national academy of sciencesannualmeetingvol. 66, 1970 n. a. s. annual m1eeting 1970 225...

National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

The 107th Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences was held onApril 27-29, 1970, in Washington, D.C. Academy Awards were presented at aceremony held in the Great Hall on Monday evening. The presentation wasfollowed by an informal reception for members and their guests in honor of theaward recipients. At the Academy Dinner on Tuesday night, Barnaby C.Keeney, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, was theguest speaker. Scientific sessions were comprised of symposia, sessions of in-vited papers, and contributed papers. Abstracts of contributed papers andgroups of invited papers appear in this issue.

PRESENTATION OF ACADEMY AWARDS

George P. Merrill Award

KLAUS KEIL, University of New Mexico

National Academy of Sciences Award in Microbiology

EARL REECE STADTMAN, National Heart and Lung Institute

U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology

ARMIN DALE KAISER, Stanford University

Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal

THOMAS FRANCIS, JR. (Posthumous presentation), University of Michigan

Mary Clark Thompson Medal

RAYMOND CECIL MOORE, University of Kansas

J. Lawrence Smith Medal

EDWARD PORTER HENDERSON, Smithsonian Institution

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222 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.

Monday Morning:

SYMPOSIUM ON THE CRISIS IN FEDERAL FUNDING OF SCIENCE

CURRENT PROBLEMS

Moderator: HARVEY BROOKSHarvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts

WILLIAM G. ANLYAN, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

HERBERT E. CARTER, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

CARL M. YORK, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D. C.

VICTOR F. WEISSKOPF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

YARON EzRAHI, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

FUTURE COURSES

Moderator: EMANUEL R. PIoREInternational Business Machines Corporation

Armonk, New York

IVAN L. BENNETT, JR., New York University Medical Center, New York, New York

CHARLES V. KIDD, The Association of American Universities, Washington, D. C.

PHILIP ABELSON, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C.

ALAN PIFER, Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York

PATRICK E. HAGGERTY, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Dallas, Texas

INVITED PAPERS ON PHYSICAL METHODS IN STEROIDS

Chairman: FREDERICK T. WALLAmerican Chemical Society

Washington, D. C.

JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH, M. JAUTELAT, M. T. MESSE, R. A. SMITH, and F. J.WEIGERT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Carbon-13 Mag-netic Resonance for Structural Analysis of Steroids.

CARL DJERASSI, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Recent Applications of MassSpectrometry in the Steroid Field.

PIERRE CRABBE, Research Laboratories, Syntex, S. A., Mexico City, Mexico: Some NovelOptical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Studies in the Steroid Field.

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VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL M1EETING 1970 223

Monday Afternoon:

SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS GENOME EFFECTS INNORMAL AND CANCER CELLS

Chairman: ROBERT J. HUEBNER

GORDON M. TOMKINS, San Francisco Medical Center, University of California, SanFrancisco, California: Censorship of Genetic Information: Gene Regulation in Mam-malian Cells.

SOL SPIEGELMAN, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, NewYork, New York: A Molecular Approach to the Oncogenic RNA Viruses.

MAURICE GREEN, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri: DNAand RNA Viral Gene Expression in Cell Transformation and Cancer.

ROBERT J. HUEBNER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: Is Cancer Dueto an Inherited RNA Viral Genome?

PETER BENTVELZEN, Radiobiological Institute of the Organization for Health ResearchTNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Genetic Transmission of Mammary Tumour Incit-ing Viruses in Alice.

INVITED PAPERS ON THE BARBADOS SEA-AIR EXPERIMENT OF 1969AND THE PROBING OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY

REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

Chairman: THOMAS F. MALONEThe Travelers Insurance Company

Hartford, Connecticut

JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND, Environmental Science Services Administration, Rockville, Mary-land: An Overview of the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experi-ment.

RICHARD J. REED, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: New Perspectives onthe Structure and Organization of Tropical Weather Systems.

DAVID ATLAS, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois: Ultra-High Resolution Atmos-pheric Radar Probing.

C. GORDON LITTLE, Environmental Science Services Administration Research Labora-tories, Boulder, Colorado: Multistation Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo-Soundingof the Atmosphere.

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Wednesday Morning:

SYMPOSIUM ON AIDS AND THREATS TOSOCIETY FROM TECHNOLOGY

Chairman: RUSSELL E. TRAINCouncil on Environmental Quality

Washington, D. C.

J. ERIK JONSSON, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, and Mayor, Dallas, Texas: Prioritiesof Attack on Urban Problems.

T. Y. LIN, University of California, Berkeley, California: Recent Technological Develop-ments in Housing Construction.

IRVING K. Fox, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Gamesmanship in theMaking of Standards of Tolerance.

ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, State of California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California:A Message from the Smog Capitol of the World.

GEORGE S. BENTON, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland: Carbon Dioxidein the Atmosphere and its Role in Climatic Change.

J. GEORGE HARRAR, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York: The Global FoodSupply.

JAMES V. NEEL, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan: TheThreat of Chemical Mutagenesis to Man.

INVITED PAPERS ON AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN AND HEPATITIS

Chairman: CECIL JAMES WATSONUniversity of Minnesota Medical Unit

Minneapolis, Minnesota

BARUCH S. BLUMBERG, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:Persistence of Australia Antigen and its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis.

LEWELLYS F. BARKER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: AustraliaAntigen. Isolation, Purification and Physical Properties.

W. THOMAS LONDON, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:Transmission of Australia Antigen to Man and Non-Human Primates.

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VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL M1EETING 1970 225

Wednesday Morning:

INVITED PAPERS ON DNA

Chairman: JAMES D. EBERTCarnegie Institution of Washington

Baltimore, Maryland

ROY J. BRITTEN, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C.: DiscreteComponents of the Repetitive DNA of Higher Organisms.

JOSEPH G. GALL and MARY Lou PARDUE, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut:Nucleic Acid Hybridization in Cytological Preparations.

DONALD D. BRowN, IGOR B. DAWID, and RONALD H. REEDER, Carnegie Institution ofWashington, Baltimore, Maryland: The Isolation and Characterization of the Genesfor Ribosomal RNA from the Amphibian Xenopus leavis.

OSCAR L. MILLER, JR. and BARBARA R. BEATTY, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, Tennessee: Visualization of Nucleolar Genes at Work.

Wednesday Afternoon:

INVITED PAPERS ON CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES INBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Chairman: DAviD E. GREENUniversity of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin

JOHN H. YOUNG, GEORGE A. BLONDIN, G. VANDERKOOI, and DAVID E. GREEN, Uni-versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Conformational Model of Active Transport.

BRITrON CHANCE, GEORGE RADDA, and CHUAN-PU LEE, University of PennsylvaniaMedical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Functionality of Membrane StructureChanges in Electron Transport and Energy Coupling.

MANUEL F. MORALES, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, SanFrancisco, California: Conformation and Displacement in Muscle Contraction.

LUBERT STRYER and ALAN S. WAGGONER, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut:Fluorescent Probes of the Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes.

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226 N. A. S. ANNLTAL MEETING 1970 PROC. N. A. S.


SYMPOSIUM ON ASTRONOMICAL TOPICS

Chairman: HERBERT FRIEDMANU. S. Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, D. C.

JAMES R. ARNOLD, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: ScientificResults from Apollo 11.

CHARLES H. TOWNES, University of California, Berkeley, California: Interstellar Poly-atomic Molecules.

