napoleonic europe and the post- napoleonic era 1800-1848

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  • Slide 1
  • Slide 2
  • Napoleonic Europe and the Post- Napoleonic Era 1800-1848
  • Slide 3
  • Key Ideas Napoleonic Code-further eroded the traditional feudal privileges Growth of nationalism Concert of Europe and their conservative aims ran counter to the growing desire for liberal, democratic reform and nationalist self-determination.
  • Slide 4
  • Napoleon, The Romantic Figure Movement from Enlightenment to Romanticism Reason and debate Intuition and Action Democracy Individual Hero Failure Destiny
  • Slide 5
  • Height of Napoleons Power
  • Slide 6
  • Napoleon Domestic Reform Brilliant General 1799- Coup detat takes power from Directory 1804- French plebiscite (vote) to allow him to be an emperor
  • Slide 7
  • Social Achievements Consulate (1799) Concordat: Patch relationship with Catholic Church - 1801 Napoleonic Code: Uniform laws for all (except women and slaves) - 1804 Lycees: Public Schools for all National Bank and Tax Reform: To fix Frances financial Problems
  • Slide 8
  • Social Achievements Napoleonic Code: Uniform laws for all (except women and slaves) 1804 civil code enacted in 1804 and still extant, with revisions; it has been the main influence in the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America Under the code all male citizens are equal: primogeniture, hereditary nobility, and class privileges are extinguished; civilian institutions are emancipated from ecclesiastical control; freedom of person, freedom of contract, and inviolability of private property are fundamental principles. private property are fundamental principles. The code was originally introduced into areas under French control in 1804: Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of western Germany, northwestern Italy, Geneva, and Monaco. It was later introduced into territories conquered by Napoleon: Italy, the Netherlands, the Hanseatic lands, and much of the remainder of western Germany and Switzerland. The code is still in use in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Monaco.
  • Slide 9
  • To solidify his position Suppressed royalists and republicans Censored and controlled the press Regulated items in schools Reconciled France with the Roman Church by signing the Concordant of 1801, which stipulated that French clergy would be chosen and paid by the state but consecrated by the pope.
  • Slide 10
  • Ambitions for Empire Americas: Louisiana territories (N. America) Guiana (S. America - still a French colony) Saint-Domingue (Haiti) (Caribbean)
  • Slide 11
  • But Napoleon Decides to Ditch the Americas Sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. for $15 million to finance war, spite British Slave revolt in Saint-Domingue creates worlds first black republic (Haiti)
  • Slide 12
  • Haitian Independence, 1792- 1804 Toussaint LOuverture
  • Slide 13
  • Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000
  • Slide 14
  • Consecration of the Emperor Napolon & the Empress Josephine, 1806 by David December 2, 1804
  • Slide 15
  • Consecration of the Emperor Napolon & the Empress Josephine, (Detail) 1806 by David Consecration of the Emperor Napolon & the Empress Josephine, (Detail) 1806 by David
  • Slide 16
  • Napolons Throne
  • Slide 17
  • The Imperial Image
  • Slide 18
  • Napoleonic Europe
  • Slide 19
  • Italy 1797, his victories led to a Northern Italian Republic, the Cisalpine, and several satellites in Central and Southern Italy Opposed to national unity in Italy
  • Slide 20
  • Germany Reorganized Germany after his victories over Austria and Prussia Consolidated 300 independent political entities
  • Slide 21
  • Napolons Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte - King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte - King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte - King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte - Princess of Italy eNapolon Francis Joseph Charles - King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte - Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte - Queen of Naples
  • Slide 22
  • Napoleon Reaches His Peak from 1807-1812 But, Problems Are Forming: Napoleons control over other countries makes them realize that they are more loyal to their own people than Napoleon Frances Empire is huge and difficult to control Napoleon was his own worst enemy!
