national aeronautics and space administrationairborne hazards airspace hazards ground hazards manned...
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National Aeronautics and Space Administrationhttps://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180001929 2020-07-05T17:13:40+00:00Z
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FAA Small UAS forecast – 7M total, 2.6M commercial by 2020
Vehicles are automated and airspace integration is necessary
New entrants desire access and flexibility for operations
Current users want to ensure safety and continued access
Regulators need a way to put safety structures in airspace
Operational concept being developed to address beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) UAS operations at low altitude in uncontrolled airspace using UTM construct
Low Altitude UAS Operations
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Challenges with Expanding Operations
Visual Line of Sight14 CFR Part 101(e) [Hobbyists]
14 CFR Part 107 [Commercial]
No Operations over PeopleDaylight Only
Up to 400 ft AGLOperation in controlled
airspace allowed
Command and Control
Aircraft Performance
Separation
Operations over People
Awareness
Weather
Beyond Visual Line of SightOperations Near
Airports
Tracking and UAS Identification
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UTM is an “air traffic management” ecosystem for uncontrolled operations
UTM utilizes industry’s ability to supply services under FAA’s regulatory authority where these services do not exist
UTM development will ultimately identify services, roles/responsibilities, information architecture, data exchange protocols, software functions, infrastructure, and performance requirements to enable the management of low-altitude uncontrolled UAS operations
UTM addresses critical gaps associated with lack of support for small UAS
What is UAS Traffic Management?
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UTM Principles (a.k.a Things That UTM Will Help With)
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UTM Services
Authorization/Authentication Airspace configuration and static and dynamic geo-fence definitions Track and locate Communications and control (spectrum)Weather and wind prediction and sensing Conflict avoidance (e.g., airspace notification) Demand/capacity management Large-scale contingency management (e.g., GPS or cell outage)
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Technical Capability Level 3 Flight Test
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Evaluate the feasibility of multiple BVLOS operations near airports and in suburban
environments using a UTM research platform
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Parcel Delivery
Real Estate Photography
Operations near airports
Remote Identificatio
n
Cell Tower InspectionTraffic Monitoring
Infrastructure Inspection
Contingency Management
Weather Services
Airspace / Ground
Constraints
Operations over populated areas
Technical Capability Level 3 Research Areas for BVLOS Ops
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DSRC
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Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
Direct C2Distributed C2
4G LTE
Augmented Navigation
Detect and Avoid
Ground Radar
Airborne Radar
Obstacle Avoidance
USS 1 USS 2Inter-USS
Communication
FIMS
Technical Capability Level 3 Flight Tests
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TCL 3 Demonstration DAT/CON Tests
• CON1: BVLOS Landing• CON2: Contingency Initiation• CON3: Public Portal• CON4: Multiple TCL 2/TCL 3
Operations for a Sustained Period
• CON5: FIMS/USS Interaction When a Vehicle Heads Towards Controlled or Unauthorized Airspace
• DAT1: End-to-end UREP• DAT2: FIMS failover• DAT3: USS failover• DAT4: UAS ID • DAT5: USS-USS Negotiation• DAT6: Wx Service
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NASA UTM Research PlatformKey implementation choices
REST APIs + JSON Data Exchanges• Key Internet Technologies• Easy to implement, test, deploy, maintain• Code generation from documentation
Cloud Native• Infrastructure as code• Elasticity of resources• Natural parallel environments
Security Baked In• Continuous Integration, Continuous Deployment• Static Code Analysis with quality gates• Threat Modeling• NASA Secure Coding Practices• Data Classification
Volume-Based Operations• Naturally fits sUAS paradigm• Intuitive strategic conflict management• GeoJSON supports design goals
Delegated Authority• USSs will eventually do as much as possible• Does not add burden to existing NAS• Phased deployment of responsibilities
Rules-based Environment• USSs as a collective manage operations• Each USS arrives at same conclusions• Automation supports rapid decisions
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NASA-FAA Data Working Group
• Traditionally “ahead” of other working groups
• Bi-weekly tagups
• Core group designing and running UTM Pilot Program
• NASA develops and test concepts
• FAA reviews and prepares for palatability to NAS
• Tight interactions with other Working Groups
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Local USS Network
• The LUN is a concept to allow the scoping of data exchanges between USSs, discovery of USS Instances by stakeholders, and for operators to understand the coverage areas of a USS.
