nanotechnology paper

8/14/2019 Nanotechnology Paper

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Running Head: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL SECURITY

Nanotechnology and National Security

a!e" #$ Hancy

Troy Uni%er"ity


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A&"tract

Thi" "tudy o' the current "tate o' the Nanotechnology Re%olution de&ate" ho( (e "hould atte!)t

to control the cour"e o' thi" ne( "cience$ The in%e"tigation "crutini*e" e+)ert e%aluation" in it"

e+a!ination o' the ")ectacular )ro!i"e" and the dire threat" that nanotechnology hold" &e'ore u"

and the i!)lication" o' &oth on our national "ecurity$ The (riter conclude" that, -. (e can

na%igate "a'ely through the national "ecurity i""ue" that nanotechnology con'ront" u" (ith, /. (e

!u"t continue to de%elo) and (ea%e nanotechnology !anage!ent into our National Security

0olicy, 1. (e !u"t ade2uately 'und !olecular !anu'acturing re"earch and de%elo)!ent 3R4D. to

en"ure (e "tay out in 'ront in thi" ga!e, and 5. (e !u"t &eco!e the 'ir"t nation to &uild a

nano'actory$


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Nanotechnology -

Nanotechnology and National Security

The (aiting &egan on Dece!&er /6, -676$ That night, theoretical )hy"ici"t Dr$ Richard 0$

8eyn!an ga%e hi" cla""ic tal9 at the Cali'ornia In"titute o' Technology" annual !eeting o' the

A!erican 0hy"ical Society$ The No&el 0ri*e (inner )redicted, ;The )rinci)le" o' )hy"ic", a" 'ar

a" I can "ee, do not ")ea9 again"t the )o""i&ility o' !aneu%ering thing" ato! &y ato!$


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Nanotechnology /

U$S$ ha" &een a (orld leader in the de%elo)!ent o' the underlying "cience in'ra"tructure 'or the

re%olution, and the de%elo)!ent o' nanotechnology i" today a national )riority$


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Nanotechnology 1

"uch data, the )ro!oter" o' nanotechnology (ill ha%e a di''icult ti!e re")onding e''ecti%ely to

e%en the !o"t outlandi"h clai!" o' ri"9$B

Thi" (riter agree"$ @y e+a!ining the current "tate o' the Nanotechnology Re%olution, the

")ectacular )ro!i"e" it hold" &e'ore u", the dire threat" it e+)o"e" u" to, and the i!)lication" o'

&oth on our national "ecurity, thi" (riter ai!" to "ho( that (e can na%igate "a'ely through the

national "ecurity i""ue" that nanotechnology con'ront" u" (ith$ To do "o, though, (e !u"t

care'ully gauge the ri"9" a""ociated (ith &oth the danger" and the &ene'it" to en"ure that (e

al(ay" choo"e the correct cour"e o' action$ =e !u"t "ea!le""ly (ea%e the !anage!ent o'

nanotechnology into our National Security 0olicy$ =e !u"t al"o 'und nanotechnology R4D

ade2uately to en"ure our ca)a&ility to )rotect our do!e"tic core %alue" 'ro! e+ternal threat"$

Nanotechnology !ay &e de'ined a" the )roce"" o' &uilding a )roduct, 'ro! a "tring o' 'i&er

to a nuclear (ea)on, 'ro! the &otto! u)K!olecule &y !olecule, or in it" !o"t e+tre!e ca"e,

ato! &y ato!$ ;I a! not a'raid to con"ider the 'inal 2ue"tion a" to (hether, ulti!atelyKin the

great 'utureK(e can arrange the ato!" the (ay (e (ant the %ery atoms, all the (ay do(n$orea, China, and India are all )ouring !a""i%e a!ount" o'

!oney and e''ort into nanotechnology re"earch$ =e could ne%er ho)e to "to) the!, too$

On anuary -, /, the Euro)ean Union 3EU. launched the Se%enth 8ra!e(or9 0rogra!

380., at Q5$7 &illion, it" large"t 'unding )rogra! e%er 'or re"earch and technological

de%elo)!ent$ 80 (ill &e the Euro)ean Co!!i""ion" central !echani"! 'or nanotechnology?

related re"earch'unding o%er the ne+t "e%en year"$11

1- i&id$, 7$1/ 0hoeni+, C$ ;Nanotech Ar!" Race"$< #RN3/., 5/?55$11 @erger, #$ ;Euro)ean Union Increa"e" Re"earch E''ort" on Nanotechnology Ri"9"$


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Nanotechnology --

8or )eo)le in a)an, a tooth)a"te that re)air" tooth ena!el i" a reality$ a)an" Sangi

Co!)any ha" "old !ore than 'i'ty !illion tu&e" and continue" to e+)and it" line o' nano)roduct"$

Sangi clai!" that a "i!ilar )roduct i" Ju"t around the corner that (ill actually re)air ca%itie"$ 15

