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Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Sector: Implications for the Future, First Edition. Edited by Lynn J. Frewer, Willem Norde, Arnout Fischer, Frans Kampers.© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2011 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

aabsorption– engineered nanomaterials 178–180– light 63–64acceptable risk 243acceptance– consumer 72– societal 161–162acetate, uranyl 49acidifi ed water 53acids– amino 12– conjugated linoleic 154– DNA 27– mercaptoundecanoic 33– nucleic 78–79– phytic 235– saturated fatty 133action planning workshop 266“active” food packages 153additives, food 198adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 36adhesion, micro-organisms 20adsorbing polymers, bridging

aggregation 17–19Advanced Foods and Materials Network

(AFMNet) 150advanced polymeric surfaces 95AFM (atomic force microscopy) 5–6AFMNet (Advanced Foods and Materials

Network) 150“Ageless Eye” 120aggregation– bridging 17–18– polymer brushes 19–21– random 52agriculture– controlled environment 92–93– diagnostics 75–87

Index

– FAO 284– food quality, safety and security

107–112– materials from waste 93– nanotechnology innovations 152–155– product life cycle 212– sensors 109albumin, bovine serum 77allergenicity 230–235allergy– food 225–242– food processing 229–235– nanoscale structures 235–236amino acids, poly(amino acid) chain 12amorphous silica 192amphiphilic molecules 11analysis– hazard 113– risk, see risk analysis– substance fl ow 213analytical membrane, nitrocellulose

80animal food allergens 228–229anonymized feedback 291antibacterial nano-coatings 200antibody microarrays 80–81antimicrobial functionality 64–65applications– basic 37–88– engineered nanomaterials 175–176– food 89–170– food packaging 199–201– food production 46–54, 201– less-than-rigorous 261– packaging 59–73arrays– bio- 109– micro- 80–81“as-received” state 175

302 Index

assay– bioelectronic 97– (immuno)- 77–80– sensitivity/validity 177assembly– microstructure 51–52– self-, see self-assemblyassessment, risk 284–285, 294–295atomic force microscopy (AFM) 5–6atoms, electrostatic interactions 13–14ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 36

bbacklash, public 250barrier properties, packaging

materials 61–63basic applications 37–88BBB (blood–brain barrier) 180, 296benchmark dose 176best practice in governance policy

283–300Bet v 1 228, 234bicontinuous structures 136–137bilayers, lipid 30–33bio-active components,

low-concentration 112bio-control agents 201bio-inspired polysaccharides 95bio-selective surfaces, functionalized 21bioarrays 109bioavailability improvement 48–52biochemical receptor 75biodegradable foam 47biodegradable nanoparticles 236bioelectronic assays 97biofuels 40, 100bionanotechnology– physics of 127–148– systematic approach 128biopolymer-based carrier systems 198biosensors 75–76– DNA-based 97–99– enzymes 96–97– food processing 114birch pollen 228, 234Blodgett technique, Langmuir– 32blood–brain barrier (BBB) 180, 296bottles, multilayer 163bottom-up approach 5, 159bovine serum albumin (BSA) 77bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(BSE) 91brain, blood–brain barrier 296bridging aggregation 17–18

Brownian diffusion 214brushes, polymer 19–21buckyballs (C60) 55building blocks, protein fi brils 49–52business, high-risk 163business context, nanotechnology

communication 252–254

ccalcium binding protein 232calcium caseinate 53–54calcium silicate, nanoporous 119Campylobacter jejuni 95Candida albicans 20canola oil 164carbon, diamondlike 116carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 55, 96β-carotene nanocrystals 48–49carrageenans 130carrier systems, biopolymer-based 198caseinate, calcium 53–54caseins 229catalysts, micrometer-scale 101cationic polymers 33CEA (controlled environment

agriculture) 92–93celiac disease 226cells, plant 27–28cellular structures, natural 232–233cellulose 27–28– hydroxyethyl 120chain actors 254chains, poly(amino acid) 12chemicals, REACH initiative 184, 203chili peppers 153China, NCNST 152chitosan 118cholesterol 164circulatory system 196citizen schools 264citizens’ jury 260, 265–266CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) 154clays, nano- 63, 71CNTs (carbon nanotubes) 55, 96co-precipitation 48coatings– antibacterial nano- 200– DLC 116– gelatin 49cochleates 45code of conduct, nanotechnology

