nanotechnology r&d impacts many industries electronics materials health/biotech chemical...
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Nanotechnology R&D impacts many industries
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products• Instrumentation
More Discussion on Nanotechnology Applications
Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.commacroscale
microscale
nanoscale
Electronics Keep On Getting BetterMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
Specialized Nano-Coatings
Inframat hardenedcoatings for Navyhigh-wear parts
Self-cleaning surfaces - like a Lotus leaf(ultrahydrophobic)
Biocompatible coatings for long lasting orthopedicjoints
Nano for Regenerative Medicine
Super Adhesives
Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair
Nature 405, 681-685 (8 June 2000)
Microfabricated Adhesive Mimicking Gecko Foot-Hair Nature Materials 2, 461-463 (2003)
Solar Cells and Integration of Nanotechnology
• Organic/Inorganic solar cells• Silicon solar cells are most common and
efficient right now.• Reflection of incoming light is a big
natural limitation for efficiency.
Konarka
Evergreen Solar, Inc. Marlboro, MA
Top side metallization gridSunlight
0.5 µm n+ emitterAverage phosphorus~1018cm-3
~100-300 µm Boron~1016cm-3
p base
Optional p+ back surface diffusion
Back side metallization
Typical P-N Junction Silicon Solar Cell Structure
REFLECTION!
Anti-reflection coating
n0 n1 n2
14n
Incident wave Transmitted wave
R1
R2
201 nnn
Anti-Reflection Conditions
Pattern Transfer by Etching (Tunable Anti-Reflective Coating)
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20.6., Nov. Dec 2002
UMASS
Can work as an anti-reflective coating!
NNIN.ORG
Moth Eye
Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html
Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes
] 200 nm
Other Nano-Solar Cells
Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, and clothing!
Flat Panel Displays, Colorants, Smart Papers…(Photonic Crystals)
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 74, 021922 2006
Reflection from butterfly wings and beetle’s exocuticle
2 April 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 4351
Quantum dots glow in UV light– Injected in mice, collect in tumors– Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells
Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.htmlhttp://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.html
Early tumor detection, studied in mice
Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light
Nanogold
Disease Detection (Using Quantum Dots)
Gold Color ?
Some resources on nano applications
http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44&action=intro
The Woodrow Wilson Center consumer product inventory
The Nano 50 awards
http://www.nanotechbriefs.com/nano50_winners.html
http://www.smalltimes.com/
Small Times magazine