nat w&s master plan volume 1 call to action

ii

Contents

CalltoAction.....................................................................................................................1

1. Addressingthecrisis......................................................................................................................2

2. Buildingawatersecurefuture.......................................................................................................7

Section1:WaterandSanitationManagement...................................................................9

3. Reducingwaterdemandandincreasingsupply............................................................................9

3.1 Statusquo...........................................................................................................................................93.2 Drivers...............................................................................................................................................123.3 Keyactions........................................................................................................................................15

4. Redistributingwaterfortransformation.....................................................................................17

4.1 Statusquo.........................................................................................................................................174.2 Drivers...............................................................................................................................................174.3 KeyActions.......................................................................................................................................18

5. Managingeffectivewaterandsanitationservices......................................................................19


6. Regulatingthewaterandsanitationsector.................................................................................26

6.1 StatusQuo........................................................................................................................................266.2 Drivers...............................................................................................................................................266.3 KeyActions.......................................................................................................................................27

7. Improvingrawwaterquality........................................................................................................30


8. Protectingandrestoringecologicalinfrastructure......................................................................34


Section2:EnablingEnvironment.....................................................................................38

9. Creatingeffectivewatersectorinstitutions.................................................................................38


10. Managingdataandinformation..................................................................................................43

10.1 Statusquo.........................................................................................................................................43

iii

10.2 Drivers...............................................................................................................................................4410.3 KeyActions.......................................................................................................................................45

11. Buildingcapacityforaction..........................................................................................................45


12. EnsuringFinancialSustainability..................................................................................................47


13. Amendingthelegislation.............................................................................................................53

13.1 Statusquo.........................................................................................................................................5313.2 Drivers...............................................................................................................................................5313.3 Actions..............................................................................................................................................54

14. EnhancingResearch,developmentandinnovation.....................................................................55


Readyforthefutureandaheadofthecurve–LET’SDOIT!.............................................59

Summaryofactions.........................................................................................................62

iv

Figures and Tables Figure1:OverviewoftheNW&SMPCalltoActionstructure...............................................................6

Figure2:PhilosophyoftheNW&SMP...................................................................................................7

Figure3:Currentwaterusebysector.................................................................................................10

Figure4:Municipalwaterusedemandtargetsandactualineightlargewatersupplysystems........11

Figure5:Plannedshiftsinwatermixforshorttomediumterm........................................................13

Figure6:Accesstopiped,RDPandreliableRDPwatersupply...........................................................20

Figure7:Reliabilityofwaterservicesperprovince.............................................................................21

Figure8:DifferenttypesofWaterQualityproblemsacrossSouthAfrica...........................................30

Figure9:DeteriorationofecologicalconditionofSouthAfricanrivers,1999–2011.........................34

Figure10:EcologicalconditionofSouthAfricanwetlands,2011........................................................35

Figure11:Strategicwatersourceareas..............................................................................................36

Figure12:Plannedinstitutionalarrangementsforthewatersector..................................................40

Table1:Provisionalnationalwaterbalancewithandwithoutcriticalinterventions.........................14

v

List of Acronyms AMD AcidMineDrainage

COGTA DepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditionalAffairs

CMAs CatchmentManagementAgencies

DPME DepartmentofPlanning,MonitoringandEvaluation

DWS DepartmentofWaterandSanitation

DAFF DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries

DoE DepartmentofEnergy

DIRCO DepartmentofInternationalRelationsandCooperation

DM DistrictMunicipality

DMR DepartmentofMineralResources

DST DepartmentofScienceandTechnology

DTI DepartmentofTradeandIndustry

DRDLR DepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandLandReform

ELU ExistingLawfulUse

EWSETA EnergyandWaterSectorEducationandTrainingAuthority

GWS GovernmentWaterScheme

IB IrrigationBoard

IUCMA Inkomati-UsuthuCatchmentManagementAgency

LHWP LesothoHighlandsWaterProject

LWRMI LocalWaterResourceManagementInstitution

MFMA MunicipalFinanceManagementAct

MISA MunicipalInfrastructureSupportAgent

MuSSA MunicipalServicesSelf-Assessment

NDP NationalDevelopmentPlan

NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisation

NMIU NationalMonitoring&ImplementationUnit

NT NationalTreasury

NWA NationalWaterAct

NW&SMP NationalWaterandSanitationMasterPlan

NWRS NationalWaterResourceStrategy

NWRSA NationalWaterResourcesandServicesAuthority

NWRSR NationalWaterResourcesandServicesRegulator

NWSRSS NationalWaterandSanitationResourcesandServicesStrategy

vi

PFMA PublicFinanceManagementAct

RDI Research,DevelopmentandInnovation

RDP ReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme

SAAWU SouthAfricanAssociationofWaterUtilities

SABS SouthAfricanBureauofStandards

SALGA SouthAfricanLocalGovernmentAssociation

SANBI SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityInstitute

SAWS SouthAfricanWeatherService

SOE StateOwnedEnterprise

TCTA TransCaledonTunnelAuthority

WRC WaterResearchCommission

WRMI WaterResourceManagementInstitution

WSA WaterServicesAuthority

WSP WaterServicesProvider

WUA WaterUserAssociation

WTW WaterTreatmentWorks

WWTW WasteWaterTreatmentWorks

NationalWaterandSanitationMasterPlanVolume1:CalltoActionv10.131October2018

1

Firstly,thevaluesoftheConstitutionincludethoseofhumandignity,theachievementofequalityandtheadvancementofhumanrightsandfreedoms.

Secondly,theConstitutionstatesthateveryonehastherighttoanenvironmentthatis notharmfultotheirhealthorwell-being;andtohavetheenvironmentprotected,forthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerations,throughreasonablelegislativeandothermeasuresthat

i) preventpollutionandecologicaldegradation

ii) promoteconservation;and

iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promotingjustifiableeconomicandsocialdevelopment.

Thirdly,theConstitutionstatesthateveryonehastherighttohaveaccesstosufficientfoodandwater.

Fourthly, the Constitution states that the property clause may not impede the state from takingmeasurestoachieveland,waterandrelatedreform,toredresstheresultsofpastracialdiscrimination.

Theseconstitutional imperatives, combinedwith thenationalwaterandsanitationpolicypapers, theNationalWaterActandtheWaterServicesAct,givethemandatetothewatersectorto:

• Provideuniversalandequitableaccesstoreliablewatersupplyandsanitationservices

• Protect,manageanddevelopthenation’swaterresourcesinamannerthatsupportsjustifiableandecologicallysustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment

• Transformaccesstowatertoredresstheracialimbalancescreatedbyapartheid.

Call to Action TheConstitutionof SouthAfrican contains several provisions that givedirection to thewater andsanitationsector.

Despitetheseconstitutionalprovisions,thecountry isfacingsignificantchallengesinachievingthismandate.


2

1 Addressingthecrisis

SouthAfrica is facingawatercrisiscausedby insufficientwaterinfrastructuremaintenanceand investment, recurrentdroughtsdriven by climatic variation, inequities in access to water andsanitation,deterioratingwaterquality,andalackofskilledwaterengineers. This crisis is already having significant impacts oneconomic growth and on the well-being of everyone in SouthAfrica.

These impacts will be exacerbated if it is notaddressed.InApril201714,1millionpeoplestillusedsanitation facilities below the Reconstruction andDevelopmentProgramme (RDP) standard.Only 10,3million households (64%) have access to reliablewatersupply.

Approximately 56% of the over 1 150 municipalwastewater treatment works (WWTWs) andapproximately 44% of the 962 water treatmentworks(WTWs)inthecountryareinapoororcriticalcondition and in need of urgent rehabilitation andskilled operators. Some11%of this infrastructure iscompletelydysfunctional.

Between1999and2011theextentofmainrivers inSouth Africa classified as having a poor ecologicalcondition increased by 500%, with some riverspushedbeyondthepointofrecovery.

SouthAfricahaslostover50%ofitswetlands,andofthe remaining 3.2million hectares (ha), that is, onethirdarealreadyinapoorcondition.

Only5%of thewaterthat isused intheagriculturalsectorisusedbyblackfarmers.

Water is severely under-priced and cost recovery isnot being achieved. To achieve water security, anestimated capital funding gap of around R33 billionper annum for the next 10 years must be closedthrough, a combination of improved revenuegenerationandasignificantreductionofcosts.

This Call to Action of the National Water and Sanitation Master Plan (NW&SMP) is a concisesummationof the toppriority issues confronting thewater and sanitation sector at this timeandwhichseekstorallyallwatersectorstakeholdersinSouthAfricatoworktogetherinordertoensurethat the country gets ahead of the curve in relation to both current and future challenges. This

Over3millionpeoplestilldonothaveaccess to a basicwater supply serviceand 14.1 million people do not haveaccesstosafesanitation.

Only 64% of households have accesstoareliablewatersupplyservice

56% of waste water treatmentworksand44%ofwatertreatmentworksareinapooror critical condition. 11%aredysfunctional

More than 50% of South Africa’swetlandshavebeen lost,andof thosethat remain, 33% are in poorecologicalcondition

Only 5% of agricultural water used isbyblackfarmers41% of municipal water does notgeneraterevenue.35%is lostthroughleakage

Municipalities are losing about 1660million m³ per year through non-revenuewater.AtaunitcostofR6/m³thisamountstoR9.9billioneachyear

R33 billion more is needed each yearfor thenext 10years toachievewatersecurity

SouthAfricaCANavoidaprojected17%waterdeficitby2030bytakingbold

actiontoday!


3

includesensuringthatby2030andbeyondSouthAfricahasasufficientreserveofsupplytotakeitsafelyintothefuture,thatacceleratedprogresstowardsmeetingConstitutionalimperativesismadeand that service delivery commitments, such asmeeting SustainableDevelopmentGoal 6:Ensureaccesstowaterandsanitationforallisachieved.

Intermsofstructure,theNW&SMPconsistsofthreevolumes:

Volume One of the NW&SMP is this Call to Action which sets out the critical priorities to beaddressed by the water sector in the period from 2018 –2030.Theseprioritiesareclusteredintotwosections,namely,Water and Sanitation Management and EnablingEnvironment.Eachof thesesectionshavesix sub-sectionsasindicated inFigure 1 below. Each section includes the initialidentificationofcriticalactionsthat,when implemented,willhave a significant impact on addressing the crisis. Theseactionsarecollatedat thebackof thisdocument foreaseofreference.

Volume 2 of the NW&SMP is the Plan to Action whichprovidesthebasisfor,andamoredetailedanalysisof,thekeyissuesunderpinningtheCalltoAction.

Volume3isaScheduleofActions.ThepurposeofVolume3istoorderanddefineallactionsandinterventions identified within Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the NW&SMP into annual measurableoutcomes inclusiveof rolesand responsibilities, time framesandassociatedestimatedcosts.DWShasworkedwithkeysectorpartnerstodevelopthefirstdraftofthisVolume,andwillcontinuetowork with sector partners to refine this schedule, through meaningful engagement. SignificantprogresshasbeenmadetodefineKey(orLevel1)actionsforeacharea,supportedbySupporting(orLevel2)actions.Foreaseofreference,Level1and2actionstogetherwiththespecificnumberingforeachaction,ascontained inVolume3, is recorded in theactionsummary tablesat theendofeachsectionofthisdocument.

TheCalltoActionprovidedthebasisforcomprehensive

engagementwithwatersectorpartnersbyDWSinlate2017

continuinginto2018inordertosecurestakeholderagreementonthecriticalchallengesconfronting

thesectoratthistime[StakeholderengagementreportavailablefromDWSonrequest].


4

TheMasterPlanalsoidentifieshowperformancewillbemonitored.Asaplan,ratherthanastrategyorpolicy, theprioritisedactionswithresponsibilitiesaredetailedagainstwhichrelevantplayers inthesectorcanbeheldaccountablebyCabinet,Parliamentandthepublic.

ThisMasterPlanisdrivenbyasenseofurgencyandthereforearticulatestheprioritisedactionsandinvestmentsthecountrymust implement between now and 2030 to overcomechallenges and ensure a water secure future supportinginclusivedevelopmentacross the country. This action is also

necessary to ensure that universal sanitation coverage protects the health of our people. Actionshavebeenprioritisedaccordingtothelevelofimpactthattheyareexpectedtodeliverintermsofdriving towards a water secure future for all. As the implementation of the NW&SMP will bereviewed and reported on annually, it is considered a `living plan' andwill therefore, beupdatedutilising an adaptive management approach. The NW&SMP is the implementation plan for theNationalWaterandSanitationResourcesandServicesStrategy(NWSRSS)1whichisreviewedeveryfiveyears.

In March 2018, the Minister: Water and Sanitationannounced his intention to focus the work of theDepartmentonthefollowingfivestrategicpillars,whichconfirmedthesupportofthepoliticalleadershipoftheDepartmentforthisground-breakinginitiative.Thefivestrategicpillarsare:

• National Water Resources and ServicesAuthority(NWRSA);

• National Water Resources and ServicesRegulator(NWRSR);

• WaterResourcesandServicesValueChain;

• WaterResourcesandServicesMasterPlan;and

• Institutional Rationalisation and OrganisationalAlignment.

InkeepingwiththisMinisterialfocus,andfollowingthecomprehensive stakeholder engagement on thedevelopment of the Master Plan, the Minister: Waterand Sanitation tabled the Master Plan for noting byCabineton27June2018.

The Master Plan was well-received, with Cabinet alsosupporting the mobilisation of a detailed planningprocessinthesectorutilisingthePhakisaplanningmethodology.CabinetagreedthattheNW&SMPwillserveasthebasisforthePhakisaonWaterandSanitation,anticipatedinlate2018.

1RefertotheNWRS1and2andtheNWRSSScurrentlyunderdevelopment

AllvolumesoftheNW&SMPareavailablefordownloadat

www.dws.gov.za

AboutPhakisa(“Hurryup”)

TheGovernmentofSouthAfrica,ledbythePresidency,adoptedtheMalaysianBigFastResults(BFR)problem-solvingmethodologyin2013.TheBFRmethodologyfacilitatesthedevelopmentofdetailedplanswithastrongtheoryofchange,aswellasstrongmonitoring,evaluation,reporting,andaccountabilityframeworkswhichareessentialforthesuccessfulimplementationofnationalgoalsandpriorities.TheadoptionofthismethodologyisdesignedtofasttracktheimplementationofsolutionsoncriticaldeliveryissueshighlightedintheNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP).Overallco-ordinationofPhakisaisvestedintheDepartmentofPerformanceMonitoringandEvaluation(DPME),whowillpartnerwithDWStomobiliseandmanagethisground-breakinginitiativeinthewatersector.


5

ThePhakisaonWaterandSanitationwillprovidethewatersectorwithanopportunitytoaddresstheissuesconfrontingthewaterandsanitationsectoringreaterdepth.Theresultsofthisin-depthplanningprocesswillbecapturedinupdatestoboththeNW&SMPandtheNWSRSS,andwillsteerthesectortowardsasustainable,equitableandsecurewaterfuture.

TheDWSwillwork closelywith theDPMEPhakisa team tomobilise thisplanning initiative,whichalsoheraldsarenewedcommitmenttotheadoptionofasector-wideapproachinthewatersector.A soon to be established DWS Programme Management Unit (Delivery Unit) will drive theimplementationofthePhakisaactionplan.

Thefollowingactionsnecessarytogiveeffecttothesepriorities,arerecordedinVolume3:

Action2 Responsibility CompletiondatePhakisaonwaterandsanitationtobeheld(Volume3,Action2.7.1)

DWS,DPME Firstquarter2019/20

Determine cost required to implement NW&SMP andidentify where reprioritisation or cost savings can beusedtoaddresstheNW&SMPpriorities(2.7.2)

DWS,WSAs 2019

Appoint skilled Management, Technical andProgrammeManagerstaffforDeliveryUnit(2.7.3)

DWS 2019

Monitor, review, evaluate, report on and updateNW&SMP(2.7.4)

DWS Annual report toParliament

2Whereactionsapplytomorethanonechapter,theyhavebeenduplicatedintheactiontablesattheendoftherelevantchapters.AllactionsaresummarisedinatableattheendoftheCalltoAction,withoutthisduplication.


6

Figure1:OverviewoftheNW&SMPCalltoActionstructure


7

2 Buildingawatersecurefuture

TheNW&SMP isbasedon fivekeyobjectives thatdefinea ‘newnormal’ forwaterand sanitationmanagementinSouthAfrica:

• Resilientandfit-for-usewatersupply;• Universalwaterandsanitationprovision;• Equitablesharingandallocationofwaterresources;• Effectiveinfrastructuremanagement,operationandmaintenance;and• Reductioninfuturewaterdemand.

ThesefiveobjectivesenabletheachievementoftheNationalDevelopmentPlan’s (NDP)Visionfor2030,ofaffordableandreliableaccesstosufficientandsafewaterandhygienicsanitationforsocio-economicgrowthandwell-being,withdueregardtotheenvironment.

Figure2:PhilosophyoftheNW&SMP


8

AchievingthisNDPvisionofawatersecurefutureisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacingSouthAfricainthe21stcentury. It isacriticalelementofachievingsocialwell-beingandsustainableeconomicgrowth.

South Africa is facing increasing water demands to meet the needs of a rapidly growing andurbanisingpopulation,changinglifestyles,andeconomicgrowth.Atthesametime,climatechangeisdrivingthecountrytowardsawarmeranddrierfuture,withpredictedlongerandmoreextremedroughts,andmoreintensefloods.Climatechangemeansthattherewillbelesswateravailabletomeetwaterneeds.

Achievingwater security inSouthAfrica requiresanewnormal:asignificantparadigmshiftthat

• recognisesthelimitationsofwateravailability

• addressestherealvalueofwater• ensuresequitableaccesstolimitedwater

resources• deliversreliablewaterandsanitationservices

toall• focusesondemandmanagementand

alternativesourcesofwater• considerstheimpactsofclimatechangeand• addressesdecliningrawwaterquality.

Toachievethis,decision-makingwillbebasedonsoundevidence,supportedbyrigorousresearch,innovationandappropriatetechnologydevelopment.

The water sector will enforce regulation through accountable and effective leadership, to ensurethatthewatersectormeetstherequirementsofacurrentandfutureSouthAfricaandthatdemandisbroughtinlinewithavailablewatersupply.

Workingtogether,governmentdepartments,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietywillimplementthenecessary actions to achieve financial sustainability, functional infrastructure and institutions, fairandsustainablewateruse,anduniversalwatersupplyandsanitationprovision.

ImplementationofthisplanwillenableSouthAfricatobecomemoreresilienttoclimatechangeandthe increasing intensity of droughts and floods, while meeting the water needs of a growingpopulationandeconomy.