J. BEVERLY OKE, Hale Observatories, Pasadena, California: Nuclei of Galaxies.

A. G. W. CAMERON, Yeshiva University, New York, New York; Physics of NeutronStars.

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Monday Afternoon:

CURT P. RICHTER, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland: Blood-Clock Barrier:Its Penetration by Heavy Water. (10 minutes)

S. J. SINGER, J. D. MCLEAN, K. TOKUYASU, and H. HIRANO, University of California,San Diego, La Jolla, California: The Staining of Specific Macromolecules for ElectronMicroscopy. (10 minutes)

HARRY F. HARLOW and STEPHEN J. SUOMI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-sin: Induction and Treatment of Psychiatric States in Monkeys. (10 minutes)

BERTA SCHARRER, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York: Ultrastruc-tural Study of the Sites of Origin and Release of a Cellular Product in the CorpusAllatum of Insects. (10 minutes)

LAWRENCE R. BLINKS, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove,California: The Reversal of Bio-Electric Potential of Valonia and Boergesenia byOxidants. (10 minutes)

ARTHUR D. HASLER, ROSS M. HORRALL, AIvARS B. STASKO, and ANDREW E. DIZON,University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Orientation Cues and Tracking ofMigrating Salmonid Fishes. (10 minutes)

RAYMOND M. Fuoss, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: A Two ParameterConductance Function. (10 minutes)

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VOL. 66, 1970 N. A. S. ANNUAL MEETING 1970 227

Wednesday Morning:

R. H. BURRIS and JUNE E. SUNDQUIST, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin:Light-Dependent Stuctural Changes in Isolated Chioroplasts. (10 minutes)

LEONARD S. LERMAN, c F. JORDAN, J. H. VENABLE, J&., and T. P. MANIATIS, Vander-bilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Introduced by Theodore T. Puck): A StructureTransition in DNA. (10 minutes)

DAVID P. C. LLOYD and A. E. U. EDISEN, Rockefeller University, New York, NewYork: Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putatively Cholinergic System. The Action of TM 10(Xylocholine) on Transmission to Sweat Glands. (10 minutes)

W. SHOCKLEY, Stanford University, Stanford, California: "Cooperative Correlation"Hypothesis for Racial Differences in Earning Power. (10 minutes)

ARTHUR R. JENSEN, University of California, Berkeley, California (Introduced byRalph W. Chaney): IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart. (10 minutes)


THOMAS GOLD, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York: The Present Understanding of the Pulsars. (10 minutes)

LAWRENCE H. ALLER and JOHN Ross, University of California, Los Angeles, Cali-fornia: Solar Abundance of Gallium and Other Rare Metals. (10 minutes)

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Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the Annual MeetingWashington, D. C., 27-29 April 1970

Invited Papers the trade wind inversion, and the tropo-pause will be discussed.

DAVID ATLASUniversity of Chicago

Ultra-High Resolution AtmosphericRadar Probing Australia Antigen: Isolation,

The recent development, by J. H. Rich- Purification, and Physical Propertiester of the Naval Electronics Laboratory The Australia antigen (Au) is locatedCenter, of a high sensitivity FM-CW radar on spherical and tubular particles with anwith range resolution of only im has opened average diameter of 200 A and with knob-up a wide-range of hitherto invisible at- like sub-units on the surface, 25-35 A inmospheric phenomena to "microscopic" diameter. The buoyant density of theexamination. The use of this technique, particle in cesium chloride is 1.21; it ap-though limited to regions of sharp re- pears to be composed predominantly offractive index (moisture and/or tempera- protein with a minor lipid component.ture) gradient, promises advances in No nucleic acid associated with the particlemeteorological knowledge comparable to has been detected. The antigen is re-those in medicine resulting from X-ray sistant to treatment with proteases, lipases,fluoroscopy. For example, the marine in- and nucleases and also to diethyl ether,version over San Diego has been detected fluorocarbon, and deoxycholate. Heatingroutinely in the form of remarkably thin for 16 hr at 56C or for 10 hr at 60C doesecho strata, sometimes thinner than the not destroy Au, but the antigen is de-im resolution, and having reflectivities stroyed by heating for 1 hr at 85C or10 to 100 times stronger than previously 10 min at 100C and by treatment with so-observed. The inversion and other de- dium dodecyl sulfate. Injection of serumtectable strata nearby are frequently or plasma containing Au is associated withmarked by long period gravity waves, and transmission of Au-positive hepatitis toby shorter period breaking waves. The the recipients. From human transmis-latter clearly show the sequence of wave sion studies, the diameter of serum hepati-amplification, vortex formation, and final tis virus has been estimated to be 260 Abreakdown to turbulence, and are thought or less. In other transmission studies,to represent our first view of the life cycle the infectivity of this virus in plasma sur-of clear air turbulence (CAT). Applica- vived heating for 4 hr at 60C, triple ex-tions to practical CAT detection await an traction with ether, ultraviolet irradiation,attainable increase in sensitivity. How- and betapropiolactone treatment. Theever, immediate application to monitoring incubation periods were longer after inocu-of the depth of the mixing layer for air lation of the same lot of treated than ofpollution prediction should be considered. untreated plasma, possibly reflecting par-Other scientific and practical uses con- tial inactivation of the virus by treatment.nected with the low level marine inversion, The size of Au as well as its stability bear

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striking resemblances to the properties of these groups the presence of the antigen isserum hepatitis virus gleaned from trans- associated with chronic anicteric hepati-mission studies in the past. If Au is lo- tis.cated on a virus particle, possible explana- Millions of asymptomatic people livingtions of its low density include: (1) the in the tropics have persistent Au(1) andpopulation of particles in serum is com- appear to be asymptomatic hepatitis car-posed predominantly of incomplete, non- riers. In these populations Au(1) appearsinfectious particles, or (2) this is a unique to be inherited as a autosomal recessivetype of infectious agent containing very trait.little nucleic acid. Some patients with chronic hepatitis

(chronic active hepatitis, persistent active

LationalInstitueWfealLFhepatitis) also have persistent AustraliaNational Institutes of Health antigen.

Persistence of Australia Antigen BARUCH S. BLUMBERGand Its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis Institute for Cancer Research

Australia antigen (Au(1)), which wefirst identified in serum in 1964, was found Discrete Components of the Repetitiveby 1966 to be associated with hepatitis. DNA of Higher OrganismsWe have been testing the hypothesis thatAu(1) is or is located on a hepatitis virus. Recent measurements indicate that theThe evidence in support of this includes: spectrum of repeated sequences of higher

(1) The association of Au(1) with acute organism DNA contains a few discreteand chronic hepatitis. components, each with a narrow range of

(2) On electron microscope examination repetition frequency (number of copies).Au(1) is a virus-like particle. Each of these components makes up a

(3) Using the immunofluorescence tech- significant fraction of the total DNA ofnique, material with what appears to be each cell. There is at present no explana-the same antigenic specificity as Au(1) tion or known function for these surprisingis found in the liver cells of patients with families of similar DNA sequences. How-hepatitis. ever, their discreteness supports the view

(4) Patients transfused with blood con- that they are introduced into the genometaining Au(1) may develop Au(1) in their in rather sudden events for which the nameblood, and hepatitis. "saltatory replication" has been suggested.

