NATION BUILDING AND

NATIONIONALISMAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 9

Expansion and Migration

American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815

Land perceived as rich, unsettled Continent held in part by the English,

Spanish, and Indians

North America, 1819

Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal

Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Some Southern states claim jurisdiction

over the Indians in their borders Former Indian land sold to speculators

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In

By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians

Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit

Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt

The People and Culture of the Frontier

West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil

Settlers bring culture with them Cooperation, strong community necessary

for survival Price rise encourages rootlessness as

many sell out and move on

Roads and Steamboats

National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia

Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Roads useful but unprofitable

The Canal Boom

Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825

Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically

Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture

Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer

Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit

Market stimulates specialization Ohio Valley produces wheat Lower South produces cotton

Commerce and Banking

Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing

Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 1816--Second Bank of the United States

created to check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

The Republicans in Power

Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812 1815: establish high tariffs 1816: charter a national bank federal aid for internal improvements

Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts Efforts provoke sectional conflict

Monroe as President

James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820

Monroe seeks national harmony Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes

president above such matters Provides no leadership controversy over

Missouri

The Missouri Compromise: The Issues

1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state

Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives

House rejects unless slavery abolished South wishes to preserve balance between

slave states and free states Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana

Purchase above the latitude of 36E30’

The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court

John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 Marshall uses position to encourage

national growth Believes Constitution exists to protect the

industrious Protects individual property rights against

government interference Marshall uses court decisions to limit

powers of the states

Nationalism in Foreign Policy:The Monroe Doctrine

When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics

European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious

France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies

Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2)

Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence

1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere

Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs

Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

The Troubled Presidency of John Quincey Adams

James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him

Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional

Nearly loses election of 1824 A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy Term of office fails because of fiercely

contending sectional interests

The End of the “Era of Good Feelings”

There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness

Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process