nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy allergic rhinitis (ar) perennial~(par), seasonal~(sar) (...

48
Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) Pollinosis Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust mite, hous e dust, pollen, fungi, animal dande rs, cockroach Food allergens——milk, eggs, fish an

Upload: adam-park

Post on 24-Dec-2015

242 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy

Allergic Rhinitis (AR)

Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis )

Morbidity: 10%~20%

Inhalant allergens——dust mite, house dust, pollen,

fungi, animal danders, cockroach ;

Food allergens——milk, eggs, fish and shrimp, mea

t, vegetables, fruits.

Page 2: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

                                                  Mite

Mold

Pollen

Cat

Antigens for allergic rhinitis

Page 3: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

变应性鼻炎的病因学 内在因素──遗传因素:有家族史者较

无家族史者发病危险高2~6倍母系第11对染色体长臂q段

外在因素(环境因素):基因表达受非遗传因素影响。7000对孪生儿,同时有 AR 症状者为21%

易感个体在一定环境条件作用下才发病

Page 4: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

变应原与致敏靶细胞表面 IgE 结合

致敏靶细胞脱粒、释放、合成生物活性介质

肥大细胞

储备的介质 新合成的介质

组胺 缓激肽 白三烯 血小板活化因子 前列腺素 D2

毛细血管扩张、通透性增加,腺体分泌增多

嗜酸 / 碱性粒细胞

哮喘 鼻炎

发病机制

Page 5: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 6: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 7: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 8: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 9: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 10: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Pathology :

Type allergy

Allergic inflammation: Predominant T cells

& eosinophilic cells infiltrate.

Page 11: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Symptoms & Signs :

Nasal irritation and iching

recurrent attacks of paroxysma

l sneezing

copious watery rhinorrhea

nasal obstruction

Page 12: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

鼻后滴漏

Page 13: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Diagnosis :

1 、 History ( allergen exposure, hypersensitivity,

family history )

2 、 Examination

3 、 Skin test: skin prick test

4 、 IgE antibody , Serum total IgE 、 special Ig

E

5 、 Nasal provocation or nasal chanllenge tests

Page 14: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Differential Diagnosis :

1 、 Vastomotor rhinitis

2 、 Nonallergic rhinitis with eosin

ophilia syndrome, NARES

3 、 Hyperreflectory rhinitis

4 、 Acute rhinitis

Page 15: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Complications :

1 、 Allergic sinusitis

2 、 Asthma

3 、 Secretory otitis media

4 、 Allergic pharyngolaryngitis

Treatment :

1 、 Avoidance

Page 16: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

2 、 Drugs

1 ) Antihistamines

2 ) Corticosteroids

3 ) Sodium cromoglycate(SCG) Cromolyn sodium

4 ) Anticholinergic agents

5 ) Vasoconstrictor sympasthomimetics

3 、 Hyposensitization

4 、 Others : Traditional Chinese medicine, laser, operation

Page 17: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Nasal Polyp & Nasal Polyposis

Etiology : mutilfactors 1.allergic ; 2.chroni

c inflammation

Pathology : highly swelled connective tissu

e. Predominant eosinophilic cells infiltrate. Lym

phatic cells, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells.

Page 18: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Polyp in maxillary sinus ( L ), polyp in middle meatus( R )

Symptoms & Sign : persistent nasal obst

ruction , close nasal sound , hyposmia, rhi

norrhea, snore, “frog nose”

Page 19: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Antrochoanal polyp

Page 20: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 21: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Antrochoanal polyp

Page 22: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Diagnosis :

Anterior rhinoscopy : translucent, soft, smooth

masses. Endoscopy, X-ray and CT scanner.

Differential Diagnosis :

Papilloma inverted , angiofibroma of nasophar

ynx , malignant tumor of nasal cavity , meni

ngoencephalocele

Treatment : 1 、 conservative treatment——co

rticosteroids 2 、 surgical treatment

Page 23: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Polyps ( above ), papilloma ( below )

Page 24: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

papilloma ( L ), MT of nasal cavity ( R )

Page 25: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Sinusitis

Acute suppurative sinusitis

Features of sinus anatomy :

1 、 small ostia of the sinuses ;

2 、 continuative mucosa between nasal

cavity and sinuses ;

3 、 contiguous of the ostia ;

4 、 location of the astia and features of the

sinuses.