(5) Au(1) can be transmitted and pas- The table summarizes the observations forsaged to nonhuman primates. a few species that have been examinedAu(1) may appear in the blood of pa- in some detail. The green monkey coin-

tients with acute viral hepatitis (both in- ponent was first studied by J. Maio (pri-fectious and serum) early in the disease, vate communication). The guinea pigoften before the appearance of any other component was measured by Flamm et al.symptoms or findings. In most cases the (J. Mol. Biol., 42,441, 1969). The charac-antigen is transient and disappears within teristics of most of the components havedays or weeks. Patients with a variety of been measured after isolation by hydroxy-chronic diseases (Down's syndrome (mon- apatite fractionation of partially reas;-golism), lymphocytic leukemia, leproma- sociated sheared DNA. The accuracy fortous leprosy, chronic renal disease) when the quantities of the components is proba-exposed to Au(1) (either by transfusion or bly about 25%, while the frequencies areother routes) will develop Au(1) which may probably within a factor of 2. Closerpersist for months or years. In three of examination may show that some of the

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Per centof

nuclear Number of Complexity MeltingSpecies DNA copies (nucl. pairs) range

Calf 38 66,000 17,000 Broad5 1,000,000 (150) (

Sea urchin 3 14,000 1,600 Broad(Strongylocentrotus 10 1,200 60,000 Broadpurpuratus) 20 (50) 3,000,000 Broad

Human 10 300,000 1,000 Broad15 40,000 10,000 Broad3 (300) 400,000 (

Mouse 10 1,000,000 300 Narrow25 (1,000-10,000) ( ) Broad

Green monkey 20 1,500,000 450 Narrow30 ( ) ( ) Broad

Guinea pig 10 2,000,000 150 Narrow

The parentheses indicate less certain or unavailable data. The fourth column gives the basiclength of DNA sequence that is repeated in the component calculated from its rate of reassociation.Full length stretches of sequence of this size do not necessarily occur together in the DNA. In thelast column a broad melting range indicates a wide degree of divergence among the member se-quences of a component. A narrow range indicates a more homogeneous set which may neverthe-less not be perfect copies.

fractions contain several components. fold (Brown and Dawid, Science, 160,More components will probably be ob- 272 (1968); Gall, these PROCEEDINGS, 60,served if the degree of relationship is 553 (1968)) and the extra copies (amplifiedlowered. The listed components all form rDNA) are located in the multiple nucleolistrand pairs that are stable at tempera- of oocyte nuclei.tures within 200C of the melting tempera- Both amplified and chromosomal rDNAture of precisely base-paired DNA. have been isolated in pure form. They

R. J. BRITrEN differ slightly in two physical properties,RreiJnttBRITTENgotheir buoyant density and melting profiles.

Carnegie Institution of Washington These differences can be attributed to thefact that chromosomal rDNA containsabout 4.5% of its deoxynucleotides as

Isolation and Characterization of the 5-methyl deoxycytidylic acid (5-MeC)Genes for Ribosomal RNA from the while amplified rDNA contains no de-Amphibian Xenopus laevis. tectable 5-MeC residues. The over-all

base composition of either rDNA is 67%The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Xenopus GC (including 4.5% 5-MeC in the case of

laets, the South African clawed toad, chromosomal rDNA), compared to 40%contains the first genes which have been GC in bulk DNA of X. laevis. A modelpurified from animal cells. Its original of rDNA has been constructed which isisolation was made possible by the observa- based on the data obtained from four dif-tion of Wallace and Birnstiel (Biochim. ferent laboratories. The rDNA consistsBiophys. Acta, 114, 296 (1966)) that this of a repeating unit of about 9 X 106 daltonshomogeneous DNA component has a which recurs about 450 times at eachmuch higher buoyant density in CsCi nucleolar organizer region. About halfthan the bulk DNA of X. laevis. The of each repeating unit is a DNA sequencerDNA comprises about 0.2% of the chro- which is transcribed in vio into a 40Smosomal DNA of somatic cells (chromo- RNA molecule. This RNA is known tosomal rDNA). In oocytes of X. laevis, be a polycistronic precursor of 18S andthe rDNA is amplified about one-thousand- 28S rRNA in X. laevis. The other half

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of each repeating unit is not transcribed responds to a small-scale volume decrease,in vivo and has been termed "spacer" DNA. possibly due to extrusion of water.The model presents our estimates for the Increased H+ binding is closely relatedlengths and base composition of each re- to energy coupling but lags behind electrongion and for their arrangement in rDNA. flow, especially in membranes from photo-

synthetic bacteria, where fast electronIGIDRONALDD. BROWNE transfer occurs in 2 to 30 Msec, and H+

IGOR B.DAittRonaLh.nREDE binding in 800Bsec. TheH. binding mayCarnegie Institution of Washington arise from the changes in membrane struc-

ture that shift the pK's of membrane pro-teins and lipids to low values as, for exam-ple, in the shift of an imidazole pK in

The Functionality of Membrane the deoxygenation of hemoglobin -a "mem-Structure Changes in Electron brane Bohr effect."Transport and Energy Coupling Light-scattering changes resulting from

large-scale alterations in the matrix stateOvert signs of energy coupling are in- can be suppressed by appropriate anions

creased respiratory or electron flow rate, (I-, NO3-, C104-) in membrane fragmentsaltered oxidation-reduction states of the and may not be essential to energy coupling.electron carriers, increased H+ binding, Electron transport, and subsequent al-and altered light scattering of the mem- terations of membrane structure and pro-brane suspension. Intrinsic and extrinsic tonation reactions, appear essential to theprobes afford a correlation of these signs formation of chemical intermediates ofwith membrane structure changes. Simul- oxidative phosphorylation.taneously with the activation of energycoupling, anilino-naphthalene sulfonate BRDHUON CHANCE(ANS) binds to the membrane more tightly GEORGE RADDA, CHUANPU LEE(KD changes from 24 to 12 ,AM), doubles University of Pennsylvaniaits quantum efficiency of fluorescence, andincreases the lifetime of its relaxation from5 to '--7 nsec. However, the number ofANS binding sites (8 nmoles/mg protein), Some Novel Optical Rotatorythe wavelength maximum of its fluorescence Dispersion and Circular Dichroismemission (470 nm), and the extent of its Studies in the Steroid Fieldfluorescence depolarization (0.19) remainconstant. These results identify the en- In recent years important breakthroughsergized state of the membrane with some in the development of sophisticated in-altered, presumably more hydrophobic, strumentation for the investigation of themembrane environment. optical properties of active compoundsModel experiments with cytochrome c have radically altered the nature and scope

and cardiolipid vesicles identify both lipid of optical rotatory dispersion (RD) andand protein moieties as possible sites of circular dichroism (CD) in organic chem-ANS responses. istry. RD and CD can provide bothThe carotenoids of photosynthetic mem- structural and stereochemical information.

branes indicate an energized state by a Often these techniques will give informa-shift of their absorption bands to longer tion which, although limited, cannot bewavelengths. Similar shifts are observed obtained readily by any other method.when relatively small hydrostatic pres- The stereochemistry of the steroidalsures are applied to the membranes, in- polycyclic system is well established anddicating that the energized state cor- rather rigid, so that the RD and CD data

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obtained with steroids have not only re- In view of the broad range of applica-solved problems in this class of compounds, tions of RD and CD in the steroid group,but the observations made in this series one can anticipate future advances inhave led to general rules (e.g., the octant three major directions, namely the field ofrule and extensions, quadrant and sector instrumentation, new applications to stereo-rules, etc.). These rules have been suc- chemical problems related to all classes ofcessfully extrapolated to numerous other optically active substances and in theoreti-classes of optically active substances, such cal interpretations of experimentally ob-as terpenes, alkaloids, antibiotics, flavones, served phenomena.peptides, proteins, etc. PIERRE CRABBEIn this communication, some recent ob-

servations related to solvent effects will Research Laboratories, Syntex, S.A.be presented. An investigation of ketalformation of saturated ketones has shownthat the percentage of ketal formed stronglydepends on structural and stereochemical Recent Applications of Massfactors, as well as on the amount of water Spectrometry in the Steroid Fieldpresent in the reactive medium.A reinvestigation of the optical proper- Of all physical methods currently used

ties of various skewed steroidal dienes in- in steroid chemistry, mass spectrometrydicates that several factors have to be taken is the most recent one. It is rapidly be-into consideration, so that caution should coming an indispensable tool, principallybe exercised before drawing stereochemi- because a substantial amount of informa-cal conclusions from the sign of their tion has been accumulated in recent yearsCotton effect. by isotopic labeling about the course of