On 8e&ruary , /, #r$ 0ar9 Young?il, Mice Science #ini"ter 'or the South >orean

#ini"try o' Science and Technology announced that South >orea (ill "tri%e to &eco!e a glo&al

leader in "cience and technology &y /-$ To reach that goal, #r$ 0ar9 "aid that the Science

#ini"try (ill allocate Q-$7 &illion 'or R4D thi" year$ ;A!ong the to) )roJect" that (ill &e

)ur"ued thi" year (ill &e the u"e o' o%er Q- &illion to &ol"ter the country" &iotech and nanotech

ca)a&ilitie"$< The "u! i" e+)ected to reach Q-1$7 &illion in /-$17

Ro&ert Cre"anti, Under"ecretary 'or Technology at the U$S$ De)art!ent o' Co!!erce,

re)ort" that China i" ra)idly catching u) to the U$S$ in nanotechnology$ He note" a dra!atic

increa"e in the 2uality and 2uantity o' )a)er" on nanotechnology that Chine"e "cienti"t" are

)u&li"hing$ ;China i" one o' the )layer" that i" gaining on u"$< #r$ Cre"anti, (ho !et (ith

Chine"e )olicy !a9er" during a recent %i"it to @eiJing, added that he "a( ;la&" 'ull to the ra'ter"

(ith "cienti"t" and !achinery$ala! ha" called 'or India to ;de%elo) nanotechnologyK

including nano&ot"K&ecau"e it (ill re%olutioni*e (ar'are$< @e"ide" &eing India" )re"ident,

>ala! i" ane!inent nuclear and !i""ile "cienti"t$ In a recent ")eech to hi" nation" "cienti"t",

0re"ident >ala! a""erted that nanotechnology (ill ;re%olutioni*e the total conce)t" o' 'uture

(ar'are< and a"9ed the! to (or9 on !a9ing a &rea9through$1

15 @erger, #$ ;Nanotechnology in #y Tooth)a"teorea Ai!" to @eco!e To) - Science Nation &y /-$< *onha+ News3/., -?$1B @a"ton, A$ ;China" Nanotechnology Gain" Ha%e US Loo9ing O%er It" Shoulder$< Wall 'treet $ournal3/B., -?1$1 Treder, #$ ;The Ar!" Race Ha" @egun$< #RN3/B., -?1$
http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01072002/0107200293.htmhttp://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01072002/0107200293.htmhttp://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01072002/0107200293.htm


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Nanotechnology -/

Lu+ Re"earch analy"t Dr$ #ichael =$ Hol!an note" that (orld(ide, )u&lic )erce)tion o'

nanotechnology i" gro(ing$ Nanotechnology (a" !entioned in -,16 !aJor Engli"h?language

article" in /7, u) 5 )ercent 'ro! /5$ Nanotechnology (a" incor)orated into !ore than Q1

&illion in !anu'actured good" in /7K!ore than dou&le the )re%iou" year$ Hol!an )roJect"

that &y /-5, Q/$B trillion (orth o' the (orld" !anu'actured good", a&out -7 )ercent o' total

out)ut, (ill incor)orate nanotechnology$1 In /5 it !ade u) le"" than $- )ercent$16

A total o' 1,6BB U$S$ nanotechnology )atent" ha%e &een i""ued "ince -67$5 Glo&ally,

a&out 7 )ercent o' nanotechnology )atent" 3a&out B,5 o' ,7. recorded &y the U$S$ 0atent

O''ice in // (ere 'ro! the United State"$5- Nano?ena&led )roduct" on the !ar9et today,

ranging 'ro! anti!icro&ial re'rigerator" to nano?re'or!ulated drug", carry an a%erage )re!iu!

)rice o' ele%en )ercent co!)ared (ith con%entional )roduct"$5/

Go%ern!ent", cor)oration", and %enture ca)itali"t" ")ent Q6$B &illion on nanotechnology

R4D (orld(ide in /7, u) ten )ercent 'ro! /5$ Go%ern!ent" (orld(ide ")ent Q5$B &illion

on nanotechnology R4D in /7, u) three )ercent 'ro! /5$ O' thi" ")ending, Q-$ &illion 31B

)ercent. (a" in North A!erica, al!o"t entirely in the U$S$ Q-$ &illion 31B )ercent. (a" in A"ia,

do!inated &y China, a)an, and >orea Q-$- &illion 3/B )ercent. (a" in =e"tern Euro)e, led &y

Ger!any and Q- !illion (a" in the re"t o' the (orld$ E"ta&li"hed cor)oration" ")ent Q5$7

&illion on nanotechnology R4D (orld(ide in /7, u) - )ercent 'ro! /5$ O' thi" ")ending,

Q-$6 &illion 35/ )ercent. (a" in North A!erica, Q-$ &illion 31 )ercent. (a" in A"ia, Q7

!illion 3-6 )ercent. (a" in Euro)e and Q !illion 3t(o )ercent. (a" in the re"t o' the (orld$