  • Slide 23
  • And Then Things Fall Apart! Three Costly Mistakes: 1. The Continental System 2. The Peninsular War 3. The Invasion of Russia
  • Slide 24
  • Napolons Major Military Campaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!) BritainFrance 1805: Sea Power
  • Slide 25
  • Battle of Trafalgar
  • Slide 26
  • Continental System - November 1806 A blockade designed to cut England off from Europe Napoleons navy lost at Trafalgar, so direct naval conflict out of question To destroy British trade, undermine it economically To exclude it from Europes affairs
  • Slide 27
  • Problems with Continental System 1. Was not executed correctly - weakened British trade, did not destroy it 2. British retaliated, made own blockade, and stopped all neutral ships going to Europe 1. Including American ships, causing War of 1812 (only war in which U.S. invaded by foreign power) 3. Weakened economy of France and lands controlled by Napoleon
  • Slide 28
  • The Peninsular War - 1808 Portugal ignored Continental System Napoleon sent army through Spain to overthrow Royal Family Spanish towns rioted in response, so Napoleon deposed Spanish king and made brother king of Spain and Portugal Port. Royals fled to Brazil, which became only colony to be the capital of its mother country
  • Slide 29
  • The Peninsular War - 1808 REALLY made Spanish mad Very loyal to king Feared that Napoleon would weaken power of Church as had happened in France Engaged in 5 years of guerrilla warfare, which cost Napoleon 300,000 troops Encouraged Nationalism in other countries like Germany and Italy, who also started guerrilla warfare
  • Slide 30
  • Invasion of Russia - 1812 Invading Russia = Losing Prospect! Napoleon and Czar of Russia were allies Napoleon thought that czar was selling grain to Britain behind his back N. feared that czar wanted Poland from France N. decided to invade Russia
  • Slide 31
  • Invasion of Russia, contd. June, 1812: Grand Army leaves for Russia All drafted from throughout Europe and not loyal to Napoleon Scorched Earth Policy: EVERYTHING destroyed to keep from French: deaths and desertions Sept. 14, 1812: Entered Moscow Czar ordered it burned down N. lingered for 5 weeks, waiting for peace offer - none came
  • Slide 32
  • Invasion of Russia, contd. Oct./Nov. 1812 - Ordered retreat from Moscow Snows began to fall Barefoot, starving soldiers attacked by Russians Temperature: on one day, -30: Birds fell dead from sky Mid-December 1812: Remaining 10,000 soldiers left Russia
  • Slide 33
  • Napolon Invades Russia: 1812 614,000 French troops
  • Slide 34
  • Moscow on Fire!
  • Slide 35
  • Napolon & His Grand Arme at the Gates of Moscow
  • Slide 36
  • Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.
  • Slide 37
  • Napolons Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat40,000 survive!
  • Slide 38
  • Mop-Up Duty Oct. 1813 - N. no longer has trained army - draftees destroyed by Allies at Leipzig Jan. 1814 - Austrians and Russians enter Paris April 1814 - Napoleon Abdicates, accepts surrender written by czar Napoleon given pension and banishment to Elba New French king: Brother of Louis XVI installed as ruler
  • Slide 39
  • Napolons Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) Battle of the Nations Memorial
  • Slide 40
  • Napolon Abdicates! eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. eNapolon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapolon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napolon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. eNapolon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapolon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napolon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.
  • Slide 41
  • Napolon in Exile on Elba
  • Slide 42
  • Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
  • Slide 43
  • One More Time for Old Times Sake New French king unpopular Mar. 1815 - escaped Elba and landed in France Within days, become Emperor again and Louis XVIII flees
  • Slide 44
  • Napolon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena
  • Slide 45
  • Waterloo - The Final Showdown Fought between Napoleon and British June 15, 1815: French attacked June 17, 1815: French lost Died 6 years later (stomach cancer) Marie Louise left him for Austrian officer assigned to watch over her Napoleons son died of tuberculosis in Austria
  • Slide 46
  • Aftermath Napoleon roused nationalism throughout Europe Led to unification of Germany and Italy as we know them U.S. gained middle 1/3 of its current land Haiti first colony other than US to win independence US attacked by British Spanish American colonies like semi-independence, rebel against re-establishment of Spanish King (Simon Bolivar)
  • Slide 47
  • The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 June 9, 1815) eIts job was to undo everything that Napolon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries - her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napolonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIts job was to undo everything that Napolon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries - her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napolonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.
  • Slide 48
  • Key Players at Vienna The Host Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
  • Slide 49
  • Key Principles Established at Vienna Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
  • Slide 50
  • VFrance was deprived of all territory conquered by Napolon. VRussia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). VPrussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories. VA Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. VAustria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. VThe House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule. Changes Made at Vienna (1)
  • Slide 51
  • Changes Made at Vienna (2) VNorway and Sweden were joined. VThe neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VHanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. VThe Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging). VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.
