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Nanomaterial Standards for NASA Applications
Leonard YowellNASA Johnson Space Center
ES4/Materials and Processes Branch
January 27th, 2005E-Mail: [email protected]: 281-483-2811
2005 2010 2015 2020 2035
Lunar MannedCrew ExplorationVehicle
ISSComplete
Lunar Robotic
Mars Robotic
Deep Space Exploration
Mars Manned
NASA’s Strategic Vision
Goals for Future NASA Space Systems
NASA-Led NNI Grand Challenge
NNI WorkshopIdentify Key Challenges
Develop a Roadmap
MicrocraftDeep Space Probes
OrbitersPlanetary Entry / Surface Probes
Micro/Nano/Pico-craft
NanoroboticsActuation and ControlMolecular Actuation
Micromachines
Nano-Micro-Macro IntegrationElectronics
Sensors / InstrumentationActuators
New algorithmsCommunications
Astronaut Health ManagementPersonal Biomedical Monitoring
Personal CountermeasuresBasic Biomedical ResearchMajor Medical Operations
Life Support
NanomaterialsStructural
Power / Energy StorageThermal Management
ShieldingMultifunctionality
Nanosensors and Instrumentation
BiologicalChemical
RadiologicalSystem / Vehicle Health
In-situ Analysis
NNI Grand Challenge WorkshopMicrocraft and RoboticsAugust 24-26, 2004Palo Alto, California
C60DC60=10.18ÅDFe=2.52ÅDCo=2.50ÅDNi=2.50ÅDC=1.54Å
Size Comparison –C60 , Nanotubes, and Atoms
C60
Single WallCarbon Nanotube
C60DC60=10.18ÅDFe=2.52ÅDCo=2.50ÅDNi=2.50ÅDC=1.54Å
Size Comparison –C60 , Nanotubes, and Atoms
C60
Single WallCarbon Nanotube
Unique Properties• Exceptional strength• Interesting electrical properties
(metallic, semi-conducting, semi-metal)• High thermal conductivity• Large aspect ratios• Large surface areas
Possible Applications• High-strength, light-weight fibers and
composites• Nano-electronics, sensors, and field
emission displays• Radiation shielding and monitoring• Fuel cells, energy storage, capacitors • Biotechnology• Advanced life support materials• Electromagnetic shielding and
electrostatic discharge materials• Multifunctional materials• Thermal management materials
Current Limitations• High cost for bulk production• Inability to produce high quality, pure, type
specific SWCNTs• Variations in material from batch to batch• Growth mechanisms not thoroughly
understood• Characterization tools, techniques and
protocols not well developed
Nanomaterials: Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Nanomaterials: Fundamentals to Applications
Growth/ProductionLaser and HiPco Production and
Diagnostics
CharacterizationPurity, Dispersion, Consistency, Type
SWCNT Load TransferSingle Fiber Diffusivity
ProcessingPurification
FunctionalizationDispersionAlignment
CollaborationAcademia, Industry, Government
Technology Readiness Levels (TRL)
Growth, Modeling, Diagnostics and Production
Objective: Ensure a reliable source of single wall carbon nanotubes with tailored properties (length, diameter, purity, chirality)
Modeling, Diagnostics, and Parametric Studies
Characterization: Purity, Dispersion & Consistency
Standard Nanotube Characterization Protocol
Arepalli, et al., Carbon, 2004
8000 10000 120000.0
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.1
(a)
REFERENCE (R2)
A(T,R2)
= 0.141A(T,R2)A(S22,R2)
A(S22,R2)
R2
Abs
orba
nce
Wavenumber (cm-1)
New Purity Reference Standard
Haddon, 2003
TPO
0 200 400 600 800 10000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
5%, 763 oC
17%, 633 oC
5%, 527 oC
37%, 454 oC
14%, 382 oC
xc1�382.47879� ±16.
w1�228.23241� ±14.