Allenes and cyclopropenones are shown the electron impact induced fragmentationto be inherently symmetric but asym- of steroids. The utility of the method willmetrically perturbed chromophores. be illustrated in conjunction with a recentSo far little attention has been paid to structural investigation (R. L. Hale, J.

the Cotton effects exhibited by optically Leclercq, B. Tursch, C. Djerassi, R. A.active allenes. This is partly due to the Gross, A. J. Weinheimer, K. Gupta andreduced number of such allenes which were P. J. Scheuer, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., inavailable in the past, as well as to the fact press) of the marine sterol gorgosterol.that previous RD and CD instruments In contrast to all other known sterols,could not reach the low wavelength region gorgosterol possesses a C11 (rather thanwhere this chromophore absorbs. The C8, C9 or Clo) side chain-a feature firstoptical properties of several steroidal al- recognized by mass spectrometry. Evenlenes prepared recently show at least one more striking is the observation that everymajor optically active absorption band carbon atom of the side chain possessesbetween 220 and 250 nm. The sign and a one-carbon branch-in other words thatthe intensity of the Cotton effects are gorgosterol contains carbon substitutionfunctions of the stereochemistry of the at positions 22 and 23-and that one ofallene itself, of its surrounding, as well as them is incorporated in a cyclopropaneof the nature of the substituents on the ring. While six structures are compati-allene chromophore. ble with the accumulated chemical andThe optical properties of various steroi- NMR spectral data, consideration of the

dal cyclopropenones have been investi- mass spectral fragmentation behavior leadsgated by RD and CD. Their ultraviolet to the conclusions that this marine steroltransitions are shown to be optically must possess the hitherto unprecedentedactive. structure I or II.

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human and mouse chromosomes in thenuclei of hybrid cells that contain chromo-somes from both organisms.

JOSEPH G. GALL, MARY Lou PARDUE

HO/WSJ Yale University

IAn Overview of the 1969 BarbadosOceanographic and MeteorologicalExperimentBOMEX had two distinct scientific

programs and, in addition, a major tech-nological objective.

HO The Sea-Air Interaction Program, con-H. ducted during May and June, sought to

measure the rate of transfer of energy fromCARL DJERASSI the sea to the atmosphere. The energy

Stanford University which drives the atmospheric circulationcomes principally from the Tropical oceansvia turbulent transfer of water vapor. In

Nucleic Acid Hybridization in order to introduce variable energy sourceCytological Preparations terms in the meteorological prediction

equations, it is necessary to test the param-eterization models which use conventional

Techniques have been worked out for meteorological observations as inputs.the hybridization of nucleic acids in solu- For this purpose a 50Okm square east oftion with the stationary DNA in a cy- Barbados was selected, simulating thetological preparation. Success has been elementary grid unit of a global observa-obtained both with DNA-DNA and with tion network, and was heavily instrumentedRNA-DNA hybrids. In the latter case using ships, aircraft, buoys, balloons, satel-hybrids have been formed with ribosomal lites and radars. In order to obtain pre-RNA and with complementary RNA syn- cise statistical data, complications due tothesized enzymatically from various DNA terrain and travelling weather disturbancesfractions. The localization of ribosomal were avoided in this first experiment ofcistrons has been investigated in the giant its type through the choice of location andpolytene chromosomes of Diptera and in season.the developing oogonia and oocytes of The Tropical Convection Program, con-Amphibia and several insects. The chro- ducted during July, sought to obtain first-mosomal location of the mouse satellite approximation descriptions of the three-DNA has been studied using both radio- dimensional structure of typical cloudactive DNA and complementary RNA groupings such as are seen regularly insynthesized tn vitro from the satellite DNA. satellite photographs. Some subset ofThe satellite DNA sequences are located these convective systems seems to accountin the heterochromatic blocks immediately for the entire upward transport of massadjacent to the centromeres on all of the required by the general circulation of thesomatic chromosomes. Satellite DNA is atmosphere over the equatorial half ofpresent on the X chromosome but is not the globe. Information on the dimen-detectable on the Y. Cytological hybridiza- sions, lifetimes, and amplitudes of thetion experiments permit the recognition of wind, temperature, humidity, and cloud

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fields is essential for the construction of is currently available by other techniques;relevant theoretical models. The ships this information is expected to providewere rearranged to cover a greater latitude totally new insight into the dynamics andrange, and the aircraft were employed in physics of localized severe storms.a flexible exploratory mode based on real- The second technique uses the back-time satellite information. scatter of acoustic waves by atmosphericThe technological objective was to ob- irregularities to continuously monitor the

tain critical data on system performance, structure of the lower atmosphere. Ex-needed for the design of future experiments amples of acoustic soundings during stableand networks. The relatively steady en- and unstable atmospheric conditions arevironment was favorable for the determina- given, and provide striking evidence oftion of accuracy, reliability and compati- the atmospheric structure during tempera-bility of the available measurement sub- ture inversion, thermal plume, and break-systems. BOMEX constituted a test ing wave conditions. It is expected thatof the concepts of organization, logistics, acoustic echo-sounding will find its primarycommunications control and data manage- role in the study of boundary layer profilesment as applied to this new type of ex- of wind and turbulence for use in air pollu-perimental research. tion studies.The program was an operational success. C. G. LrrrLE

Preliminary data samples analyzed so far C.oG.lLeTTvcindicate that the scientific programs will Environmental Science Servicesmeet their goals. Administration

JOSHUA Z. HOLLANDEnvironmental Science Services Transmission of Australia Antigen to

Administration Man and Non-Human Primates

We and others are testing the hypothesisMultistation Doppler Radar and that Australia antigen (Au(1)) is a virusAcoustic Echo-Sounding of the which can cause hepatitis. If this isAtmosphere correct, then Australia antigen must be

transmissible from man to man and mustThis paper describes two new advances replicate in the cells of the new host.

in remote sensing of the atmosphere. The Since Au(1) is also found in some non-first involves the use of two microwave human primates, the transmission and repli-Doppler radars to obtain echoes, from ap- cation of Au(1) in monkeys should alsoproximately orthogonal directions, of pre- occur.cipitation associated with localized con- Reports from many laboratories havevective storms. For each radar, the Dop- shown that transfusion of blood containingpler shifts of the echoes are used to derive Au(1) is associated with a 50-80% risktwo dimensional plots of the radial com- in the recipient of developing clinicalponent of the velocity, for each of several hepatitis and Au(1) in his blood. Thisheights. The data from the two radars risk is significantly greater than that ofis then combined to derive the vector wind developing hepatitis after receipt of bloodfield at each level in the region of the storm not containing Au(1). Although develop-scanned by both radars. Initial results ment of hepatitis and Au(1) in the bloodshow that the technique offers two to three is the most common result of Au(1) trans-orders of magnitude, more information fusion, the following may occur: (a) clini-on the three-dimensional wind field, and cal hepatitis without detectable Au(1);precipitation field in severe storms than (b) Au(1) without evidence of hepatitis;

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(c) antibody to Au(1) and clinical hepatitis; synthesized, newly-made portions are(d) anti-Au(1) without evidence of hepati- coated immediately with protein in atis; (e) development of neither detectable manner that prevents the RNA strandsantigen nor antibody and no evidence of from extending their full length. Thehepatitis. Barker et al. have shown that RNP fibrils are 50-100 A in diameter andhumans inoculated with a plasma pool are about 0.5 um long at the terminationdiluted 10-7 (pre-dilution Au(1) CF titer ends of the genes, indicating that com-1:10) still developed Au(1) in their blood. pleted precursor molecules are coiled within