Nanotechnology %enture ca)ital 'unding increa"ed - )ercent (orld(ide in /7 to Q56 !illion,

1 Hol!an, #$ ;The Nanotech Re)ort, 5th Edition$< ,u- Research. Inc/3/B., 5$16 Gold"tein, @$ 4 S!ith #$ ;E!erging Challenge": Nanotechnology and the En%iron!ent$< UNP3/., B/$5 Hol!an, #$, o)$ cit$5- Roco, #$ ;Ho( Did the Idea o' a #ulti?agency NNI E!erge< NII 3/., -$5/ Hol!an, #$, o)$ cit$


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Nanotechnology -1

or a&out t(o )ercent o' total glo&al %enture ca)ital 'lo("$ Nanotech ha" "een a total o' Q/ &illion

in cu!ulati%e %enture ca)ital in%e"t!ent" in nanotech "tart?u)" "ince -66$ 51

In'or!ation technology 3IT. lead" the (ay (ith 5 o' %enture ca)ital in%e"t!ent" in

/5 and /7$ @iotechnology i" a clo"e "econd and !aterial" and nanotool" are a di"tant third

and 'ourth, re")ecti%ely$ Menture ca)ital i" highly concentrated$ O' the -51 nanotechnology

"tart?u)" that ha%e recei%ed in"titutional %enture ca)ital 'unding "ince -66 3out o' a&out -,7

that o)erate glo&ally., the to) ten )ercent account 'or 51 )ercent o' cu!ulati%e 'unding$55

All o' thi" (orld(ide e''ort at de%elo)ing nanotechnology a!ount" to an ar!" race$

According to Chri" 0hoeni+, Director o' Re"earch at the Center 'or Re")on"i&le Nanotechnology

3CRN., the 'ir"t nation to &uild a nano'actory (in" the race$ E%en a 'e( !onth" lag !ay &e

unreco%era&le$ The !ore ad%anced "ide (ill ha%e acce"" to %a"tly !ore )o(er'ul co!)uter", and

(ill i!)ro%e it" nanotechnology a" ra)idly a" it" collecti%e creati%ity (ill allo($ There i" no

o&%iou" )lateau in ca)a&ility that (ill allo( a laggard to catch u)$ Al"o, the ad%anced "ide (ill &e

in a !uch &etter )o"ition to th(art the laggard" de%elo)!ent, (ith or (ithout all?out (ar$ The

laggard (ill )ro&a&ly not &e a&le to de'end it"el' again"t the nano)o(er$ E%en a nuclear )o(er

!ight not &e a&le to deter a nano)o(er &ecau"e aero")ace "u)eriority (ill !a9e it !uch ea"ier 'or

the nano)o(er to &uild an e''ecti%e !i""ile "hield$57

The only (ay (e can "a'eguard our national "ecurity during the Nanotechnology

Re%olution, then, i" &y &eing the 'ir"t to &uild a nano'actory$ The race to &e the 'ir"t to &uild a

nano'actory "hould &e the de'ining trac9 in an o%erall nanotech ar!" race$

I' t(o or !ore countrie" arri%e at the nano'actory "tage nearly "i!ultaneou"ly, the (orld

(ill &e a !uch le"" "ta&le )lace than it i" today$ A !ulti?nano)o(er (orld (ill ha%e the )otential

51 i&id$55 i&id$57 0hoeni+, C$ ;Thirty,< o)$ cit$, 5/$


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Nanotechnology -5

to de"ta&ili*e international relation" in area" &eyond the "co)e o' !ilitary a))lication"$ It (ill

reduce econo!ic in'luence and interde)endence and reduce the a&ility o' a nation to !onitor it"

)otential ene!ie"$ In a !ulti?nano)o(er (orld, !ore nation" (ill &e a&le to cau"e glo&al

de"truction, thu" reducing the a&ility o' )o(er'ul nation" to )olice the international arena$ And &y

!a9ing "!all grou)" "el'?"u''icient, it !ay encourage the &rea9u) o' e+i"ting "tate"$ 5B

Nanotech (ea)on" (ill &e %ery di''erent 'ro! nuclear (ea)on"$ According to Ad!iral

Da%id E$ ere!iah, 'or!er Mice?Chair!an o' the U$S$ oint Chie'" o' Sta'', ;#ilitary a))lication"

o' !olecular !anu'acturing ha%e e%en greater )otential than nuclear (ea)on" to radically change

the &alance o' )o(er$#D., thi" de"tructi%ene"" hugely a!)li'ied &y the

)o(er o' "el'?re)lication$


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Nanotechnology -7

(e can )ro&a&ly credit the! (ith )re%enting !aJor (ar" "ince their in%ention$ Thi" "ta&ility "te!"