Thenewreality:• Waterwillbecomemore

expensive• Everyone(exceptthose

withoutaccesstopipedwater)MUSTuselesswaterforthesameactivities

• Everyone-excepttheindigent-MUSTpayforwaterandsanitationservices

Toachievewatersecurity,allwaterusersinallsectorsinSouthAfricamustusewatermoreefficiently,andwaterusemustbeaddressedintheplansofthemunicipal,energy,agriculture,forestry,miningandindustrialsectors.SouthAfricahasnootheroption,ifthe

countryistobeREADYFORTHEFUTUREANDAHEADOFTHECURVE.

Toachievesafesanitationforallandprotectthequalityofourwaterresources,allinstitutionsresponsibleforsanitationservicesprovisionmustensurerapideradicationofthebacklog,informedchoiceofappropriatetechnologies,andeffectiveoperationand

maintenanceofinfrastructure.


9

Ifdemandcontinuestogrowatcurrentlevels,thedeficitbetweenwatersupplyanddemandcouldbebetween2,7and3,8billionm3/aby2030,agapofabout17%ofavailable

surfaceandgroundwater.

Section 1: Water and Sanitation Management

3 Reducingwaterdemandandincreasingsupply

3.1 Status quo

South Africa has an arid tosemi-arid climate, with anaverage annual rainfall of465 mm (half the worldaverage), producing a totalannual runoff ofapproximately 49 000million m³/a. The currentreliable yield of surfacewater at an acceptableassurance of supply isapproximately10200million m³/anationally. The combinedstorage capacity of largedams is in the order of 31000millionm3.

The total nationallyaccessible groundwaterpotential is about 4 500million m³/a of whichbetween 2 000 and3000millionm³/a iscurrentlybeingutilised.Of theapproximately5000registereddamsthevastnumber(3832)aresmalldams(lessthan12m)servingfarmsandmunicipalities.Thesesmallerdamsplayacriticalroleinlocalwatersecurityandclimateresilience.

Agriculture is the largestwateruseat61%of totalwater use, followed by municipal use at 27%(includingindustrialandcommercialusersprovidedfrom municipal systems), with power generation,mining and bulk industrial use, livestock andconservation and afforestation jointly making upthe remaining 12% (see Figure 3). The level ofassuranceatwhichagriculturalwater is supplied is

lower than that of the other sectors (90%). Water for power generation is seen as strategicallyimportantandisprovidedwiththehighestassuranceofsupply(99.5%)(whichtranslatesto1:200-yearriskoffailure).


10

Figure3:Currentwaterusebysector

Agricultural consumption is largely unmetered, and thereare concerns about unauthorised abstraction and waterwastage in the sector. In addition, agricultural userspay amuch lowertariff thanotherusersofuntreatedwaterandtherelativelycheapwaterhasnotincentivisedtheadoptionof water efficient irrigation practices. However, theagricultural sector is important in terms of jobs andcontribution to GDP. The value of primary agriculturalproductioninSouthAfricawasR263,2billionin2016.

Averagedomesticwateruse3 inSouthAfricaisaround237litresperpersonperday,64litresperpersonperdaymorethantheworldaverageof173litresperpersonperday.Thehigh water use is partly due to municipal non-revenuewater4 which is currently at an unacceptably high 41%.While figures vary greatly between municipalities andservices providers, average physical losses in municipalsystems are estimated to be around 35%, against a globalbestpracticeintheorderof15%.

3Thisincludesindustrialwateruse.

4Non-revenuewaterincludesallwatersuppliedthatisnotpaidfor,includingphysicalwaterlossesthroughleaksinthedistributionsystem,illegalconnections,unbilledconsumptionandbilled,butunpaidforwateruse.

AgricultureusesthemostwaterinSouthAfricaandpays

thelowesttariff

Onaverage,eachpersoninSouthAfricauses64litresperdaymorethantheglobal

average

Municipalitiesarelosingabout1660millionm³peryear

throughNon-RevenueWater.AtaunitcostofR6/m3thisamountst0R9.9billioneach

year


11

There is significant opportunity to reduce water requirements in the agricultural and municipalsectors,whicharelargestandsecondlargestwaterusesinSouthAfricarespectively.Anypercentagereduction in water use in these sectors will therefore have a significant effect on total waterrequirements.

DWS, through the Strategic Water Partnership Network (SWPN) has implemented the WaterAdministration System (WAS) Release Module at several irrigation schemes. With the WAS, it ispossible to release the correct amount of water from a source according to demand, therebyreducingwastage.

59outof78largegovernmentirrigationschemessubmitmonthlyWaterUseEfficiencyAccountingReportswhichindicatethataveragewaterlossintheseschemesisaround27%.Thisiswellabovetheunavoidableseepageandevaporationlossesinconcretecanalswhichareabout12%ofthetotalloss.

Achievementofwater demand targets inmunicipalities hasbeenmixed. Figure 4below indicatesthetargetsandactualachievementsformunicipalitiesineightlargewatersupplysystemsfor2012–2016.

Figure4:Municipalwaterusedemandtargetsandactualineightlargewatersupplysystems,2012-2016

Re-useofeffluentisbecomingmorecosteffectivewithadvancesintechnology,andtreatedeffluentfromwastewaterandacidminedrainage(AMD)isbeingusedtosupplementwatersupplyandthiscanbeexpandedconsiderably.

With the cost of desalination decreasing due to advances in technology, desalinated water (sea,brackishgroundwaterandwastewater) is increasinglyeconomicallyviable.Whiletheutilisationofdesalinatedseawaterisonlyfinanciallyfeasibleforcoastalareas,itwillfreeupsurfaceandgroundwater for upstreamand/or inland usewherewater is currently transferredor released for use incoastalareas.DesalinationalsohasthepotentialtoaddjobstotheBlueEconomy.

Water quality and quantity can be further augmented through planning for, restoring andmaintainingecological infrastructuresuchasstrategicwatersourceareasandwetlands,whicharecurrentlyunder-protectedandofteninpoorcondition.Investinginecologicalinfrastructureisoftenacost-effectivemethodforenhancingandsupportinginvestmentinbuiltinfrastructure.


12

TheprovisionofwaterbornesanitationisunsustainableandSouthAfricamustadoptwater-less

sanitationtechnologywhereappropriate

3.2 Drivers

To balance requirements and supply, South Africawill need to reducewater demand, aswell asincreasesupplyforagrowingpopulationandeconomy.TheIndustrialPolicyActionPlan(IPAP)setsout the intentions of South Africa in terms of expanding the manufacturing sector, which willincreasewaterdemandinthissector,andwhichhasthepotentialtoincreasewaterpollutionifnotappropriatelyregulated.

The projected gap between requirements and supply is driven bylowtariffs, inadequatecostrecovery,over-consumption, inefficientuse, wastage, leakage, inappropriate infrastructure choices (e.g.water borne sanitation in a water scarce country), inadequateplanning and implementation, aswell as population and economicgrowth.

Water availability and rawwater qualitywill decline further if thedegradation of aquatic ecosystems (including wetlands), poor land

usepractices,andhighlevelsofwaterpollutioncontinue.

Inaddition,climatechangeisprojectedtoincreasethevariabilityofrainfallthroughoutthecountry,andtoreduceaveragerainfall,particularly in thewesternpartof thecountry.Climatechangewillresult in more intense floods and droughts. Climate change may also increase the agriculturaldemandforwaterduetohighertemperatures,andareducedabilitytorelyonrain-fedagriculture.

The total requirements in the country will increase due to population and associated economicgrowth,butindividualusers’requirementsshouldbereducedbyimprovingefficiency,adoptingnewtechnologies,andreducinglosses,especiallyintheagriculturalandmunicipalsectors,throughwaterawareness,andstrictregulation,costrecoveryandincentives.

As a target, average domestic consumptionmust be reduced to 175 litres per person per day by2025. Further actions linked to reducing demand are addressed in the section on regulation. Thismustincludeafocusonwateruseefficiency,thequalityofwaterandsanitationfittings(toensurethattheyarelowflowfittingsandthattheyarerobustanddonotresultinprematureleakages),andthepotentialforrainwaterharvestinginlowincomeareas.TheNationalDevelopmentPlantargetsanaveragereductioninwaterdemandof15%belowbaselinelevelsinurbanareasby2030,wherethe baseline is taken as year 2012. This plan acknowledges and refers to the targets that havealready been set for different catchments through the DWS-led Reconciliation Strategies and All-townsStudies5.

Onthesupplyside,thereisaneedtooptimisethewatermixwhichiscurrentlystronglydominatedbysurfacewater,withsome groundwater and return flows to a water mix thatincludes increasedgroundwateruse, re-useof effluent fromwastewater treatmentplants,water reclamation,aswellasdesalinationandtreatedacidminedrainage.

South Africa’s dependence on surface water willproportionately decrease over the coming decades (see

5http://www.dwa.gov.za/Projects/AllTownsRecStrat_NP/default.aspx

By2040,treatedacidminedrainageanddesalinated

seawaterwillmakeasignificantcontributiontoSouthAfrica’swatermix,groundwaterusagewillincrease,andtheover-relianceonsurfacewaterwill

reduce.


13

Figure5). In the face of climate change, groundwater, which will not experience the increasedevaporation thatwill impact on surfacewater as temperatures increase,will become increasinglyimportant.Artificalrechargeofaquiferswillbeanimportantelementofwatermanagement.

Department of Water and Sanitation developed a National Strategy for Water Re-use (NSWR) in2011.Theintentofthewaterre-usestrategyistoencouragewisedecisionsrelatingtowaterre-useatdifferentscalesandlevels.TheperformanceofexistingwastewatertreatmentplantsintermsofmeetingdischargestandardsandreliabilityiscriticaltothesuccessfulintegrationofwaterreuseintoreconciliationstrategiesandintowatersupplysystemsinSA.

Figure5:Plannedshiftsinwatermixforshorttomediumterm(notingthatthetotalvolumeincreasessubstantiallyovertheperiod(GraphcreatedfromNWRS1Projectedto2015, from2015to2040byDWSDirectorate:NationalWaterResourcePlanning)

Delays in the implementation of Phase 2 of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) (toaugment the Vaal River System for greater Gauteng), the uMkhomazi Water Project Phase 1 (toaugment the Mgeni System for the KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Metropolitan Region) and theaugmentationoftheWesternCapeWaterSupplySystemhavesignificantly impactedonthewatersecurity,andsubsequentlythesocio-economiesoftheseareas.TherecentwatercrisisinCapeTownserves as a stark reminder of the impacts of delayedactioncombinedwithextremeweatherevents.

In addition, South Africa has four internationally-sharedriver basins that contribute 45% of the country’s totalriverflow.Theseresourcesmustbesharedequitablywithneighbouring states who also have increasing waterneedsduetogrowingpopulationsandeconomies.Signedpartnership framework agreements exists that have paved the way for different South Africansectorstoenter intocooperationagreements,alsoknownasMemorandaofUnderstanding(MoU)withtheseneighbouringstates.itiscriticalthatco-basinorganisationsadequatelysupportIWQMinthesesharedriverbasins.

45%of thewater inSouthAfricacomes from rivers shared withneighbouringcountries


14

Table1belowindicateshowarangeofinfrastructureprojectsaswellasdemandmanagementareneededifwearetobuildwatersecurityby2030.Withoutdemandmanagement,currentlyplannedinfrastructuredevelopment and thebroadeningof thewatermixwill not be sufficient tobalancesupply and demand. However, if the targets of reducing physical losses in municipal systems arereached,aswellasareduction inthepercapitaconsumptiontotheglobalaverage, inadditiontothe surface and groundwater supplies, and desalination, re-use and treated AMD, there will be aslight surplus available in 2030. Itmust be recognised, however, that achieving these targetswillrequire significant investment and capacity. It must also be recognised, that these figures arenational, and do not address specific areas where even bigger interventions will be required toaddresslocalshortages.

TheNationalWaterRe-usepolicyaimstodevelopclearandpracticalguidelinesfortypicalwaterre-use projects onwhat regulatory approvals are needed, the status of reclaimedwater in terms ofrighttouseandhowthesecanbeobtainedcostandtimeeffectively.Thereisalsoaneedtoworkwith other institutions to align legislation, reduce the regulatory burden wherever practical, andunblockregulatoryobstaclestowaterre-use.TheseissuesareaddressedinmoredetailinNW&SMPVolumeTwo:PlantoAction.

Table 1: Provisional national water balance with and without critical interventions

Waterusesectors 2030waterrequirementsprojections(millionm3)

Withoutdemand

managementinterventions

Withurbanlossesreducedfrom35%to15%

Reducedomesticdemandfrom237l/c/dto175l/c/d

Agriculture(irrigationandlivestockwatering)

9700 9700 9700

Municipal(industries,commerce,urbanandruraldomestic)

5800 4941 3696

Strategic/Powergeneration 430 430 430Miningandbulkindustrial 1017 1017 1017Internationalobligations 178 178 178Afforestation 434 434 434Totalwaterrequirements(2030) 17559 16700 15455Totalwateravailable(2015) 13949 Increasedsurfacewateryield 874 Increasedgroundwateruse 405 Desalination(includingtreatedAMD) 588 Re-use 110 Totalwateravailable(2030) 15926 15926 15926Deficit/surplus -1633 -763 527Deficit/surplus -10% -5% 3%


15

3.3 Key actions

Action Responsibility Completiondate

PLANNING Develop, update and maintain reconciliation planningstudies to achieve optimal water mix (surface water,groundwater, re-use and desalination, and incorporateclimatechangeintostudies)(Volume3,Action1.1.5)

DWS, CMAs,WSAs

2030

Do detailed feasibility study (including EIA) of high priorityinterventions (identified in Reconciliation Strategies) anddevelop bankable projects, with business case of requiredinfrastructure, financing, institutional arrangements forownership and operations as implementation mandate(1.1.6)

WSAs, DWS,CMAs

2030

Water Resources Catchment studies (Continuouslyundertake hydrologicalmonitoring in order to improve theresiliency and sustainability of the available sources onaccountoffutureclimatechange)(1.1.7)

DWS,CMAs 2050

Develop a guideline for the protection, recharge, use andmonitoringofgroundwater(1.1.8)

DWS, WRC,CSIR

2022

Integrate results of All Towns studies and reconciliationstudies into sectoral plans (domestic, agriculture, energy,mining, industrial development, land reform and ruraldevelopment)(1.1.9)

DWS, DAFF,DoE,DMR,thedti,DRDLR

2022

Develop and implement Provincial Water Services DeliveryMaster Plans to provide reliable and sustainable watersupplyandsanitationservicestoallhouseholdswithinSouthAfrica:•ProvincialBulkServicesMasterPlans• Reliable Services Delivery Action Plans that includes abackloganalysisandinfrastructureassetmanagementplans(1.3.6)

DWS, WSAs,CoGTA,SALGA, NT,WBs

2030

Adopt an integrated planning approach at trans-boundary(international),national,WaterManagementAreaandsub-catchment levels (SA16, SA17, SA18, SA21, SA22, SA23 &SA33)(1.5.7)

DWS, Co-basinStates

2030

REDUCINGDEMAND Reduce Non RevenueWater (NRW) andwater losses in allmunicipalitiesto15%belowthebusinessasusual(1.1.1)

DWS,CoGTA 2030

Setcaponwaterusewithreducingtargetsovertime(1.1.2) DWS, CMAs,WSAs,CoGTA

2030

Reduce the water demands and water losses at all majorirrigation and agricultural schemes by 2030, withoutaffectingproductions(1.1.3)

DWS,DAFF 2030

Reduce water demand and increase water efficiencies ofindustrialusers(1.1.4)

DWS,thedti 2026

Implement the Water Administration System on allgovernmentirrigationschemesfortransformation(1.2.3)

DWS,DAFF/PDAs

2024


16


Develop and implement a long-term plan for the turn-around of water supply and sanitation services in thecountry based on a sector-wide approach, that recognisesDWS as regulator of W&S provision that includes thedevelopment of centralised programmes to obtaineconomies of scale and to ensure impact (e.g. drivingmunicipal non-revenue-water improvements, and assessingthe cost-effectiveness and appropriate systems fordesalination)(1.3.1)

DWS, CoGTA,NT,SALGA

Annually

Revitalise the Green, Blue and No Drop programmes andpublish results. Revise and establish norms and standards(1.4.1)

DWS,WSAs Annually

Includewateruseefficiencyandwaterlossreductiontargetsin the KPIs of municipal managers and municipal watersupply and sanitation managers, and in municipalimplementationplans(1.4.2)

CoGTA,Municipalities

2019

Establish Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (WELS)Scheme(1.4.3)

SABS,DWS 2025

Identify(BlueScorpions)andprosecutemajornon-compliantabstractors (water thieves) across the country, with anationalcommunicationcampaigntoaccompanytheaction(1.4.4)

CMAs, NPA,SAPS, DEA,Regulator,DMR, DWS,BlueScorpions

10by2020Additional 10by2023

INCREASINGSUPPLY Development of strategic water resources infrastructure(1.1.10)

DWS, LHDA,WSAs, WBs,TCTA

2025

Refurbishgaugingstations(1.1.11) CMAs,DWS 2027Increase groundwateruse (includingartificial recharge) andre-useofwater(1.1.12)

WBs, WSAs,DWS,CMAs

2024


17

4 Redistributingwaterfortransformation

4.1 Status quo

Transformation is critical in threeareas:ensuring that theuseofwater forproductivepurposes isequitable, making sure that the governance of water is representative, and ensuring access todecentwaterandsanitationservicesforall.

Despitebothpolicyandlegislativetoolsintendedtoenablethetransformationofwaterallocationtoredress the historical racial discrimination in access to water, little has been achieved since theNational Water Act (NWA) was promulgated in 1998. This is particularly true in the agriculturalsector,wherearound95%ofthewaterisestimatedtobeusedbywhitecommercialfarmers.

ExistingLawfulUse (ELU)was intendedasatransitionalarrangement.However,20yearsaftertheNWAwaspromulgated,ELUsauthorisethebiggestvolumeofwaterusedinthecountry.

Whiletherestitutionofagriculturallandhasbeenslowerthanintended, the reallocationofwater has not alwayseven keptpace with the transfer of that land. In some instances, theprevious owners traded away their existing lawful water userights,sothatthewaterallocationwasnottransferredtolandreform beneficiaries. According to The Institute for Poverty,Land and Agrarian Studies, more than 70% of commercialfarms in the country are estimated to be owned by white

farmers with about 39 000 white commercial farmers and 5 300 black farmers, according to theAfricanFarmersAssociationofSouthAfrica.Mostof theblackcommercial farmershave relativelysmallerfarms.

Transformationofrepresentivityinwatergovernancehasalsobeenslow.Membershipofwateruserassociations generally reflects land ownership and water use, so that the governance of thoseassociationsisoftenfocussedonwhitecommercialfarmers’interests.

The IrrigationStrategydevelopedby theDepartmentofAgriculture, ForestryandFisheries (DAFF)has identifiedwater schemeswhere there is thepotential for irrigationexpansion.Thisexpansioncancontributetoaccesstowaterforblackfarmers.

