the respective cities from 01.04.2010.

The Research Octane Number (RON) for premium petrol available in 11 mega cities has been boosted to 95 with lead content being reduced to 0.005 g/l and benzene content of maximum 1%. From 01.04.2010, the content of sulphur in gasoline is proposed to be reduced to 0.005% (50 mg/kg) from existing 0.015% (150 mg/kg). However, all over the country, content of sulphur in gasoline is proposed to be 0.015% (150 mg/kg) from 01.04.2010.

For diesel the Cetane Number has been enhanced to 51 with Sulphur content proposed to be reduced further to 0.005 % (50 mg/kg) in the 11 mega cities by 01.04.2010. The amount of sulphur in diesel is proposed to be 0.035% (350 mg/kg) all over the country

Important fuel specification of Diesel and Gasoline as available in metro cities from 01.04.2010 are as follows:


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Important Fuel Specifications of Diesel and Gasoline

Specifications Requirements

A. DIESEL Cetane Number (CN), min 51 Total Sulphur, max 0.005 % (50 mg/kg) Distillation , 95% vol. recovery at 0◦C, max 360 ◦C Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon ( PAH), max 11 % mass

B. GASOLINE

Research Octane number ( RON), min 95 Reid Vapour pressure (RVP), max 60 kpa Benzene content, max 1% Volume Lead content (as Pb),max 0.005 g/l Sulphur, total, max 0.005 % (50 mg/kg) Aromatics content, max 35 % volume Oxygen content, max 2.7 % volume

In-Use Vehicles

The tourist transport operators shall not engage or use any vehicle for the purpose of journey, the origin and destination of which falls within the National Capital Region (NCR), unless such vehicle conforms to the mass emission standards (Bharat Stage III), notified vide GSR 58(E) dated January 30, 2009.

MRTH has constituted a task force to introduce auditing system in PUC centers all over the country, to look into various aspects related to procedure, implementation and suggest effective institutional mechanism for the same, in which CPCB is one of the members.

Alternate Fuels - Initiatives There has been lot of developments in this front when various organizations including the Planning Commission, Oil Companies, Auto Sectors, CPCB and other research agencies initiated various demonstration and feasibility studies with alternative fuels like LPG and bio-diesel (B20) in the country. Some of the developments are depicted below:

Bio-fuels mainly Ethanol and Biodiesel (in B20 form) are the prospective options for India. Pilot studies on ethanol and biodiesel have been completed and many are on-going.

Efficacy of B20 biodiesel from Jatropa feedstock has been established and experiences gained through some pilot studies. Introduction of biodiesel starting with lower blends like B5, B10, etc. is a possibility now.

In Kolkata all three wheelers have been ordered to switch over to LPG mode from September, 2005 vide notification No. 2421-WT/3M-73/2005 dated May 24, 2005.

Besides Delhi & Mumbai, the supply of CNG as automotive fuel has been extended to the cities of Ankleshwar, Vadodra & Surat in Gujarat and Kanpur, Bareli, Agra & Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. The total CNG vehicles in the country touching over 3.54 Lakh, as per the industry estimates.

Work is on to introduce bio-diesel in the form of B20 as an automotive fuel in India. Several research studies and field trials have been initiated by Organizations like –IITs, IOC, Mercedes, Railways, etc. Already “Jatropha Carcus” has been identified and earmarked to be the prominent source of biodiesel in the country.

Efforts for developing and popularizing electric vehicles also gained momentum during this year. Already “Reva Motors” have commercialized a small electric/battery car. Many three-wheeler manufacturers are also contemplating electric driven OEM for Indian markets.

Other Measures

Various traffic management options have been adopted by many cities. Governments to deal with the increasing vehicle population and to ensure smooth traffic flow. Synchronized traffic lightings with timers, bus-only lanes, parking area demarcation, etc. are few steps initiated in many metro cities of India.


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Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) aims at segregation of traffic in various lanes according to type of vehicles. Through BRTS it is expected that the hindrance caused to speed of fast moving vehicles by speed of slow moving vehicles will overcome and mass transit vehicles i.e. buses will move in optimal way. In Delhi BRTS is has been implemented at some of the stretches during 2008 and it is proposed to expand in other stretches of the city in a phased manner.

Road-infrastructure development, management and by-passing of interstate vehicles, parking restrictions, etc. are other measures being adopted in the cities. Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Pune etc. have constructed many flyovers and multi-lane roads to ease traffic congestion.

The Delhi metro line has been extended to various stretches of Delhi for catering more people thereby promoting use of mass public transport system. Other cities are also exploring to start metros and other mass transport systems.

Interstate trucks which are not destined to Delhi are not allowed to ply within the city limits.

8.2. Measures Taken for Controlling Air Pollution from Industries The measures taken for controlling air pollution from industries are as follows: (a) Emission standards have been notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to

check pollution. (b) Industries have been directed to install necessary pollution control equipment in a time

bound manner and legal action has been initiated against the defaulting units. (c) 24 critically polluted areas have been identified. Action Plan have been formulated for

restoration of environmental quality in these areas. (d) Environmental guidelines have evolved for siting of industries. (e) Environmental clearance is made compulsory for 29 categories of development projects

involving public hearing/ NGO participation as an important component of Environmental Impact Assessment process.

(f) Environmental audit in the form of environmental statement has been made mandatory for all polluting industries.

(g) Preparation of zoning Atlas for siting of industries based on environmental considerations in various districts of the country has been taken up.