'ro! at lea"t 'our 'actor" relating to nuclear (ea)on": !a""i%e de"tructi%ene"", indi"cri!inate

de"truction, huge in%e"t!ent" in R4D, and co!)le+ deli%ery "y"te!"$7

The !o"t o&%iou" characteri"tic o' an all?out nuclear (ar i" the !a""i%e, indi"cri!inate

de"truction it cau"e"$ Nuclear 'allout and conta!ination al"o create i!!en"e long?ter! co"t"$

Nuclear (ea)on" re2uire huge in%e"t!ent" o' ti!e, re"ource", and !oney to get 'ro! dra(ing

&oard to )roduction$ The"e R4D e''ort" can &e ea"ily trac9ed$ Once )roduced, nuclear (ea)on"

cannot ea"ily &e deli%ered to their target"$7-

An all?out nanotech (ar (ill )ro&a&ly cau"e nuclear?li9e "hort?ter! de"truction, &ut (ill

not nece""arily create co!)ara&le long?ter! co"t"$ Nanotech (ea)on" (ill attac9 ")eci'ic target",

'a%oring an ene!y" )eo)le a" o))o"ed to it" 'actorie" and (ea)on"$ Nanotech (ea)on" (ill &e

de%elo)ed ra)idly due to 2uic9er, chea)er )rototy)ing$ Thi" !ini!al R4D re2uire!ent !ay &e

%ery di''icult to trac9$ Nanotech (ea)on" (ill &e ea"ily deli%ered to their target"$ 7/

It "ee!" the ca"e, then, that than9" to !ore )reci"ely targeted de"truction, uncertainty

regarding ene!y ca)a&ilitie", and le"" re")on"e ti!e to attac9, nanotech ar!" race" (ill &e !uch

le"" "ta&le than the nuclear ar!" race" that )receded the!$71

I" our national "ecurity )olicy )re)aring u" 'or the )o""i&ility o' a nanotech (ea)on" ar!"

race On Dece!&er /, //, (e too9 our 'ir"t "te) to(ard creating a nanotechnology national

"ecurity )olicy (hen Congre"" directed the Secretary o' De'en"e to ;carry out a de'en"e

nanotechnology R4D )rogra!< 3U$S$ Congre"" ;0L -?1-5,< Sec$ /5B.$ A year later, on

Dece!&er 1, /1, Congre"" too9 the ne+t "te)$ It directed the 0re"ident to:

7 Treder, #$ ;Danger",< o)$ cit$, /-$7- i&id$7/ i&id$71 i&id$


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Nanotechnology -B

3-. e"ta&li"h the goal", )rioritie", and !etric" 'or e%aluation 'or 8ederal

nanotechnology re"earch, de%elo)!ent, and other acti%itie" 3/. in%e"t in 8ederal

re"earch and de%elo)!ent )rogra!" in nanotechnology and related "cience" to

achie%e tho"e goal" and 31. )ro%ide 'or interagency coordination o' 8ederal

nanotechnology acti%itie"$75

A" a re"ult o' thi" "econd &ill, ;The /-"tCentury Nanotechnology Re"earch and

De%elo)!ent Act,< 0re"ident George =$ @u"h created the National Nanotechnology Initiati%e

3NII. and ga%e the National Science and Technology Council 3NSTC. re")on"i&ility 'or "etting it"

)rioritie" and coordinating Joint re"earch acti%itie"$77

In hi" /B State o' the Union Addre"", the 0re"ident )ro)o"ed ;to dou&le the 'ederal

co!!it!ent to the !o"t critical &a"ic re"earch )rogra!" in the )hy"ical "cience" o%er the ne+t ten

year"Ftoe+)lore )ro!i"ing area" "uch a" nanotechnology, "u)erco!)uting, and alternati%e

energy "ource"$


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Nanotechnology -

So it (ould a))ear that 0re"ident @u"h i" not co!)letely "old on nanotechnology"

i!)ortance to our national "ecurity$ There i" another )o""i&ility, ho(e%er$ 0erha)" he and other"

in the u))er le%el" o' go%ern!ent are con%inced that the !ore (e e!)ha"i*e our co!!it!ent to

nanotechnology, the !ore (e encourage other countrie" to do the "a!e$ 0erha)" they reali*e,

too, that it i" o' the ut!o"t i!)ortance to the "ecurity o' the United State" 'or u" to &e the 'ir"t

country to &uild a nano'actory$ Let u" ho)e 'or the "a9e o' our national "ecurity that "cienti"t" are

(or9ing 'uriou"ly in "o!e dar9 corner o' the DoD on a nano'actory #anhattan 0roJect$

Throughout !o"t o' our hi"tory, national "ecurity ha" had t(o 'acet" to itK)olitical

)o(er and econo!ic )o(er$ 0olitical )o(er i" a *ero?"u! ga!e in (hich our go%ern!ent at the

lea"t trie" to !aintain and )rotect the "tatu" 2uo, and at !o"t trie" to i!)ro%e it" relati%e )o(er

)o"ition at the e+)en"e o' another nation"$ Econo!ic )o(er, on the other hand, i" a )o"iti%e?

