Naomi M. Levine

NOAA C&GC Postdoctoral Fellow Harvard University

Dierdre Toole (WHOI)

Scott Doney (WHOI)

John Dacey (WHOI)

Vanessa Varaljay (UGA)

Mary Ann Moran (UGA)

Aimee Neeley (BIOS)

Funding:

•  NOAA C&GC Fellowship

•  NDSEG Fellowship

•  EPA STAR Fellowship

•  Ocean Venture Fund

•  Scurlock Fund

•  NSF grants: OCE02-23869, OCE-0623034, OCE-072417, OCE-0525928,

OCE-0425166

dimethylsulfide (DMS)

18-42% sulfate aerosol mass 80-90% marine biogenic sulfur

Woodhouse et al 2010

14% increase in DMS (11% offset in warming) Gabric et al 2004

10% decrease in DMS (17% increase in warming) Kloster et al. 2007

DMSP DMS

chemical

physical biological

•  How much? (concentration)

•  How fast? (rate)

chemical

physical biological

DNA RNA Enzyme

Who’s there?

Who’s active?

Biogeochem active?

chemical

physical biological

•  What conditions?

(mixing, light…)

Gene Abundance & Expression

Enzyme Activity

Concentration

Consumption Rate

Fluo

resc

ence

Cycle

DM

S [n

M]

Time (min)

Month

Dep

th (

m)

Temperature

2008.2 2008.3 2008.4 2008.5 2008.6 2008.7 2008.8−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Month

Dep

th (

m)

TOC:DMSPd

2008.2 2008.3 2008.4 2008.5 2008.6 2008.7 2008.8−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Months

Dep

th (

m)

DMS Consumption (nM/day)

F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Months

Dep

th (

m)

ES(339.8)Dose

20% of average summer surface UV−A

J F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Month

Dep

th (

m)

DMSPd Consumption Rate (per day)

F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Temp Light (14 λ) DMS DMSPd DMSPp

TOC TOC:DMSP NO3 Si PO4

dDMS/dt dDMSP/dt Bact Abund C demand Season, Depth …

Month

Dep

th (

m)

Temperature

2008.2 2008.3 2008.4 2008.5 2008.6 2008.7 2008.8−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Month

Dep

th (

m)

TOC:DMSPd

2008.2 2008.3 2008.4 2008.5 2008.6 2008.7 2008.8−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Months

Dep

th (

m)

DMS Consumption (nM/day)

F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Months

Dep

th (

m)

ES(339.8)Dose

20% of average summer surface UV−A

J F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Month

Dep

th (

m)

DMSPd Consumption Rate (per day)

F M A M J J A S O N−100

−90

−80

−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Temp Light (14 λ) DMS DMSPd DMSPp

TOC TOC:DMSP NO3 Si PO4

dDMS/dt dDMSP/dt Bact Abund C demand Season, Depth …

Toole et al. in prep

DMSPp

DMS

DMSPp

DMS

Toole et al. in prep

Levine et al. submitted

dmdA expression: Copies per L

Levine et al. subm

Gene expression: Copies per L UV-A light Dose (W/m2/day)

Levine et al. submitted

p p p

Levine et al. submitted

UV-A intolerant (86% under low UV-A dose)

Gene expression: Copies per L

= DMS producing gene expression

Bacterial DMS Producing Enzyme Activity Phytoplankton DMS Producing Enzyme Activity

Levine et al. submitted

Bacterial DMS Producing Enzyme Activity

UV-A tolerant (33% under high UV-A dose)

Levine et al. submitted

y UV-A light Dose (W/m2/day)

Phytoplankton DMSP lyase activity

UV-A dependent (88% under high UV-A dose)

Levine et al. submitted

Phytoplankton DMS Producing Enzyme Activity ty UV-A light Dose (W/m2/day)

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DMSpredicted= Production – Loss

Production = a*DMSphytoplankton + b*DMSbacteria Loss = c*DMSconsumption + d*DMSphotolysis

Levine et al. submitted

Levine et al. submitted

Levine et al. submitted

Spring, Summer, Fall

Both phytoplankton and bacteria contribute to DMS production

UV-A Intolerant

UV-A dependent

Light (UV-A dose) plays an important role in DMSP degradation and DMS production