277–278Codex Alimentarius 284coiled polymers 18

Index 303

colorimetric detection 110commercialization– nanotechnology 155–162– products 149–170– regulatory issues 157–158communication– business context 252–254– risks 286–288– risks and benefi ts of

nanotechnology 243–256communication technology 244– packaging 68composite structures, fi bril-enforced

133compostable plastics 212conformational epitopes 230conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 154consensus conference 260, 265–266consultation– document 266– overload 250– public 264–266consumer acceptance 72consumer behavior research 252–254consumer confi dence 283–300consumer safety, food contact

materials 191–208consumption, nanoparticles 210contaminated soils, remediation 94,

101control point, critical 113controlled environment agriculture

(CEA) 92–93controls, positive and negative 177Converging Technologies for the European

Knowledge Society (CTEKS) 276–277cooking 137–144cooling 60corporate social responsibility 254cost–benefi t considerations 252–253Crichton, Michael 250–251critical control point 113crops– fractionation 41– nano-functionalized techniques 91–105– physiological status 108croquants, liquid 142cross-cultural differences 263crosslinking 54CTEKS (Converging Technologies for

the European Knowledge Society) 276–277

cupins 228cyanine 5 (Cy5) 79

cysteine-rich proteins 227cytosolic proteins 228

ddefi cit model 249deliberative opinion poll 260, 266delivery systems 154Delphi method 260, 267deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 27– biosensors and diagnostics 97–99depletion aggregation 17design, research 156–157detection and response 100–102diagnostics– agricultural and food 75–87– DNA-based 97–99– enzymes 96–97diamondlike carbon (DLC) 116diffusion, Brownian 214digoxigenin (DIG) 79dinitrophenyl phosphate (DNP) 79dioxin 91discontinuous innovations 155dispersed particles 19dispersion interaction 12–13dispersions, caseinate 54disruptive technologies 164–165distribution– engineered nanomaterials 180– quality, safety and security 112–117disulfi de-bond-stabilized protein 232DLC (diamondlike carbon) 116DNA-based biosensors and

diagnostics 97–99DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 27DNP (dinitrophenyl phosphate) 79dodecyl sulfate, sodium 24dose metrics 295drop-in centers 260, 267droplet–droplet interaction 128droplets, “onions” 134

eecotoxicology, nano-ethics 273effectiveness of public and stakeholder

engagement 260–262effi ciency, food production 41–43EFSA (European Food Safety

Authority) 113, 284, 286, 294egg yolk 139“El Bulli” 141–144electric fi eld, pulsed 23–24electronic biosensors 114electronic consultation 260, 267

304 Index

electronic detection 110electronics– nano- 98– printable 69electrostatic interactions 13–16emerging issues 257–270emerging markets 162emerging technologies, risk

analysis 283–300emulsions– food allergy 233– nano- 49–52, 154– supersaturated 50enabling technology 220encapsulates, triggered release 94encapsulation 47–48encephalopathy, bovine spongiform 91end consumer 254“end-of-pipe” problem 246endothelial system, reticulo- 182endotoxin contamination 178energy, Gibbs free 25engagement, public 257–270, 288engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

174–176engineered nanoparticles 293– environmental occurrence 213–216enthalpy 25entropy 25environmental behavior,

nanoparticles 214–215environmental risks 71–72, 209–223environmental variables 108enzymes, biosensors and diagnostics

96–97epithelium, lung 293epitopes, conformational 230ethics– ethos of science 275– nano- 271–281– research, innovation, and

production 275–276European Commission, Scientifi c Steering

Committee model 286–288European Food Safety Authority

(EFSA) 113, 284, 286, 294evaluation– effectiveness 260–262– independent 261– stage 289event sponsors 258evolutionary technologies 164–165excretion, engineered nanomaterials

