From Record-Bound to Boundless:FRBR, Linked Data and New Possibilities

for Serials Cataloging

NASIG Webinar

October 23, 2014

Marlene van Ballegooie and Juliya Borie

University of Toronto Libraries

A patron asks…

…We recently spent considerable time

trying to locate the English translation of

an Einstein paper. After much sleuthing

it came to light that UTM had it. This is

definitely not clear in the shared

catalogue record. Perhaps something

could be done to aid future seekers…

(Note from a reference librarian)

What are the relationships?

Eine Theorie derGrundlagen der

Thermodynamik (Work)

Albert Einstein(Creator)

English Translation (E)

Annalen der Physik11 (1903): 170-187 (M) Copy in the U of T Libraries’

Gerstein periodical collection (I)

The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (Princeton University Press, 1989)(M) Copy in the U of T Libraries’ UTM

monographs collection (I)

Text in original German (E)

Electronic version (M) Copy in the Wiley Online Library(I )

Copy in the European Cultural Heritage Online collection (I)

The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (Princeton University Press, 1989) (M)

Copy in the U of T Libraries’ Gerstein monographs collection (I)

Electronic version (M)

Copy in Google Books (I)

Granularity of resource description

Monographic collection

Book

Chapter

Serial

Issue

Article

What makes serial titles and

articles difficult to find?

• Two tiers of metadata (serial

and article) handled by two

different parties

• Frequent title changes/

complex publication histories

• Multiple versions

• Changing cataloging

practices over time leads to

an inconsistent search

environment

Limitations of MARC

• Does not work well on the web

o Not designed for direct comprehension by a

computer

o MARC is only used within the library community

• Does not work well with RDA

• Cannot adequately represent relationships

between records

o Horizontal relationships (i.e. title changes)

o Vertical relationships (i.e. journal to article)

• MARC is static and inflexible

Work

Manifestation

Person

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Item

Item

Concept

Corporate body

Person

Source: www.rda-jsc.org/docs/Georgia-FRBR-review-12august2011.ppt

• Focus on

relationships

between entities,

elements and

attributes

• Separation of the

intellectual from the

physical

FRBR: Rethinking the Bibliographic

Universe

• Disaggregation of the components of the

bibliographic record

FRBR and SerialsFitting a Square Peg in a Round Hole?

• Recognition that FRBR model works well for monographs, but not so well for continuing resources

• Serials are composed of smaller independent works that are intellectual works in their own right

• What are the boundaries of a

serial work?

• The need to differentiate

expressions rarely arises with

serials

• No one item exemplifies a

manifestation

FRBR for Serial Publications• Adams, Santamauro & Blythe (2008) suggest that the four

Group 1 entities be collapsed into threeo Superworkspression

o Manifestation

o Item

C

Bibliographic model: “Best of all possible worlds”.

Successive Entry, Latest Entry, or None of the Above? How the MARC21 Format, FRBR and the Concept of a Work Could Revitalize Serials Management. Katherine Adams, Britta Santamauro & Kurt Blythe, The Serials Librarian, 54:3-4, 193-197.

What about the articles…aren’t

they works too?Krier (2012) – Serials , FRBR and Library Linked Data: A

Way Forward

• Split between library catalogues and journal

databases is not intuitive to users.

• FRBR can be applied at the journal level as well as

the article level.

• Linked data model can be used to bring two work-

level resources together.

• Users can begin search at either level – journal or

article – and shift between works depending on

user needs.

• Serials are the shape-shifters of the library worldo Fluid, ever-changing

o Many inter-relationships (journal to article, earlier titles, later titles,

translations)

o Often available in multiple formats

Serials, FRBR and Linked Data:

A Better Fit?

• FRBR generally accepted by

library community, but not

widely implemented due to

MARC limitations.

• Linked data is a perfect vehicle

for realizing the potential of FRBR

• RDF is the primary data model for Linked Data

• Concept of triples is used to describe a relationship

between two things (subject – predicate – object)

• Statement: The ‘Journal of Ethology’ is about animal

behavior.

o Each triple is a statement about a resource.

o URIs are used to make statements “machine actionable”.

(subject) (predicate) (object)

Journal of Ethology

isAbout

Animal behaviorhttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11244761 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85005162

http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/subject

Goodbye MARC…Hello RDF!

Serials Related Identifiers to

Support Linked Data

LC Authorities and Vocabularies

• Library of Congress Linked Data Service

o LC Subject Headings

o LC Name Authority File

o LC Classification

o LC Genre/Form Terms

o MARC Relators

o MARC Countries

o MARC Geographic Areas

o MARC Languages

o And more!