Transmission studies in humans have their protein coats to give approximatelyused whole blood, whole serum, or dilutions an 11 :1 ratio of RNA to RNP fibril length.thereof. We have studied the transmis- Each RNP fibril is attached to a sphericalsion of partially purified Au(1) in African granule about 125 A in diameter locatedgreen monkeys (vervets). Two infant on the DNA axis. The 100 or so granulesvervets, 7 and 3 days old, were inoculated per gene thus occupy nearly half the totalwith Au(1) which had been partially puri- length of each gene and almost certainlyfied by column chromatography and sucrose are RNA polymerase molecules.gradient ultracentrifugation. The inocu- The repeating genes show the same po-lum for the second vervet was also treated larity along the DNA axis, and they arewith proteolytic, glycolytic, and lypolytic separated by inactive segments of DNAenzymes. Twenty-four hours after inocu- up to ten times the length of a single gene.lation more antigen was present in the Measurements of relative lengths of genesblood than could be accounted for by and adjacent segments show that the meandilution. One ml of serum from the second length of intergene segments is about two-vervet was inoculated into a third infant thirds that of an rRNA precursor gene,vervet. Forty-eight hours after inocula- indicating that about 60% of the nucleolartion Au(1) was detected by immunodiffu- DNA consists of precursor genes.sion and is still detectable more than thirty Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomicdays post inoculation. This Au(1) has Energy Commission under contract withbeen transmitted to vervets, replicated, the Union Carbide Corporation.and passaged. These experiments in con-jection with our other data support the 0. L. MILLER, JR.hypothesis that Au(1) is, itself, a virus and BARBARA R. BEATTYcapable of causing hepatitis in man. Oak Ridge National Laboratory

W. THOMAS LONDONInstitute for Cancer Research Conformation and Displacement

in Muscle ContractionVisualization of Nuclear Genesat Work Present evidence suggests that shortening

involves the relative translation of actinThe high degree of extrachromosomal and myosin filaments parallel to the fiber

amplification of nucleoli in amphibian axis, but the mechanism producing suchoocytes has allowed observation of the fine displacement is uncertain. Potentially,structure of the redundant genes coding substrate-coupled conformational changesfor rRNA precursor molecules. These in monomers of actin or of myosin couldgenes, each near 2.75 ,um long, can be be the cause. There is a growing catalogvisualized because approximately 100 RNA of such changes. Although actin clearlymolecules are synthesized simultaneously influences the pathway and rate of theon every gene. Protein-specific staining fuelling reaction (ATP hydrolysis) neithershows that as the RNA molecules are X-ray diffraction nor ATP spin-label stud-

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ies suggest that conformational changes First is the meteorological satellitein actin monomers produce the transla- which, through cloud photography andtion; however, spin labels on actin filaments remote sounding of temperature and mois-do assume different states when carried ture fields, is providing valuable new in-into the myosin filament region. By conformation on the characteristics andtrast, fluorescence, spin-label, chromo- organization of the tropical circulation.phoric probe, and transient kinetic methods Second is the application of spectrum andall show that the globular "heads" of cross-spectrum analysis to time series ofmyosin suffer conformational changes upon radiosonde data. This technique is yield-interaction with substrates or modifiers. ing quantitative information on the struc-Moreover, the positions of the radial pro- ture of large-scale disturbances which,jections of myosin molecules in filaments in conjunction with the satellite data, offersare different depending on whether the an improved basis for constructing the-fiber is relaxed, contracting, or in rigor. oretical models.Thus myosin behavior suggests that the The further exploitation of these de-relative translation results from cyclic, velopments and the observational resultsoar-like impulsions delivered by the pro- anticipated from BOMEX and similarjections on the surrounding actin filaments. future GARP field programs promise toHowever, the double filament array con- bring about a new level of understandingtracts isovolumically, thus requiring the of the tropical atmosphere by the end oftransverse distances between actin and the current decade. This understandingmyosin filaments to be variable. This will make possible the numerical predic-means "oars" would have to be double- tion of large scale motions in the tropicsjointed. Because this requirement is diffi- and in so doing will improve the accuracycult, the idea that translation occurs be- and extend the range of forecasts in middlecause of charge differences between fila- and high latitudes.ment arrays should not yet be discarded. RicHARD J. REEDIn summary, conformational changes occurin the macromolecules constituting the Universty of Washincontractile system, but it remains problem-atical whether they cause force-generationor displacement.

Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance forStructural Analysis of Steroids'

University of CaliforniaAlthough proton magnetic resonance

New Perspectives on the Structure has been of great value in structural studiesand Organization of Tropical of steroids, the relatively small range ofWeather Systems chemical shifts of most of the aliphatic and

alicyclic hydrogens, combined with theAnalysis and mathematical modeling manifold possibilities for spin-spin cou-

of weather systems have not advanced as pling, make the bulk of the steroid protonrapidly for the tropics as for middle lati- resonances virtually uninterpretable.2 Thetudes. In large measure the lag can be advent of practical systems for determina-attributed to the lack of an adequate ob- tion of 18C resonances with complete de-servational network in the tropics. Two coupling of the associated protons in organicrecent developments are helping to over- compounds' has revealed a high degree ofcome the data deficiency and are leading differentiation in the carbon resonances into significant new perspectives on tropical the common steroids-so much so thatweather patterns. with most steroids all of these resonances

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can be distinguished from one another 4Reich, H. J., M. Jautelat, M. T. Messe,even when as many as thirty different car- F. J. Weigert, and J. D. Roberts, J. Am. Chem.bons are present. Soc., 91,7445(1969).The assignment of the steroid carbon JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH,

resonances to specific carbons has been M. JAUTELATM. T. MESSE,achieved by correlation of shifts with sub- R. A. SMITH, F. J. WEIGERTstitution and special structural features, California Institute of Technologyspecific and off-resonance single-frequency Fluorescent Probes of thedecoupling and deuteration.4 Of particu- Structure and Dynamics oflar interest is the important role of steric Biological Membraneseffects, especially of 1,3-diaxial interac-tions, on the carbon shifts of steroids. Fluorescent and phosphorescent probes

Carbon-13 resonance spectroscopy clearly which have readily interpretable emissionhas great potential for structural studies properties can be specifically inserted intoof steroids as well as providing a nonde- biological macromolecules to reveal facetsstructive means of following biosyntheses of their structure and dynamics: (1)of steroids with other than a radioactive Proximity. Singlet-singlet and triplet-sin-label for carbon. This latter use can be glet energy transfer can serve as spectro-expected to become of substantial utility scopic rulers in the 10 to 65 A range,with the increase in sensitivity of detec- whereas triplet-triplet transfer can be usedtion of carbon resonance signals expected to show that two groups are less than aboutby use of the Fourier transform techniques. 12 X apart. (2) Rotational mobility. Nan-

osecond fluorescence polarization measure-

and the National Science Foundationb ments can reveal whether a macromolecular2 Bhacca, N. S. and D. H. Williams, "Ap- system has any modes of flexibility in times

plications of NMR in Organic Chemistry, of nanoseconds. (3) Polarity. The pres-Illustrations from the Steroid Field," Holden- ence of mobile dipoles in the environmentDay, Inc, San Francisco,1964.**'WeIger,* F.nc,. t a of certain chromophores is reflected inI Weigert, F. J., M. Jautelat, and J. D. terfursec unu il n msRoberts, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 66, 1152 their fluorescence quantum yield and emis(1968). sion spectrum.