(h) Power plants (coal based) located beyond 1000 kms from the pit-head are required to use low ash content coal (not exceeding 34%) with effect from 1.6.2002. Power plants located in the sensitive areas are also required to use low ash coal irrespective of their distance from the pit head.

8.3. Action Plan for the control of air pollution in sixteen cities identified by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India

With the objective of controlling these rapidly burgeoning air pollution problems in our country, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, in the matter of CWP No. 13029 of 1995, passed the orders on 05.04.2001, regarding formulation and implementation of action plans for control of pollution in selected cities. The Hon’ble Court stressed the need for such initiatives relating to vehicular pollution in Delhi and directed that action plan for pollution control in the cities/ towns, which do not meet the ambient air quality standards, should be prepared.

On August 14, 2003, the Hon’ble Supreme Court passed the following direction: “CPCB’s report shows that the Respirable Particulate Matter (in short “RSPM”) levels in Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Sholapur, Lucknow, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Kolkata are alarming.”

“Issue notices to the States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the Meantime, we direct that the Union of India and the respective States shall draw a plan for lowering the rate of RSPM level in the aforesaid cities. After the plan is drawn, the same would be placed before EPCA. This may be done within a


187

period of two months. We are excluding Mumbai and Kolkata where the respective High Courts are stated to be monitoring the RSPM levels in those cities. EPCA after examining the matter shall submit a report to this Court within a period of four weeks thereafter.”

Further Central Pollution Control Board has also identified various non- attainment cities all over the country on the basis of national ambient air quality data under NAMP. Central Pollution has been coordinating with the concerned state governments of the sixteen critically polluted cities identified by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India as well as non-attainment cities identified by itself for the preparation of action plan for the control of air pollution in all these cities. Further CPCB is also reviewing and monitoring the implementation of the action plans prepared for these critically polluted as well as non- attainment cities. So far State Governments of the all the sixteen critically polluted cities as identified by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India have submitted their action plan for controlling air Pollution from all the major sources including industrial, vehicular & domestic sources. The major actions those have been proposed for almost all the cities are:

Industrial Pollution

Shifting of Industries from non- confirming zones.

Switching over to clean technologies.

Using clean fuels.

Installation of Pollution control Devices.

Development of green belt, etc. Vehicular Pollution

Implementation of the emission norms as well as fuel quality in accordance with the road map proposed by the Auto Fuel Policy.

Switching over to clean alternate fuels like CNG, LPG & Bio-fuels.

Augmentation in Public Transport system

Better traffic management

Implementation of fiscal measures, etc Domestic Pollution

Ban on open burning of garbage, biomass, etc.

Augmentation on supply of LPG as cooking fuel , etc.

Central Pollution Control Board along with EPCA has been regularly reviewing action plan submitted by State Pollution Control Boards, further it is also monitoring the timely implementation of the action plan.

Chapter 9: Summary & Conclusion – 2011

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Chapter 9

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION


189

9.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY DURING 2011

1. Summary of air quality scenario in different locations

Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality reveal that 323 locations exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m3 (annual) in residential / industrial / rural / other area and 21 locations exceed ed the standard of 60 µg/m3 (annual) in ecologically sensitive areas with respect to PM10

With respect to NO2, 70 locations exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m3

(annual) in residential / industrial / rural / other area and 4 locations exceeded the standard of 30 µg/m3 (annual) in ecologically sensitive areas

With respect to SO2, 1 location exceeded the standard of 50 µg/m3 (annual)

in residential / industrial / rural / other area and 1 location exceeded the standard of 20 µg/m3 (annual) in ecologically sensitive areas

2. Summary of air quality scenario in different cities

Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential / industrial / rural / other area reveals that 138 cities exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m3 (annual) with respect to PM10. and 10 cities exceed the standard of 60 µg/m3 (annual) in ecologically sensitive area. State capital cities like Patna, Raipur, Delhi, Ranchi, Bhopal, Mumbai, Bhubaneswar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Lucknow, and Kolkata are critical with respect to PM10. Industrial cities like Bhilai, Korba, Faridabad, Jamshedpur, Jharia, Sindri, Ludhiana, Muradabad, Rourkela, Indore, Kota, Kanpur, Asansol, Durgapur, Haldia, Howrah are critical with respect to PM10

With respect to NO2, 24 cities exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m3 in

residential / industrial / rural / other area and 1 city exceed the standard of 30 µg/m3 (annual) in ecologically sensitive area.

Cities like Badlapur and Ulhasnagar (Maharashtra), Howrah and Kolkata

(West Bengal) are critical with respect to both NO2 and PM10

With respect to SO2, 1 city exceeded the standard of 50 µg/m3 (annual) in residential / industrial / rural / other area

3. Summary of air quality scenario in different states

Analysis of annual average concentration of ambient air reveled Jharkhand

had maximum concentration of SO2 (23 µg/m3), Delhi showed highest NO2 (57 µg/m3) and PM10 (222 µg/m3) concentration (annual average of residential / industrial / rural / other area and ecologically sensitive area)

4. Summary of air quality scenario in different metropolitan cities

Analysis of air quality data of 53 metropolitan cities revealed that with respect to PM10, annual average concentration of ambient air quality in residential /


190

industrial / rural / other, 41 cities exceeded the NAAQS of 60 µg/m3 and in ecologically sensitive area 1 city exceeded the standard of 60 µg/m3 (annual)

With respect to NO2, 10 cities exceeded the standard of 40 µg/m3 (annual) in

residential / industrial / rural / other area.