A1�13.93993� ±1.99063
xc2�454.29423� ±0.2
w2�102.48077� ±0.9
A2�36.93765� ±1.24083
xc3�527.24674� ±0.1
w3�34.67277� ±0.31586
A3�5.04174� ±0.08191
xc4�633.01953� ±2.0
w4�138.11402� ±4.2
A4�16.7643� ±0.92689
xc5�763.38627� ±1.5
w5�88.42463� ±1.96689
A5�4.57328� ±0.28528
DT
G, %
/o C
T, oC
0 200 400 600 800 10000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
5%, 763 oC
17%, 633 oC
5%, 527 oC
37%, 454 oC
14%, 382 oC
xc1�382.47879� ±16.
w1�228.23241� ±14.
A1�13.93993� ±1.99063
xc2�454.29423� ±0.2
w2�102.48077� ±0.9
A2�36.93765� ±1.24083
xc3�527.24674� ±0.1
w3�34.67277� ±0.31586
A3�5.04174� ±0.08191
xc4�633.01953� ±2.0
w4�138.11402� ±4.2
A4�16.7643� ±0.92689
xc5�763.38627� ±1.5
w5�88.42463� ±1.96689
A5�4.57328� ±0.28528
DT
G, %
/o C
T, oC
NASA/NIST2nd Characterization
WorkshopJanuary 2005
Gaithersburg, MD
Single Tube Measurements → Composites
d=1.25 nm
L>22 µm
d=0.86 nm
L>18 µm
d=0.8 nm
L=380 nm
cba
3
•Nanotube length is extremely important for stress transfer in composite materials.
•Difficult to determine lengths of individual nanotubes from conventional TEM, SEM or AFM images because they bundle
•Processing (purification, sonication) seems to cut tubes
•Measured tensile strength (Ruoff) indicates long tubes
•Individual tubes longer than ~10 µm are required for strong ropes (Yakobson)
Measurements of nanotube lengths as produced
Our observation:
• We see very long (≥20µm) individual tubes and thin bundles
as-produced
processedLiu et al.
Sivaram Arepalli, et al. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 78, March 12, 2001, pp. 1610-12 (2001).
Applications for Human Space Exploration
Power / Energy Storage Materials
– Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells– Supercapacitors / batteries
Advanced Life Support– Regenerable CO2 Removal– Water recovery
Thermal Management and Protection
– Ceramic nanofibers for advanced reentry materials– Passive / active thermal management (spacesuit fabric, avionics)
Electromagnetic / Radiation Shielding and Monitoring
– ESD/EMI coatings– Radiation monitoring
Multi-functional / Structural Materials
– Primary structure (airframe)– Inflatables
Nano-Biotechnology– Health monitoring (assays)– Countermeasures
Electrical Power / Energy Storage Systems
ShuttleShuttle3x Alkaline Fuel Cells
ISS ISS Photovoltaics & NiHPhotovoltaics & NiH2 2
batteriesbatteries
NiMH, LiNiMH, Li--MnOMnO2 2 and Ag/Znand Ag/Znbatteriesbatteries
Specific Power (W/kg)
Spec
ific
Ener
gy(W
h/kg
)
10
102
102 103 104
103
104
10
Fuel Cell
Battery Supercapacitor
Specific Power (W/kg)
Spec
ific
Ener
gy(W
h/kg
)
10
102
102 103 104
103
104
10
Fuel Cell
Battery Supercapacitor
Spec
ific
Ener
gy(W
h/kg
)
10
102
102 103 104
103
104
10
Fuel Cell
Battery Supercapacitor
Advanced Power Generation: Hybrid Systems
SupercapacitorBatteryFuel Cell
+ +
• Pulse power source• Fast charge/discharge• Very high power density• Virtually unlimited cycle life
• Smaller, lighter, longer life with hybrid
• Intermediate power density• Intermediate energy density
Energy-powertradeoff
• Continuous energy supply• High energy density• Low power density
…with supercap plus ordinary batteries
Nanomaterials: Supercapacitors
SWCNT mats as electrodes in double-layer electrochemical capacitors
Electrolyte
Goal: replace current SAFER battery…
High surface area, nanopores dramatically increase current density
How super is it?Capacitance ~ Farads
(µF or pF for conventional
electrolytic capacitors)http://www.okamura-lab.com/ultracapacitor/edlc/edlc101Eng.jpg
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c01-carbon.htm
+
Expensive CheapInorganic Specialists, Inc.