0

R1-C- O-712]RC

I H3C CH3R22-C-0-\X\N

O Cu2

OIP-O CH2-CH--N-S= 0

0-~~~ 0I

0\N\ON\\\C/N\C/ \C/ \C/C\C/ 0

H3C\C\/C\/C\/C-C C\C \C \C C \C/ CC\COCCC~

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We have synthesized a number of new bilayers. Since under conditions of activefluorescent probes for biological mem- transport the ions move against a concen-branes. Dansyl phosphatidyl ethanol- tration gradient, there must be a compen-amine (I) and diphenylpyrazoline stearate sating electrical potential if the ions are(II) are readily incorporated into bilayer to move down an electrochemical gradient.vesicles composed of phosphatidyl choline. The present model possesses an in-In the vesicle, the dansyl chromophore of trinsic conceptual simplicity for it allowsI is located between the aqueous exterior one to distinguish between those factorsand the hydrocarbon interior of the mem- which determine the ionic equilibriumbrane. In contrast, the diphenylpyrazoline across the membrane, i.e., the thermo-group of II is in the hydrocarbon region. dynamic aspects of the problem, from thoseOther fluorescent labels can probe the factors which determine the approach toaqueous interface of the membrane. Thus, ionic equilibrium, i.e., the kinetic aspectsfluorescent chromophores can be selectively of the problem.placed in different transverse regions of J. H. YOUNG G. A. BLONDINbiological membranes.

G. VANDERKOO1, D. E. GREENALAN S. WAGGONER University of Wiconsin

LUBERT STRYERYale University

Conformational Model ofActive Transport Contributed Papers

According to the conformational model,the energy-yielding redox reactions in the The Solar Abundance of Galliummitochondrion are coupled to an energy- and Other Rare Metalsrequiring conformational transition. Bind-ing studies (mitochondria, submitochon- In the method of spectrum synthesisdrial particles) have directly confirmed one takes the point of view that the shapethis postulate and strongly suggest the of spectral lines as well as their total in-generation of a membrane potential (nega- tensity must be interpreted. The shapetive inside) as the determinant of energized or profile of a spectrum line depends notcation accumulation. The conforma- only on the abundance of the element,tionally dependent membrane potential the line absorption coefficient and theis generated either by the binding of anions temperature-density structure of the at-or by the ionization of proton-yielding mosphere, but also on the sources of line-groups in the membrane. Under condi- broadening-Doppler effect due to gastions of active transport, both cations kinetic motions and mass motions, naturaland anions are extensively concentrated damping, and collisional damping. It isbut only a small proportion of the anions necessary to specify both the tempera-(acetate, phosphate) is osmotically active ture-pressure structure of the atmosphereas required by the Donnan equilibrium. and its kinematical structure. The latterA key point of this model is that ions task is difficult because one must separate

always move down an electro-chemical the influence of collisions upon the profilegradient-a conclusion supported by the of a line from those imposed by large scaleevidence that ionophores such as valinomy- mass motions. Earlier applications ofcin facilitate ionic equilibration across the technique appear to have assumed toothe membrane, just as they do across lipid large damping constants and too small

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values of macroturbulence. These as- sequence may be repeated many times, thesumptions appear to have had little in- effect wearing off as the oxidant is reduced.fluence on abundances derived from weak After return to sea water, the cell maylines of rare metals, but led to erroneous still respond to light, even after 12 hr invalues of abundances of metals of the iron the dark, indicating either penetration ofgroup. For the rarer metals, which are the oxidant or persistence of its effects.represented only by resonance lines, the These may be direct (e.g. upon the lipidsf-values are probably well-known, but of the membrane, or on the tertiary struc-line blending becomes a serious and diffi- ture of its proteins) or indirect (e.g. uponcult problem, particularly when an ele- the acidity of the cytoplasm, or the ac-ment is represented by only one or two cumulation of salts). They do not seemlines, or the lines fall in the crowded ultra- to be a direct expression of a redox poten-violet region. tial (the reversals being in the wrong direc-

L. H. ALLER tion for such).JOHN ROSS LAWRENCE R. BLINKS

University of California, Los Angeles Hopkins Marine Stationof Stanford University

The Reversal of Bio-ElectricPotential of Valonia and Boergesenia A Two Parameter Conductanceby Mild Oxidants Function

The unusual polarity of the bio-electric The equations of motion for rigid chargedpotential (sap positive to the measuring spheres in a continuum in an externalcircuit) in Valonia and Boergesenia raises electrical field have been integrated, usingquestions as to the cause of this anomaly. the Fuoss-Onsager potential for the internalSeveral agents which reverse the polarity electrical field. This potential is an ap-are already known, e.g., weak acids, proximate solution of the nonlinear Pois-metabolic inhibitors, phenolic compounds, son-Boltzmann equation for short rangeand increase of turgor. Some mild oxidiz- electrostatic forces (a < r < fl/2, where aing agents can also do this. In the dark, is the diameter of the sphere, r is distanceferricyanide and permanganate (10-5-10-1 from the center of a reference ion, andM in sea water) can reverse the potential i3/2 = e2/aDkT is the distance at whichfrom +10 mv to -70 or -80 mv, with the pair probability function has its mini-good recovery on return to sea water. At mum value), and for r > P/2 goes con-the lowest concentrations, the effect is tinuously into the Debye-Huckel potentialoften in the opposite direction, particularly with the screening function exp (-Kr).with ferricyanide; with good aeration, The limiting conductance A0 is a measurethe potential can rise to +50 mv before of ionic friction and serves to define thedecline or reversal sets in. Permanganate radius R of the equivalent hydrodynamicgenerally produces little rise, and an abrupt sphere. When concentrations are givenreversal 2 or 3 min after application. in terms of T = PK/2, the conductance func-

Illumination (100 me or less) enhances tion assumes a simple form, general for allboth effects: with dilute ferricyanide, solvents: A/Ao- 1 = -0.19526 T/(1 +pushing the potential to nearly 100 mv T) + r2Ti(r) - 2r/h(l + r) + (T2/h)positive, followed by an abrupt fall; with T2(r) - T2 exp[-2T/(1 + r)]F(b) +permanganate, only a small rise, followed A(b, h)T2 + O(T') where b = #/a and hby a very abrupt reversal. There is quick = j3/R. The terms linear in T are therecovery in the dark, and the light-dark limiting coefficients of the relaxation and

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electrophoresis effects, the T2Tj(r) terms responsive as adults. In spite of pervasiveare transcendental functions also arising social fear the deprived adults were ab-from long range interactions, and AT2 normally aggressive toward helpless in-collects a group of terms which appear fants. Intensive tests showed that theseat the lower limits of integration a and R. adult rhesus suffered little or no learningThe term in F(b) = E,(b) - eb(1/b + or intellectual loss.1/b2) + 2.4349 corresponds to the de- At 6 months the deprived monkeys increase in conductance due to ion pairs. this study were removed from isolationThe function A = A(c; ql, D, T) is thus and placed in cages adjacent to four 3-reduced to a function of one variable r month old "psychiatrist" monkeys whoand two parameters Ao and a: A = A(T; had been surrogate-reared with 2 hr ofAo,a). daily peer social interaction and who ex-

hibited essentially normal exploratoryRYYMOND M. Fuoss and social behavior both in social and non-

Yale University social situations. The isolate monkeyswere then allowed to interact with the

The Present Understanding of psychiatrist monkeys 2 hr per day in twothe Pulsars situations: in pairs within the home cage

and as a group of four in a larger playroom.Within 3 weeks all four isolates showedThe evidence obtained in the last year

adds to the understanding that pulsars dramatic improvement in both socialrepresent neutron stars that spin fast and and nonsocial home cage behavior as in-gradually slow down; that they are rigid dicated by decreases in self-orality, self-objects with strong magnetic fields; and clasping and rocking and huddling and by

organized patterns ofmiono increases in exploratory and locomotorthat highly behavior as well as by rapid emergence ofcharges in their vicinity are responsible for social contact and play. Similar dramaticextremely intense electromagnetic radia-

r

tion. The concentration of energy is recovery, although slightly more delayed,was observed in three of the four isolategreater than m any other known object:

the central density must be in excess of subjectsitheplayroomsituation1014 grams/cm', and the radiation in- HARRY F. HARLOWtensity in the vicinity of the star must be STEPHEN J. SUOMIgreater than 1020 ergs/cm. Univ8ity of Wieconsin