181

expert communities 249, 259exposure assessment 284extremely low-weight gels 132

fFAO (Food and Agriculture

Organization) 284farming, precision 92, 107–108fatty acids, saturated 133FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

158Fe, see ironfeedback, anonymized 291fertilizers, leaching 100fi bril-enforced composite structures

133fi brillar structures 130–133fi brils– extremely low-weight gels 132– helix-based 132– in oil 133– protein-based 49–52, 131–132fi eld-effect transistor, poly-silicon

nanowire 94fi ltration– pre- 111– ultra- 113fi nal realization 159FITC (fl uorescein isothiocyanate) 79fl ow, nanoparticles 210fl ow analysis 213fl ow-through (immuno)assay 79–80fl u, swine 91fl uid motion 214fl uorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 79fl uorescent properties 76fl uorometric detection 110foams– biodegradable 47– food allergy 233focus groups 218, 258–260, 267focus strategy 253folded proteins 230folding, poly(amino acid) chains 12food– allergy triggering molecules 226–229– diagnostics 75–87– high-value 115– “irradiated” 245– nano-sized additives 198– nanomaterial toxicology 173–190– nanoscale structures 235–236– nanotechnology, see nanotechnology– NPF 42

Index 305

– packaging and distribution 112–117– production applications 201– productivity 91–105– quality 66, 107–126– SAFE FOODS project 283, 288–291– safety 67, 91–105, 107–126– security 107–126– traceability 91–105– “unsafe” 117food allergy 225–242Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO) 284Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

158food applications 89–170– engineered nanomaterials 175–176food-borne pathogens 201food chain 204food contact materials 191–208food functionality 127–148food ingredients– nano-engineering 48–52– nanocrystalline 48–49food matrices 52–54food nanotechnology, innovations

152–155food packaging– applications 199–201– see also packagingfood processing– allergies 229–235– biosensors 114– macroscopic effects 232–235– molecular effects 230–232, 234–235– quality, safety and security 112–117– structures 233food production– applications 46–54– nano-functionalized techniques 91–105– nanotechnology 39–57– processing and preparation

methods 40–41– science and society 246–248food products– GM 217– life cycle 210–213food safety governance 284–288foodstuffs, processed

nanostructures 197–198foot-and-mouth disease virus 95, 97fractal structures in water 135fractionation of crops 41framing stage 289free energy, Gibbs 25

free phytosterols 164freezing 60functionality– antimicrobial 64–65– bio-selective surfaces 21– food 127–148

ggastrointestinal tract 178–181, 195, 201,

215–216gastronomy, molecular 137–144gelatin coating 49gelators 131gels– extremely low-weight 132– food allergy 233– gelatin 132gene analyzer, handheld 95genetically modifi ed (GM) food

products 217gentlemen and players 275Gibbs free energy 25glass, bilayer support 32global trade agreements 204gluten intolerance syndrome 226golden rice 246good governance 278–279– risk analysis 293–295good life 279good nanotechnology society 276–278governance 283–300– food safety 284–288greater participation 259–260green revolution 244growth stimulants 201

hhandheld gene analyzer 95“hard” nanomaterials 196hazard analysis and critical control point

(HACCP) 113hazards– hazard-oriented systems 102– identifi cation/characterization 284– see also riskshealth risks 70–71, 202– SCENHIR 294–295helix-based fi brils 132hemocyanin, keyhole limpet 77hierarchical structure, internal 44high-methoxyl pectin 52high-risk business 163high-temperature processing 64high-value foods 115

306 Index

historical background– nano-ethics 271–273– nanoparticle safety 293–295hunter-gatherers 244hydrocolloids 144hydrogen bonds 8hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions

9–12hydroxyapatite 214hydroxyethyl cellulose fi lm 120hypersensitivity reactions 226hyperspectral sensing 111

iidentifi cation technology, RFID 69–70,

99–102, 118, 121immaturity 272(immuno)assay 77–80– lateral fl ow 77–79immunoglobulin E (IgE) 225–226, 234–235in-line monitoring 112in vitro toxicity 181–183in vivo micronucleus test 182independent evaluation 261indicators, visual 65industrial perspective of

nanotechnology 219infl ammatory reactions 194information and communication

technology 244– packaging 68ingredient building blocks 49–52inner surveillance 274innovations– ethical 275–276– food and agriculture

nanotechnology 152–155– potential 288–291– radical/discontinuous 155– technologically-driven 257inorganic nanomaterials 192–193institutional honesty 249integrated nanosensor networks 100–102intellectual property 159–160“intelligent” food packages 153interactions– dispersion 12–13– droplet–droplet 128–129– electrostatic 13–16– hydrophobic/hydrophilic 9–12– intermolecular 5–22– polar 8– steric 17–21interior surfaces, structuring 64

intermolecular interactions 5–22internal hierarchical structure 44International Risk Governance Council

161intra-β-sheet formation 132ion-pair disruption 14iron, nano- 193“irradiated” foods 245isoelectric point 135isothiocyanate, fl uorescein 79

jjamming diagram 130

kkeyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) 77kinetics– nanoparticles 296– toxico- 178–181, 296“lab-on-a-chip” layout 82, 92α-lactalbumin 230–231

llactoglobulin 131β-lactoglobulin 51, 230–231lamellar phase system 134Langmuir–Blodgett technique 32Langmuir layers 28–30lateral fl ow (immuno)assay 77–79lay people 218–219layers– bi-, see bilayers– Langmuir 28–30– mucous 179– multilayer bottles 163leaching, fertilizers 100less-than-rigorous application 261life cycle, food products 210–213light absorption, packaging

materials 63–64lignocellulose 27limpet hemocyanin 77linoleic acid, conjugated 154lipid bilayers 30–31– solid-supported 31–33liposomes 198liquid croquants 142livestock, physiological status 108livestock production, nano-functionalized

techniques 91–105losses in productivity 115lotus effect 64low-concentration bioactive

components 112

Index 307

low-weight gels 132lung epithelium 293lycopenes 39lymphatic system 179lysosomes 35–36lysozyme 131

mM-cells 178–179, 195macromolecular assembly 129macroscopic effects of food

processing 232–235magnetic properties, nanoparticles 76management, risks 285–286manufacturing, scale-up 158–159market pulled technologies 165marketing– objective 253– products 159mass-change biosensors 114materials– from agricultural waste 93– packaging 60– physical properties 60matrices, food 52–54mayonnaise 128–129measles–mumps–rubella (MMR)

vaccine 245meat replacer, pea-protein-based 42membrane, nitrocellulose analytical 80mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) 33metabolism, engineered

nanomaterials 180–181MG (molecular gastronomy) 137–144micelles 33–34, 198– polyelectrolyte 15– structure 135–136microarrays, antibody 80–81microfl uidics 94micrometer-scale catalysts 101micronucleus test, in vivo 182micronutrients 236microorganisms, adhesion 20microstructure assembly 51–52model food allergen 236modeling, research 156–157modifi ed-atmosphere packaging 60molecular effects of food processing 230–

232, 234–235molecular gastronomy (MG) 137–144– structured approach 142–144molecules– allergy triggering 226–229– amphiphilic 11

– electrostatic interactions 13–14– polar/non-polar 10monitoring, in-line 112morally right and wrong 279moratorium, nanotechnology 191MUA (mercaptoundecanoic acid) 33mucous layer 179multilayer bottles 163mumps, vaccine 245myosins, tropo- 228–229

nNa, see sodiumnano-bio-info-cogno (NBIC) 274nano-clays 63, 71nano-coatings, antibacterial 200nano-divide 274nano-emulsions 49–52, 154nano-enabled packaging materials 199nano-enabled pesticides 197nano-encapsulates, triggered release 94nano-engineering, food ingredients 48–52nano-ethics 271–281– risk–hazard assessment 273“nano-eye” 98nano-functionalized techniques 91–105nano-iron, zero-valent 193nano-optimists/nano-skeptics 272nano-shells 52nano-sieves 248nano-silver 65– health risks 71– polypropylene–nano-silver composite