"u! ga!e in (hich (e coo)erate (ith other nation" through trade to i!)ro%e the a&"olute

"trength o' all o' the )layer"$B

There i" actually a third 'acet to national "ecurity that did not recei%e !uch attention until

the In'or!ation Age: in'or!ation )o(er$ One o' our national "ecurity goal" i" to o&tain, control,

and )re%ent the ")read o' in'or!ation (e dee! %ital to our intere"t"$ Ho(e%er, in'or!ation

)o(er in it" )ure 'or! i" at odd" (ith national "ecurity$ The goal o' in'or!ation )o(er i" to

")read in'or!ation 'reely acro"" the glo&e$ Thi" re"ult" in an unli!ited?"u! outco!e 'or all

nation"$ =ith the arri%al o' nanotechnology, in'or!ation )rinci)le" (ill no( need to &e a))lied

not Ju"t to in'or!ation, &ut to )hy"ical )roduct" a" (ell$ Thi" )re"ent" u" (ith "u&"tantial ne(

econo!ic and national "ecurity i""ue" to re"ol%e$B-

=e "i!)ly cannot a''ord to !a9e unre"tricted nanotechnology (idely a%aila&le to

B Treder, #$ ;Creating E''ecti%e 0u&lic 0olicy 'or #anaging Ad%anced Nanotechnology$< #RN3/7., 1/$B- i&id$, 1/?11$


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Nanotechnology -

e%ery&ody$ Other(i"e, cri!inal", terrori"t", and hac9er" (ill in%ent ne( )roduct" 'a"ter than (e

can co!)en"ate$ The nano?hac9er" (ill in%ent %iru"e" that (ill cau"e !uch !ore de"truction than

their co!)uter hac9er counter)art" e%er drea!ed )o""i&le$ They (ill cau"e death, too$ B/

Ho( can (e ho)e to control nanotechnology It !ay &e counter)roducti%e to i!)le!ent

"trong anti?nanotechnology regulation$ Any regulation that reduce" hu!anitarian u"e o' the

technology (ill increa"e the ideali"tic urge to get around it$ Any regulation that i!)o"e" "e%ere

)enaltie" (ill 'o!ent re&ellion again"t it$ Secrecy (ill ")ar9 curio"ity and inde)endent re"earch$

And any regulation that dri%e" u) the co"t (ill dri%e the econo!ic incenti%e to circu!%ent it$B1

#any o' the"e !oti%ation" can &e &lunted (ith the right co!&ination o' technical

re"triction" and acce""Pdi"tri&ution control"$ I' (e loo"en the technical re"triction" and acce""P

di"tri&ution control", (e (ill eli!inate &lac9 !ar9et", &ut o)en our"el%e" to nanotechnological

)ro)erty right" %iolation" and the !anu'acture and ")read o' dangerou" andPor unde"ira&le

)roduct"$ I' (e loo"en the technical re"triction" &ut tighten acce""Pdi"tri&ution control", (e (ill

"till ha%e the "a!e )ro&le!" (ith )ro)erty right" %iolation" and dangerou"Punde"ira&le )roduct",

&ut (e (ill al"o no( ha%e &lac9 !ar9et )ro&le!"$ I' (e tighten &oth the technical re"triction"

and the acce""Pdi"tri&ution control", (e (ill not only create &lac9 !ar9et", &ut (e (ill al"o hinder

'urther )ro")erity and our a&ility to alle%iate hu!an "u''ering$ Our &e"t o)tion i" to tighten the

technical re"triction", &ut loo"en the acce""Pdi"tri&ution control"$ =e (ill thu" reduce the

incenti%e 'or &lac9 !ar9et", 'o"ter un)recedented )ro")erity, and reduce hu!an "u''ering$B5

Hi"tory, too, teache" u" that (hat (e need i" neither &lan9et )er!i""i%ene"" nor &lan9et

re"triction, &ut care'ul !anage!ent ri"9" and &ene'it"$ Ho)e'ully (e (ill heed the le""on" (e

learned on our Journey 'ro! Na)"ter to i?Tune" (hen (e tried the )ath" o' &oth &lan9et

B/ Treder, #$ ;No Si!)le Solution" 'or Nanotechnology Ri"9"$< #RN3/B., 7$B1 i&id$, ?$B5 Treder, #$ ;Creating,< o)$ cit$, 1B$


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Nanotechnology -6

)er!i""i%ene"" and &lan9et re"triction &e'ore "ettling u)on a )olicy o' "en"i&le !anage!ent$

It "ee!" to thi" (riter that all o' the i""ue" di"cu""ed hereKthe ")ectacular )ro!i"e" that

the "cience o' nanotechnology ")read" &e'ore u", the dire threat" it e+)o"e" u" to, and the e''ect"

it (ill ha%e on our national "ecurityK)oint to(ard the ine%ita&le conclu"ion that (e (ill &e a&le

to na%igate "a'ely )a"t the danger" and road &loc9" that nanotechnology con'ront" u" (ith, &ut

only i' (e care'ully !anage the ri"9" a""ociated (ith &oth the danger" and the &ene'it"$