No metropolitan city exceeded the standard limit in residential / industrial / rural / other area and ecologically sensitive area during 2011.

5. Percent exceedence of ambient air quality standard

With respect to residential/industrial/rural area, considering annual average

18% and 83% location for NO2 and PM10 exceeded NAAQS respectively.

Taking 24-hourly average data into consideration, 4%, 18% and 89% location for SO2, NO2 and PM10 exceed NAAQS respectively for residential / industrial / rural / other area.

With respect to ecologically sensitive area, considering annual average

concentration, 4%, 15% and 78% locations for SO2, NO2 and PM10 exceeded NAAQS respectively.

Chapter 10: References- 2011

191

Chapter 10

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: References- 2011

192

REFERENCES

Epidemiological study on effect of air pollution on human health (adults) in Delhi, http://www.cpcb.nic.in/

Census 2011 website

Health Effects Institute, Creation of an Air Pollutant Data Base for Health Effects Study, Report Submitted to Health Effects Institute by Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 2004

http://www http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/co/hlth1.html.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ozone/hlth.html

http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd01/pmatter.html http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html#ParticulateMatte

http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/nox/what.html (Accessed: 22/8/2007)

http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/hlth1.html

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html

http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/health.html (Accessed on 22/8/2007)

http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/pdfs/pm-color.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/office_building-immeubles_ bureaux/organic-organiques_e.html

Study on ambient air quality, respiratory symptoms, and lung function of children in Delhi, http://www.cpcb.nic.in/

United States Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Research and Development Fiscal Years 1997-1998 Research Accomplishments, Research and Development (8101R) EPA 600-R-99-106, Washington D.C., Dec. 1999.\

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate matter Chapter 1 , Executive Summary, EPA 600/P-95/001aF, April 1996, Website - http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/execsum.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency, July 1997, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, USEPA, Triangle Park, USA. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Website:- http:// www.epa.gov/ airs/criteria.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air Quality Where You Live, PM – How Particulate Matter Affected the Way We Live & Breathe, Health and Environmental Impacts of PM, November 2000, Website - http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/ hlth1.html

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Regulating Smog and Particle Air Pollution: An Integrated Approach, Information on Particulate Matter, August 1997, Website - http://www.epa.gov/ oaqps/regusmog/infpart.html Wilson, W.E.; Suh, H.H., “ Fine Particles and Coarse Particles: Concentration Relationships Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies” Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 1997, 47, 1238-1249

www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/

http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/co/hlth1.html.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ozone/hlth.html

http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd01/pmatter.html

http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/o3co.html#ParticulateMatte

http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/pm/hlth1.html

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html

http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/pdfs/pm-color.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/office_building-immeubles_%20bureaux/organic-organiques_e.html

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/office_building-immeubles_%20bureaux/organic-organiques_e.html

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/

http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/execsum.html

http://www.wikipedia.org/

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ANNEXURE

194

ANNEXURE 1

Air Pollutants, their sources and effects

Pollutant Possible Sources Effects

Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment & Property

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) SO2 is the chemical compound produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes and are also a precursor to particulates in the atmosphere.

Volcanos (67%) combustion of fossil fuel (coal, heavy fuel oil in thermal power plants, office, factories)

paper Industry

extravtion & distribution of fossil fuels

smelting of metals (sulfide ores to produce copper, lead and zinc)

Petroleum refining

combustion process in diesel, petrol, natural gas driven vehicles

respiratory illness

visibility impairment

aggravate existing heart and lung diseases

acid rain

aesthetic damage

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Oxides of nitrogen are a generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts.NOx are emitted as nitrogen oxide (NO) which is rapidly oxidized to more toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air pollutant.

Lightning

Forest fires

Bacterial activity of soil

High temperature combustion (internal combustion engines, fossil fuel-fired power stations, industrial)

Burning of Bio-mass and Fossil Fuels

irritates the nose and throat

increase susceptibility to respiratory infections

Precursor of ozone formed in the troposphere

Form atmospheric fine particulate matter burden as a result of oxidation to form nitrate aerosol

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10, size ≤

10m, coarse fraction PM10 - PM2.5). called thoracic fraction) Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of suspended solid and liquid particle in semi

Coarse particles are produced by the mechanical break-up of larger solid particles.

Wind blown dust

Road traffic emissions particularly from diesel vehicles

Industrial combustion plants some public power generation

Commercial and residential combustion

cardio-pulmonary problems

asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia in older people

Visibility reduction

195



equilibrium with surrounding gases. The major constituents of RSPM are organic and elemental carbon, metals/elements like silicon, magnesium, iron, ions like sulphates, nitrates, ammonium etc. PM10 can settle in the bronchi and lungs and cause health problems

such as road dust, fly ash, soot, agricultural processes

physical processes of crushing, grinding and abrasion of surfaces.

photochemically produced particles, such as those found in urban haze

Pollen grains, mould spores, and plant and insect parts

Non-combustible materials released when burning fossil fuels.

Non-combustion processes (e.g. quarrying)

agricultural activities

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Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5,

size ≤ 2.5m, fine fraction size up to 2.5 µm, respirable fraction) Airborne particles smaller than 2.5 µm called fine particles. Composed mainly of carbonaceous materials (organic and elemental), inorganic compounds (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium), and trace metal compounds (iron, aluminium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead). pose the greatest problems, PM2.5, tend to penetrate into the gas exchange regions of the lung, and very small particles (< 100 nanometers) may pass through the lungs to affect other organs. The smallest particles, however, less than 100 nm (nanoparticles) can get into the bloodstream and affect the cardiovascular system

Fine particles are largely formed from gases.