200nano-sized additives 198nano-sized food additives 198nano-sized subcellular structures 6nano-titanium dioxide 192nano-zinc oxide 153nanocomposite 62nanocrystals, β-carotene 48–49nanoelectronics 98nanofi brils, protein-based 49–52Nanojury UK 263nanomaterial–polymer composites 199“nanomaterial score” 183nanomaterials– engineered 174–176– food contact materials 191–208– “hard” 196– inorganic 192–193– nanoparticulate matter 293– organic 193–194– persistence 174

308 Index

– size distribution 174– “soft” 197– surface-functionalized 193– toxicology in food 173–190NanoNed program 151nanoparticles– agricultural and food diagnostics 75–87– biodegradable 236– consumption 210– engineered 293– environmental behavior 214–215– environmental occurrence 213–216– fl ows 210– historical background 293–295– magnetic properties 76– silicate 163– toxicology 215–216nanoporous calcium silicate 119nanoscale structures, food allergy

235–236nanosensor networks 100–102nanostructures, processed 197–198nanotechnology– and society 171–300– basic applications 37–88– business context 252–254– code of conduct 277–278– commercialization 155–162– communication of risks and

benefi ts 243–256– defi nition 44– environmental risks 209–223– food allergy 225–242– food production 39–57– food quality, safety and security

107–126– fundamentals 3–36– good nanotechnology society 276–278– industrial perspective 219– innovations 152–155– moratorium 191– NNI 150, 162– physics of 127–148– product life cycle 210–213– public engagement 257–270– public perception 217–219– research 150–152– risks 55, 291–296– scientists 219– societal acceptance 209–223– sustainability 264– unethical products 273–275nanotubes, carbon 55, 96nanowires, poly-silicon 94

National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) 152

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) 150, 162

natural cellular structures 232–233NBIC (nano-bio-info-cogno) 274negative controls 177negotiated rule-making 260, 267neoepitopes 230networks, integrated nanosensor 100–102nitrocellulose analytical membrane 80non-adsorbing polymers 17non-food sector, product life cycle

212–213non-polar molecules 10“novel protein food” (NPF) 42nucleic acid lateral fl ow (immuno)

assay 78–79nutriceuticals 118, 164nutritional value, optimization 43

ooils– canola 164– fi brils in 133– spherically symmetric structures 136“onions” 134OnVu system 66opinion poll, deliberative 260, 266optical biosensors 114optimization, nutritional value 43oral-exposure 176, 181organic nanomaterials 193–194organized self-assembled structures 28organoleptic characteristics 202organoleptic system 45ovalbumin 236“overselling” 251oxidative stress 194, 293oxygen “scavengers” 62

ppackaging 46–47, 59–73– applications 199–201– information and communication

technology 68– “intelligent”/”active” 153– materials 60– modifi ed-atmosphere 60– nano-enabled materials 199– product life cycle 211–212– quality, safety and security 112–117– smart 251packing, patterns 16

Index 309

particles– bridging aggregation 17–18– depletion aggregation 17– deposition 19–21– dispersed 19– electrostatic interactions 14–16– nano-, see nanoparticlesparvalbumins 229passive sensors 95pasteurization 64patents 159–160pathogens– food-borne 201– identifi cation 108PCB-contaminated soils 94, 101pea-protein-based meat replacer 42pectin, high-methoxyl 52PEF (pulsed electric fi eld)

processing 23–24perception– public 217–219– risk–benefi t 248–252persistence, nanomaterials 174pesticides 94– nano-enabled 197pests, identifi cation 108PET (polyethylene terephthalate) 61–62,

200Peyer’s patches 178–179, 195phosphate, dinitrophenyl 79phosphatidylcholine, chemical structure

29phospholipid bilayers 31–32phosphors, up-converting 76photovoltaic systems, thin-fi lm 119physical properties, packaging materials