Thereareover5000registereddams(wallheightofoverfivemetres)inSouthAfrica,thesebeingmostlyfarmdamsandprivatelyowned.

4.2 Drivers

Thedemandfor landreformishighonthepoliticalagendaandwillremain so until adequately addressed. Within the land reformprogramme, the transfer of some irrigable land without a waterallocationhaslimitedtheabilityofrecipientstomakeproductiveuseof the land. In addition, thereareblack farmers andentrepreneurswho have expressed their concerns about lack of access to water,and the challenges in getting water allocated for farming andenterprisedevelopment.Thepressuretoreallocatewatertoachievemoreequitablewaterusethusremainshigh.

Toeffecttransformation,DWSwillworkwithDAFFtoidentifyavailablewatertoallocatetoemerging

blackfarmers

Morethan70%ofcommercialfarmsinSouthAfricaareownedbywhitefarmers,whoalsouse95%ofthewaterallocatedtotheagriculturalsector


18

4.3 Key Actions


Identifyalternativesourcesofwaterandwaterthatis not utilised (e.g. as mines are closing resultingfrom War on Leaks, etc) for transformation(Volume3Action1.2.1)

DWS,CMAs,WSAs 2019

Identifywheremorewater canbemade availablein government water schemes for transformation(1.2.2)

DWS, CMAs, WBs,DAFF/PDAs,

2019

ImplementtheWaterAdministrationSystemonallgovernment irrigation schemes for transformation(1.2.3)

DWS,DAFF/PDA 2024

Implementpilotprojectonvoluntarycontributionsfrom farmers for water reallocation in prioritisedcatchments(1.2.4)

DWS,DAFF 2020

Identify areas where small dams or groundwaterdevelopment can provide water for small scaleblackfarmers(1.2.5)

DWS,CMAs 2019

Alignwater,landandagrarianreformprogrammesandlinktotheIrrigationStrategy(1.2.6)

DWS, CMAs, DAFF,DRDLR

2030

Use General Authorisation to enable small scalewaterusebyblackfarmers(1.2.7)

DWS,DAFF 2019

Investigate, revitalise, refurbish existing under-performingBlackOwnedschemes(1.2.8)

DAFF,DWS 2020

Define and implement process to allocate water(new/saved)toblackapplicants(1.2.9)

DWS,DAFF 2030

Establish the National Water Resources andServicesRegulator(NWRSR)(2.1.6)

DWS,NT 2020

Establishregulationsonrequiredqualificationsandexperience for senior and technical positions inDWS, CMAs, water boards and municipal servicesinstitutions(2.3.1)

DWS,CoGTA,SETA 2023

Develop regulations in termsof Section 139 (8) oftheConstitution,whichallowsforanationalentityto takeover thewater service functions, includingrevenue and billing, in a municipality if servicedelivercriteriaarenotmet(2.4.4)

DWS,CoGTA 2022

Fund research into new models to betterunderstand implementation approaches for waterallocationreform,andequityissues(2.6.6)

DWS,WRC,CSIR,DST Ongoing


19

5 Managingeffectivewaterandsanitationservices

5.1 Status quo

EveryonelivinginSouthAfricahasaconstitutionalrightofaccesstoatleastbasicwatersupplyandbasicsanitationservicesandthecountryhasprogressedwellindeliveringinfrastructuretoprovidetheseserviceswith89%ofhouseholdsnowhavingaccesstowatersupplyinfrastructure6.However,whileserviceprovisionhasadvanced,reliabilityoftheseservicesremainsachallenge.Only64%ofhouseholdsareestimatedtohaveareliablewatersupplyservice–alowerfigurethanin1996(seeFigure6)withsome11%ofwatersupplyschemesbeingcompletelydysfunctional.Inthe27prioritydistrictmunicipalitiesthewaterreliabilityisonly42%,withtheworst10WSAsbelow30%reliability.

Interruptioninwatersupply(unreliability)andblockedandoverflowing sewers are two of the key public frustrationsleadingtoprotestsandvandalism.

Approximately 56% of the over 1 150 WWTW andapproximately44%ofthe962WTWsareinpoororcriticalconditionand inneedofurgentrehabilitation.Poorwaterandwastewater treatment has significant implications forpublichealth.

Current access to sanitation services is around 80%nationally. However, delivery is uneven and, in somemunicipalities, only 50% of residents have access toadequatesanitationfacilities.

Over the years, several interventions have been put inplacebynational government, including interventionsunder section196of theConstitution, and,mostrecently,theBack-to-BasicscampaignandtheMunicipal InfrastructureSupportAgent(MISA)institutedby theDepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditionalAffairs (COGTA).Despitethese interventions, aswell asmanywater and sanitation specific interventions byDWS, in somecasesrepeatedlyinthesamemunicipality,failuresinwatersupplyandsanitationservicescontinue,notleastduetoalackofskilledandexperiencedtechnicalstaff.

TherearealsochallengesintheeffectiveoperationandmaintenanceofwatersupplyandsanitationinfrastructurebyDWS,waterboards,othergovernmentdepartmentsandinstitutions.

Municipalwaterreticulationinfrastructureincludesmorethan290000kmofpipelines,anestimated7,7millionhouseconnections,over5millionyardtapsandmorethan

2,1millionstreettaps7.

6StatsSAGeneralHouseholdSurvey7StatsSACommunitySurvey2016

56%ofwastewatertreatmentworksinSouthAfricadonotworkproperly

44%ofwatertreatment

worksdonotworkproperly

ThecapacityofWSAstooperate,maintainand

manageassetsforexistinginfrastructureneedsurgent

attention.


20

Figure6:Accesstopiped,RDPandreliableRDPwatersupply(Source:StatsSA)

Thefailureofsomemunicipalitiestoprovidereliablewaterandsanitationservicesislargelyduetothelackoftechnicalskills,institutionalcapacityandfundingtooperate,maintainandmanagewaterandwastewaterinfrastructureassetsproperly.Furthercontributorstowardsthepoorreliabilityofwaterandsanitationservices isthe limitedbudgetallocatedbysomemunicipalitiesforoperationsandmaintenance relative to that allocated tonewcapitalworks,poor revenuemanagement, andthe failure of municipalities to employ appropriately qualified technical staff. In addition, thenational infrastructure grant funding mechanisms incentivise the building of new infrastructure,ratherthanthemaintenanceofexistinginfrastructure.

The nature of internal decision-making systems and procedures in municipalities also make itdifficult for water supply and sanitation managers to respond effectively to the need to providereliableservices.Thesesystemsareinformed,interalia,bytheMunicipalFinancialManagementAct(MFMA)andtheMunicipalSystemsAct.

It is noteworthy that despite these challenges, South Africa has several well performingmunicipalities thathavebeen internationally recognised.Byexample:eThekwiniwasawarded theStockholmWaterIndustryAwardin2014.


21

Figure7:Reliabilityofwatersupplyandsanitationservicesperprovince

5.2 Drivers

InlinewiththeglobalSustainableDevelopmentGoals,andtheaspirationsoftheNDP,thenationaltargetsforwatersupplyandsanitationservicesareasfollows:

Target DateAchieveuniversal,sustainablesanitationprovision 2020:90%

2030:100%Achieveuniversal,sustainableandreliablewatersupplyprovision 2019:90%

2030:100%Thesetargetsmustbemet inasustainablemanner,witheffectiveoperationandmaintenance,sothat the servicesprovidedare reliableover time, andareaccessible toall people, including thoselivingwithdisabilities.

The constitutional water supply and sanitation services responsibility lies with 144 municipalitiesthat are water services authorities (WSA). At least 33% of these municipalities are regarded asdysfunctional and more than 50% have no or very limited technical staff. The 27 priority districtmunicipalities have been identified as being particularly dysfunctional and requiring specificintervention.

In addition, many of the smaller and/or rural municipalities are facedwith financial challenges. The socio-economic profile of South Africa ishighly variable with 63% of households earning less than R38 000 peryear(andthereforeclassifiedasindigent).Municipalitieswithhighlevelsof indigent households are dependent on national grants to providereliable and affordable water and sanitation services. In rural and/orsmaller municipalities, the proportion of indigent households averages77%. It is consequently difficult for municipalities with a low revenue

basetoaddresstheirbacklogsandtoallocatesufficientfundsformaintainingandoperatingexistingworks.Insomeareas,majorwaterinfrastructurerunsthroughruralareaswithoutsupplyingthem(suchastheTugela-Vaalscheme).

Some77%ofruralhouseholds areindigent and arenot required topay for municipalservices


22

South Africa is currently in a low economic growth climateand the number of indigent households is not expected todecrease in the short term. In addition, high rates ofurbanisationhaveamajor impactonthedemandforwatersupplyandsanitationservices.SouthAfricaiscurrently65%urbanisedandtheNDPestimatesthaturbanpopulationswill

growby10%everytwodecades.Increasingurbanisationwillplacemorepressureoncitiestodeliveraffordableandreliablewaterandsanitationservicestolargernumbersofpoorhouseholds.

Aging, poor quality and poorly maintained infrastructure is contributing to high levels of waterwastageandpollutionofriversandgroundwaterwithsewage.

5.3 Key Actions

The national capacity to operate, maintain and manage water supply and sanitation servicesrequiresurgentattention.Keyactionsare:


Setcaponwaterusewith reducing targetsover time(Volume3,Action1.1.2)

DWS, CMAs, WSAs,CoGTA

2030

Developandimplementalong-termplanfortheturn-aroundofwatersupplyandsanitationservices in thecountry based on a sector-wide approach, thatrecognises DWS as regulator of W&S provision thatincludes the development of centralised programmesto obtain economies of scale and to ensure impact(e.g. driving municipal non-revenue-waterimprovements, and assessing the cost-effectivenessandappropriatesystemsfordesalination)(1.3.1)

DWS, CoGTA, NT,SALGA

Annually

Plan for disaster management by implementingadequate flood protection and droughtmanagementonregionallevel(1.3.2)

DWS,CMAs,NWRSA,WBs

2022

Revisit levels of service for water supply andsanitation services against issues of affordability(1.3.3)


2025

Investigate and promote alternative service deliverymodels such as BOTT (build, operate, train andtransfer), management contracts and concessions(1.3.4)

NT,DWS 2025

Provide direct Water Services Development Planningsupport toWSAs as part of a legal requirement andintegrationintoMunicipalIDPS(1.3.5)

WSAs, DWS, CoGTA,SALGA,NT

2025

Develop and implement Provincial Water ServicesDelivery Master Plans to provide reliable andsustainablewater supply and sanitation services to allhouseholdswithinSouthAfrica:•ProvincialBulkServicesMasterPlans•ReliableServicesDeliveryActionPlansthat includesa backlog analysis and infrastructure assetmanagementplans(1.3.6)

DWS, WSAs, CoGTA,SALGA,NT,WBs

2030

SouthAfrica’spopulationisrapidlyurbanising,placingstrainonservicedeliveryin

municipalities


23


Deliverservicestoachieve(100%)universalsanitationcoverage(MunicipalSanitationProjects)(1.3.7)

WSAs,DWS 2030

Deliver services to achieve (100%) universal waterservices provision (Municipal Water Supply Projects)(1.3.8)

WSAs,CoGTA,DWS 2030

O&M of water resources and services infrastructure(1.3.9)

DWS 2050

Align interventions with CoGTA on failingmunicipalities with existing support programmes e.g.MISA(1.3.10)

CoGTA,MISA,DWS 2019

Lifecycle planning (asset management) conditions tobesetbyDWS(1.3.11)

DWS 2020

A national water and wastewater treatmentperformance turnaround plan to be developed andimplemented. Turn around the functionality of five,currently dysfunctional, large water and wastewatertreatment works with an accompanying publicitycampaign, followed by a programme addressing therest(1.3.12)

DWS, WSAs, NT,WBs,CoGTA

2030

Roll-out of Feasibility and Implementation Readinessstudies to align with national grant fundingprogrammes(1.3.13)

WSAs,DWS 2025

Revitalise the Green, Blue and No Drop programmesand publish results. Revise and establish norms andstandards(1.4.1)

DWS,WSAs Annually

Includewateruseefficiencyand conservation targetsintheKPIsofmunicipalmanagersandmunicipalwatersupply and sanitation managers, and in municipalimplementationplans(1.4.2)


2019

EnsurefiscalsupportforIWQM(SA38&SA39)(1.5.11) DWS,WSAs 2021Establishabusiness case for streamlined institutionalarrangements in the water and sanitation sector(2.1.1)

DWS 2020

EstablishaMunicipal InterventionUnitforWaterandSanitation in DWS, staffed with highly competentexpertstodriveanationalprogrammeofinterventionatthemunicipallevel(2.1.2)

DWS 2022

Establish financially sustainable CMAs across thecountry, and transfer staff andbudget anddelegatedfunctions, including licensing of water use andmonitoringandevaluationofwaterresources(2.1.3)

DWS 2020

Establish the National Water Resources and ServicesAuthority(NWRSA)(2.1.4)

DWS,NT 2020

Determine theoptimal configurationofwaterboardsto manage regional bulk water supply, assistmunicipalities to perform their primary water andsanitationservicesmandatewherenecessary,manage

DWS,WBs 2020


24


regional water resources infrastructure, manageregionalbulkWTWsandWWTWs(2.1.5)Establish the National Water Resources and ServicesRegulator(NWRSR)(2.1.6)

DWS,NT 2020

Establish regulations on required qualifications andexperience for seniorand technicalpositions inDWS,CMAs, water boards and municipal servicesinstitutions(2.3.1)

DWS,CoGTA,SETA 2023

Develop and implement programme for recruitingexperienced technical and managerial staff in SouthAfricafirstandtheninternationally(2.3.2)

DWS,CoGTA,DIRCO 2030

Developandimplementamandatory,modularhands-on qualification for municipal water managers(technical manager) to be run over 18 months andaccreditedbyEWSETAtoincludeaspectssuchasassetmanagement, tariffs and revenue management,drought management, stakeholder engagement andcustomerrelations(2.3.4)

DWS, EWSETA,InstitutionsofHigherLearning

Ongoing

Partner with institutions to fund training of watersectorpractitioners in thecuration,managementanduse of data as well as the associated technologies(2.3.5)

DWS,EWSETA Ongoing

Develop and implement institutional arrangementthat recognise the diversity of circumstances acrossSouth Africa, the legacy of Apartheid and allow forregionalcrosssubsidisation(2.4.1)

NT,DWS 2021

Implement accurate billing and effective revenuemanagementsystemsinallentitiesinthewatervaluechainwithastrict“Nopayment=nowater”approachto agriculture/industrial/commercial users andrestrictedsupplytodomesticusers(2.4.2)

WSAs, WBs, DWS,AGSA

2024

All conditionalgrants tobedependentonmeetingofcurrentpaymentstothenextentityinthevaluechain,improvementstoBlueDrop,GreenDropandNoDropScores to meeting targets and audit outcome. Allowconditional grants to be used for operational costs(2.4.3)

NT,AGSA,DWS 2023

DevelopregulationsintermsofSection139(8)oftheConstitution,whichallowsforanationalentitytotakeover the water service functions, including revenueandbilling, in amunicipality if servicedeliver criteriaarenotmet(2.4.4)

DWS,CoGTA 2022

Ensure that sufficient revenue is received throughtariffs and grants to operate, maintain and improvethe water supply and sanitation system. The tariffstructure must allow for cross subsidisation for theindigent and building of a reserve for periods ofdrought(2.4.5)

WSAs, WBs, DWS,NT,AGSA

2024


25


In all entities put in place mechanisms to deal withaccumulateddebts(2.4.6)


2020

Review the Municipal Financial Management Act(MFMA) and the Municipal Systems Act (specificallychapter 8) to ensure that they provide an enablingenvironment for the provision of reliable water andsanitationservices(2.5.4)

NT, DWS, CoGTA,SALGA

2020

Develop new policies and strategies on matters notpreviously addressed, in consultation with allstakeholders,tofacilitatethesustainabilityofvariouswatersectorprogrammes(2.5.5)

DWS 2025

Implement and regularly review/revise Research,Development and Innovation Policies, Plans andRoadmapsacrossthesector(2.6.1)

DWS, DST, WRC,CSIR

2021

Unlock investment, procurement and otherlocalisation barriers to reposition the sector toimplement new/niche solutions and approaches androadmaptheNMIU(2.6.2)

DWS, NT, CoGTA,DST,NMIU

Ongoing

Fund research intonewmodels to better understandimplementation approaches for water allocationreform,andequityissues(2.6.6)

DWS, WRC, CSIR,DST

Ongoing

Develop technologies, guidelinesand implementationsupport tools that enable SA to use alternative andappropriatesourcesaspartofwatersupply(2.6.7)

DWS, WRC, CSIR,DST, SALGA, CoGTA,WSAs

2023

Scanandsort the innovationsector forsolutionsthatare ready for application and invest in theirimplementation(2.6.10)

WRC, CSIR, DST,DWS

2021

Alternative Sanitation:Developanddemonstrateandvalidate appropriate alternative, water-less and offgridsanitationsolutions(Current–2025)(2.6.11)

DWS, WRC, CSIR,DST, BMGF, the dti,Municipalities

Ongoing

Domestic and industrial Waste Water: Develop andDemonstrate appropriate waste water technologiesfor cost effectiveness, energy efficiency andbeneficiation(2.6.12)

DWS, TCTA, WRC,CSIR, the dti, DST,TIA,MINTEK

Ongoing

Scanandsort the innovationsector forsolutionsthatare ready for application and invest in theirimplementation(2.6.13)

WRC, CSIR, DST,DWS

2021


26

6 Regulatingthewaterandsanitationsector

6.1 Status Quo

DWS is responsible for the regulation of the use of raw water across the country. This includesauthorisationforwaterabstraction,wastedischarge,anddamsafety,andsettingthechargesfortheuse of raw water and the discharge of effluent. There are in the region of 80000 water useauthorisations, either under the existing lawful use or through water use licences, with around60000 unique users. Of these, approximately 8 000 obtain their water from state-owned waterresourcesinfrastructure.

DWSalsosetsstandardsforwaterandsanitationservicesprovisionandassociatedtariffs,whicharealsogovernedbytheMunicipalSystemsActandtheMunicipalFinanceManagementAct.Therearesignificant challenges in ensuring that WSAs set appropriate tariffs that cover costs, includingoperationandmaintenancecosts,andthatpromotewateruseefficiency.

WSAs are responsible for developing by-laws that, amongst others, enable regulation of watersupplyandsanitationprovisionandusewithinitsareaofjurisdiction.

The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) sets several water quality standards for the watersector,includingdrinkingwaterstandards(SANS241)andotherrelevantguidelines.

6.2 Drivers

Strong regulation is critical toachievewater security in SouthAfrica, in termsofwaterquality (inriversandtaps),balancingdemandandsupply,ensuring thesafetyofdams,andbeingresilienttoclimatechangeimpacts.