Capacitor increased battery lifetime 15%ReyTech
Exceeds Maxwell PC10 power by 5x, specific power by 30xExceeds NASA requirements for power by 5x, energy by 20xCommercial product line in development
Georgia TechRecent- Exceeds Maxwell PC10 power by 3x
Advanced PEM Fuel Cells – Nanotube Electrodes
• Carbon nanotube electrode assemblies for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
• Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) formed from a NafionTM
membrane sandwiched between nanotube electrodes with Pt catalyst
• Increased surface area of the electrodes• Reduce Ohmic losses – increase efficiency• Higher power density• Small diameter HiPco tubes may enhance H2dissociation• Enhanced thermal management• More uniform current density
Source: www.eere.energy.gov
Advanced PEM Fuel Cells - Characterization
Prototype Membrane Electrode AssemblyCarbon FiberGas Diffusion Layer (GDL)
Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Electrode
NafionTM
Membrane
Carbon Fiber(GDL)
SWCNT Electrode
SWCNT interfacein MEA
NafionTM
interface in MEA
Advanced PEM Fuel Cells – Testing
Performance Testing at Energy Systems Test Area (ESTA) -Collaboration with JSC Energy Systems Division
–Test initial viability of SWCNT for MEA– Use for material down-select– Initial Results encouraging:
– Overall performance within 80% of reference on first design iteration – Future Testing: Use new electrode designs, incorporate advanced membranes (GRC), increase fuel cell test temperature– Complete characterization work: feedback into second design iteration
Advanced life support for space exploration: Advanced Air Revitalization using amine-coated single wall carbon nanotubes• Lithium hydroxide technology not suited for long duration missions• Advanced solid amine bed system flown in mid-1990’s (pressure swing)
- Volume constraints, thermally inefficient, amine volatility- Not suited for planetary use (need temperature swing)
Need for new material: high surface area, high thermal conductivity, ability to be coated with amine system
• Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Polymer Bead andAluminum Structure
Air Revitalization: Regenerable CO2 Removal
To bereplaced
by
High Surface Area, Conductive
SWCNT Structure
Ceramic Nanofibers: Thermal Protection Materials
Current LI-2200 Shuttle TileSolid Fibers1-5µm (1000-5000nm)
AccomplishedHollow Fibers0.1-0.3 µm (100-300nm)Based on Carbon Nanofibers
ProposedHollow Fibers0.01-0.05 µm (10-50nm)Based on Carbon Nanotube Ropes
Carbon Nanofiber/tube Ceramic Overcoating
• Reduced Vehicle Weight• Increased Performance• Mechanical Durability
• Loss of bone density• Loss of muscle mass• Reduced immune function• Increased susceptibility to infection • Slow wound healing • Anemia and low blood cell count
• Reduced cardiovascular performance• Carcinogenesis linked to exposure to radiation• Non-carcinogenic tissuedegeneration due to radiation• Renal stone formation• Accelerated cataract formation
Clinical conditions linked to free-fall/microgravity and space radiation:
Mission Constraints:• Limited space for medical equipment• Expertise in medical operations limited to crew• Sterility must be maintained in sealed environment
Nanotechnology: Space / Life SciencesLong duration space missions
Contact: Dr. Antony Jeevarajan, 281-483-4298, [email protected]
Personal Biomedical Monitoring• Identification of molecular indicators for
onset of conditions• High sensitivity assays• Short prep-time assays, no prep-time assays