  • Slide 52
  • Napolons Tomb
  • Slide 53
  • Europe in 1800
  • Slide 54
  • Napolons Empire in 1810
  • Slide 55
  • Europe After the Congress of Vienna
  • Slide 56
  • To wrap up After the death of Napoleon, how was France and Europe: The same as it had always been? Completely different?
  • Slide 57
  • Growth and Suppression of Democracy 1815 (Fall of Napoleon) to the Revolutions of 1848 is the age of Metternich Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Conservatism Felt liberals were imposing their views on society mostly due to nationalist self-determination
  • Slide 58
  • Modern Democracy England-stabilizing evolutionary process that represented the interests in government of more and more of its populace Francethrough un-stabilizing seesaw battles between reaction and radicalism
  • Slide 59
  • Nations playing important roles 19 th and 20th Germany Austria Russia Suppress democratic urges Germany/Unification Austria/German Hapsburg move to suppress the autonomy of the polyglot (many tongues) nationalities Russia/Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationalism
  • Slide 60
  • England Corn Laws 1815 Robert Peel Great Reform Bill 1832-abolish rotten boroughs**, expanded the electorate, and empowered the industrial middle class A)an urban community incorporated by royal charter, similar to an incorporated city or municipality in the U.S. B)a town, area, or constituency represented by a Member of Parliament. C)(formerly) a fortified town organized as and having some of the powers of an independent country. Chartist Movement (reforms 1838-1840s) one manone vote
  • Slide 61
  • England Whig/William Gladstone Tory/Benjamin Disraeli and the Second Reform Bill 1867 Doubled the electorate and gave the vote to industrial workers Social welfare state: government institutions that guarantee all citizens a decent standard of living
  • Slide 62
  • France Bourbon Louis XVIII Charles X (r. 1824-1830) repressive measures led to rioting in Paris Charles abdicates and causes a rift between radicals and the bourgeoisie Louis Phillipe (r. 1830-1848) bourgeoisie king He abdicates and the Chamber of Deputies declares a republic
  • Slide 63
  • France/Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleons nephew elected President of the Second Republic (first was declared during the French Revolution) Conservative classes 1852 re-elected and proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire (remember Napoleon was the first) Autocracy where Napoleon controlled finances and legislation Liberal Empire (1860-1870) Foreign Affairs his downfall Crimean War (1853-1856) Franco-Prussian War
  • Slide 64
  • France/Louis Napoleon Bonaparte The defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian War ended the Second Empire and began the Third Republic National Assembly suppresses the counter government, Paris Commune 1875 assembly voted to set up a Chamber of Deputies elected by universal manhood suffrage/senate indirectly elected 1871-1914 French government fell dozens of times (unstable) Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906) Multiparty system in France Old liberalism vs. new liberalism
  • Slide 65
  • Germany Through the Age of Metternich (1815-1848) German Confederation of 39 independent states Confederation established by the Congress of Vienna to help curtail radical student organizations 1819 Carlsbad degrees Zollverein 1848 Revolutions Prussian King Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861) called a nominal legislative assembly/1850 granted a constitution that established a House of Representatives elected by universal manhood suffrage
  • Slide 66
  • Germany Through the Age of Metternich (1815-1848) The Frankfurt Assembly (not kings Legislative Assembly) met from May 1848 to May 1849 and established the nature and the future union of Germany Advocates of Greater Germanyinclude Austria and have Hapsburg emperor rule over the union Supporters of Lesser Germanyexclude Austria and have Prussia lead the union Failure of the Frankfurt Assembly to design a democratic unionleft the job of unification to Prussian militarism and Bismarks policies.
  • Slide 67
  • Austria The Ethnic Mix that made up the Austrian Empire helped bring about the revolutions of 1848 Germans, Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Croats Prague Conference (Antislavism) The revolutions of 1848 failed in Austria largely because the empires ethnic minorities squabbled amongst themselves Austro-Prussian War 1866
  • Slide 68
  • Russia 1815-1914 Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) Extend reforms of Catherine the Great Constantine and Nicholas Decembrist Revolt Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) attained the throne after crushing the revolt Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) Began as a reformer and ended a conservative Emancipation Proclamation 1861ended serfdom