Despitestrongregulatorytoolsinthelegislation,thequalityofraw water continues to deteriorate across the country, withhigh levelsofwater theft andwaterwastage continuing. ThecontinueduseofwaterunderELUoftheNationalWaterActishamperingtheredistributionofwaterandeffectiveregulationof this water use. The need to use the courts to imposesanctionsonthosecontraveningwaterlegislationhamperstheabilitytogetspeedyresolutiononsuchmatters.

Inaddition,damsafetyregulationisunderthreatfromlimitedqualified personnel in the country: currently there are lessthan100damsafetyapprovedprofessionalpersons(APPs)inSouth Africa (approximately 1 qualified person for every 50dams on the Dam Safety register), and more than 66% oftheseareolderthan60yearsofage.

Somemunicipalitiesfailtodelivertherequisitelevelofwatersupplyandsanitation,includingfailingtomeetdrinkingwaterqualitystandards.Inthe2014BlueDropassessment,86%ofWSAsachievedgoodorexcellentstatusformicrobiologicalwaterqualitycompliance,butonly70%achievedgoodorexcellentstatusforwaterqualityoperationalcompliance.

DWSwill revitalise the Green,Blue&NoDropprogrammes

Therearelessthan100damsafetyApprovedProfessional

PersonsinSouthAfrica,andmorethan66%oftheseareolderthan

60.


27

6.3 Key Actions

Action Responsibility CompletiondateSet cap on water use with reducing targets overtime(Volume3,Action1.1.2)


2030

Revitalise the Green, Blue and No Dropprogrammes and publish results. Revise andestablishnormsandstandards(1.4.1)

DWS,WSAs Annually

Include water use efficiency and conservationtargets in the KPIs of municipal managers andmunicipal water supply and sanitation managers,andinmunicipalimplementationplans(1.4.2)

CoGTA,Municipalities 2019

EstablishWaterEfficiencyLabellingandStandards(WELS)Scheme(1.4.3)

SABS,DWS 2025

Identify and prosecute major non-compliantabstractors (water thieves) across the country,with a national communication campaign toaccompanytheactioninclusiveofrevivingtheBlueScorpions(1.4.4)

CMAs, NPA, SAPS,DEA, Regulator, DMR,DWS,BlueScorpions

2020

ReplaceallExistingLawfulUse (ELU)with licenceswithenforceablewateruseconditions(1.4.5)

DWS,CMAs 2030

Development and implementation of the MoUbetweentheDWSandstrategicusers(1.4.6)

DWS, Chamber ofMines, Eskom,Industries

2020

Develop and implement municipal by-laws toprotectwaterquality(1.4.7)

DWS,WSAs 2020

Identify and prosecute big polluters across thecountry (includingmunicipalities),with a nationalcommunicationcampaigntoaccompanytheactioninclusiveofrevivingtheBlueScorpions(1.4.8)

CMAs, NPA, SAPS,DEA, DMR, DWS, BlueScorpions

2020

Establishamechanismforapplyingadministrativepenalties(1.4.9)

DWS,DeptofJustice 2023

Develop improved regulatory approaches tomanage pollution from land-based and in-streamactivities(SA1,SA7,SA20&SA29)(1.4.10)

DWS 2022

Develop and implement an action plan tostrengthen water use authorisation processes(SA24,SA25,SA26,SA27&SA28)(1.4.11)

DWS, CMAs, WRC,CSIR

2022

Implement the Waste Discharge Charge System(WDCS) in priority catchments (SA5, SA41, SA42,SA43&SA44)(1.5.8)

NT,DWS,CMAs 2030

Ensure fiscal support for IWQM (SA38 & SA39)(1.5.11)

DWS,WSAs 2021

Developand implementadiffusepollutionsourcestrategy that includes the regulation of land use(1.5.14)

DWS,CMAs 2023

Declare strategic water source areas and criticalgroundwater recharge areas and aquaticecosystems recognised as threatened or sensitiveasprotectedareas(1.6.1)

DWS,CMAs,DEA 2021

Establish a business case for streamlined DWS 2020


28

Action Responsibility Completiondateinstitutional arrangements in the water andsanitationsector(2.1.1)Establish financially sustainable CMAs across thecountry, and transfer staff and budget anddelegated functions, including licensing of wateruse and monitoring and evaluation of waterresources(2.1.3)

DWS 2020

Determine the optimal configuration of waterboards to manage regional bulk water supply;assist municipalities to perform their primarywater and sanitation services mandate wherenecessary, manage regional water resourcesinfrastructure, manage regional bulk WTWs andWWTWs(2.1.5)

DWS,WBs 2020

Review and develop comprehensive andappropriate Management, Monitoring andReportingStructuresoftheDWSdataportal(2.2.1)

DWS Annually

Establishregulationsonrequiredqualificationsandexperience for senior and technical positions inDWS, CMAs,water boards andmunicipal servicesinstitutions(2.3.1)

DWS,CoGTA,SETA 2023

Developand implementprogramme for recruitingexperiencedtechnicalandmanagerial staff in firstSouthAfricaandtheninternationally(2.3.2)


Define (and reinstate in some cases) career pathswithdefinedtrainingandonthejobexperiencetobuild a knowledgeable sector of professionals(2.3.3)

DWS, WSAs, WBs,CMAs

2023

Develop and implement a mandatory, modularhands-on qualification for municipal watermanagers (technical manager) to be run over 18months and accredited by EWSETA to includeaspects such as asset management, tariffs andrevenue management, drought management,stakeholder engagement and customer relations(2.3.4)

DWS, EWSETA,Institutions of HigherLearning

Ongoing

Allconditionalgrantstobedependentonmeetingofcurrentpaymentstothenextentityinthevaluechain, improvements to Blue Drop, Green DropandNoDrop Scores tomeeting targets and auditoutcome. Allow conditional grants to be used foroperationalcosts(2.4.3)

NT,AGSA,DWS 2023

Ensure that sufficient revenue is received throughtariffs and grants to operate, maintain andimprove the water supply and sanitation system.The tariff structure must allow for crosssubsidisation for the indigent and building of areserveforperiodsofdrought(2.4.5)

WSAs,WBs, DWS,NT,AGSA

2024

Review the Municipal Financial Management Act(MFMA) and the Municipal Systems Act


2020


29

Action Responsibility Completiondate(specificallychapter8)toensurethattheyprovidean enabling environment for the provision ofreliablewaterandsanitationservices(2.5.4)Developnewpoliciesandstrategiesonmattersnotpreviously addressed, in consultation with allstakeholders, to facilitate the sustainability ofvariouswatersectorprogrammes(2.5.5)

DWS 2025

Continue to invest in understanding emergingcontaminants (detection and treatment) in orderto improve our transition to reuse, reclamationandrecyclingofwater(2.6.15)

DWS, WRC, CSIR,Municipalities

Ongoing

Improvingrawwaterquality:Invest in Communities of practise that bringtogetherbuiltandecologicalinfrastructureexpertsandsolutions(2.6.16)

DWS, DEA, SANBI,WRC,CSIR,DST

Ongoing

Link the Global Environment Fund 6 project onWater Pricing and Ecosystems to Water MasterPlan implementation and position DWS to becloselyinvolvedinthisprocess(2.6.17)

DWS, DEA, SANBI,WRC,CSIR

2024


30

7 Improvingrawwaterquality

7.1 Status quo

Rawwaterquality,beingthechemical,physicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsofwaterbodies(rivers,dams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries and ground water) shows ongoing deterioration in manyparameters.Thisdeteriorationposesathreattoeconomicgrowth,socialdevelopment,healthandhygieneandaquaticecologicalfunctioning.

Figure8:DifferenttypesofWaterQualityproblemsacrossSouthAfrica(Ashton,2012)

Rawwaterqualityisalteredby:

• point source discharges such as the effluent discharged from municipal and industrialwastewatertreatmentworks,untreatedeffluentdischargesbyindustrialusers, inadequateon-sitesanitationfacilities,andpollutedstormwater.

• diffuse pollution sources, such as runoff affected by atmospheric deposition or land usepractices, including water either draining through or running off fertilized agricultural land,wash-off from industrial sites, mine residue deposits and mining areas, wash-off fromsettlementsandbuiltupareas,anderosion.

• Rawwaterqualityisalsodependentontheamountofwaterremaining in the source that is available to dilute the discharges.Currentregulationfocusesmostlyonthecontrolofpointsourcesofpollution.

Poorrawwaterqualityincreasesthecostsoftreatmentfordomesticand industrial use. Poor water quality also impacts negatively onagriculturalproduction. It isgenerallycheaper to treatwaterat the

Pollutionofriversresultsinpoorraw

waterqualitywhichisdrivingupthecostofmunicipalwater

treatment


31

pointofdischarge,wherethepollutionisstillrelativelyconcentratedandhencecontained,thanitisto treatwateronce thepollutionhasdispersed intoa largerwaterbodyandmixedwithmultipleotherpollutanttypes.Thecostofpollutionshouldbebornebythepolluterandnotexternalisedtodown-streamwaterusersorthestate.

Poorrawwaterquality,togetherwithsedimentationcausedbyelevatedlevelsofsuspendedsolidsinwater,andthedammingofrivers,havesignificantimpactsontheecologyofrivers,estuariesandwetlandsandtheirsubsequentabilitytoprovideservicesandbenefitstopeople.

The discharge of water into a water source is classified as a water use and is governed by theNational Water Act (NWA) and regulated by DWS to ensure that the water in receiving waterresourcesisfitforuse.

7.2 Drivers

South Africa is already experiencing significant impacts on water quality from mining, industry,agriculture, settlements, and poorly operated and maintained municipal wastewater treatmentworks,inmanycasesoperatedbeyonddesigncapacity.Withouteffectiveregulation,several“mega-trends”,inadditiontothecurrentchallenges,canbeexpectedtoleadtoneworacceleratedwaterquality challenges. These include: climate change; hydraulic fracturing; further industrialdevelopmentincludingthedischargeofemergingpollutants,excessiveuseoffertilisers,insecticidesandherbicidesintheagriculturalsector,andrural-urbanmigrationandthegrowthofinadequatelyserviced densely populated settlements. Deterioratingwater quality is putting human and animalhealth at risk, impacting negatively on aquatic ecosystems, and imposing significant costs on theeconomy.

7.3 Key Actions


Development of strategic water resourcesinfrastructure(Volume3,Action1.1.10)

DWS, LHDA, WSAs,WBs,TCTA

2025

A National water and wastewater treatmentperformance turnaround plan to be developed andimplemented. Turn around the functionality of five,currently dysfunctional, large water and wastewatertreatment works with an accompanying publicitycampaign, followed by a programme addressing therest(1.3.12)

DWS, WSAs, NT,WBs,CoGTA

2030

Develop and implement municipal bylaws to protectwaterquality(1.4.7)

DWS,WSAs 2020

Identifyandprosecutebigpollutersacrossthecountry(including municipalities), with a nationalcommunication campaign to accompany the action(1.4.8)

CMAs, NPA, SAPS,DEA, DMR, DWS,BlueScorpions

2020

Establish a mechanism for applying administrativepenalties(1.4.9)

DWS,DeptofJustice 2023

Implement measures to ensure that water users useand discharge water responsibly and adhere toregulatoryrequirements(1.5.1)

DWS,CMAs,WSAs 2022


32


Determine in-stream Resource Water QualityObjectives (RWQOs), based on the SAWater QualityGuidelines(SA36),insupportofRQO's(1.5.1)

DWS,CMAs 2020

Routinelymonitorresourcewaterquality(SA46,SA47SA48)(1.5.2)

DWS,CMAs 2030

Establish and maintain appropriate and accessibleinformationmanagementsystem(s)forresourcewaterquality(SA49,SA51&SA60)(1.5.3)

DWS,CMAs 2030

Assess resource water quality information (SA52 &SA59)(1.5.4)

DWS,CMAs 2030

Implement adaptive source control-basedwaterquality management interventions, inaccordance with relevant catchment plans andstrategies(SA34&SA35)(1.5.5)

Chamber of Mines,DWS,CMAs,DMR

2030

Developandimplementastrategicactionplanfortherehabilitation and upgrade of prioritized WWTWs(SA17)(1.5.6)

DWS, WSAs, NT,SALGA,CoGTA

2023

Adopt an integrated planning approach at trans-boundary (international), national, WaterManagement Area and sub-catchment levels (SA16,SA17,SA18,SA21,SA22,SA23&SA33)(1.5.7)

DWS, Co-basinsstates

2030

Implement the Waste Discharge Charge System(WDCS)inprioritycatchments(SA5,SA41,SA42,SA43&SA44)(1.5.8)

NT,DWS,CMAs 2030

Ensure IWQM is supportedbyeffectivedepartmentalarrangements(SA8&SA9)(1.5.9)

DWS 2020

Formalise governance frameworks to supportengagements on water quality management (SA10,SA11,SA12,SA13,SA14,SA15,SA54&SA61)(1.5.10)

DWS,CMAs,WSAs 2030

EnsurefiscalsupportforIWQM(SA38&SA39)(1.5.11) DWS,WSAs 2021Build water quality management capacity throughrecruitment,educationandtraining(SA53,SA54,SA55&SA56)(1.5.12)

DWS, CMAs, NT,WRC,CSIR,SETA

2030

Createaninformed,supportiveandresponsiblepublic(SA62)(1.5.13)

DWS,CMAs,WSAs 2030

(1.5.14) Develop and implement a diffuse pollutionsource strategy that includes the regulation of landuse

DWS,CMAs 2023

Implement programmes to rehabilitate catchmentsthrough development of Catchment business plans(1.5.15)

DWS,NT,CMAs 2025

Securefundsforrestorationandongoingmaintenanceof ecological infrastructure through operationalisingthewaterpricingstrategy(1.6.4)

DWS, CMAs, DEA,SANBI

Annually

Establishabusiness case for streamlined institutionalarrangements in the water and sanitation sector(2.1.1)

DWS 2020


33


Establish financially sustainable CMAs across thecountry, and transfer staff andbudget anddelegatedfunctions, including licensing of water use andmonitoringandevaluationofwaterresources(2.1.3)

DWS 2020

Establish the National Water Resources and ServicesAuthority(2.1.4)

DWS,NT 2020

Review and develop comprehensive and appropriateManagement,MonitoringandReportingStructuresoftheDWSdataportal(2.2.1))

DWS Annually

Review and develop a comprehensive DWSinformationmanagementstrategytoincludeamongother:• Amended authorisation conditions to provide forself-reporting• Harmonization of monitoring actions by allresponsibleinstitutions•PerforminformationV&Vaudit(2.2.2)s

DWS Annually

Alignment of monitoring institutions to supportNationalandInternationalreportingprogrammes,e.g.SDGs,Agenda63andAMCO(2.2.3)

DWS 2021

Establish regulations on required qualifications andexperience for seniorand technicalpositions inDWS,CMAs, water boards and municipal servicesinstitutions(2.3.1)

DWS,CoGTA,SETA 2023

Develop and implement programme for recruitingexperienced technical and managerial staff first inSouthAfricaandtheninternationally(2.3.2)


Define(andreinstateinsomecases)careerpathswithdefined trainingandon the jobexperience tobuildaknowledgeablesectorofprofessionals(2.3.3)

DWS, WSAs, WBs,CMAs

2023

Develop and implement institutional arrangementthat recognise the diversity of circumstances acrossSouth Africa, the legacy of Apartheid and allow forregionalcrosssubsidisation(2.4.1)

NT,DWS 2021

Develop new policies and strategies on matters notpreviously addressed, in consultation with allstakeholders,tofacilitatethesustainabilityofvariouswatersectorprogrammes(2.5.5)

DWS 2025

Improvingrawwaterquality:Invest inCommunitiesofpractise thatbring togetherbuilt and ecological infrastructure experts andsolutions(2.6.16)

DWS, DEA, SANBI,WRC,CSIR,DST

Ongoing

Continuetodoresearchon landuse impactonwaterlinkedecosystems(2.6.18)

WRC, CSIR, DEA,DWS,DAFF,ARC

Ongoing

Ongoing research, modelling and planning aroundclimatechangeand its impactsonwater securityandwaterinfrastructureneedstobeconducted(2.6.19)

DWS,DEA,DSTWRC,CSIR

Ongoing


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8 Protectingandrestoringecologicalinfrastructure

8.1 Status quo

SouthAfrica isknownfor itsrichdiversityofecosystems.Ouraquaticecosystemsincludesevenofthe world’s freshwater ecoregions, and are characterised by a wide range of river, wetland andestuarineecosystemtypes.Togetherwiththeircatchments,manyoftheseaquaticecosystemsmakeupSouthAfrica’secologicalinfrastructure(nature’sequivalentofbuiltinfrastructure)thatgeneratesanddeliversbenefitsinthewatervaluechain.Ecologicalinfrastructureiscurrentlyanunder-realisedassetthatcanplayasignificantroleinenhancingreturnsoninvestmentinbuiltinfrastructure(suchasdams),especiallyifthemaintenanceofecologicalinfrastructureisexplicitlyincorporatedintotheplanningandconstructionofbuiltinfrastructure.

Manyofourhighvalueaquaticecological infrastructureassetsarepoorlyprotected, and in someareasofthecountrytheyareunderseverepressure,forexamplefromintensiveagriculture,miningand urban sprawl that results in loss or degradation of ecosystems. Like built infrastructure,ecologicalinfrastructureneedstobemaintained,andinsomecasesrestored,inorderforitssocio-economicbenefitstoberealised.

Between 1999 and 2011 river health deteriorated across all SouthAfrica’sninewatermanagementareas.Theextentofmainrivers inSouth Africa with a poor ecological condition increased by 500%between 1999-2011 with many rivers pushed beyond the point ofrecovery. The extent of tributarieswith a poor ecological conditionincreased by 229% in this same period (see Figure 9). Healthytributaries often play a critical role in maintaining flow and waterqualityinhard-workingmainrivers.

It is estimated that South Africa has lost over 50% of itswetlands,andoftheremaining3.2millionha(lessthan5%ofSA’slandcover)athird are already in a poor condition (see Figure 10), limiting theirabilityto,forexample,regulatewaterflowandpurifywater.

Figure9:DeteriorationofecologicalconditionofSouthAfricanrivers,1999–2011(Source:Nel,J.L.&Driver,A.2015.NationalRiverEcosystemAccountsforSouthAfrica)

About50%ofSouthAfrica’swater

resourcesoriginatefrom10%ofourland.

Thesestrategicwater

sources(‘waterfactories’)mustbeprotectedand

maintainedthroughappropriateregulation.