Ultrafine particles are formed by nucleation, which is the initial stage in which gas becomes a particle. These particles can grow up to a size of 1µm either through condensation, when additional gas condensates or coagulation

Vehicular emission

Industrial combustion plants some public power generation

Commercial and residential combustion

oxidative stress

respiratory symptoms such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing

decreased lung function

aggravated asthma

chronic bronchitis

irregular heartbeat cardio-pulmonary disordera

premature death in people with heart or lung disease

aesthetic damage

visibility reduction

Ozone(O3) Ozone is a pale blue gas, soluble in water and non-polar solvents with specific sharp odor somewhat resembling chlorine bleach. Ozone is a secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere by reaction between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. Peak O3

ozone is present in the atmosphere in the stratosphere, in a region also known as the ozone layer between about 10 km and 50 km above the surface

formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted by car engines, industrial operations, chemical solvents to form ozone

electronic equipment such as photocopiers

lung function deficits

respiratory illness

premature death, asthma, bronchitis, heart attack, and other cardiopulmonary problems.

ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with photosynthesis and stunts overall growth of some plant species

Ozone cracking in car tires, gaskets, O-rings is caqused by attack of ozone on any polymer possessing olefinic or double bonds within its chain structure,

ozone present in the upper troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

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levels occur typically during the warmer times of the year.

of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.

Lead Lead is a bright silvery soft, dense, ductile, highly malleable, bluish-white metal that has poor electrical conductivity heavy metal and is highly resistant to corrosion.

food (lead is absorbed by plants)

Waste incineration

Metal processing

Paint Industry

lead solder in food cans, breast milk, drinking water, Cosmetics, ceramic pottery, burning of firewood or kerosene, indigenous remedies, tobacco and tobacco products, contaminated drinking water, toys, industrial effluents, lead acid batteries, ammunition, paints and varnishes, water pipes

automobile exhaust,

Pb is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and is believed to have adverse effects on the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and the immune system

causes blood disorders like anemia increase in blood presssure.

potent neurotoxin that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones.

causes nephropathy, and colic-like abdominal pains.

weakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles.

Miscarriage and reduction of fertility in males, delayed puberty in girls

permanently reduce the cognitive capacity of children

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

198



Carbon monoxide (CO) . also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas which is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities. Mainly formed by incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels.

produced during normal animal metabolism (by the action of heme oxygenase 1 and 2 on the heme from hemoglobin breakdown and produces carboxyhemoglobin in normal persons) in low quantities and has some normal biological functions (signalling molecule)

volcanic activity

forest and bushfires

Exhaust of internal combustion engines, especially of vehicles with petrol engines

Burning of carbon fuels

organic combustion in waste incineration

power station processes

Iron smelting

burning of crop residues

CO enters the bloodstream through lungs and combines with hemoglobin forms carboxyhemoglobin.This condition is known as anoxemia, which inhibits blood’s oxygen carrying capacity to organs and tissues.

Persons with heart disease are sensitive to CO poisoning and may experience chest pain if they breathe the gas while exercising.

adverse effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman

Infants, elderly persons, and individuals with respiratory diseases are also particularly sensitive.

anti-inflammatories, vasodilators and encouragers of neovascular growth

Ammonia (NH3) A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a

putrefaction of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter

Ammonia and ammonium

Farms

Fertilizers Industry

Industrial sites that store ammonia or use it as a refrigerant can release high levels if the chemical leaks or is spilled

irritating to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing

burns

Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high

Odour

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoxemia&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovascular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odour

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precursor to food and fertilizers, and either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals.

salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, fertile soil and in seawater

during volcanic erruption

The kidneys secrete NH3 to neutralize excess acid

concentrations of ammonia

Benzene (C6H6) Benzene is a colorless, sweet smelling liquid. Benzene is generated whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion. Benzene is generated whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion.

volcanoes

forest fires

Combustion of fuel (automotive fuel, wood and stationary fossil fuel, other aromatics

evaporation (fuel storage containers, during refueling

Industrial emission

Coke oven

Perchlorethlyene is emitted from some dry cleaning facilities

tobacco smoke, wood smoke

glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents

Hematotoxic, neurotoxic, leukemogenic, carcinogenic effects

Chronic exposure to benzene may causechromosomal damage, immune suppression, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, non-Hodgkins’s lymphoma, and cancer of the lung and nasopharynx

Effect the Reproductive system, developing fetus and fertility in men, low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (BaP) (particulate phase only) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic

coal tar (after a forest fire),

eruption of

Incomplete combustion of fuels (processing of coal and crude oil)

Mutagenic and highly carcinogenic (skin, lung, and bladder cancer in

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hydrocarbon whose metabolites are mutagenic and highly carcinogenic

volcanoes Combustion of natural gas

Road transport

Industrial plant

Tobacco smoke

coal tar

automobile exhaust fumes (especially diesel engines), in all smoke resulting from the combustion of organic material

charbroiled food, burnt toast, cooked meat products, in burnt foods such as coffee

humans and in animals)

skin rash or eye irritation

Bronchitis

Arsenic (As) is a solid layered, a ruffled analogue of graphite, metallic gray in color and is a semiconductor. It is a potent poison IARC) recognizes arsenic and group 1 carcinogen (IARC)

volcanic ash, weathering of the arsenic-containing mineral and ores as well as groundwater.

