napoleon
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SS 9 BC Curriculum (Canada) - Crossroads textbookTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4
The Napoleonic Era
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Napoleon IEmperor of the French
1769 - 1821
“Ambition is never content
even on the summit of
greatness.”
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Romantic (propaganda)view of
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
by
Jacques-Louis David, 1805
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Bonaparte Crossing the Alps
Realist version
By
Paul Delaroche, 1848
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Introduction• Napoleon was one of the greatest military
commanders in history. • He has also been portrayed as a power hungry
conqueror. • Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. He argued
that he was building a federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government.
• But if this was his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power in his own hands.
• However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts.
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Feudalism• The legal and military relationship between
the Landowners (lords or nobles), peasants (vassals), and fiefs (land).
• A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land.
• a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief.
• In exchange for the use of the fief and the protection of the lord, the vassal would provide some sort of service to the lord.
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Law CodesEmperor Napoleon proved to be an excellent civil
administrator:• One of his greatest achievements was his supervision
of the revision and collection of French law into codes. • The new law codes—seven in number—incorporated
some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom.
• The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law.
• Napoleon also centralized France's government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, into which France was divided.
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His Rule• While Napoleon believed in government "for"
the people, he rejected government "by" the people.
• His France was a police state with a vast network of secret police and spies.
• The police shut down plays containing any hint of disagreement or criticism of the government.
• The press was controlled by the state.
• It was impossible to express an opinion without Napoleon's approval.
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Napoleon's own opinion of his career is best stated in the following quotation:
“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.”
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Making France Strong• 1799, Napoleon helped to overthrow the
Directory (French Gov’t) because it was inefficient and corrupt.
• He was named First Consul after seizing power.
• He set about to improve French life:
1. bring new laws together with old laws – Civil Code – what did it guarantee?
2. started public works – How?
• Economy was still not strong – the industries were poorly developed
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Napoleon the Emperor• He tried to destroy democracy in France
• Became more of a tyrant than any of the rulers of the ancient regime
• Ancient views about women
• 1804, crowned himself Emperor of France
• Complete control of the country
• Secret police force
• Controlled media, law, and education system - censorship
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The Coronation of Napoleonby Jacques-Louis David
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Symbolism in the Painting(Examples of Propaganda - See Wikipedia)
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o437CjNWgv0
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Napoleon & Europe
• Napoleon waged war with most of Europe trying to expand his empire in the 1800s.
• Take notes on Britain versus Napoleon – first paragraph on p. 104.
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Napoleon’s Continental System
• Activity 4-4:
Advantages Disadvantages
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Conquering Europe
• Napoleon knew that his power came from his military victories.
• He believed he could defeat any army, and did, beating the armies of Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
• Used speed and surprise to win major battles at Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena.
• His enemies signed the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), giving Napoleon control of Europe.
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Europe in 1789
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French Empire (1811)Dark Blue – French Empire
Light Blue – French Satellite States
Green – French Allied States
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Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, as King of Spain
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• Napoleon insisted that all parts of his empire base their gov’ts and legal systems on those of France.
• He abolished serfdom, the privileges of aristocrats, replaced old laws with the Napoleonic Code, and encouraged religious tolerance.
• From his efforts, many features of the old feudal system was gone.
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The Rise of Nationalism
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Questions
1. Explain the meaning of “nationalism”.
2. Why did it appeal to many people in Europe?
3. Explain why you think nationalism is a positive or negative force, or both.
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Loss in Spain
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The Russian Campaign
• Man of Destiny video