THOMAS GoDCornel University

Orientation Cues and Trackingof Migrating Salmonid Fishes

Induction and Treatment of PsychiatricStates in Monkeys Underwater ultrasonic telemetry was

used in a study of movements of 54 un-Four rhesus monkeys were subjected to restricted mature sockeye and pink salmon

total social isolation from birth until 6 on their spawning migration in salt watermonths of age. Previous research has near the Fraser River. Positions of in-shown that this period of privation pro- dividual fish carrying a transmitter (50-70duced monkeys that could not adjust kH. signal; 1 km range; up to 2 weeksocially to age-mates; were grossly sexually "life") in their stomach were determineddeficient, particularly if males; became in- at half-hour intervals. In an attempt todifferent or brutal mothers if impregnated; identify possible orientation cues, variousand remained socially fearful and non- environmental factors (water currents,

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wave height and direction, sun-moon visi- or in previous reviews of them. Statisticalbility and position, cloud cover) were analysis of the twin differences reveals nomeasured along the fish's path and correla- significant differences among the twin sam-tions were made between changes in condi- ples in the four studies; all of them cantions and changes in movements of fish. thus be viewed statistically as samples

Active fish traveled at average speeds of from the same population. They can1.5-3.0 km/hr, maintaining straight courses therefore be pooled for more detailed andin open water. They moved generally powerful statistical treatment.toward the river, swimming in appropriate The 244 individual twins' IQ's are nor-directions both against and with the ebb mally distributed, with the mean = 96.82,and flood currents, traveling in the day SD = 14.16. The mean absolute dif-and often at night, although few fish ference between twins is 6.60 (SD =were tracked after dark. Water currents 5.20), the largest difference being 24 IQand sun are implicated as orientation cues, points. The frequency of large twin dif-but we feel that a complex of cues is used ferences is no more than would be expectedby migrating salmon. from the normal probability curve. The

Preliminary tracking studies with sal- over-all intraclass correlation betweenmonid fishes elsewhere were done in salt twins is 0.824, which may be interpretedwater (10 sockeye-Northern British Co- as an upper-bound estimate of the herit-lumbia, 10 chum-Japan) and in fresh ability (h2) of IQ in the English, Danish,water (11 lake trout-Lake Superior, 20 and North American Caucasian popula-coho-Lake Michigan). tions sampled in these studies. The ab-Coho in Lake Michigan showed the solute differences between twins (attribut-

greatest consistency in movement pat- able to nongenetic effects and measure-terns, returning rapidly when displaced ment error) closely approximate the chieither 65 km in open water or 1.5 km down- distribution; this fact indicates that en-stream in the "home" river. Responses vironmental effects are normally distrib-of precocious male coho to olfactory cues uted. That is, if P = G + E (where Pwere tested by EEG (electroencephalo- is phenotypic value, G is genotypic value,graph) recordings off the olfactory bulb. and E is environmental effect), it can beEEG responses were most intense to waters concluded that for this population P,from the home tributary and to tap water G, and E are each normally distributed.in which coho had resided. There is no evidence of asymmetry or of

threshold conditions for the effects ofA. D.H*ALR environment on IQ. The lack of a sig-

R. M. HORRALL nificant correlation (r = -0.15) betweenA. B. STASKO, A. E. DIZON twin-pair means and twin-pair differences

University of Wisconsin indicates that magnitude of differentialenvironmental effects is not systematicallyrelated to intelligence level of twin pairs.

IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart ARTHUR R. JENSEN

A new analysis of the original data from University of California, Berkeleythe four largest studies (Newman, Free-man, and Holzinger, 1937; Shields, 1962;Juel-Nielsen, 1965; Burt, 1966) of the A Structure Transition in DNAintelligence of monozygotic twins rearedapart, totaling 122 twin pairs, leads to DNA undergoes a reversible cooperativeconclusions not found in the original studies structure transition at 250 in neutral

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aqueous solutions containing sufficiently Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putativelyhigh concentrations of simple neutral or Cholinergic System: Action of TM 10anionic synthetic polymers and univalent on Transmission to Sweat Glandssalts. Abrupt, correlated changes are Sweat glands (cat) are muscarino-seen in a number of physical properties;these ar clearly different from the.chan cholinergically innervated. The secretoryon denaturation or superhelical twisting. actions of pilocarpine and acetylcholine,Sn te seimntin o rhat (twiinit and rapid complete transmission block bydilution) for bacteriophage DNAait atropine attest to the fact, as does theproaches tof .terintact vut new classical experiment of Dale and Feldbergproaches that of the intact virus, the new

deosrtnliraonnoaprfaeconformation is inferred to be unusually demonstrating liberation ilnto a perfusatecompact~ ~~*.Th*rniinantb n of acetylcholine upon stimulation of sudo-compact. The transition cannot be in- y

duced with relatively small, double-helical motor nerves. Yet numerous experimentsfragments of bacteriophage DNA. Im- prove that catecholamines, injected, stimu-mediate reversal of the transition occurs late sweat secretion, even after atropinewhen the polymer or salt concentration blockade. So too, numerous experimentsis lowered below the critical level. prove that antiadrenergic agents blockThe circular dichroism spectra, absorp- response of sweat glands to sudomotor

tion spectra, and certain other measure- stimulation. Amongst these are phenoxy-ments are conspicuously similar to the benzamine, guanethidine, bretylium, hy-corresponding properties of DNA in nu- drogenated ergot alkaloids, phentolamine,cleoproteins and related model systems. tolazoline and TM 10 (xylocholine). TheseThe spectra of intact T4 and T7 phage, substances possess, in addition to theirdeducting the protein contribution can antiadrenergic properties, in varying nature

be reasonably well fitted assuming that and degree other actions-"side effects"-part of the DNA retains its ordinary solu- which for some purposes are a nuisance;tion spectrum and part has the spectrum for others, a boon. As the number ofof the polymer-and-salt-induced conforma- agents studied expands differences becometionf evident. TM 10, stated to have no effect

Considerations based on the efficacy on response to stimulation of cholinergicof negatively charged (as well as neutral) nerves, boasts a strong muscarinic action.polymers, the molecular weight dependence, Ergot alkaloids per contra exhibit nicotinicand polymer theory suggest that the inter- properties. Both are adrenergic blockers:action of the polymers with DNA is es- both block transmission to sweat glands.sentially repulsive. It may be inferred TM 10 in the process of so doing depolarizesthat the new conformation, as well as the sweat gland cells. Hydrogenated ergotin vivo state with which it may putatively alkaloids do not. Thus the open question,be identified, is determined largely by aside from the fact that TM 10 does affectintramolecular interactions intrinsic to response to stimulation of "cholinergic"DNA when subjected to rather nonspecific nerves, is whether TM 10 depolarizesconstraints imposed by nearby proteins sweat gland cells by muscarinic action andor the polymers. blocks by antiadrenergic action, or whether

by depolarizing sweat gland cells, whateverthe means, TM 10 prevents them from de-

L. S. LERMAN, C. F. JORDAN veloping an action potential. FailureJ. H. VENABLE, JR., of postjunctional structures to act as

yP.M otherwise they would to prejunctional im-pulses, for whatever reason, is block!

DAVID P. C. LLOYD, A. E. U. EDISENVanerbilt University Rockefeller University

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Blood-Clock Barrier: H2180 given in drinking water in a 100%Its Penetration by Heavy Water concentration had no effect on the clock.