35

The lossanddegradationofecological infrastructurenegativelyaffects systemyieldand increaseswater-relatedrisks.Degradedwetlands, forexample, losetheirability toreleasewater in timesofdrought, or to recharge groundwater supplies. Degraded ecological infrastructure increases thevulnerabilityofpeopleandbuiltinfrastructuretofloodsandincreasesmaintenanceandrepaircostsonbuiltinfrastructure.Itisoftenmorecosteffectivetorehabilitateecologicalinfrastructurethantobefacedwithanongoingneedtorepairorreplacebuiltinfrastructure.

Figure10:EcologicalconditionofSouthAfricanwetlands,2011(Source:NelJ.L.andDriverA.2012.SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityAssessment2011:TechnicalReport.Volume2:Freshwater)

8.2 Drivers

An increasing population, rapid urban expansion,widespread mining, increasing water storage andabstraction, the spread of invasive alien species and pooragriculturalpracticesarethemaindriversofdegradationofwater-related ecosystems and ecological infrastructure.Mining in strategic water source areas poses a threat towatersecurityboth in theshort-termbutalso in the long-term.

The main pressures on river ecosystems arise from thealteration of flow through dams and abstraction, thedestruction of natural vegetation along river banks, thegrowth and spreadof invasive alien species, andpollutionfrompointanddiffusesources.

The main pressures on wetland ecosystems are mining, construction, cultivation, urbandevelopment,andinadequategrazingmanagementwhichcauseserosion.

The South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), DWS and the Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch (CSIR) have identified key strategic water source areas in the country which must beprotectedandmaintainedifwatersecurityistobeachieved(Figure11below).TheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs(DEA)andSANBIhavereceivedfundingfromtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility

AnnuallossofwaterfromCapeTown’scatchmentsduetoinvasivealienplantsisatleastequivalenttoadamthe

sizeofWemmershoek.

Thecapacityofcatchment-basedinstitutionstoharness

thevalueofecologicalinfrastructureinthewatervaluechainneedsurgent

attention.


36

(GEF) for improving financial flows for restoring ecological infrastructure and for strengtheninginstitutionalcapacityforthistask.

Figure11:Strategicwatersourceareas:the10%ofSouthAfrica’slandthatdelivers50%ofourwater

StrategicWaterSourceAreas-50%from10%:

Support>50%ofpopulation,>64%ofnationaleconomicactivity&supply±70%of

irrigationwater


37

8.3 Key Actions

Action Responsibility CompletiondateDeclare strategic water source areas and criticalgroundwater recharge areas and aquatic ecosystemsrecognised as threatened or sensitive as protected areas(Volume3,Action1.6.1)

DWS, CMAs,DEA

2021

Review and promulgate aggressive restrictions within thelegislation to restore and protect ecological infrastructure(1.6.2)

DEA, DWS,CMAs, SANBI,CSIR

2020

ImplementationoftheReserve:(The classification, RQO’s and the Reserve (collectivelyknown as Resource Directed Measures (RDM)) for mainstem rivers starting with the Berg, Breede and Gouritz,MiddleandupperVaalWMA’s)(1.6.3)

DWS,CMAs 2022

Secure funds for restoration and ongoing maintenance ofecologicalinfrastructurethroughoperationalisingthewaterpricingstrategy(1.6.4)

DWS, CMAs,DEA,SANBI

Annually

Developand implementadiffusepollutionsourcestrategythatincludestheregulationoflanduse(1.5.14)

DWS,CMAs 2023

ImplementprogrammestorehabilitatecatchmentsthroughdevelopmentofCatchmentbusinessplans(1.5.15)

DWS, NT,CMAs

2025

Develop new policies and strategies on matters notpreviouslyaddressed, inconsultationwithallstakeholders,to facilitate the sustainability of various water sectorprogrammes(2.5.5)

DWS 2025

Link the Global Environment Fund 6 project on WaterPricing and Ecosystems to Water Master PlanimplementationandpositionDWStobecloselyinvolvedinthisprocess(2.6.17)

DWS, DEA,SANBI, WRC,CSIR

2024

Ongoing research, modelling and planning around climatechange and its impacts on water security and waterinfrastructureneedstobeconducted(2.6.19)

DWS, DEA,DST, WRC,CSIR

Ongoing


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Section 2: Enabling Environment

9 Creatingeffectivewatersectorinstitutions

9.1 Status quo

The state water and sanitationsector is currently comprised of alarge number of institutionswith acomplex suite of functions dividedamongst them, which creates anoverlycomplexvaluechain.

The Department of Water andSanitation (DWS) is the executivearm of national governmentresponsible, amongst other things,for water and sanitation policy,regulation of water supply andsanitation provision, oversight ofwater sector institutions, waterresources planning, operation andmaintenanceof320largedamsandassociated bulk infrastructure,regulation of water use and thecollectionandassessmentofwaterdata.

The Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA) is responsible forensuring that all municipalities perform their basic responsibilities and functions consistently,includingsupportingthedeliveryofmunicipalservicestotherightqualityandstandard;promotinggoodgovernance, transparencyandaccountability;andensuringsound financialmanagementandaccounting.However, in relation towater supply and sanitation,DWS is the accountablenationaldepartment.

TheSouthAfricanLocalGovernmentAssociation(SALGA)isanautonomousassociationofallSouthAfrican local governments, with the mandate to represent, promote and protect the interests oflocalgovernmentsandtoraisetheprofileoflocalgovernment.

NationalTreasury(NT)playsacriticalrole inthewaterandsanitationsector,notonlythroughtheprovisionofgrantsforwaterandsanitationprovision,butalsothroughtheiroversightofmunicipalfinances. In2017they introducedamunicipalstandardchartofaccounts (mSCOA)whichenforcesthe uniform collection of local government transactional information including on assetmanagementandmaintenance.TheTransCaledonTunnelAuthority(TCTA)wasinitiallyestablishedtofundtheLesothoHighlandsWaterProject(LHWP),butsubsequentlydirectedbytheMinistertofundandimplementavarietyofwaterresourceprojectsasanimplementingagentforDWS.


39

Only two (2) of the nine (9) envisaged catchment management agencies (CMAs) have beenestablished intermsoftheNationalWaterAct.NofunctionshavebeendelegatedtothesebodieswhicharethereforecurrentlyonlyresponsibleforthelimitedinitialfunctionsofaCMAsassetoutintheAct.

Waterboards,establishedintermsoftheWaterServicesAct,haveaprimaryfunctionofprovidingwaterservicestootherwaterservicesinstitutionsandwithsecondaryfunctionswhichcouldincludesupportingmunicipalities.

144municipalities are designated asWSAs, responsible for the constitutionallymandated task ofsupplying potable water and sanitation services, either as water service providers (WSPs)themselves,orexternallythroughthirdpartyWSPs.

Atpresent,some90WaterUserAssociations(WUAs)and177IrrigationBoards(IBs)existtomanagecommonwaterresources,insomecasesincludinginfrastructureforirrigationandsomeoftheseforgovernmentwaterschemes(GWS).

There are transboundary watercourse commissions in the Orange Senqu, the Limpopo andInkoMaputo basins, aswell as KOBWA (Komati basinwater authority) and the LesothoHighlandsWater Commission which are responsible for transboundary integrated water resourcemanagement.

The Water Research Commission (WRC) commissions research into water and sanitation issues,funded by a levy paid by water users. The WRC thus exists to drive research, development andinnovation(RDI)strategy,fundresearchactivitiesandorganisationsandsynergisewithpartnerstoshiftsolutionstopractice.

9.2 Drivers

There are several challenges associated with the currentinstitutional arrangements that need to be addressed tocreate appropriate and effective institutions with clearmandates, not least the overly complex value chain ofinstitutionscurrentlyinplace.

DWS ispolicymaker, regulator, implementerandoperatorofwater resource infrastructureandactsasCMAs inmostofthecountry.Someoftheseroleshavepotentialconflictsofinterest,while,waterresourcesregulation,whichislocalinnature,couldbeperformedbetterbymoredecentralisedinstitutions.

TheinstitutionallandscapeofthewatersectorinSouthAfricamustbesimplifiedtoimproveefficiency.Alackoftransformationincertain

areasmustalsobeaddressed.


41

All irrigation boards should have been transformed intoWUAs by 1999. A policy position that allWUAsand IBswill ceasetoexist in futurewasapprovedbyCabinet in2013.AroadmaphasbeendevelopedtotransformallIBsandWUAsintolocalwaterresourcesmanagementinstitutions.

ThechallengesfacedbyWSAsareaddressedunderthesectiononwatersupplyandsanitation.

InstitutionalRationalisationandOrganisationalAlignment isurgently requiredand is supportedbythe Presidential review on StateOwned Enterprises (SOEs). However, implementation of changesmustnotimpactnegativelyontheimplementationofotheraspectsofthisplan.

9.3 Key Actions

DWS,astheleaderofthewaterandsanitationsector,willleadaprocess,withothersectorpartners,to simplify and streamline the currently complex institutional arrangements in the sector. Inaddition,itwilldriveincreasedfunctionalityandefficiencyininstitutionalarrangements,asfollows:

Action Responsibility CompletiondateDevelopandimplementalong-termplanfortheturn-around of water supply and sanitationservices in the country based on a sector-wideapproach, that recognises DWS as regulator ofW&Sprovisionthatincludesthedevelopmentofcentralisedprogrammestoobtaineconomiesofscale and to ensure impact (e.g. drivingmunicipal non-revenue-water improvements,and assessing the cost-effectiveness andappropriate systems for desalination) (Volume3,Action1.3.1)


Annually

Develop and implement Provincial WaterServices Delivery Master Plans to providereliable and sustainable water supply andsanitationtoallhouseholdswithinSouthAfrica:•ProvincialBulkServicesMasterPlans• Reliable Services Delivery Action Plans thatincludes a backlog analysis and infrastructureassetmanagementplans(1.3.6)

DWS, WSAs,CoGTA, SALGA,NT,WBs

2030

Establish a business case for streamlinedinstitutional arrangements in the water andsanitationsector(2.1.1)

DWS 2020

Establish a Municipal Intervention Unit forWater and Sanitation in DWS, staffed withhighly competent experts to drive a nationalprogramme of intervention at the municipallevel(2.1.2)

DWS 2022

Transform allWUAs into Localwater resourcesmanagement institutions as per the developedroadmap(2.1.7)

DWS, WBs,WRMI,CMAs

2021

EstablishfinanciallysustainableCMAsacrossthecountry, and transfer staff and budget anddelegatedfunctions,includinglicensingofwateruse and monitoring and evaluation of waterresources(2.1.3)

DWS 2020


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Action Responsibility CompletiondateEstablish the National Water Resources andServicesAuthority(2.1.4)

DWS,NT 2020

Determine the optimal configuration of waterboards to manage regional bulk water supply;assist municipalities to perform their primarywater and sanitation services mandate wherenecessary, manage regional water resourcesinfrastructure,manageregionalbulkWTWsandWWTWs(2.1.5)

DWS,WBs 2020

Establish the National Water Resources andServicesRegulator(NWRSR)(2.1.6)

DWS,NT 2020

Implement accurate billing and effectiverevenuemanagement systems in all entities inthewatervaluechainwithastrict“Nopayment=nowater” approach toagriculture/industrial/commercial users and restricted supply todomesticusers(2.4.2)

WSAs,WBs,DWS,AGSA

2024

Ensure that sufficient revenue is receivedthrough tariffs and grants to operate,maintainand improve the water supply and sanitationsystem.Thetariffstructuremustallowforcrosssubsidisation for the indigent and building of areserveforperiodsofdrought(2.4.5)

WSAs,WBs,DWS,NT,AGSA

2024


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10 Managingdataandinformation

10.1 Status quo

Reliable data, information and knowledge on the status of the country’s water resources, watersupply and sanitation is required to understand and enable spatial and non-spatial analysis andpresentation of water use and water demand including the manner in which various economic,social and environmental activities in catchments affect (consume, pollute, increase) or constrain(limit,degrade)waterquality,quantityandecosystems.DWShasdevelopedasystematicknowledgebaseandassociatedknowledgeproductsoftheirwaterservicesandresourcesbusinesswiththeaimtosharetheknowledge inthepublicdomain. Information isavailable inaGeographic InformationSystem (GIS) format as well as various separate and supporting formats that are of non-spatialnature.

Water resources data includes regular measurementsofrainfall,streamflow,damlevels,andofchemicalandbiological determinants based on a well-establishednetwork of monitoring points. It further includesinformation on the ecological properties of waterresources,bothsurfaceandgroundwater.Thecoverageof rainfall and runoff gauging in the country has,however,beenallowedtodeteriorateandmanyrainfallmeasurementstationsandgaugingweirsarenolongerfunctional. The South African Weather Service andHydroNET joined forces to provide reliable weatherinformation.HydroNETisaweb-baseddecisionsupport

systemwhich transfersweatherandwaterdata into sophisticatedapplicationsanddashboards tomakewell-informedandtransparentdecisions.

InformationonwaterandsanitationinfrastructureandrelatedsupplyinformationascapturedintheWater Services / Regulation Systems Menu maintained by DWS, are also critical for effectivemanagement of water and sanitation. The DWS has initiated the development of a NationalIntegrated Water Information System (NIWIS) as integrator of existing DWS programmes andinformation systems in order to ensure that sector decision-makers have access to the best datapossible. DWS recognises that reliable data is also required on the performance of water sectorinstitutions and on the state of water and sanitation assets in order to monitor progress on theimplementationoftheNW&SMP,andinordertomonitorprogresstowardsthegoalssetoutintheSecond Edition of theNationalWater Resources Strategy (NWRS2) and theNDP. Current data onwaterauthorisationanduseiscapturedintheWARMSdatabase.TheMuSSAprogramme,togetherwith its supportingdatabases is also an important tool to assess the capacities and constraintsofwaterservicesinstitutions.

WhileDWShasworkedalongsidesectorpartnersinthedevelopmentofotherambitiousregulatoryand/orbenchmarkingdatabases,suchastheNationalBenchmarkingInitiativeundertakenbySALGA,the WRC and the South African Association of Water Utilities (SAAWU), these exercises haveunfortunately never achieved full coverage and most have been allowed to lapse. It is also ahinderance that there are insufficient, accessible and up-to-date information available within theDWSonsupportingdatasets suchasagriculturalactivities,energygeneration,water requirements

Inadequatedataandinformationresultingfromaweakmonitoring

systemposeshighriskstodecisionmakingandplanningandurgentlyneedtobeaddressedthroughtheformalisationofaneffectivenationalhydrological

monitoringcentre


44

for all sectors – various scales, socio-economic data or scenario planning, to assist in watermanagementandgovernanceactivities.

Todate,oneofthemoresuccessfulandinformativeregulatoryprogrammeswastheBlueDropandGreenDropcertificationdevelopedandoperatedforanumberofyearsbyDWS,butwhichhasnowlapsed.ThesameappliestotheNoDropprogrammethatfocusedonwaterconservationandwaterdemand management. A key element of success of these initiatives was that the informationgenerated by these programmes was made available to the broader public and in many casespromoted consumer confidence and greater transparency in service delivery. Currently the mostreliable information on municipal financial performance is maintained in the National Treasurydatabases, but unfortunately water and sanitation financial information is still not clearly ring-fenced.

10.2 Drivers

Effective information management, monitoring and evaluation is crucial for the successfulmanagement and regulation of water resources or water services as it creates the platform toinitiate interventions /actions,understand trends,adaptmanagementplansappropriatelyorplaneffectivelyforthefuture.Thisisparticularlycriticalinanenvironmentfacingsignificantchange.Thelackofdataandinformationresultingfromweakmonitoringsystems,informationsystemsthatareoutdatedornotmaintained,poseahighrisktotheachievementofthegoalssetoutintheNWRS2andtheNW&SMP.

Therefore, improved and modernised information systems must be developed in support of theimplementation of the NW&SMP and continue to build and expand on the suite of knowledgeproducts and communication channels that are utilised to share knowledge in a customizedmanner.Spatialandnon-spatialdatasetsshouldbepackagedastime-seriesknowledgeproductssuch as atlases, interactive dataset exploration and visualization toolkits (appropriate charts,maps and schematic). Online mapping and interfacing with modelling tools inclusive ofsystematicmetadataandfactsheetsontheknowledgebaseshouldalsobeincluded.Inaddition,therewillbeaneedtoincludeothernon-spatialdataandinformationsuchasexistinginformation,mapsreports,dataonpolicies,programs,andprojects,institutionalinformationtonameafew.


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10.3 Key Actions

Action Responsibility CompletiondateRevitalisetheGreen,BlueandNoDropprogrammesandpublish results. Revise and establish norms andstandardstobeappliedintheGreen,BlueandNoDropprogrammes(Volume3,Action1.4.1)

DWS,WSAs Annually

Reviewanddevelopandimplementcomprehensiveandappropriate Management, Monitoring and ReportingStructuresoftheDWSdataportal(2.2.1)

DWS Annually

Review, develop and implement a comprehensive DWSinformationandknowledgemanagementstrategytoincludeamongother:•Amendedauthorisationconditions toprovide for self-reporting•Harmonizationofmonitoringactionsbyallresponsibleinstitutions•PerforminformationV&Vaudits(2.2.2)

DWS Annually

AlignmentofmonitoringinstitutionstosupportNationaland International reporting requirements andprogrammes,e.g.SDGs,Agenda63andAMCO(2.2.3)

DWS 2021

Monitor, review, evaluate, report on and updateNW&SMP(2.7.4)

DPME,DWS Annual report toParliament

11 Buildingcapacityforaction11.1 Status Quo

The NW&SMP sets out the challenges that must be addressed to ensure a secure water future.Thesewillnotbeachievedwithoutaddressingtheissueofcapacity–theskilledpeoplerequiredtoundertakethework.

A skills gap analysis conducted by the WRC in 2015, looking at numbers of staff and their skillsrelativetorequiredskills,showedsignificantskillsgapsinwatersector institutions, includingDWS,CMAs,waterboardsandmunicipalities.

On the positive side, the number of Civil Engineering graduates doubled between 2010 and 2015fromapproximately1000to2000graduatesperyear.Itisnotclearhowmanyofthesegraduatesseekworkinthewaterandsanitationsector.Othergraduatenumberswithqualificationsthatapplytothewaterandsanitationsectoralsoincreaseddramaticallyinthisperiod,leadingtonoshortageofsciencegraduatedapplyingtoworkinthesector.However,thechallengeofappointingqualifiedandexperiencedstaffwillremain,particularlyinruralmunicipalities.

TheEnergyandWaterSectorEducationandTrainingAuthority(EWSETA) is theskillsdevelopmentauthorityservingthewaterandsanitationsector.


46

11.2 Drivers

ImplementingtheNW&SMPrequirestherightmixofskillsandexpertiseinthewaterandsanitationsector. This includes the capacity expressed as number of persons and skills expressed byqualificationandexperience required to fulfil the requirements inwater resourcesandwaterandsanitationservicesplanning,managementandoperations.Acriticalneedistousetheexpertiseofexperiencedwatermanagerstomentoranddevelopyoungerandlessexperiencedmanagersinthewaterandsanitationsectorincluding,butnotlimitedto,themunicipalsector.