food, water, soil and air

Smelting of metals,

Combustion of fuels (especially of low-grade brown coal)

Use of pesticides.

wood preservation, glass production, nonferrous metal alloys, electronic semiconductor manufacturing.

coke oven emissions associated with the smelter industry

epigenetic changes

multi-system organ failure

As poisoning

Nickil (Ni) a silvery-white lustrous corrosion-resistant metal with a slight golden tinge

urease (an enzyme which assists in the hydrolysis of urea) contains nickel

Combustion of fossil fuels

Nickel plating

Metallurgical processes

Nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogenic

allergy, dermatitis. Sensitivity to nickel may also be present in patients with pompholyx.

explosive in air

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urease

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyshidrosis

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ANNEXURE-II

Methods of Measurement of Twelve Notified Parameters in Ambient Air (NAAQS notified in November 2009)

a) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in Ambient Air Sulphur dioxide content in the ambient air is measured by the modified West and Gaeke method. Sulphur dioxide in ambient air is absorbed in a solution of 0.04M sodium tetrachloromercurate at an average flow rate of 1 liter per minute (LPM), resulting in the formation of dischlorosulphitomercurate complex. The main interference is due to the oxides of nitrogen, ozone and trace metals. Interference from oxides of nitrogen can be prevented by adding sulphamic acid, which acts as a reducing agent and converts some of the oxygenated nitrogen species to nitrogen gas. Interference from ozone can be eliminated by aging the sample prior to analysis. Interference from trace metals can be prevented by adding EDTA (disodium salt) to the unexposed absorbing solution. For analysis, the exposed sample is treated with sulphamic acid, formaldehyde and acid bleached pararosaniline containing hydrochloric acid. Pararosaniline, formaldehyde and bisulfite anion react to form violet red coloured pararosaniline methyl sulphonic acid. The intensity of the colour is measured on a spectrophotometrer at 560 nm wavelength. The detection range of the SO2

concentration is 4 – 1050 g/m3. Concentration of sulphur dioxide in the range of 25-1050 µg/m3 can be measured under the conditions given one can measure concentration below 25 µg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air, but only if, the absorber efficiency of the particular system is first determined and found to be satisfactory. Higher concentration can be analyzed by using smaller gas samples of a suitable aliquot of the collected sampler. Beer's law is followed through the working range from 0.03 to 1.0 absorbance unit. This corresponds to 0.8-27 µg of sulfite ion in 25 ml of final solution calculated as sulphur dioxide. The lower limit of detection of sulphur dioxide in 10 ml absorbing reagent is 0.75 µg based on twice the standard deviation, which represent a concentration of 25 µg/m3 in an air sample of 30 litres. b) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Ambient Air In the method the NO2 from ambient air is absorbed in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium arsenite. Sulphur dioxide is the major interfering compound. The interference of sulphur dioxide is eliminated by converting it to sulphuric acid by addition of hydrogen peroxide. The absorbed nitrogen dioxide is then reacted with sulphanilamide in the presence of phosphoric acid at a pH of less than 2 and then coupling it with N-(1Nepthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The absorbance of the highly coloured azo dye is measured on spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm.

The detection range of the NO2 concentration is 9 – 750 g/m3. The concentration of nitrite ion (NO-

2) produced during sampling is determined colorimetrically by reacting the nitrite ion with phosphoric acid, sulfanilamide, and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine di-hydrochloride (NEDA) and measuring the absorbance of the highly colored azo-dye at 540 nm. a) The nominal range of the method is 9 to 750 µg NO2/m

3 (0.005 to 0.4 ppm). The range of the analysis is 0.04 to 2.0 µg NO-

2/ml, following Beer's Law throughout this range (0 to 1.0 absorbance units). Under the specified conditions of 50 ml of

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absorbing reagent, a sampling rate of 200 cm3 /min for 24 hours, and a sampling efficiency of 0.82, the range of the method is, therefore, 9 to 420 µg/NO2/m

3 (0.005 to 0.22 ppm). Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the range of 420 to 750 µg/m3 (0.22 to 0.4 ppm) are accurately measured by 1:1 dilution of the collected sample.

b) Based on results from a collaborative study, the within laboratory standard deviation is 8 µg/m3 (0.004 ppm) and the between laboratory standard deviation is 11 µg/m3 (0.006 ppm) over the range of 50 to 300 µg NO2/m

3 (0.027 to 1.16 ppm). c) Based on results from a collaborative study, the method has an average bias of -3%

over the range of 50 to 300 µg NO2/m3 (0.027 to 0.16 ppm).

c) Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/ PM10) in Ambient Air PM10 are the particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10

m size is a fraction of the particulate matter suspended in air and it represents the fraction that is considered to enter the respiratory system. Sources of PM10 include road dust, emission from petrol and diesel exhaust, construction and fireplaces. PM10 may also be formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, SOx, organics) and from incomplete combustion of any fuel. Monitoring of RSPM is carried out for 24 hours with 8-hourly sampling. RSPM is measured gravimetrically with GFA/EPM 2000 filter paper using respirable dust sampler. In a gravimetric method, air is drawn at a flow rate which is typically 1.1 m3/min through a size-selective inlet wherein the particulate matter is fractionated in two aerodynamic diameter size ranges, 0-10 micro meter called RSPM of PM10 and above 10 micro meter called coarse fraction. The PM10 is collected on a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in) filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of PM10 is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled. d) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in Ambient Air (The parameter is eliminated in revised standards, November 2009)

SPM are particulate/aerosol having diameter less than 100m that tend to remain suspended in the atmosphere for a long period of time. Sea salt, soil dust, volcanic particles and smoke from forest fires are the natural sources of total suspended particulates. Fossil fuel burning and industrial processes are the anthropogenic sources of suspended particulate matter. Monitoring of SPM is carried out for 24 hours with 8-hourly sampling. SPM is measured gravimetrically with GFA/EPM 2000 filter paper using high volume sampler.