and in vivo monitoring• Multiple simultaneous assays
Personal Countermeasures• Timed drug release• Targeted drug therapy• Triggered drug release• Indicators for drugs effectiveness
Major Medical Operations• Contrast agents to target specific sites for
surgery• Bio-mimetic or engineered compounds to
help wound healing• Miniaturized electron microscopes for
biopsies
Life Support• High surface area materials for CO2 removal• Inorganic coatings that catalyze the
revitalization of air and water• Sensors to monitor harmful vapor and gases
Basic Biomedical Research• The role that forces plays on cell mechanisms
(gravitational forces)• Molecular machines (ATPase, Kinesin,
Microtubules, Polymerase, etc.)• In vivo monitoring of ultra-low concentration
proteins and biomolecules
Toxicology & Ethics• Biodistribution of nanoparticles• Toxicology of nanoparticles• Ethical use of information from nanotech
devicesSystems Integration
• Develop ‘common toolkit’ for bio-nano chemistry and assembly processes
Astronaut Health Management
Contact: Dr. Antony Jeevarajan, 281-483-4298, [email protected]
Exploration: Nanotechnology Integration
2008 2010 2015 2020 2035D e e p S p a c e E x p l o r a t i o n
S p a c e s u i t D e v e l o p m e n t
ISS
CEV Lunar Manned
Mars Manned
Mars RoboticPower/Energy Storage
- transmission (quantum wires), CNT supercaps/batteries & PVElectromagnetic/Radiation Shielding
- radiation shielding/monitoring and EMI/ESD coatingsThermal Protection and Management
- passive heat pipes / high k thermal interface- test 1st gen nanostructured thermal protection system
Analytical Sensors & Instrumentation- 2nd gen mass spec, elemental analysis
Power/Energy Storage- 1st gen transmission (quantum wires)- 1st gen CNT supercaps/batteries/fuel cells
Advanced Life Support- 1st gen air revitalization (CO2 scrubber)- 1st gen water recovery (nanofiltration)
Astronaut Health Management- 1st gen health monitoring (quantum dot assays)
Electromagnetic/Radiation Shielding- 1st gen EMI/ESD coatings- 1st gen radiation shield/structural polymer
Multifunctional/Structural- 1st gen vehicle health monitoring (wireless)- 1st gen polymer and ceramic repair kit (µw NTs)
Power/Energy Storage- 2nd gen transmission (long range)
and storage (supercaps/batteries/fuel cells)- 1st gen photovoltaics
Advanced Life Support- 2nd gen water/air revitalization
Astronaut Health Management- 2nd gen health monitoring- 1st gen medical countermeasures
Electromagnetic/Radiation Shielding- 2nd gen radiation shield/structural polymer & monitor
Multifunctional/Structural- 1st gen polymer and ceramic repair kit (microwave NTs)- 1st gen lightweight/high strength nanocomposite (rover)
Combination of the best technologies from manned and robotic missions
Lunar RoboticPower/Energy Storage
- 1st gen transmission (quantum wires)- 1st gen CNT supercaps/batteries & PV
Electromagnetic/Radiation Shielding- 1st gen radiation and EMI/ESD coatings- 1st gen radiation monitor
Thermal Management- 1st gen passive heat pipes / high k thermal interface
Analytical Sensors & Instrumentation- 1st gen mass spec, elemental analysis
JSC Nanomaterials Group: Team Members
• Dr. Brad Files• Dr. Erica Sullivan• Dr. Ram Allada• Padraig Moloney• William Holmes• Beatrice Santos• Heather Fireman
• Dr. Leonard Yowell• Dr. Carl Scott• Dr. Sivaram Arepalli• Dr. Pasha Nikolaev• Dr. Brian Mayeaux• Dr. Olga Gorelik• Dr. Ed Sosa
http://mmptdpublic.jsc.nasa.gov/jscnano/