11.3 Key Actions


Establish regulations on required qualifications andexperience for senior and technical positions in DWS,CMAs, water boards and municipal services institutions(Volume3,Action2.3.1)

DWS, CoGTA,SETA

2023

Develop and implement programme for recruitingexperienced technicalandmanagerial staff in firstSouthAfricaandtheninternationally(2.3.2)

DWS, CoGTA,DIRCO

2030

Define (and reinstate in some cases) career paths withdefined training and on the job experience to build aknowledgeablesectorofprofessionals(2.3.3)

DWS,WSAs,WBs,CMAs

2023

Developandimplementamandatory,modularhands-onqualification for municipal water managers (technicalmanager) to be run over 18 months and accredited byEWSETA to include aspects such as asset management,tariffs and revenuemanagement, droughtmanagement,stakeholderengagementandcustomerrelations(2.3.4)

DWS, EWSETA,Institutions ofHigherLearning

Ongoing

Partnerwith institutionstofundtrainingofwatersectorpractitioners in the curation, management and use ofdataaswellastheassociatedtechnologies(2.3.5)

DWS,EWSETA Ongoing

Initiate a focused research capability initiative in watersectoreconomicstoaddressthisexistingskillsgap(2.3.6)

DWS, WRC, CSIR,DST

Ongoing

Continue to develop high end skills (post graduate) toensure a future science, technology and innovationcapabilityinSouthAfrica(2.3.7)

DWS, DST, NRF,WRC,CSIR,thedti(THRIP)

Ongoing

Continue to support programmes that enabledevelopment of critical skills and exposure to emerginginnovations(e.g.YoungEngineersProgramme)(2.3.8)

SALGA, DST,WRC, CSIR, DWS,CoGTA,MISA

Ongoing


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12 EnsuringFinancialSustainability12.1 Status Quo

Thewaterandsanitationsector is currentlynot financially sustainable. Fundingneedsareon theincrease and available funding is limited due to the economic recession, reduced revenues andaccumulating debt. The financial health of the water and sanitation sector is challenged by thefollowingfactors:

• Lack of understanding of the strategic value of water (particularly the importance of watersecurity);

• Degradationofexistingassetvalue(backlogsinoperations,maintenanceandrefurbishment);

• Fundinggap(expectationsexceedingcurrentcapacity);

• Waterusenotoptimised(lackofdemandmanagement,waterallocationsinsufficient);

• Highnon-revenuewater (non-payingusers, insufficient revenuemanagement system,growingdebt);

• BacklogsonFreeBasicWatersupplyandsanitationprovision(stillcatchingup);

• Inefficientsectorinstitutions(complexstructureandgovernedunderdifferentlegislation);

• Fiscalconstraints(limitedcapacitybyfiscustoprovidefundingorguarantees);

• Tariffsnotcost-reflective(under-recovery,agriculturalsubsidies);

• Capacityconstraints(lackofskillsandintegrated,practicalsupportprogrammes);

• Non-alignmentonprioritiesandstrategicvalueofwater;

• Institutionsnotcreditworthy(financiallyconstrainedmunicipalities-especiallyinruralareas);

• Privatesectorparticipationnotoptimized;

• Reducingwaterquality(increasingcostsandenvironmentalrisks);and

• Value-for-moneyprocurementnotoptimal.

The South African water sector is in decline withhighly vulnerable municipalities characterised bydeclining levels of service, a continued increase incustomerdissatisfaction,risinglevelsofunpaidbillsand aging infrastructure. In terms of theVulnerability Assessment report8, 78% ofmunicipalities rate between `high’ and `extreme’ in terms of vulnerability. The dire situation isconfirmedbyNo-DropandGreenDropReportswhichshowhigh levelsofnon-revenuewaterandlargenumbersofwastewatertreatmentworksnotmeetingthedischargestandards.

Funding of the water sector comprises capital for infrastructure development, operation andmaintenance(O&M)alongthewatersupplychain,aswellasfundingforgovernance(plan,organize,lead and control) and effective management of water and sanitation services provisioning.

8DepartmentofWaterandSanitation(DWS).2015.MunicipalStrategicSelf-Assessment(MuSSA)

Aturn-aroundtowardsfinancialsustainabilityisnotoptionalandrequiresdedicated,

purposefulinterventionandaseriousmind-shiftbyallstakeholders

aroundtowardsfinancialsustainability


48

TheCapitalrequirementofthesectortotalsapproximatelyR90billionperannum,comprisingaboutR70 billion for water supply infrastructure from source to end-user and about R20 billion forsanitationandwastewatercollectionandtreatment.

A funding gap of R 333 billion is anticipated over the next 10 years between funding required(R898billion) and available funding (R 565 billion). This funding gap of R 33,3 billion per annummust be reduced through purposeful interventions such as policy reviews, enhanced regulation,implementation of cost efficiency measures and proper management of user expectation anddemands.

FundingGapoverthenextdecade

The capital replacement value of the existing water andsanitation infrastructure was estimated at R1362 billion in2017. The existing assets are however also depreciating,resultinginacurrentbookvalueoftheinfrastructureofaboutR584billion,or43%ofcapitalreplacementcost9.Theoperationalrealityisthatexistinginfrastructurewas“stretched”becauseofsignificant underinvestment in infrastructure maintenance anddelaysinrenewalofagedinfrastructurewhichhasresultedinanaccumulated backlog in refurbishment of R 59 billion. Nationalguidelinestarget8%ofassetreplacementvaluetobesetasideformaintenance.Properlife-cycleassetmanagementisrequiredtoaddressthebacklog.Goodassetmanagementactionswilloptimiseassetlifeandimprovereturnoninvestment.

AvailablecapitalinvestmentinwaterinfrastructureisintheorderofR40toR42billionperannum,whileinvestmentinsanitationisapproximatelyR13toR15billionperannum,totallingR55billionforthesector10.However,capitalinvestmentoverthenext10yearsofatleastR90billionperannumisrequired,isbasedonthefollowingpriorityneeds:

• remainingbackloginbasicwaterandsanitationservices(atcurrentstreettapservicelevels);

• criticalrefurbishmentbacklogs(causedbypoormaintenance);

• criticalrenewalsofagedinfrastructure;

• provisionforwaterresourcedevelopmentsidentifiedinDWSplanningstudies;and

• provision of new bulk, connector and reticulation infrastructure to meet the demands ofpopulationgrowthandagreedwateruseextensionsaimedatpromotingeconomicgrowth.

9DepartmentofWaterandSanitation(DWS).2018.NationalWaterInvestmentFramework10DepartmentofWaterandSanitation(DWS).2017.NationalWaterInvestmentFramework.NationalTreasury.2017.DivisionofRevenueAct

• Infrastructureisageing(57%depreciated)andneedsurgentrefurbishmentandrenewal.

• RefurbishmentbacklogofR59billionneedsaboutR12billionperannumover5yearstorecover.

• RenewalbacklogtotalR332billionwithR125billionapriorityneed

FundingRequirement FundingAvailable FundingGap

• R333billion(37%)• R565billion• R898billion

- =


49

Annual operating expenditure in the water and sanitation sector is estimated at R 100 to R 120billionperannum11.This isafirst-orderestimateaswaterandsanitationservicesarecurrentlynotring-fenced in municipal accounting. The current revenue from water and sanitation servicesamounts to R72 billion per annum along the full water and wastewater supply chain. Operatinggrantsareprimarily fromEquitableShareandtotalanadditionalR29billionperannum,basedontheDoRAallocation guidelines. The Equitable Share is however unconditional, andmunicipalitiescanuseitatowndiscretion.ThetotalfundingforwaterandsanitationoperationsisestimatedatR98billion, if the full revenue isallocatedtooperationandmaintenance.Revenue ishowever,alsoneeded to finance capital, which decreases the available funding for operation proportionally. AfundinggapforgoodoperationsisestimatedatR5billionifallwaterservicesrevenueisallocatedtooperationsoruptoR10billionperannumifrevenueiscommittedtonewcapitalfinancing.

Anadditionalchallengereferredtoabove,isthatthegovernanceofthewatersectorisfragmentedbetweendifferentActs(legislation)anddifferentinstitutions,whichmakesitdifficulttoresolvethefinancialchallengesconfrontingthesector,particularlyatmunicipallevel.

Finally, the realityof the sector is that fundingoptionsare limited. Thereareessentiallyonly twomeanstopayforcapitalandoperationofinfrastructure,beingeithertaxes(national)and/ortariffs(users). Economic infrastructure represents infrastructurewhere the investment canbe recoveredfromusers (tariffs),whereassocial infrastructure is relianton fiscal funding(taxes).Mostschemescompriseofeconomicandsocialuseandrequireacombinedfundingapproach.

Thebalanceof the funding requirements canadequatelybeaddressed through loansand fundingstructures. However, loanfundingisnot“newfunding”,butisusedtoaddressimmediatefundingneedstoberepaidoveralonger-termwithinterestfromfuturetariffs.Affordabilityoftariffsshouldthereforebecarefullyestablishedbeforeloansarecommitted.Loansprovideimmediaterelief,butincreasepressureonfuturetariffsanddebtobligationsforfuturegenerations.Loanfundingshouldbelimitedtocapitalinvestmentandnotbeappliedtofundoperatingcosts.

Therealityisthatvariousfundingstructuresareavailablewhichmeritconsideration.Whilstprojectfinance will continue to be applied to fund large infrastructure projects, smaller projects couldbenefitfromalternativefundingoptionsofferedbythemarket.

Theabilitytoraisefundingisconstrainedbylowcreditratings.ApartfromtheTCTAandlargerwaterboards andmetropolitanmunicipalities, the sector generally lacks the capacity to raise long-termdebtandappropriatelymanagetheassociatedrisks.

Funding for specificactivities isalsoavailable from internationaldonor sources suchas theGlobalEnvironmentalFacility,AdaptationFundandGreenClimateFund.Dedicatedfundingwillberequiredto implement the interventions identified in the entire Master Plan including project planning,programme management, sector coordination, implementation monitoring, and performanceregulation. Current funding of water and sanitation services functions in national, provincial andlocal government institutions must be reviewed, adjusted and augmented where necessary toensurethatthereisadequatecapacityandresourcingtoimplementtheNW&SMP.

ThefundingoftheinitialimplementationoftheNW&SMPhasbeenconsidered,butwillbereviewedannuallyastheplanitselfisreviewed.Inthe2018/19financialyear,thebudgetofthewatersectoris largelyset,asare theactions for thevariousorgansofstate in thesector, throughtheirannual11DWSandNationalTreasury.2017.NationalWaterInvestmentFramework&MunicipalBudgetDataBase


50

performanceplans.ThisNW&SMPwill,therefore,begintomakemostimpactonthesectorfromthe2019/20 financial year onwards when it will substantially begin to influence reprioritisation ofbudgets, cost savings, and the identification of options for additional sources of money over time.Someof theactionsproposed in thisplan, suchas the implementationofwaterconservationanddemandmeasures,mayrequireup-frontinvestmentwhichwillcontributesubstantiallytoimprovedfinancialsustainabilityovertime.

12.2 Drivers

Water and sanitation infrastructure is capital intensive and thesectorisfacedwithincreasingfundingneedswhilstfiscalfundingislimited.Thecurrentdependencyonthefiscustodevelopthesectorwillneedtobeaddressedthroughpurposefulinterventions.

AlthoughfundingisacriticalenablertoachievetheobjectivesoftheMasterPlan, the implementationof theplan, including in termsofregulation, anti-corruption, efficiencies and enforcement, will be the enabler to attract value-for-moneyfunding,makingtheMasterPlancriticaltoachievingfinancialsustainability.

The following drivers will play a key role to maintain positive cash flows and affordable servicedelivery:

• Reducecosts

o Delay replacement of existing assets through proper operations, maintenance andrefurbishment;

o Reducedemandandphysicalwaterlosses;

o Addressagriculturalsectorbenefitingfromalargesubsidyonthepriceofwater.

• Increaserevenue

o Increaseinrevenuecollectivelyconsidersthecostofwater(pricing)aswellasrevenuemanagement(metering,billingandcollection);

o Amindset-shiftisrequiredbyusersandwaterutilitieswithregardtothevalueofwater.Scarcity of water should increase the value of water and enforce water demand andconservationmeasuresforsustainablewaterusebetweencompetinguses.

• Increasefiscaltransfers

o Furtherfiscaltransferswouldbeunlockedifcostefficienciesandrevenuechallengesareaddressed;

o IncreaseGovernmentsupportforfundingstructures.

• Increaseloanfunding

o IncreaseloanfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandsimplifyPPPstructures;

o Ring-fencewaterrevenueandgrantsintendedforloanrepayment.

Insupportoftheabove,thefollowingpointerscouldbeconsidered:

• Establish integrated long-termcashflowplantomapthefullcapitalandoperatingcostsalongthefullinfrastructurelife-cycle;

Toachievefinancialsustainability,costsneedtodecrease,andrevenueneedsto

increase.


51

• Determinefundingrequiredtoimplementthe“turn-around”infinancialhealth;

• Implement dedicated programme and governance. A Systematic “turn-around” requiresinclusivepoliticalsupport,institutionalmandate,leadership,aformalprogrammeanddedicatedfunding;

• AssessappropriatefundingoptionsfromTransfers–PublicSectorFocus,Revenue–UserFocus,Loans–PrivateSectorFocusoracombinedapproach/Blendedfunding;and

• Addressrawwateraswellaspotablewatertariffsandrevenuecollection.

12.3 Key Actions


Setcaponwaterusewithreducingtargetsovertime(Volume3,Action1.1.2)


2030

Developandimplementalong-termplanfortheturn-aroundofwatersupplyandsanitationservices inthecountrybasedonasector-wideapproach,thatrecognisesDWSasregulatorof W&S provision that includes the development ofcentralisedprogrammestoobtaineconomiesofscaleandtoensure impact (e.g. driving municipal non-revenue-waterimprovements, and assessing the cost-effectiveness andappropriatesystemsfordesalination)(1.3.1)


Annually

Implement the Waste Discharge Charge System (WDCS) inprioritycatchments(SA5,SA41,SA42,SA43&SA44)(1.5.8)

NT,DWS,CMAs 2030

EnsurefiscalsupportforIWQM(SA38&SA39)(1.5.11) DWS,WSAs 2021

Establish a business case for streamlined institutionalarrangementsinthewaterandsanitationsector(2.1.1)

DWS 2020

Develop and implement institutional arrangements thatrecognise thediversityof circumstancesacross SouthAfrica,the legacy of Apartheid and allow for regional crosssubsidisation(2.4.1)

NT,DWS 2021

Implement accurate billing and effective revenuemanagementsystems inallentities in thewatervaluechainwith a strict “No payment = no water” approach toagriculture/industrial/commercialusersandrestrictedsupplytodomesticusers(2.4.2)

WSAs, WBs, DWS,AGSA

2024

Allconditionalgrantstobedependentonmeetingofcurrentpaymentstothenextentityinthevaluechain,improvementsto Blue Drop, Green Drop and No Drop Scores to meetingtargets and audit outcome. Allow conditional grants to beusedforoperationalcosts(2.4.3)

NT,AGSA,DWS 2023


52


Develop regulations in terms of Section 139 (8) of theConstitution,whichallows for anational entity to takeoverthewaterservicefunctions,includingrevenueandbilling,inamunicipalityifservicedelivercriteriaarenotmet(2.4.4)

DWS,CoGTA 2022

Ensurethatsufficientrevenueisreceivedthroughtariffsandgrants to operate, maintain and improve the water supplyand sanitation system. The tariff structure must allow forcrosssubsidisationforthe indigentandbuildingofareserveforperiodsofdrought(2.4.5)


2024

In all entities put in place mechanisms to deal withaccumulateddebts(2.4.6)


2020

Roll out of ring-fenced institutional models to increaseprivatesectorinvestment(2.4.7)

DWS,NT,CoGTA 2021

National Treasury – linkage to Medium Term SectorExpenditureFramework(MTSEF)(2.4.8)

NT,DWS Ongoing


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13 Amendingthelegislation

13.1 Status quo

ThewatersectorisgovernedprimarilybytwoActs:TheNationalWaterAct(Act36of1998),whichgoverns theuse,protection,development,managementandcontrolof rawwater,and theWaterServices Act (Act 108 of 1997)which governs the provision ofwater and sanitation services. TheNationalWaterActhasbeenamendedtwicesinceitwaspromulgated:byAct45of1999andbyAct27of2014.TheWaterServicesActwasamendedbyAct30of2004.Inaddition,theWaterResearchCommissionwasestablishedundertheWaterResearchAct(Act34of1971).TheMunicipalFinancialManagementAct(MFMA),theMunicipalSystemsAct(Act32of2000)andtheMunicipalStructuresAct(Act117of1998)alsogovernwaterandsanitationservicesatthemunicipallevel.TheMunicipalSystemsActgoverns thepowersand functionsallocated toWaterServicesAuthorities. ThePublicFinanceManagementAct (PFMA)governs financialmattersatnationalandprovincialgovernmentlevel.

AsdiscussedelsewhereinthisCalltoAction,thereisacknowledgementthatthecurrentlegislativeenvironment isoverlycomplex, insufficientlystreamlinedandhamperingeffectiveservicedelivery,the attainment of transformation objectives and the leveraging of economic growth. TheDepartment ofWater and Sanitationwill therefore lead a process that ensures thatwater sectorlegislationisamendedandaligned,andreadyforthefutureandaheadofthecurve.

13.2 Drivers

Learningfrompractise,intheimplementationoftheNationalWaterActandtheWaterServicesActover the years since their promulgation, certain issues have been identified that requireamendment.Asaresult,someoftheamendmentstobetabledforconsiderationmayaimto:

• Alignthelegislationtosubsequentpolicydecisionsincluding:

o introducingmechanismstoenforcethepolluterpaysprinciple

o the‘Use-ItorLose-it’principleunderwhichanywaterwhichisnotutilisedrevertstothestate

o theremovaloftemporaryorpermanenttradingbetweenauthorisedwaterusers

o equityastheprimaryconsiderationinwaterallocation

o adoptingamultiplewateruseapproachinplanninginfrastructure

o theroleofDWSinplanningforregionalbulkwaterinfrastructure

o freebasicwaterandfreebasicsanitationtobeprovidedtoindigenthouseholdsonly

o theoptimalconfigurationof,powersandfunctionsofWaterBoardsandWaterServicesAuthorities

o theestablishmentofCMAs,and

o thealignmentofappealfunctionswithNEMAandotherappealmechanisms.