For measurement of SPM, ambient air is drawn into a covered housing of HVS through a 20.3 x 25.4 cm (8 x 10") Whatman GF/A or EPM pre weighed glass fiber filter paper at a flow rate of 1.1 to 1.5 cubic meters per minute. The main housing should be rectangular (29 cm x 36 cm) and must be provided with a gable roof having 45o to the horizontal so that the filter is protected from precipitation and particles less than 100 µm size are only collected on the filter surface. Particles within the size range of 100 to 0.1 µm are ordinarily collected on glass fiber filter. The mass concentration of SPM in the ambient air, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter is calculated by measuring the mass of collected particulate and the volume of air drawn. e) Particulate Matter (Particle Size < 2.5) –PM2.5 in Ambient Air The Particulate Matter in ambient air (aerodynamic size <2.5 or in atmosphere, is measured by an electrically powered air sampler draws ambient air at a constant

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volumetric flow rate of 16.7 LMP (1 m3/h) maintained by a mass flow controller coupled to a microprocessor into specially designed inertial particle-size separator (cyclones or impactors) where PM2.5 is separated and collected on a 47 mm poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter over a specified sampling period. Each filter is weighed before and after sample collection to determine the net mass of PM2.5 collected on filter paper. The mass concentration in the ambient air is computed as the total mass of collected PM2.5 divided by the actual volume of air sampled, and is expressed in μg/m3. f) Ammonia (NH3) in Ambient Air The Ammonia (NH3) content in atmosphere/in ambient air is measured by Indophenol method (Method 401, Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd Edition). Ammonia in the atmosphere/in ambient air is collected by bubbling a measured volume of air through a dilute solution of sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate. In a procedure, place 10 ml of absorbing solution in an impinger and sample for one hour at the flow rate of 1 to 2 L/min. After sampling measure the volume of sample and transfer to a sample storage bottle. Finally this can be further transfer to the sample bottle to a 25 ml glass

stopper graduated cylinder. Maintain all the solutions and sample at 25 C. Add 2 ml buffer. Add 5 ml of working phenol solution, mix, and fill to about 22 ml. Add 2.5 ml of working hypochlorite solution and rapidly mix. Dilute to 25 ml, mix and store in the dark for 30 minutes to develop colour. The ammonium sulphate formed in the sample is analyzed calorimetrically by reaction with phenol and alkaline sodium hypochlorite to produce indophenol. The reaction is accelerated by the addition of sodium nitroprusside as catalyst. Measure the absorbance of the solution at 630 nm on a spectrophotometer using 1 cm cells. Prepare a reagent blank and field blank and measure the absorbance as done in the analysis of samples. g) Toxic or Heavy Metals –Arsenic, Lead and Nickel (As, Pb & Ni) in Ambient Air The monitoring of Arsenic, Lead and Nickel contents in aerosol of ambient air/atmosphere is measured in particulate matter (PM10 fraction of the particulate

matter) having aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 m and it is fraction of the particulate matter suspended in air and it represents the fraction that is considered to enter the respiratory system. Sources of PM10 include road dust, emission from petrol and diesel exhaust, construction and fireplaces. PM10 may also be formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, SOx, organics) and from incomplete combustion of any fuel. Monitoring of RSPM/PM10 is carried out for 24 hours with 8-hourly sampling. RSPM is measured gravimetrically with EPM 2000 filter paper using respirable dust sampler. The PM10 is collected on a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in) filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of PM10 is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled. After sampling filters are kept in the envelope marked with necessary identification information and kept in the cool place /refrigerator in the lab (20-25 0C). After collecting samples, transport the filters to the laboratory, taking care to minimize contamination and loss of the sample. The filters should be transported or

shipped in a shipping envelope. Store these envelopes at approximately 30C until taken out for analysis. The maximum sample holding times is usually 180 days. Analyze the samples within 180 days. The collected sample on glass fiber filters may be extracted by either hot acid procedure or by microwave extraction (Method IO-3.1). Extracted samples are used for the analysis using flame AAS procedure or furnace