• There are multiple approaches to implementing the LUN concept.
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Position Sharing• A USS MUST collect position updates from all ACTIVE Part 107X operations. • A USS MUST provide access to all Part 107X operation position updates to FIMS upon request per
the [USSREQ-API]. • A USS MUST provide access to position updates for a Part 107X operation (Operation A) to another
USS upon request when that second USS has an active operation with an operation volume intersecting Operation A's operation volumes. (NOTE: 4D intersection)
• A USS MUST provide access to position updates (if available) to its LUN for all operations in the ROGUE or NONCONFORMING states.
Continuous Position reporting
USS A
USS B
USS C
LUN
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Strategic DeconflictionFor TCL3, Strategic Conflict Management is achieved through RESTful data exchanges and HTTP response codes
HTTP 204: No problem with your plan, thanks.
HTTP 409: Conflict with one of my plans.
In a conflict scenario, negotiation may occur to deconflict while allowing both operations to execute.
Exploring an additional architecture in TCL3 at one test site for comparison
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Separation Challenges
Airborne Hazards
Airspace Hazards
Ground Hazards
Manned and unmanned aircraft
Man-made Structures, Terrain, Foliage, Moving Ground Objects
Authorized Airspace, “No Fly Zones”, “No Land Zones”
WeatherCommunication
Navigation
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UREPs: UAS Reports
• Modeled on PIREP concept• Uses the complete PIREP model
for wx elements• Adds model for airspace sightings• May be extended to report other
elements to support traffic flow management
• Would support automated, frequent reports from multiple clients allowing UAS to become sensors within UTM
UREPService
USS
UREPClient
UREP:54°F, WIND 30° 5kn
GCS
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Strategic Separation Tactical Separation
Strategic Conflict Management Separation Provision Collision Avoidance
UTM
USS / SDSP
Scheduling Conformance Monitor
Airspace Constraints Separation Provision Conflict Alert
Ground Constraints Dynamic Re-routing
Operation Notice UAS Operator Report (UREP)
UAS Operator
/ UASFlight Planning Flight Volume
Containment
Visibility and Audible Enhancements
Cooperative De-confliction (Air-to-Air)
Position Broadcast Non-cooperative De-confliction (Air-to-Air)
Ground Surveillance Obstacle Avoidance
ATM Other
Airspace Users
Flight Planning
Radio Communication
Position Broadcast See and Avoid
Data Communication
Airspace Hazards
Airborne Hazards
Ground Hazards
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In-flight EmergenciesDRAFT REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCIES• A USS MUST provide access to position updates (if available) for
operations that it manages to its LUN for all operations in the ROGUE or NONCONFORMING states.
• A USS MUST send a message to its LUN when an in-flight emergency is determined for an operation under its management.
• A message describing an operation in an urgency condition MUST denote a severity level lower than EMERGENCY according to the UTM API documentation.
• A message describing an operation in a distress condition MUST denote a severity level of EMERGENCY.
• A USS MUST update the operation plan of an operation under its management that enters or exits an in-flight emergency state.
We discussed and verbally agreed in meetings to elevate a NC or ROGUE operation to a priority operation. This would trigger the requirement to share position data.
Stay connected and track vehicles
Recognize urgency and distress conditions
Notify LUN of such conditions
Notify LUN of operation end
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Escalation of Risk
Conflict Alert Dynamic Re-routing
Detect and Avoid Obstacle Avoidance
StrategicConflict
Management
Approx. Timeto Collision
3 - 1 minutes 1 min – 20 sec 20-0 sec
Resolve conflict and minimize deviation from mission Remain safely separated Avoid collision
Plan mission withminimal conflicts
Pre-flight
Conflict management timeline could be slightly different based on target (unmanned, manned, obstacles)Conflict management timeline could compress (or expand) based on density of operations and mission characteristics (e.g. cruise speed)