Page 26: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 27: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Frontal Sinus

Ethmoid Sinus

Maxillary Sinus

Page 28: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Etiology :1 、 General factors: Poor general health (influenza, measles, whooping cough…)

2 、 Local factors :

Sinus diseases ;

Infective focus of eripheral organs ,

Direct infection ;

Nasal tampon (packing) ;

Rapid change of atmospheric pressure

Page 29: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

ABS主要病原体:肺炎链球菌和嗜血流感杆菌

SAHP. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1-45.

20-43%

22-35%

Anaerobes 0-9%

Staphylococcus aureus 0-8%

Other bacteria 4%

Moraxella catarrhalis

Other streptococci 3-9%

2-10%

S. pneumoniae

成人 Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABS) 病因

H. influenzae

Page 30: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

儿童 Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABS) 病因

• ABS主要病原体:肺炎链球菌、嗜血流感杆菌和卡他莫拉菌

H. i nfl uenzae15-20%

S.pneum 25-30%

Sterile 20-35%

Anaerobes 2-5%

S.pyogenes 2-5%

M.catarrhalis15-20%

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1-45.

Page 31: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Symptoms & Signs :General symptoms :

Malaise, fever.

Local symptoms:

1 ) Nasal obstruction sustained, with hyposmia

2 ) Suppurative rhinorrhea, streaky with blood, foul smell(odontogentic~)

3 ) headach or local ache

Page 32: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Antral pain——from inner canthus downwards across the cheek, upper alveolus on the affected side.

Ethmoidal pain——over bridge of the nose & inner canthus behind the eye.

Frontal pain——forehead, periodicity, persist for an hour or tow after getting up in the morning, and clear during the afternoon.

Sphenoidal pain——occipital or vertical headache.

Page 33: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Diagnosis :History ,Signs,

Anterior rhinoscopy,

Nasal endoscopy,

Radiological examination,

Puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus

Page 34: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Treatment : Eradicate causes , keep

drainage ; control infection and prevent

complications

1 、 General treatment : take rest , antibiotics , antihistamine (if necessary )

2 、 Local treatment

3 、 Body drainage

4 、 Physical therapy

5 、 Puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus

Page 35: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Maxillary sinus puncture and irragation

Page 36: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Chronic suppurative sinusitis

Etiology : Acute——Chronic

Symptoms & Signs :General~:

Local~ : rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, headache, hyposmia, vision disorder

Page 37: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Diagnosis :1 、 History ;

2 、 Examination : anterior rhinoscopy, nasal

endoscopy

3 、 Radiological examination : CT or MRI

4 、 Puncture and irrigation of sinus

Page 38: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Normal image of nasal endoscopy

Page 39: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Maxillary sinusitis——pus in the middle meatus

Page 40: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Maxillary sinusitis(R)

Page 41: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Sphenoid sinusitis——pus in the sphenoethmoidal recess

Page 42: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Sphenoid sinusitis

Page 43: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Pansinusitis

Page 44: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Pansinusitis

Page 45: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Treatment :1 、 Intranasal medications : Corticosteroid , Vasoconstrictor sympasthomimetics

2 、 Puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus

3 、 Displacement method——frontal sinusitis, ethmoidal sinusitis, sphenoidal sinusitis, pansinusitis

4 、 Surgery——traditional sinus surgery

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery(FESS) Ostiometal complex OMC

Page 46: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery(FESS)

Page 47: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust
Page 48: Nasal mucosal hyperreactive rhinopathy Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Perennial~(PAR), Seasonal~(SAR) ( Pollinosis ) Morbidity: 10%~20% Inhalant allergens——dust

复习与思考:

1 、鼻腔外侧壁的解剖结构及其与临床的关系如何?

2 、变应性鼻炎有何临床表现,应与哪些疾病相鉴别?

3 、如何诊断鼻窦炎?

4 、鼻息肉应与哪些疾病相鉴别 ?

5 、上颌窦穿刺术有何临床意义?