ISSN• ISSN is the key serial identifer.

• ISSN is media specific

• ISSN-L is an identifier for serial

publications on multiple

media

• Enables collocation among

different media types

• In a linked data environment,

ISSN will be essential in

connecting serial content

ISSN: 1234-5678ISSN-L: 1234-5678

ISSN: 8567-6354ISSN-L: 1234-5678

ISSN: 7534-9807ISSN-L: 1234-5678

ISNI and ORCID

• International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)

o Identifier consists of 16 numerical digits divided into four

blocks

o Uniquely identifies the public identities of researchers,

writers, artists, performers, inventors, publishers, etc.

• ORCIDo Open Researcher and Contributor ID

o A reserved block of ISNI identifiers for scholarly researchers

Current Linked Data Initiatives Related to

Serials

Library of Congress

Bibliographic Framework Initiative

• “The Bibliographic Framework Initiative will re-imagine and implement a bibliographic environment for a post-MARC networked world.”

Kevin Ford, Library of Congress

• BIBFRAME Requirementso Content model agnostic (better support for RDA)

o Description and management of all types of library holdings, traditional and born-digital

o Provision for all library data: bibliographic, authority, holdings, classification

o Replace MARC

BIBFRAME Model

BIBFRAME Model

BIBFRAME and Serials• Most current work is on monographic material and

modeling audiovisual materials

• 2014 ALA Annual meeting serials were mentioned in

the Q&A

o Relationships defined in MARC have been carried over to

BIBFRAME

o Admission that more work is needed on serials and

continuing resources

o Theoretical approach has been devised, but practical

experimentation is necessary

STAY TUNED!

PRESSoo• Aims to resolve issues related to the application of

the FRBR model to serials and continuing resources

• An extension of the FRBRoo model (Functional

Requirements for Bibliographic Records – Object

Oriented)

• Developed by ISSN International Centre (ISSN IC)

and the ISSN Review Group and representatives of

the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)

• PRESSoo model v. 1 released in June 2014

• ISSN IC to test PRESSoo in the Road Directory of

Open Access Scholarly Resources project

(road.issn.org)

Problems that linked data can potentially solve for serials

The Journal/Article Divide

the Journal/Article Divide

Age and

Aging

Mortality in

older home

care residents

in England and

Wales

Serial “Work”

Article “Work”

containscontainedIn

Works can relate to other works reflecting part/whole relationships

Complex Publication Histories

CAnnals of

Physical

Medicine

Rheumatology

and Physical

Medicine

Rheumatology

and

Rehabilitation

continuedBy continuedBy

supercedes supercedes

Rheumatology

and

Rehabilitation

British Journal

of

Rheumatology

Rheumatology

“Preceding” and “succeeding” relationships can be applied to journal “works”.

Multiple Versions

C

Print

Rheumatology

hasInstance hasInstance hasInstance

Electronic Microfilm

Multiple formats are treated as “instances” of a creative “work”

C

Mortality in older

care home

residents in

England and

Wales

The mortality

experience of

people admitted

to nursing

homes

Residential care

for elderly

people: A

decade of

change

cites

citedBy

Citation Linking

cites

citedBy

Article “works” can be linked together through citations

Strive not to be a

success,

but rather

to be of value

Linked Einstein

http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783

Thermo-dynamic

s

Creator Concept

Princeton Universit

y Press

Chapter

English

Type

1989

Bibliogra-phic

citation

MetadataPublisher

URI

English Translation

Original Paper

Creator

http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783

Journal article

German

Type

Metadata

1903

Bibliogra-phic

citation

Thermo-dynamic

s

J.A. Barth

Publisher

Concept

URI

Publisher

http://viaf.org/viaf/75121530

TranslationOf

hasTranslation

Thermo-dynamics

Original Paper

Journal

Concept

v.2.2

http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134783

1903:11

Wiley

Print

has instance is instance of

Electronic

is available as is available as

is part of has partis part of has part

is part of has partis part of has part

has instance is instance of

Creatorhttp://viaf.org/viaf/75121530

English translation

Thermo-dynamics

Monograph

Creator Concept

Monograph

v.2:part 1.2

is part of has part

Print

is available as

Electronic

ECHO

Translationof

hasTranslation

is part of has part

Translationof

hasTranslation

has instance is instance of has instance is instance of

is available as

Linked Data: Gateway to New Opportunities

Major worksArchival

informationLinking

within

Linking out

Article

Biographical information

“The Semantic Web will likely profoundly

change the very nature of how scientific

knowledge is produced and shared, in ways

that we can now barely imagine”.

(Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James (April 26, 2001). “Scientific publishing

on the ‘semantic web’”. Nature)

Semantic Publishing

Pensoft journals http://www.pensoft.net/journal_home_page.php?journal_id=3&page=article&SESID=ecdb090945a027a8ed975f11a231cb56&type=show&article_id=1602&issue_id=153&subm=da&C_ALL=da&C_BOOKS=da&C_E_BOOKS=da&C_JOURNALS=da&sor=SANTITLE&search=pteridophyte&Image179_x=14&Image179_y=5&AVTOR2=&AVALUE=&NTITLE=&YEAR=&ISBN=&SERIES=&txtSearch1=search%20in%20list&txtSearch2=search%20in%20list&txtSearch3=search%20in%20list&txtSearch4=search%20in%20list&

Linked Data in Journal Publishing

• Semantic enhancements at

both journal and article levels

• Seamless linking to

supplementary materials

• Integrating citation analysis

into displays

• Linking to multi-media content associated with journals

and articles

• Recommendations and personalized features (Mendeley)

• Linking articles to research datasets

Connecting Articles to Research Data

Multimedia content to engage users

Bibliographic Description as Linked Data

data.nature.comRetrieved from http://data.nature.com/ns/articles/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.187

• Linking Researchers to Their

Research (Vivo; link to

ORCID and ISNI profiles)

• Focus on compatibility with

whole bibliographic

universe, not just catalogue

• Improving information

services by making

collections more visible

• Value of Authorities

Linked Data in Libraries

Peer-reviewed

Article

Research Data

Authors’ works

Scholars’ comments

Works cited

Preprint IR

Disciplinary Repository

Journal & databases

Grant application

Multi-media Supplementary

materials

Boundless Possibilities

Adapted from: Regina Romano-Reynolds, “Item of the Future” in BIBFRAME, ISSN, and the Future of Serials. 2014 ALA Annual Conference

Conference webcast

“We are moving from cataloging to catalinking”

Eric Miller, ALA Midwinter 2013

Resources• Katherine Adams, Britta Santamauro & Kurt Blythe. Successive Entry,

Latest Entry, or None of the Above? How the MARC21 Format, FRBR

and the Concept of a Work Could Revitalize Serials Management,

The Serials Librarian, 54:3-4, 193-197.

• Laura Krier. “Serials , FRBR and Library Linked Data: A Way Forward”,

Journal of Library Metadata, 12(2-3), 177-187.

• Riva, Pat. “Defining the Boundaries: FRBR, AACR and the Serial”, The

Serials Librarian, 45(3), 15-21.

• Philip Evan Schreur. “The Academy Unbound: Linked Data as

Revolution”, Library Resources & Technical Services, 56(4), 227-237.

• Library of Congress. “Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data:

Linked Data Model and Supporting Services”

http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/marcld-report-11-21-2012.pdf

• Ed Jones. “The FRBR Model as Applied to Continuing Resources” ”,

Library Resources & Technical Services, 49(4), 227-241.

Resources• Kevin Ford. “LC’s Biblographic Framework Initiative: An Update”

http://3windmills.com/kefo-swib12-bfi/

• Eric Miller. “Linked Data for Holdings and Cataloging: The first step is

the hardest!” ALA Midwinter 2013.

• Regina Romano-Reynolds, “Item of the Future” in BIBFRAME, ISSN,

and the Future of Serials. 2014 ALA Annual Conference

• Library of Congress. BIBFRAME.org

http://bibframe.org/

Resources• Semantic Publishing:

• David Shotton. “Five stars of online journal articles.” D-Lib Magazine 18 (1/2), 1-17.

• David Shotton. “Semantic publishing: the coming revolution in scientific journal publishing.” Learned Publishing 22 (2), 85-94.

• Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler. “Scientific publishing on the ‘semantic web’”. Nature

• Nature. Nature Linked Data. www.data.nature.com (accessed May 20, 2013).

• Bibliothèque nationale de France. http://data.bnf.fr/

• Nature. Nature Linked Data. www.data.nature.com (accessed May 20, 2013).

• Pensoft. PhytoKeys. http://www.pensoft.net/journals/phytokeys

Marlene van Ballegooie

m.vanballegooie@utoronto.ca

Juliya Borie

juliya.borie@utoronto.ca

Thank you!