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AAS procedure (Method IO-3.2). Arsenic is analyzed by Flame–VGA. For Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni), the wavelength required for analysis is 217nm and 232nm respectively. Where as in case of Arsenic (As), the VGA should attach with Flame and the wavelength required for analysis is 193.7nm. As a general rule, samples that can be analyzed by flame or furnace may be more conveniently run with flame since flame atomic absorption is faster, simpler and has fewer interference problems. Tube life depends on sample matrix and atomization temperature. A conservative estimate of tube life is about 50 firings. Read the metal value in μg/L from the calibration curve or directly from the read-out of the instrument. h) Benzo(a)Preen (Bap) in Ambient Air The Benzo(a)Preen (Bap) content in atmosphere/in ambient air, is measured by the monitoring of aerosol (Particulate Matter) of ambient air/atmosphere. Benzo (a) Pyrene is one of the most important constituent of PAH compounds and also one of the most potent carcinogens. This can be measured in both particulate phase and vapor phase. In the vapor phase the concentration of B(a)p is significantly less than the particulate phase. Therefore more care to be taken for the measurement of Benzo (a) Pyrene in the particulate phase. The particulate phase of Benzo(a)pyrene is measured in particulate matter (PM10 fraction of the particulate matter) having aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10

m size of the particulate matter suspended in air and it represents the fraction that is considered to enter the respiratory system. Sources of PM10 include road dust, emission from petrol and diesel exhaust, construction and fireplaces. PM10 may also be formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, SOx, organics) and from incomplete combustion of any fuel. Monitoring of RSPM/PM10 is carried out for 24 hours with 8-hourly sampling. RSPM is measured gravimetrically with EPM 2000 filter paper using respirable dust sampler. The PM10 is collected on a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in) filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of PM10 is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled. Filter papers (half of all thee filters papers collected in a day) are finely cut into strips using the scissor and the same is transferred into 250 ml beaker. Add ~50 ml of Toluene (pesticide /GC/HPLC grade). These samples are extracted with toluene using ultra sonic bath for about 30 minutes & repeated twice (50ml x 2 times) for complete extraction. Alternatively sample can be extracted using soxhlet extraction apparatus for about 8 hrs with Toluene twice. Extracted samples were Filtered using glass funnel with Whatman filter paper no.41 containing 2 gm of Anhydrous Sodium sulphate to get dryness (free from the moisture). After filtration, the filtrate taken in the round bottom flask and kept in the rotary evaporator for concentrating the filtrate up to 2ml volume of final Extract. The final volume of 2ml concentrated sample is passed through a silica gel column chromatography /Solid phase extraction (SPHE) column for cleaning the sample impurities. Add 5 ml of cyclohexane at least 3 times for complete elution from the column. Collect the sample in the 25 ml beaker. The Cleaned up extract/filtrate (approximately 17 ml) is concentrated using rotary evaporator and it is then evaporated to nearly dryness with Nitrogen. After dryness, the sample is re-dissolved in 1ml of toluene and the same is transferred into 4 or 5 ml amber vials for final analysis on Gas Chromatography (GC).

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i) Measurement of Benzene in ambient air by photo ionization detector a) Monitoring of benzene in ambient air by BTEX analyzer:

It is based on chromatographic separation in the gaseous phase coupled with photo ionization detector (PID) for detection. The ambient air is drawn into the sampling tube containing an adsorbent for aromatics and volatile compounds. The adsorbed compounds are thermally desorbed and separated in the chromatographic column by programmed heating. The compounds are subsequently detected and quantified by PID. The result is displayed on the screen. Nitrogen is used as carrier gas. BTEX analyzers are commercially available from a number of manufacturers. These analyzers must be operated in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and instrument-specific operating procedures.

b) Measurement of Benzene in ambient air: manual method Manual method for measurement of ambient air benzene is based on adsorption of volatile organic compounds on adsorbing column. These compounds are then thermally desorbed or extracted and subsequently detected/determined by gas chromatography. Follow the operating instruction manual of the VOC sampler for sample collection and that of GC for detection.

j) Measurement of Ozone in ambient air Ozone is a highly reactive, colorless gas. It must be measured at the sampling location, as samples cannot be taken back to a laboratory for analysis. Three measurement methods are prescribed in NAAQS- 2009.

a) U V photometric

b) Chemiluminescence

c) Chemical method The UV photometric method This is based on the attenuation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by ozone. Ozone exhibits a strong absorption band in the ultraviolet region at 254 nm. This feature is the basis of the photometric measurement method for ozone. Other species present in the atmosphere such as aromatic hydrocarbons also absorb at or near 254 nm, and so represent potential interferences to the method. The commercially-available instruments compensate for this possible interference by comparing the absorbance of the sample with the absorbance of air in which the ozone has been catalytically reduced to molecular oxygen (O2); consequently attenuation of the UV light due to non-ozone species is taken into account. A range of ambient ozone analyzers are commercially available. These UV methods must be operated in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and instrument-specific operating procedures. The Chemiluminescence method The chemiluminescence method for O3 is based on direct gas phase reaction of O3 with olefin to produce electronically excited products, which decay with the emission of light. When ozone reacts with ethylene gas, an olefin, electronically excited formaldehyde is produced. As this excited species returns to the ground state, it gives off light in a band centered at 430 nanometers (nm) in proportion to the amount of ozone present. This chemiluminescence can be measured using a photomultiplier tube, and the concentration of ozone is calculated. Any other measurement method or instrument

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must be compared against the reference method, and must perform on a par with the reference method to be deemed equivalent. Humidity causes a positive bias in chemiluminescence methods. This can be compensated for the areas of high humidity, the interference has been problematic and the debate continues as to the instrument’s complete reliability for such an important purpose. Because the reference method uses a potentially flammable gas as a reactant, and because there is an equivalent method for directly measuring ozone, chemiluminescence-based monitors are seldom used for routine air monitoring. Chemical method This method is based on libration of iodine when micro-amounts of ozone and the oxidants are absorbed in a 1% solution of potassium iodide buffered at pH 6.8 + 0.2. The iodine is determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorption of triiodide ion at 352 nm. The stoichiometry is approximated by the following reaction: O3 + 3 KI + H2O --> KI3 + 2 KOH + O2