Nanotechnology doe" not nece""arily guarantee u" either a &lea9 'uture or a )ro")erou"

'uture$ The %ery 'actor" that !a9e nanotechnology "o dangerou" al"o )ro%ide u" (ith

uni!agina&le o))ortunitie"K&eyond e%en tho"e (hich ha%e &een di"cu""ed here$ E%en a "!all

'raction o' the ra( ca)a&ility that thi" "cience &ring" u" can co!)letely "ati"'y the (orld"

hu!anitarian need"$ Another 'raction can enrich the econo!y and e%ery one o' u"$ Only a "!all

'raction o' nanotechnology )roduct" are unacce)ta&ly dangerou"$B7

That &eing "aid, though, it i" i!)erati%e that (e continue to de%elo) and (ea%e

nanotechnology !anage!ent into our National Security 0olicy$ =e !u"t al"o 'und !olecular

!anu'acturing R4D ade2uately to en"ure (e "tay out in 'ront in thi" ga!e$ The "econd one to

&uild a nano'actory could &e a rotten egg$

B7 Treder, #$ ;Solution",< o)$ cit$, -1$


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Re'erence"

@all, 0$ 3//.$ DNA Con"truction @u"ine"": DNA Could Hel) @uild Nano!achine" #ade o'DNA$Nature, #ay -, //$ Science (riter 0hili) @all de"cri&e" nano"tructure" and!otor" &uilt (ith DNA$

@at"on, A$ 3Se) /, /B.$ China" Nanotechnology Gain" Ha%e U$S$ Loo9ing O%er It" Shoulder$Wall 'treet $ournal$ Retrie%ed 8e& -, / 'ro!htt):PPonline$("J$co!ParticlePS@--76/6/7151555$ht!l$ Andre( @at"on i" a re)orter'or Do( one" Ne("(ire in @eiJing$

@erger, #$ 38e& -5, /.$ Euro)ean Union Increa"e" Re"earch E''ort" on NanotechnologyRi"9"$ Nanower) News$ Retrie%ed 8e& -6, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($nano(er9$co!Pne("Pne("id-57$)h)$ #ichael @erger, Nano(er9 LLC$

@erger, #$ 3Dec 5, /B.$ Nanotechnology in #y Tooth)a"te Nanower) News$ Retrie%ed 8e&

-6, /, 'ro! htt):PP((($nano(er9$co!P")otlightP")otid-6-$)h)$

@er9!an, A$ 3/1.$ 8TAA: 0rotectioni"! 'or US Drug Indu"try$%ealth &lobal "ccess Pro8ect9%ealth &"P$ Retrie%ed 8e& --, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($healthga)$orgP)re""relea"e"P1P---61HGA0@08TAA!ia!i$)d'$Health GA0 &rie'ing docu!ent$ Dr$ Alan @er9!an i" on the 'aculty o' Colu!&iaUni%er"ityV" #ail!an School o' 0u&lic Health$ In -666, he co?'ounded Health GA03Glo&al Acce"" 0roJect., an organi*ation ")earheading U$S$ e''ort" to e+)and acce"" toAIDS !edication" to )oor countrie" around the (orld$

@u"h, G$=$ 3an 1-, /B.$ 0re"ident @u"h Deli%er" State o' the Union Addre""$ The White

%ouse$ Retrie%ed 8e& -, / 'ro!htt):PP((($(hitehou"e$go%Pne("Prelea"e"P/BP-P/B-1-?-$ht!l$

@u"h, G$=$ 3an /1, /.$ 0re"ident @u"h Deli%er" State o' the Union Addre""$ The White%ouse$ Retrie%ed 8e& -, / 'ro!htt):PP((($(hitehou"e$go%Pne("Prelea"e"P/P-P/-/1?/$ht!l$

Da%ey, #$ 3#arch /6, /B.$ #ani)ulating #olecule": 8ederal Su))ort 'or NanotechnologyRe"earch$ #ongressional Research 'ervice 9#R' Re+ort ;or #ongress. R,31425/Li&rary o' Congre""$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary --, /, 'ro!htt):PPnc"eonline$orgPNLEPCRSre)ort"PBA)rPRS/76$)d'$ #ichael E$ Da%ey i" a")eciali"t in Science and Technology Re"ource" 'or CRS" Science and Indu"try Di%i"ion$

Da%ey, #$ 3Octo&er /B, /B.$ 8ederal Re"earch and De%elo)!ent 8unding: 8Y/$#ongressional Research 'ervice Re+ort ;or #ongress. R,66674/ Li&rary o' Congre""$Retrie%ed 8e&ruary --, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($nc"eonline$orgPNLEPCRSre)ort"PBOctPRL11157$)d'$

Dre+ler, E$, 0eter"on, C$, and 0erga!it G$ 3-66-.$ Unbounding the Future: The NanotechnologyRevolution$ Ne( Yor9: =illia! #orro($ Retrie%ed 8e& -, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($'ore"ight$orgPUT8Pdo(nloadPun&ound$)d'$ In thi" &oo9, re"earcher, author,