• Addressissuespertainingtoownershipofwaterandsanitationinfrastructure,differentiallevelsofserviceforsanitation,andappropriatetechnologiesforsanitation


54

• EmpowertheMinistertoeffectivelyregulatethewatersupplyandsanitationsector

• Addressissuespertainingtowateruseauthorisation

• Enablethesettingof tariffs for thewholevaluechain linkedto levelsofserviceandeconomicconditions,

• Enabletheprotectionofstrategicwatersourceareasand

• Ensure linkages between spatial planning and the NW&SMP and create the mandate for aNationalWaterandSanitationStrategy.

Inaddition, theWaterResearchAct,nowover40yearsold,mustbeamendedtoalign tocurrentgovernance best practice, contemporary institutional arrangements, and the PFMA. A WaterResearchAmendmentBillhasbeendeveloped,whichwillbetabledbeforeParliament.

13.3 Actions

Action Responsibility CompletionDateGazettetheNationalWaterAmendmentBill,WaterServices Amendment Bill and Water ResearchAmendmentBill(Volume3,Action2.5.1)

DWS, PortfolioCommittee, StandingCommittee

2021

Hold public consultation on National WaterAmendment Bill, Water Services Amendment BillandWaterResearchAmendmentBill(2.5.2)


2022

Revise and promulgate the National WaterAmendment Bill, Water Services Amendment Bill,andtheWaterResearchAmendmentAct(2.5.3)


2023

Review the Municipal Financial Management Act(MFMA)andtheMunicipalSystemsAct(specificallychapter8)toensurethattheyprovideanenablingenvironmentfortheprovisionofreliablewaterandsanitationservices(2.5.4)


2020

Developnewpoliciesandstrategiesonmattersnotpreviously addressed, in consultation with allstakeholders, to facilitate the sustainability ofvariouswatersectorprogrammes(2.5.5)

DWS 2025


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14 EnhancingResearch,developmentandinnovation

14.1 Status quo

South Africa has received international recognition for its water and sanitation research anddevelopmentwith several internationally recognisedproducts and solutions.Despite this, there isstill much to be done in maturing how we shift new solutions into practise. Getting this rightdemands a highly coordinated system of institutions supporting innovation, demonstration,validationanddeployment.

Thereisanactivearrayofinstitutionsengagedindifferentaspectsofwaterresearch,developmentand innovation to start building from. TheWRC is the leading funder ofwater research in SouthAfrica. It is funded from water user charges and leverages additional resources from variouspartnerships and programmes. Various government departments are involved with funding andsupporting research and innovation activities in different ways. There is also a range of sciencecouncils,tertiaryacademicinstitutions,non-profitorganisationsandprivatesectorroleplayersthatareinvolvedindevelopingandsupportingwaterresearchandinnovation.

Whilstthereisarichinstitutionalandskillsenvironmenttodrawfrom;waterresearch,developmentandinnovationcontinuestofacearangeofchallengesincluding:poorcoordinationandsynergisingofactivitiesbetweeninstitutions;aweakunderstandingoftheroleofallwatersectororganisationsin driving innovation and shifting solutions to practise, challenges in scaling up of solutions to beready for the market, and highly limited funding for innovation (particularly in its scale up/deploymentstages).Thisresultsinmanysolutionsthatemergefromtheresearchanddevelopmentspacenotbeing implemented inpractise. For SouthAfrica tobe ready for the futurewemustbeable to address the innovation chasm where emerging solutions fail to be tested at scale ordevelopedintoviablebusinessthatareabletoengagewithdifferentpublicandprivatesectorroleplayers.

TobettersynergiseSouthAfricaninstitutionsinvolvedinwaterinnovationaroundthedifferentgapsandopportunitiesofthesector,theDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST)hascollaboratedwiththeDWSandtheWRCtodevelopaWaterResearch,DevelopmentandInnovationRoadmap.

This Roadmap identifies RDI gaps and opportunitiesand orientates the sector towards addressing theseopportunities in a more coordinated way throughinvestments in research, high end skills developmentandactions that shiftnewsolutions intopractise.Theplanfocusesacrosssixthemes:i)Unlockingalternativesources of water (including reuse, improvedgroundwaterutilization,desalinationandharnessingofstorm water); ii) Exploring ecological and built waterinfrastructure opportunities in relation to climateresilience (including supporting the alternative andwater-less sanitation revolution) iii) Ensuring greater water efficiency and reduced losses and iv)water governance, planning and management for supply and demand; v) orientating the watersectortowardsmorebusinesssavvyandbankablesolutions;andvi)supportingmonitoring,meteringandwaterdatainnovation.

AWaterRDIRoadmapImplementationUnithasbeenputinplaceinpartnershipbetweenDSTand

ThisRoadmap,whichformsthebasisoftheRDIaspectsofthisMasterPlan,isalsoanimportantlinkertotheIndustrialPolicyActionPlan

ambitiontodrivewaterindustryinareasofsanitation,membranesand

wastewatertreatment.


56

WRCtosupportintelligencegathering,sectortrackingandfacilitateaspectsofcoordinatingtheroleplayersofthewaterinnovationlandscape.

TheoverallminimuminvestmentrequiredtoachieveallaspectsoftheRDImasterplanovera10-yearperiodisR8.4billion.In2015itwasestimatedthatanaverageofR300millionwasspentonwaterresearch,developmentandinnovation.This illustratesthatthatthecurrentspendonWaterRDI iswoefully inadequatetoaddress thecountries’needs (anapproximatelyR500millionayearshortfall).

Traditionalfundersinthisspace,suchastheWRCandDST,cannotbethesoleinvestorsintheRDIRoadmap. Sector wide ownership and investment will be needed to realise this RDI ambition,especiallywhenitcomestothecostlier issuesoftechnologytesting,demonstration,upscalingandsolutiondeployment. Ifwearetodevelopawater industry intermsof localisation,manufacturingandjobcreation, italsorequires investmentfromroleplayerssuchasDTIanditsentities,metros,andutilities.

14.2 Drivers

It is vital to recognise that RDI is an activity that has crosscuttinglinkageswithallaspectsandchaptersoftheNW&SMP.Allaspectsofthewatersectorhavetheirownsetofresearch,innovationandsolutionsrequirements.

Ongoing research, development and innovation, and theharnessingof internationaldevelopments, isacriticalelementofdeliveringeffectivelyonthisCall toAction,as is thetranslationof researchand innovation intoimplementation at scale. The RDI system is key to being ‘ahead of the curve’ as it supports thedevelopment of new solutions and technology, provides evidence to support robust decisionmaking,andbuildscapabilities thatenableSouthAfrica to respondtochallenges.This iscritical intermsof shifting the country intoamoreproactiveplanning space that abates someof themorereactiveactivitiesthatemergewhenwearenotproperlypreparedfordroughtsandotherextremeevents.

Innovation also offers a significant opportunity to develop a water sector industry which cancontributetojobcreation,andtothedevelopmentofeconomicopportunitiesforthecountry.

14.3 Key Actions

Action Responsibility CompletionDateImplementandregularlyreview/reviseResearch,Development and Innovation Policies, Plans andRoadmaps across the sector (Volume 3, Action2.6.1)

DWS,DST,WRC,CSIR 2021

Unlock investment, procurement and otherlocalisation barriers to reposition the sector toimplement new/niche solutions and approachesandroadmaptheNMIU(2.6.2)

DWS, NT, CoGTA, DST,NMIU

Ongoing

Coordinate, and where needed establish newplatforms, to enable a synergised set ofinstitutions that enable the shifting ofinnovations into the market (including businessdevelopmentandSMEsupport)(2.6.3)

DWS, the dti, Dept SmallBusiness,EDD

2019

RDIisanactivitythathascrosscuttinglinkageswithallaspectsandchaptersof

theNW&SMP


57

Action Responsibility CompletionDateStrengthen partnerships with key water sectorinstitutions to accelerate research and solutionsintopractice(2.6.4)

DWS, WRC, CSIR, DST,CoGTA, SALGA, the dti,DAFF

2020

Structuretestbedpartnerswithkeywatersectorinstitutions inorder toaccelerate innovations tothemarket/publicsector(2.6.5)

WRC, CSIR, DWS, DST,SALGA,Municipalities

Ongoing

Fund research into new models to betterunderstand implementation approaches forwaterallocationreform,andequityissues(2.6.6)

DWS,WRC,CSIR,DST Ongoing

Develop technologies, guidelines andimplementation support tools that enable SA tousealternativeandappropriatesourcesaspartofwatersupply(2.6.7)

DWS, WRC, CSIR, DST,SALGA,CoGTA,WSAs

2023

Apply the concepts of water sensitive urbandesign to a robust city-wide case study todemonstrate and learnhowa city can transitiontoasustainablecity(2.6.8)

DWS, SALGA, Metros,DistrictMunicipalities

2027

Tools foragricultureearlywarningsystemsneedtobedevelopedandtestedatscale(2.6.9)

WRC, CSIR, DWS, DAFF,ARC

Ongoing

Scanandsortthe innovationsector forsolutionsthatare ready forapplicationand invest in theirimplementation(2.6.10)

WRC,CSIR,DST,DWS 2021

AlternativeSanitation:Developanddemonstrateand validate appropriate alternative, water-lessandoffgridsanitationsolutions(Current–2025)(2.6.11)

DWS, WRC, CSIR, DST,BMGF, the dti,Municipalities

Ongoing

Domestic and industrial Waste Water: Developand Demonstrate appropriate waste watertechnologies for cost effectiveness, energyefficiencyandbeneficiation(2.6.12)

DWS, TCTA, WRC, CSIR,thedti,DST,TIA,MINTEK

Ongoing

Scanandsortthe innovationsector forsolutionsthatare ready forapplicationand invest in theirimplementation(2.6.13)

WRC,CSIR,DST,DWS 2021

Drinking Water Treatment: Develop andDemonstrate solutions that allow for the use ofalternative sources of water for safe humanconsumptionandwatersecurity(2.6.14)


Ongoing

Continue to invest in understanding emergingcontaminants (detectionandtreatment) inorderto improve our transition to reuse, reclamationandrecyclingofwater(2.6.15)


Ongoing

Improvingrawwaterquality:Invest in Communities of practise that bringtogether built and ecological infrastructureexpertsandsolutions(2.6.16)

DWS, DEA, SANBI, WRC,CSIR,DST

Ongoing

Link the Global Environment Fund 6 project onWater Pricing and Ecosystems to Water MasterPlan implementation and position DWS to becloselyinvolvedinthisprocess(2.6.17)

DWS, DEA, SANBI, WRC,CSIR

2024


58

Action Responsibility CompletionDateContinue to do research on land use impact onwaterlinkedecosystems(2.6.18)

WRC, CSIR, DEA, DWS,DAFF,ARC

Ongoing

Ongoingresearch,modellingandplanningaroundclimatechangeandits impactsonwatersecurityandwater infrastructure needs to be conducted(2.6.19)

DWS,DEA,DSTWRC,CSIR Ongoing

Initiate a hydrological monitoring centre forSouth Africa in order to re-establish a robustdata, monitoring and information capability formore effective water resources planning andclimatechangeforecastinginfuture(2.6.20)

DWS, DEA, ARC, DAFF,WRC, CSIR, DST, SAWS,CSIR,StatsSA

2021

TestasuitofICTandcitizensciencetoolsfordatasourcing(2.6.21)

WRC, CSIR, DWS, DST,CoGTA, SALGA, the dti,DAFF

Ongoing

Partnerwithinstitutionstofundtrainingofwatersectorpractitionersinthecuration,managementand use of data as well as the associatedtechnologies(2.6.22)

DWS,EWSETA Ongoing

Reviewall relevantguidelinesandR&Dproductstounderstandwheretrainingmodulesneedtobedevelopedaroundnewknowledge(2.6.23)

DWS, WRC, CSIR, SETAs,WISA,DHET


59

Ready for the future and ahead of the curve – LET’S DO IT! SouthAfricans share common interests and challenges in the pursuit ofwater security. Achievingwatersecurityrequiressoundevidencetoinformpolicyanddialogue,goodgovernance,advancesinresearchandtechnology,themobilisationoffinanceandinvestment,managementofclimaterisks,and cooperation in managing trans boundary water resources. It requires balancing supply anddemand,redistributingwaterforequitableaccessanduse,managingwaterandsanitationserviceseffectively,regulatingthewatersectorwithafocusonhighimpactuse,improvingrawwaterqualityandprotectingandrestoringecosystems.ThesethemesorienttheNW&SMPandprovidearallyingpointforgovernment,civilsociety,theprivatesector,researchersandinnovators,theinternationalcommunityandordinarySouthAfricans.

TheNW&SMP:CalltoActionhasidentifiedprioritychallengesandthecriticalactionsthatmustbeimplementedtoaddressthecurrentcrisisinthewatersectorandtoachievetheconstitutionalandlegal mandate given to the sector. The Call to Action prioritises the actions that will deliver thegreatest impactwith limitedresources,witha focusonreducingwaterdemand, increasingsupply,ensuring universal and reliable water supply and sanitation, protecting infrastructure througheffectiveassetmanagement,improvingrawwaterquality,andensuringequityinaccesstowater.

Of critical importance is the issue of financial sustainability. Currently the sector is not financiallysustainable and increases more than inflationary targets will be required to address the historicundervaluationofwaterandsanitationservices.High levelsofdebtatmunicipal levelreverberateup the value chain, impactingon the financial sustainability of all institutions in thewater sector,exacerbated by poor revenue collection by DWS itself. There are five legs to the financialsustainabilityissuethatmustbeaddressed:

• Implement accurate billing and effective revenue management systems in all entities in thewater value chain with a strict “No payment = no water” approach to agriculture/industrial/commercialusersandrestrictedsupplytodomesticusers;

• Allconditionalgrantstobedependentonmeetingofcurrentpaymentstothenextentityinthevaluechain,improvementstoBlueDrop,GreenDropandNoDropScorestomeetingtargetsandauditoutcome.Allowconditionalgrantstobeusedforoperationalcosts;

• DevelopregulationsintermsofSection139(8)oftheConstitution,whichallowsforanationalentitytotakeoverthewaterservicefunctions,includingrevenueandbilling,inamunicipalityifservicedelivercriteriaarenotmet;

• Ensure that sufficient revenue is received through tariffs and grants to operate,maintain andimprove the water supply and sanitation system. The tariff structure must allow for crosssubsidisationfortheindigentandbuildingofareserveforperiodsofdrought;

• Inallentitiesputinplacemechanismstodealwithaccumulateddebts;

• Rolloutofring-fencedinstitutionalmodelstoincreaseprivatesectorinvestment;and

Improved financial sustainabilitywill enable the sector toturnaround thecurrentlypoor levelsofmaintenanceandrefurbishmentthatarecontributingtothedeclineinreliabilityofservicesandthe


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high levelsofwastageofwater through leaks. Improvement in the conditionofWWTWswill alsocontributetoimprovedwaterresourcequalityandthereductionofpublichealthrisks.

Addressingunacceptablyhigh levelsofwater loss is a critical elementof reducingwaterdemand.Non-revenue water levels in municipalities are estimated at an average of 41%, which isunacceptablyhigh.Asaresult,municipalitiesarelosingsomeR9.9billionofpotentialrevenueperyear. The reduction of water losses and the introduction of water conservation and demandmanagement measures in municipalities must be enforced to achieve the targets in the NDP. Anationalprogrammeisproposedthatwilldrivethereductionofnon-revenuewater levelstomeetnationalandcatchment targets. Inaddition,waterconservationanddemandmanagement targetswill be set for allmunicipalities and reflected in theKPIsofMunicipalManagers andother seniorstaff.

At the municipal level, the current crisis will need thecombined engagement of DWS, COGTA, NationalTreasury, SALGA, water boards and WSAs. Thereintroduction of a sector-wide approach (SWAP)programmeisproposed,ledbyDWS,totacklethecurrentchallenges. In this programme, a differentiated (triage)approach will be adopted in which WSAs will becategorised according to the challenges that they arefacing, and targeted responses will be developed andimplemented for the various categories. A specialisedmunicipal intervention unit for water and sanitation(MIUWS)willbeestablishedbyDWS,staffedwithasmallteam of highly competent experts, to run the diagnosticanalysis necessary to categorise the WSAs, and to drivethenationalprogrammeofinterventionswhererequired.

A national programme, driven by the MIUWS, is also proposed to support the adoption ofalternative water sources such as desalination and water re-use. It is proposed that DWS lead aprogramme that will examine the costs and benefits of these technologies at a regional level tosupportWSAsinmakingdecisionsonthemostappropriatewatersourcestousetoincreasesupply.Inaddition,anational, targetedprogrammeof refurbishingand turningaround failingWWTWstoprotectournatural resourcesandcitizenhealth isnon-negotiable.DWSwillalso,witheffect from2018/19,re-introducethehighly-respectedBlue,GreenandNoDropprogrammes.

At present, the constitutional water supply and sanitation services responsibility lies with 144municipalitiesthatareWSAs.AtleastathirdoftheseWSAsareregardedasdysfunctionalandmorethanhalfhaveno,orverylimited,technicalstaff.Twenty-sevenprioritydistrictmunicipalitieshavebeenidentifiedasbeingparticularlydysfunctionalandrequiringspecificintervention(thoughnotallare WSAs). High levels of corruption have impacted on service delivery in several municipalities.WhereWSAsshowconsistent inabilitytodelivereffectivewaterandsanitationservices,anationalinterventionleadbytheMIUWSwilldeterminetheappropriatewaterservicesprovidertobeusedaswellas theappropriateservicedeliverymodel suchasmanagementcontractsandconcessions.ThiswillrequirearevisionofChapter8oftheMunicipalSystemsActwhichDWSwillengageCOGTAand NT on. In addition, a legislative review will be done to ensure that internal procedures anddecision-making systems in local government support effective water and sanitation provision. A

On27June2018,CabinetnotedtheNW&SMPandsupportedthe

mobilisationofadetailedplanningprocessinthesectorutilisingthePhakisaplanningmethodology.

TheNW&SMPwillserveasthebasisforthePhakisaonWaterand

Sanitation.

Theimplementationoftheprogrammeofactionresultingfrom

thePhakisawillbedrivenbytheDWSPMUincollaborationwith

sectorpartners.


61

national curriculum will be put in place for municipal water managers, which will become amandatoryqualificationforallsuchwatermanagers.

The strategicwater source area - the 10%of the landwhich produces 50%of the nation’swaterresources - are under threat from development, so to ensure the water security of the country,theseareaswillbedeclaredasprotectedareasandDWSwillengageDEAonthis.Meteringofwateruseintheagriculturalsectorandtheremovalofthesubsidyonagriculturalwaterchargeswilldrivewaterconservationinthissector.

DWS,working inpartnershipwithDEA,will get toughonenforcement.Ahigh-profilecampaignofenforcementofwateruselicenceconditionsforbothabstractionandwastedischarge,accompaniedbyapubliccommunicationprogrammewillseetheprosecutionofhigh-impactnon-compliantwateruserswithsignificantpublicityaroundthecampaignandtheresults.Thisisaimedatreducingnon-compliantwateruseandcreatinganawarenessoftheworkbeingdonebyDWSinthisregard.Thiswillbeanimportantsignalthatthisis‘businessunusual’andthatthosewhoarenon-compliantcannolongerriskcontinuedillegalactivities.