PROCEDURE: Assemble a train consisting of a rotameter, U-tube with chromium trioxide paper

(optional), midget impinger, needle valve or critical orifice (1) and pump. Connections upstream from the impinger should be ground glass or inert tubing but joined with polyvinyl tubing. Fluorosilicon or fluorocarbon grease should be used sparingly. Pipette exactly 10 ml of the absorbing solution into the midget impinger. Sample at a rate of 0.5 to 3 L/min for up to 30 min. The flow rate and the time of sampling should be adjusted to obtain a sufficiently large concentration of oxidant in the absorbing solution. Approximately 1 µl of ozone can be obtained in the absorbing solution at an atmospheric concentration of 0.01 ppm by sampling for 30 min at 3 L/min. Calculate the total column of the air sample. Also measure the air temperature and pressure. Do not expose the absorbing reagent to direct sunlight.

Measurement of Color – If there is evaporation of the absorbing solution during sampling; add water to bring the liquid volume to back to 10 ml before making colour measurement

Within 30 to 60 minutes after sample collection, read the absorbance in a cuvette or

tube at 352 nm against a reference cuvette or tube containing water.

Blank Correction - Measure the absorbance of the unexposed reagent and subtract the value from the absorbance of the sample.

Calibration and Standardization

Calibrating solutions are made up to 10 ml to facilitate the calculations: Obtain a range of calibration points containing from 1 µl to 10 µl of ozone

equivalent per 10.0 ml of solution. Prepare by individually adding 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 mL of the calibrating iodine solution to 10.0 ml volumetric flasks. Bring each to the calibration mark with absorbing reagent.

Read the absorbance of each of the prepared calibration solutions Plot the absorbance of the obtained colors against the concentration of O3 in

µl/10 ml absorbing reagent. Draw a straight line through the origin giving the best fit, or fit by least squares. Do not extrapolate beyond the highest concentration.

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CALCULATIONS

Standard conditions are taken as 101.3 kPa and 25oC, at which the molar gas volume is 24.47 liters.

Record the volume of sample collected in liters. Generally the correction of the sample volume to standard conditions is slight and may be omitted. However, for greater accuracy corrections may be calculated by means of the perfect gas laws.

The total µl of O3/10 ml of reagent are read from the calibration curve. The concentration of O3 in the gas phase in µl/l or ppm is calculated by Total µl

ozone per 10 ml divided by Volume of air sample, L and the concentration of O3 in terms of µg/m3 at 101.3 kPa and 25oC is obtained when desired from the value of µl/l by dividing ppm x 48.00 x 103 24.47=1962 x ppm.

K) Measurement of Carbon monoxide in ambient air by non-dispersive

infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy: In NDIR based ambient CO analyzers, the spectrometer measures the absorption by

CO at 4.7 m. The detector signal is led to an amplifier control section and the analyzer output measured on a display/meter. NDIR based ambient CO analyzers are commercially available from a number of manufacturers. These analyzers must be operated in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and instrument-specific operating procedures. Some analyzers use different cells for standard reference gas and sample gas; some others use gas filter correlation to compare the IR absorption spectrum between the measured gas and other gases present in the sample, in a single sample cell. The CO analyzer can be calibrated using certified standard cylinders of CO and following the instructions contained in the instrument’s instruction manual. MEASUREMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS: The measurement of meteorological parameters in ambient air (relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, wind direction. Ambient temperature and Relative Humidity: Install the temperature and hygrometer sensors in such a way that these are protected from direct sun rays, however, well ventilated hood provided by the manufacturer. A regular cleaning schedule as prescribed by the manufacturer should be maintained. Wind Speed and wind direction: Wind direction is detected by wind vane. The head of the arrow indicates the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind direction can either be recorded in degree (0-360) or on 16 point of compass (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, NNW). The wind speed is normally measured by cup anemometer. The unit of measurement may be km/h or m/s. `Some manufacturers supply wind vane and cup anemometer for mounting on single rotor/mast other may supply separate rotors/masts. Selecting the Site of Operation: In general, anemometers are designed to record the wind conditions are over a given large areas. In order to obtain comparable values for the determination of surface wind, measurements should be made at a height of 10 meters over open level terrain. Open level terrain is defined as an area where the

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distance between the anemometer and an obstruction amounts to at least 10 times the height of the obstruction. If, this condition cannot be met, then the anemometer should be set up at such a height where the measured values are, to the greatest extent possible, not influenced by local obstructions (approximately 6-10 meters above the obstruction).The anemometer should be installed in the middle of flat roofs - not at the edge - in order to avoid a possible bias to one direction or the other. Installing the Cup Anemometer – Follow the instructions mentioned in the instruction manual. Align the wind vane to north direction accurately. Note: For detailed procedure/methods, it can be referred to CPCB Website: www:cpcb.nic.in/ 1.Volume –I: Guidelines for manual sampling and analyses (along with sample flow chart and data sheets); 2. Volume-II: Guidelines for continuous sampling and real time analyses 3. Volume-III: Reference methods for manual sampling and analyses (compilation) 4. Volume-IV: Reference methods for continuous sampling and real time analyses (compilation) Note: Guidelines are laboratory and infrastructure specific thus may not be applicable uniformly and need to develop based on infrastructure and expertise.

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