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and )olicy ad%ocate Dr$ >$ Eric Dre+ler, Chri"tine 0eter"on, and Gail 0erga!it deli%er arich array o' "cenario" o' nanotechnology at (or9K"o!e thrilling, "o!e terri'ying$ In-6B, Dre+ler 'ounded the 8ore"ight Nanotech In"titute$ In -66-, he recei%ed a doctoraldegree in !olecular nanotechnology 'ro! #IT, the 'ir"t degree o' it" 9ind$

8eyn!an, R$ 3-676.$ There" 0lenty o' Roo! at the @otto!: An In%itation to Enter a Ne( 8ieldo' 0hy"ic"$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary 6, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($*y%e+$co!PnanotechP'eyn!an$ht!l $ Tran"cri)t o' Dr$ Richard 0$ 8eyn!an"'a!ou" a'ter?dinner tal9 in (hich he )redicted !olecular !achine" that (ill &uild (ithato!ic )reci"ion$ Dr$ 8eyn!an later (on the -6B7 No&el 0ri*e in 0hy"ic" 'or hi"'unda!ental (or9 in 2uantu! electrodyna!ic"$

Ge"elo(it*, #$ 3/.$ S)elling I@# (ith an ST#$Institute o; lectrical and lectronicsngineers 9I !irtual Museum$ Retrie%ed 8e& -, /, 'ro! htt):PP((($ieee?%irtual?!u"eu!$orgPcollectionPe%ent$)h)id157-/4lid-$ Dr$ #i9e Ge"elo(it* i"director o' the IEEE Hi"tory Center and Mirtual #u"eu!$

Gold"tein, @$ 4 S!ith #$ 3/.$ E!erging Challenge": Nanotechnology and the En%iron!ent$United Nations nvironment Programme 9UNP: &eo *earboo) 311


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#aynard, A$ 3/B.$ Nanotechnology: A Re"earch Strategy 'or Addre""ing Ri"9$ =oodro(=il"on International Centre 'or Scholar", 0roJect 'or Engineering Nanotechnologie"$Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -/, /, 'ro! htt)":PPnnco$nano$go%P)u&liceh"Pu)load"P/B-//-B-6ReJe"9iAttach!ent?Re"earchStrategy'orAddre""ingRi"9$)d'$ Thi" re)ort&y Dr$ Andre( D$ #aynard, Science Ad%i"or to the 0roJect on E!ergingNanotechnologie", addre""e" the current "tate o' nanotechnology ri"9 re"earch and (hatneed" to &e done to hel) en"ure the technology" "a'e de%elo)!ent and co!!erciali*ation$3The Luddite" (ere a grou) o' Engli"h te+tile (or9er" in the early -" led &y Ned Ludd(ho )rote"ted, o'ten &y de"troying te+tile !achine", again"t the change" &rought a&out &ythe Indu"trial Re%olution, (hich they 'elt threatened their li%elihood$.

#eyer, $ 3/.$ =orld" S!alle"t In"ect$ North #arolina 'tate University 9N#'U$ Retrie%ed8e&ruary -, /, 'ro! htt):PP((($cal"$nc"u$eduPcour"ePent5/7Pte+t-P"!alle"t$ht!l$Article on the ;'airy 'ly< &y Dr$ ohn R$ #eyer, )ro'e""or o' ento!ology at NorthCarolina State Uni%er"ity$

0iercy, C$ Nanotechnology and Ho!eland Security$ North Malley o& Training Con"ortiu!3NOMA.$ NOMA 3North Malley o& Training Con"ortiu!. i" a non?)ro'it, 'ederally 'undede!)loy!ent and training agency dedicated to )ro%iding inno%ati%e, high?2uality,cu"to!er?'ocu"ed (or9'orce de%elo)!ent "er%ice"$ #r$ Chri" 0iercy i" NOMA")re"ident and chair!an$ He ha" "er%ed a" a 'ounding &oard !e!&er o' the NationalNanotechnology Initiati%e Regional Nanotechnology Coordination Co!!ittee, NorthernCali'ornia Nanotechnology Initiati%e, NanoSIG$

0hoeni+, C$ 3/.$ Nanotech Ar!" Race"$ #enter ;or Res+onsible Nanotechnology 9#RN$Retrie%ed 8e& -, / 'ro!

htt):PPcrnano$ty)e)ad$co!Pcrn&logP/5PBPnanotechar!"r$ht!l$ #r$ Chri" 0hoeni+,director o' re"earch 'or the Center 'or Re")on"i&le Nanotechnology 3CRN., ha" &een"tudying nanotechnology "ince -66/$ O&tained hi" @S in Sy!&olic Sy"te!" and #S inCo!)uter Science 'ro! Stan'ord Uni%er"ity in -66-$