Thewatersectorresearch,developmentandinnovationprogramme,drivenbytheDSTandtheWRCwill support the implementation of the NW&SMP. The initial focus on water services and waterresources delivery was also build around the 27 priority municipalities but since the start of theNW&SMP, no fewer than 57municipalities have been identified as distressed or dysfunctional inneed of technical capacity to be able to conduct infrastructure planning, delivery, operation andmaintenance, infrastructure management, financial management as well government andadministrationissues.

Finally, the water sector has, over the past 20 years, failed to deliver on its mandate for waterallocation reform,or the reallocationofwater toblackwater users. This, alongwith land reform,remainsamajorchallengefacingthecountry,andonethatmustbeaddressed.Itisproposedthatajoint land, water and agrarian reform programme, to be led by the Department of RuralDevelopmentandLandReformbeestablishedtoensurethatthereallocationofbothlandandwaterarealignedandtakeplacewithinaframeworkofagrarianreformandeffectiveruraldevelopment.

ThisNW&SMP:CalltoActionhasbeenwidelyconsultedonandhasbeendevelopedwithinputfromarangeofstakeholdersandorgansofstateandhasbeengreatly improvedandinformedbytheseengagementsandinputs.TheNW&SMPinitsentirety,Volumes1–3,remaina“living”documenttobe annually reviewed, updated and improved.Greater detail regarding themotivations informingtherecommendationsmadebytheCalltoAction,arecontainedinVolume2:PlantoAction.Volume3containsdetailsofspecificactionstobe implementedbywatersectorpartnerstomakethefirstNationalWaterandSanitationMasterPlanareality.OnlybyworkingtogethertotackleprioritisedchallengescanthewatersectorensurethatSouthAfricawillindeedbeReadyforFutureandAheadoftheCurve.


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Summary of actions KeyActionNofromVolume3


1Water&SanitationReducingWaterDemandandIncreasingSupply1.1.1 Reduce Non Revenue Water (NRW) and water losses in all

municipalitiesto15%belowthebusinessasusual.DWS,CoGTA 2030

1.1.2 Set cap on municipal water use with reducing targets overtime

DWS,CMAs,WSAs,CoGTA

2030

1.1.3 Reduce the water demands and water losses at all majorirrigationandagriculturalschemesby2030,withoutaffectingproductions

DWS,DAFF 2030

1.1.4 Reduce water demand and increase water efficiencies ofindustrialusers

DWS,thedti 2026

1.1.5 Develop,updateandmaintainreconciliationplanningstudiesto achieve optimal water mix (surface water, groundwater,re-useanddesalination,andincorporateclimatechangeintostudies)

DWS,CMAs 2030

1.1.6 Do detailed feasibility study (including EIA) of high priorityinterventions (identified in Reconciliation Strategies) anddevelop bankable projects, with business case of requiredinfrastructure, financing, institutional arrangements forownershipandoperationsasimplementationmandate.

WSAs,DWS,CMAs

2030

1.1.7 WaterResourcesCatchmentstudies(Continuouslyundertakehydrological monitoring in order to improve the resiliencyand sustainability of the available sources on account offutureclimatechange)

DWS,CMAs 2050


63

KeyActionNofromVolume3


1.1.8 Develop a guideline for the protection, recharge, use andmonitoringofgroundwater.

DWS,WRC,CSIR

2022

1.1.9 Integrate results of All Towns studies and reconciliationstudies into sectoral plans (domestic, agriculture, energy,mining, industrial development, land reform and ruraldevelopment)

DWS,DAFF,DoE,DMR,thedti,DRDLR

2030

1.1.10 Developmentofstrategicwaterresourcesinfrastructure DWS,LHDA,WSAs,WBs,TCTA

2025

1.1.11 Refurbishgaugingstations CMAs,DWS 20271.1.12 Increase groundwater use (including artificial recharge) and

re-useofwaterWBs,WSAs,DWS

2024

RedistributingWaterforTransformation1.2.1 Identify alternative sources of water and water that is not

utilised (e.g. as mines are closing resulting from War onLeaks,etc)fortransformation

DWS,CMAs 2019

1.2.2 Identify where more water can be made available ingovernmentwaterschemesfortransformation

DWS,CMAS,DAFF/PDAs,IUCMAS

2019

1.2.3 Implement the Water Administration System on allgovernmentirrigationschemesfortransformation

DWS,DAFF/PDA

2024

1.2.4 Implement pilot project on voluntary contributions fromfarmersforwaterreallocationinprioritisedcatchments

DWS,DAFF 2020

1.2.5 Identify areas where small dams or groundwaterdevelopmentcanprovidewaterforsmallscaleblackfarmers

DWS,CMAs 2019

1.2.6 Alignwater, land and agrarian reformprogrammes and linktotheIrrigationStrategy

DWS,CMAs,DAFF,DRDLR

2030

1.2.7 UseGeneralAuthorisationtoenablesmallscalewaterusebyblackfarmers

DWS,DAFF 2019

1.2.8 Investigate, revitalise, refurbish existing under-performingBlackOwnedschemes

DAFF,DWS 2020

1.2.9 Defineandimplementprocesstoallocatewater(new/saved)toblackapplicants

DWS,DAFF 2030

ManagingEffectiveWaterandSanitationServices1.3.1 Developandimplementalong-termplanfortheturn-around

ofwatersupplyandsanitationservices inthecountrybasedonasector-wideapproach,thatrecognisesDWSasregulatorof W&S provision that includes the development ofcentralisedprogrammestoobtaineconomiesofscaleandtoensure impact (e.g. driving municipal non-revenue-waterimprovements, and assessing the cost-effectiveness andappropriatesystemsfordesalination)

DWS,CoGTA,NT,SALGA

Annually

1.3.2 Plan for disaster management by implementing adequatefloodprotectionanddroughtmanagementonregionallevel

DWS,CMAs,NWRSA,WBs

2022

1.3.3 Revisit levels of service for water supply and sanitationservicesagainstissuesofaffordability

DWS,CoGTA,NT,SALGA

2025


64



1.3.4 Investigate and promote alternative service deliverymodelssuch as BOTT (build, operate, train and transfer),managementcontractsandconcessions

NT,DWS 2025

1.3.5 ProvidedirectWaterServicesDevelopmentPlanningsupporttoWSAsaspartof a legal requirementand integration intoMunicipalIDPS

WSAs,DWS,CoGTA,SALGA,NT

2025

1.3.6 Develop and implement Provincial Water Services DeliveryMasterPlanstoprovidereliableandsustainablewatersupplyandsanitationservicestoallhouseholdswithinSouthAfrica:•ProvincialBulkServicesMasterPlans• Reliable Services Delivery Action Plans that includes abackloganalysisandinfrastructureassetmanagementplans

DWS,WSAs,CoGTA,SALGA,NT,WBs

2030

1.3.7 Deliver services to achieve (100%) universal sanitationcoverage(MunicipalSanitationProjects)

WSAs,DWS 2030

1.3.8 Deliver services to achieve (100%) universal water servicesprovision(MunicipalWaterSupplyProjects)

WSAs,CoGTA,DWS

2030

1.3.9 O&Mofwaterresourcesandservicesinfrastructure DWS 20501.3.10 AligninterventionswithCoGTAonfailingmunicipalitieswith

existingsupportprogrammese.g.MISACoGTA,MISA,DWS

2019

1.3.11 Lifecycle planning (asset management) conditions to be setbyDWS

DWS 2020

1.3.12 A National water and wastewater treatment performanceturnaround plan to be developed and implemented. Turnaroundthefunctionalityoffive,currentlydysfunctional,largewater and wastewater treatment works with anaccompanyingpublicitycampaign,followedbyaprogrammeaddressingtherest

DWS,WSAs,NT,WBs,CoGTA

2030

1.3.13 Roll-outofFeasibilityand ImplementationReadinessstudiestoalignwithnationalgrantfundingprogrammes

WSAs,DWS 2025

RegulatingtheWaterandSanitationSector1.4.1 Revitalise the Green, Blue and No Drop programmes and

publishresults.ReviseandestablishnormsandstandardsDWS,WSAs Annually

1.4.2 Includewateruseefficiencyand conservation targets in theKPIsofmunicipalmanagersandmunicipalwater supplyandsanitationmanagers,andinmunicipalimplementationplans


2019

1.4.3 Establish Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (WELS)Scheme

SABS,DWS 2025

1.4.4 Identify(BlueScorpions)andprosecutemajornon-compliantabstractors (water thieves) across the country, with anationalcommunicationcampaigntoaccompanytheaction

CMAs,NPA,SAPS,DEA,Regulator,DMR,DWS,BlueScorpions

2020

1.4.5 Replace all Existing Lawful Use (ELU) with licences withenforceablewateruseconditions

DWS,CMAs 2030


65



1.4.6 Development and implementationof theMoUbetween theDWSandstrategicusers

DWS,ChamberofMines,Eskom,Industries

2020

1.4.7 Develop and implement municipal bylaws to protect waterquality

DWS,WSAs 2020

1.4.8 Identify and prosecute big polluters across the country(including municipalities), with a national communicationcampaigntoaccompanytheaction

CMAs,NPA,SAPS,DEA,DMR,DWS

2020

1.4.9 Establishamechanismforapplyingadministrativepenalties DWS,DeptofJustice

2023

1.4.10 Develop improved regulatory approaches to managepollutionfromland-basedandin-streamactivities(SA1,SA7,SA20&SA29)

DWS 2022

1.4.11 Develop and implement an action plan to strengthenwateruseauthorisationprocesses(SA24,SA25,SA26,SA27&SA28)

DWS,CMAs,WRC

2022

ImprovingRawWaterQuality1.5.1 Determine in-stream Resource Water Quality Objectives

(RWQOs),basedontheSAWaterQualityGuidelines (SA36),insupportofRQO's

DWS,CMAs 2020

1.5.2 Routinelymonitorresourcewaterquality(SA46,SA47SA48) DWS,CMAs 20301.5.3 Establish and maintain appropriate and accessible

information management system(s) for resource waterquality(SA49,SA51&SA60)

DWS,CMAs 2030

1.5.4 Assessresourcewaterqualityinformation(SA52&SA59) DWS,CMAs 20301.5.5 Implement adaptive source control-based waterquality

management interventions, in accordance with relevantcatchmentplansandstrategies(SA34&SA35)

ChamberofMines,DWS,CMAs,DMR

2030

1.5.6 Develop and implement a strategic action plan for therehabilitationandupgradeofprioritizedWWTWs(SA17)

DWS,WSAs,NT,SALGA,CoGTA

2023

1.5.7 Adopt an integrated planning approach at trans-boundary(international), national,WaterManagement Area and sub-catchment levels (SA16, SA17, SA18, SA21, SA22, SA23 &SA33)

DWS 2030

1.5.8 Implement the Waste Discharge Charge System (WDCS) inprioritycatchments(SA5,SA41,SA42,SA43&SA44)

NT,DWS,CMAs

2030

1.5.9 Ensure IWQM is supported by effective departmentalarrangements(SA8&SA9)

DWS 2020

1.5.10 Formalise governance frameworks to support engagementson water quality management (SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13,SA14,SA15,SA54&SA61)

DWS,CMAs,WSAs

2030

1.5.11 EnsurefiscalsupportforIWQM(SA38&SA39) DWS,WSAs 20211.5.12 Build water quality management capacity through

recruitment, education and training (SA53, SA54, SA55 &SA56)

DWS,CMAs,NT,WRC,CSIR

2030


66



1.5.13 Createaninformed,supportiveandresponsiblepublic(SA62) DWS,CMAs,WSAs

2030

1.5.14 Develop and implement a diffuse pollution source strategythatincludestheregulationoflanduse

DWS,CMAs 2023

1.5.15 Implement programmes to rehabilitate catchments throughdevelopmentofCatchmentbusinessplans

DWS,NT,CMAs

2025

ProtectingandRestoringEcologicalInfrastructure1.6.1 Declarestrategicwatersourceareasandcriticalgroundwater

recharge areas and aquatic ecosystems recognised asthreatenedorsensitiveasprotectedareas

DWS,CMAs,DEA

2021

1.6.2 Review and promulgate aggressive restrictions within thelegislationtorestoreandprotectecologicalinfrastructure

DEA,DWS,CMAs,SANBI,CSIR

2020

1.6.3 ImplementationoftheReserve(Theclassification,RQO’sandtheReserve(collectivelyknownasResourceDirectedMeasures (RDM)) formainstemriversof the Berg, Breede and Gouritz, Middle and upper VaalWMA’s)

DWS,CMAs 2022

1.6.4 Secure funds for restoration and ongoing maintenance ofecological infrastructure through operationalising the waterpricingstrategy

DWS,CMAs,DEA,SANBI

Annually

2EnablingEnvironmentCreatingEffectiveWaterSectorInstitutions2.1.1 Establish a business case for streamlined institutional

arrangementsinthewaterandsanitationsectorDWS 2020

2.1.2 Establish a Municipal Intervention Unit for Water andSanitation inDWS,staffedwithhighlycompetentexperts todriveanationalprogrammeof interventionatthemunicipallevel

DWS 2022

2.1.3 EstablishfinanciallysustainableCMAsacrossthecountry,andtransfer staff andbudgetanddelegated functions, includinglicensing of water use and monitoring and evaluation ofwaterresources

DWS 2020

2.1.4 Establish the National Water Resources and ServicesAuthority

DWS,NT 2020

2.1.5 Determine the optimal configuration of water boards tomanage regional bulk water supply; assist municipalities toperformtheirprimarywaterandsanitationservicesmandatewhere necessary, manage regional water resourcesinfrastructure,manageregionalbulkWTWsandWWTWs

DWS,WBs 2020

2.1.6 Establish the National Water Resources and ServicesRegulator(NWRSR)

DWS,NT 2020


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ManagingDataandInformation2.2.1 Review and develop comprehensive and appropriate

Management, Monitoring and Reporting Structures of theDWSdataportal

DWS Annually

2.2.2 Review and develop a comprehensive DWS informationmanagementstrategytoincludeamongother:• Amended authorisation conditions to provide for self-

reporting• Harmonization of monitoring actions by all responsible

institutions• PerforminformationV&Vaudits

DWS Annually

2.2.3 AlignmentofmonitoringinstitutionstosupportNationalandInternationalreportingprogramme,e.g.SDG,Agenda63andAMCO

DWS 2021

BuildingCapacityforAction2.3.1 Establish regulations on required qualifications and

experienceforseniorandtechnicalpositions inDWS,CMAs,waterboardsandmunicipalservicesinstitutions

DWS,CoGTA,SETA

2023

2.3.2 Develop and implement programme for recruitingexperienced technical and managerial staff in first SouthAfricaandtheninternationally

DWS,CoGTA,DIRCO

2030

2.3.3 Define (and reinstate in some cases) career paths withdefined training and on the job experience to build aknowledgeablesectorofprofessionals

DWS,WSAs,WBs,CMAs

2023

2.3.4 Develop and implement a mandatory, modular hands-onqualification for municipal water managers (technicalmanager) to be run over 18 months and accredited byEWSETAtoincludeaspectssuchasassetmanagement,tariffsand revenue management, drought management,stakeholderengagementandcustomerrelations

DWS,EWSETA,InstitutionsofHigherLearning

Ongoing

2.3.5 Partner with institutions to fund training of water sectorpractitionersinthecuration,managementanduseofdataaswellastheassociatedtechnologies

DWS,EWSETA Ongoing

2.3.6 Initiateafocusedresearchcapabilityinitiativeinwatersectoreconomicstoaddressthisexistingskillsgap

DWS,WRC,DST

Ongoing

2.3.7 Continuetodevelophighendskills(postgraduate)toensurea future science, technology and innovation capability inSouthAfrica

DWS,DST,NRF,WRC,thedti(THRIP)

Ongoing

2.3.8 Continue to support programmes that enable developmentof critical skills and exposure to emerging innovations (e.g.YoungEngineersProgramme)

SALGA,DST,WRC,DWS,CoGTA,MISA

Ongoing

EnsuringFinancialSustainability2.4.1 Develop and implement institutional arrangements that

recognisethediversityofcircumstancesacrossSouthAfrica,NT,DWS 2021


68



the legacy of Apartheid and allow for regional crosssubsidisation.

2.4.2 Implement accurate billing and effective revenuemanagementsystems inallentities in thewatervaluechainwith a strict “No payment = no water” approach toagriculture/industrial/commercialusersandrestrictedsupplytodomesticusers.

WSAs,WBs,DWS,AGSA

2024

2.4.3 Allconditionalgrantstobedependentonmeetingofcurrentpaymentstothenextentityinthevaluechain,improvementsto Blue Drop, Green Drop and No Drop Scores to meetingtargets and audit outcome. Allow conditional grants to beusedforoperationalcosts.

NT,AGSA 2023

2.4.4 Develop regulations in terms of Section 139 (8) of theConstitution,whichallows for anational entity to takeoverthewaterservicefunctions, includingrevenueandbilling, inamunicipalityifservicedelivercriteriaarenotmet.

DWS,CoGTA 2022

2.4.5 Ensurethatsufficientrevenueisreceivedthroughtariffsandgrants to operate, maintain and improve the water supplyand sanitation system. The tariff structure must allow forcrosssubsidisationfortheindigentandbuildingofareserveforperiodsofdrought.


2024

2.4.6 In all entities put in place mechanisms to deal withaccumulateddebts


2020

2.4.7 Roll out of ring-fenced institutional models to increaseprivatesectorinvestment

DWS,NT,CoGTA

2021

2.4.8 National Treasury – linkage to Medium Term SectorExpenditureFramework(MTSEF)

NT,DWS Ongoing

Legislation2.5.1 GazettetheNationalWaterAmendmentBill,WaterServices

AmendmentBillandWaterResearchAmendmentBillDWS,PortfolioCommittee,StandingCommittee

2019

2.5.2 HoldpublicconsultationonNationalWaterAmendmentBill,Water Services Amendment Bill and Water ResearchAmendmentBill

DWS,PortfolioCommittee,StandingCommittee

2020

2.5.3 Reviseandpromulgate theNationalWaterAmendmentBill,Water Services Amendment Bill and the Water ResearchAmendmentAct

DWS,PortfolioCommittee,StandingCommittee

2022

2.5.4 Review the Municipal Financial Management Act (MFMA)and the Municipal Systems Act (specifically chapter 8) toensure that they provide an enabling environment for theprovisionofreliablewaterandsanitationservices

NT,DWS,CoGTA,SALGA

2020

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DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION185 Francis Baard Street, PRETORIA, 0001, South Africa

Tel: +21 12 336 7500 • www.dws.gov.za

nat w&s master plan volume 1 call to action

Documents