Nature of the barrier remains unknown.Evidence at hand indicates existence of IBruce, V. G., and C. S. Pittendrigh.

a barrier between the blood and the 24-hr "An effect of heavy water on the phase andclock-a blood-clock barrier. period of the circadian rhythm in Euglena."

Until recently, not one of many sub- J. Cell. and Comp. Physiol., 56, No. 1, 25-31;stances tried by various workers pene- August 1960.tratethisbarrir.Buce ad Piten-

2 Suter, R. B., and K. S. Rawson. "Circa-trated this barrier. Bruce and Pitten- dian activity rhythm of the deer mouse,drigh,l however, reported that heavy water Peromyscus: effect of deuterium oxide.slowed the clock of the single-celled micro- Science, 160, 1011-1014, May 31, 1968.organism, Euglena; and Suter and Raw- CURT P. RICHTERson,2 that heavy water administered indrinking water slowed the clock of themouse, Peromyscus. We confirmed theseobservations in rats. In Suter and Raw-son's experiments, the clock was freed from Ultrastructural Study of the Sites oflight by keeping the mice in constant dark- Origin and Release of a Cellularness; in our experiments, by blinding the Product in the Corpus Allatumrats. of Insects

It has now been found that the strictly"dark" active hamster, when simply The corpus allatum of insects is thekept in alternating 12-hr periods of light source of an important morphogeneticand darkness, becomes an ideal animal for principle, the juvenile hormone. Ultra-studies on penetration of the clock by structural evidence for the manufactureheavy water and also for gathering infor- and release of distinctive cellular productsmation about functioning of the clock and in this endocrine gland is, therefore, ofsynchronization of the clock and light. interest. One such product, first detectedHamsters were given heavy water in drink- in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, ising tubes in concentrations ranging from readily identified by its morphological1 to 100% (98.8% D20) for periods of 15 characteristics which permit it to be tracedto 50 days. In most hamsters, lines of through an extracellular pathway thatonsets of the daily active periods are closely affords access to the circulation. Thesynchronized with the start of the dark highly electron dense material makes itsperiods. Divergences of these lines of first appearance within Golgi elements ofonsets were used to measure effects of corpus allatum cells and then seems toheavy water. On D20, onsets occurred aggregate within cisternae of the smoothlater each day with great regularity. These endoplasmic reticulum. Under the vari-readings showed that: (1) times of onsets ous conditions of tissue preparation used,were delayed in direct proportion to con- assemblies of this secretory product tendcentrations of heavy water-1% concen- to acquire a regularly structured (oftentrations had a doubtful effect, while 100% crystalloid) appearance. The resultingconcentrations slowed the clock by 4 hr; pattern, although frequently obscured by(2) when lines of onsets approached start excessive electron density, is neverthelessof the 12-hr light period, the clocks be- very characteristic. Small, more or lesscame disrupted so that no sign of the clock angular bodies can be readily identifiedremained. Some animals stopped eating; both intra- and extracellularly. Wedgedone died; (3) in some, the clocks gradually between the plasma membranes of adja-resumed their activity at the start of the cent cells, they seem to squeeze their waydark period and at their previous rate. into the more spacious stromal compart-

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ment that constitutes the partitions and basis that an IQ increment for a whitethe sheath of the gland. Within this ma- pulls up with it other personality traitstrix, larger aggregates (diameters up to valuable for earning power to a greater1.2 ,1) of this conspicuous material may extent than does an equal IQ increment forbe stored for an undetermined time. They a Negro. By demonstrating that dis-lose their identity prior to entry into the crimination and prejudice need not be thehemolymph. The dynamics of synthesis only remaining cause of earning disad-and release of this cellular product appear vantages for Negroes after allowing forto be related to variations in physiological IQ and other factors, the cooperative cor-states, but a possible correlation with the relation theory may widen possible re-changing pattern of juvenile hormone pro- search approaches to social ills-a valuableduction remains to be demonstrated. first step on any remedial path.

BERTA SCHARRER W. SHOCKLEYAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Stanford University

"Cooperative Correlation" Hypothesisfor Racial Differences inEarning Power The Staining of Specific

Macromolecules for ElectronThe "cooperative correlation" theory is Microscopy

based on known correlations between vari-ous mental traits including personality The high degree of specificity of thetraits and intelligence. Data in the Cole- reaction of antibodies and their antigensman, H. E. W. report Equality of Educa- makes antibodies ideal reagents withtional Opportuntty show pronounced racial which to detect and localize their specificdifferences for correlation between student macromolecular antigens. By couplingattitudes and achievement test perform- to the antibody the electron-dense proteinance. Increased interest in school is as- ferritin, individual antibody (and hencesociated with improved achievement about antigen) molecules may be detected infour times less strongly for Negroes than electron microscopy with a resolution offor white and for orientals (correlation about 300 A. The availability of a newcoefficients 0.07, 0.30, and 0.25 respec- and chemically mild method of embeddingtively). Comparable correlations of about cells and tissues, the cross-linked bovine0.25 i 0.1 for whites have been extracted serum albumin method, permits the spe-from data in The Gifted Group at Midlife cific ferritin-antibody staining of intra-of Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius. and extracellular macromolecules on thinThese high achievers averaged 151 IQ sections. To illustrate the specificity ofor three sigma (standard deviation units) staining, and the potential applicationsabove average and had an earning dis- of the method, several systems have beentribution 1.45 sigma above the national examined, including hemoglobin in redaverage. Current best estimates (personal blood cells, T4 bacteriophage in infectedcommunication from Phillips Cutright, E. coli cells, alkaline phosphatase in E. coliJoint Center for Urban Studies, M.I.T. cells, and the myelin-specific basic proteinand Harvard) of the correlation coeffi- in myelinated nerve fibers.cients between earnings and intelligence S. J. SINGER, J. D. MCLEANare 0.36 for whites and 0.15 for Negroes.

K.J.KSINGE , H. HIRANThe cooperative correlation model ex- K. TOKUYA5U, H. HIRANOplains this large racial difference on the University of California, San Diego

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Light-Dependent Structural Changes in surement of their capacity for phosphoryl-Isolated Chloroplasts ation. By varying the illumination time

of pre-darkened chloroplasts it was possi-The distance between the lamellar mem- ble to demonstrate that structural changes

branes of isolated spinach chloroplasts in the chloroplasts and their potential forfixed by glutaraldehyde-acrolein in the dark-phosphorylation after illuminationdark or after varying periods of illumina- showed a very similar dependence upontion was measured by electron microscopy. the time of illumination. This suggestsThe interlamellar distance decreased upon a relationship between the observed struc-illumination by an amount which depended tural changes and the generation of highupon the illumination time, experimental energy intermediate(s) in photophospho-conditions, and the condition of the spinach rylation. The time-course of the light-from which the chloroplasts were isolated. dependent decrease in interlamellar dis-Under optimal conditions, a decrease in tance and of the light-dependent increaseinterlamellar distance of 21.4% (224 ±t in light scattering of isolated chloroplasts22 Ato 176 d= 25 X) occurred during 20-30 were different. The light-dependent de-sec illumination of the chloroplasts; 32% crease of interlamellar distance was 68%of this decrease occurred during the -first inhibited by 10-4 M carbonyl cyanide5 sec. With apparatus designed to sep- meta-chlorophenylhydrazone.arate the light and dark phases of photo-phosphorylation, chloroplasts could be JUNE E. SUNDQUISTfixed for electron microscopy and samples R. H. BURRIScould be taken simultaneously for mea- University of Wisconsin

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national academy of sciencesannualmeetingvol. 66, 1970 n. a. s. annual m1eeting 1970 225...

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