0hoeni+, C$ 3/.$ Thirty E""ential Studie"$ #enter ;or Res+onsible Nanotechnology 9#RN$Retrie%ed 8e& -1, /, 'ro! htt):PPcrnano$orgPTo)/1$)d'$ Di"cu""e" urgent need tounder"tand the"e i""ue" &ecau"e o' the largely une+)ected tran"'or!ational )o(er o'!olecular !anu'acturing$

Roco, #$ 3/.$ Ho( Did the Idea o' a #ulti?agency NNI E!ergeNational NanotechnologyInitiative 9NII$ Retrie%ed 8e& --, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($nano$go%Pht!lPinter%ie("P#Roco$ht!$ Dr$ #ihail C$ Roco i" a SeniorAd%i"or 'or Nanotechnology at NS8$ He i" co?Chair!an o' the U$S$ National Science andTechnology Council 3NSTC." Nano"cale Science, Engineering, and Technology 3NSET."u&co!!ittee, (hich o%er"ee" the NNI$

Roco, #$ 3A)r -B, /5.$ Nano"cale Science and Engineering: Uni'ying and Tran"'or!ing Tool"$"merican Institute o; #hemical ngineers 9"I#h $ournal, Mol 7, I""ue 7, 6?6$


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Tan, L$ 38e&ruary /7.$ @iotechnology @ring" Ho)e to Ti""ue Regeneration$Innovation, Mol 7,No$ /$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($inno%ation!aga*ine$co!Pinno%ationP%olu!e"P%7n/Pco%er"tory1$"ht!l$ #"$Tan Lay?Leng i" editor o' Inno%ation #aga*ine, a )u&lication o' the National Uni%er"ityo' Singa)ore" O''ice o' Re"earch and Graduate Studie"$ Article di"cu""e" ad%ance" !ade&y Dr$ Sa!uel Stu)) o' North(e"tern Uni%er"ity in the 'ield o' ti""ue regeneration$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ @ene'it" o' #olecular #anu'acturing$ #enter ;or Res+onsibleNanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PPcrnano$orgP&ene'it"$ht!$ #ichael A$ Treder i" CRN" co?'ounder and e+ecuti%edirector$ He i" a )ro'e""ional (riter (ith a &ac9ground in technology andco!!unication" co!)any !anage!ent$ He ga%e thi" )re"entation on 8e& -, /7, at theE+)ert Grou) #eeting on Nanotechnology in Trie"te, Italy$

Treder, #$ 38e&ruary -, /7.$ Creating E''ecti%e 0u&lic 0olicy 'or #anaging Ad%ancedNanotechnology$ #enter ;or Res+onsible Nanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -,

/, 'ro! htt):PPcrnano$orgPS)eech/?/Trie"te$/$))t$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ Danger" o' #olecular #anu'acturing$ #enter ;or Res+onsibleNanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PPcrnano$orgPdanger"$ht!$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ E"ti!ating a Ti!eline 'or #olecular #anu'acturing$ #enter ;or Res+onsibleNanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PPcrnano$orgPti!eline$ht!$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ 8inding a Solution That @alance" #any Intere"t"$ #enter ;or Res+onsible

Nanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PPcrnano$orgPe%eryone$ht!$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ No Si!)le Solution" 'or Nanotechnology Ri"9"$#enter ;or Res+onsibleNanotechnology 9#RN$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PP((($crnano$orgP"olution"$ht!$

Treder, #$ 3/B.$ The Ar!" Race Ha" @egun$ #enter ;or Res+onsible Nanotechnology 9#RN$Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, /, 'ro!htt):PPcrnano$ty)e)ad$co!Pcrn&logP/5PPthear!"raceh$ht!l$

U$S$ Congre""$ 3Dec 1, /1.$ 0u&lic La( -?-71$ 012th#ongress$ Retrie%ed 8e& --, /,'ro! htt):PP'r(e&gate$acce""$g)o$go%Pcgi?&inPgetdoc$cgid&na!e-cong)u&licla("4docid':)u&l-71$-$)d'$

Yon, N$G$ 38e& , /.$ S$ >orea Ai!" to @eco!e To) - Science Nation &y /-$ *onha+News$ Retrie%ed 8e& -6, /, 'ro!htt):PPengli"h$yonha)ne("$co$9rPEngne("P//PB5//-1717E1$ht!l$ Article (ritten &y Yon N$?Gong$

achary, G$3/1.$ Ethic" 'or a Mery S!all =orld$Foreign Policy, No$ -1 3ul?Aug /1., ))$
http://www.gpascalzachary.com/http://www.gpascalzachary.com/


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-?-6$ Retrie%ed 8e&ruary -, / 'ro! htt):PPlin9"$J"tor$orgP"ici"ici-56?6B7/-665-//6/1A51CB1A0EIALC1E/$$CO1@/?1$ Greg 0a"calachary i" a Journali"t, author and teacher$ He ")ent -1 year" a" a "enior (riter 'or The=all Street ournal 3-66 to /-. and (rite" regularly 'or ne(")a)er", !aga*ine", andJournal"$

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