60physics of bionanotechnology 127–148physiological status of crops and

livestock 108“Physiology of Taste” 137phytic acid 235phytosterols, free 164placenta 296planning cell 260plant cells 27–28plant food allergens 227–228plasmon resonance, surface, see SPR

spectroscopyplastics, compostable 212plate, Wilhelmy 30plate-like structures 133–135– clay platelets 63players, gentlemen and 275

polar interaction 8polar molecules 10policy formulation 258poll, deliberative opinion 260, 266pollen, birch 228, 234poly-silicon nanowires 94polyamide, silicate nanoparticles 163poly(amino acid) chain 12polyelectrolyte micelles 15polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 61–62,

200polymer brushes 19–21polymeric surfaces, advanced 95polymers– adsorbing 17–19– biopolymer-based carrier systems 198– cationic 33– coiled 18– electrostatic interactions 14–16– hydroxyethyl cellulose fi lm 120– nanomaterial–polymer composites 199– non-adsorbing 17– soluble 17–21– zwitterionic 33polypropylene–nano-silver composite

200polysaccharides– bio-inspired 95– protein–polysaccharide systems

136–137polytetrafl uoroethene (PTFE, Tefl on) 116porous media 215positive controls 177potential innovations 288–291pre-fi ltration 111precision farming 92–93, 107–108preparation methods, food

production 40–41preparation of food matrices 52–54preservative-free products 64–65printable electronics 69processed food structures 233processed nanostructures,

foodstuffs 197–198processing– food 112–117– food allergy 229–235– high-temperature 64– methods 40–41– pulsed electric fi eld 23–24production– agricultural 107–112– ethical 275–276– sustainable 258

310 Index

productivity– food 91–105– losses 115products– commercialization 149–170– fi nal realization 159– marketing 159– preservative-free 64–65– properties 67–68– structuring 41–43– unethical nanotechnological 273–275profi lins 228prolamins 227, 234protein-based fi brils 49–52, 131–132Protein Data Bank 231proteins 12– calcium binding 232– cysteine-rich 227– cytosolic 228– folded 230– fractal structures in water 135– protein–polysaccharide systems 136–137– unfolding 14psychology of risk–benefi t

perception 248–250PTFE (polytetrafl uoroethene, Tefl on) 116public acceptance 161–162public backlash 250public consultation exercises 264–266public engagement 257–270, 288public perception, nanotechnology 217–219pulsed electric fi eld (PEF)

processing 23–24

qquality– assessment 66– food 107–126– packaging and distribution 112–117– synergetic delivery 254quantitative surveys 258quantum dots 76

rradical innovations 155radiofrequency identifi cation (RFID)

technology 69–70, 118, 121– nano-functionalized techniques 99–102random aggregation 52rats, Sprague–Dawley 195REACH (Registration, Evaluation,

Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) initiative 184, 203

receptor, biochemical 75recognition element 75

referendum 260, 268regulatory controls 191–208regulatory issues,

commercialization 157–158release, triggered 94remediation of PCB-contaminated soils 94,

101remote transceiver 99research– consumer behavior 252–254– design, modeling, and

simulation 156–157– ethical 275–276– nanotechnology 150–152resonance, surface plasmon, see SPR

spectroscopyresponse, detection and 100–102reticulo-endothelial system 182revolution, green 244RFID (radiofrequency identifi cation)

technology 69–70, 118, 121– nano-functionalized techniques 99–102rheology, caseinate dispersions 54rice, golden 246ripening 60“Ripesense” system 68risk analysis 247– emerging technologies 283–300– framework 288–291– general principles 284–286– nanotechnology 291–295risks 55– acceptable 243– assessment 284–285, 294–295– communication 243–256, 286– environmental 71–72– health 70–71– International Risk Governance

Council 161– management 285–286– profi le 286– risk–benefi t perception 248–252– risk cycle 286–288– risk–hazard assessment 273– see also hazardsrubella, vaccine 245

sSAFE FOODS project 283, 288–291safety– assessment 157–158– food 67, 91–105, 107–126– governance 284–288– oral-exposure 176– packaging and distribution 112–117

Index 311

Salmonella 113–114saturated fatty acids 133Savarin, Brillat 137–139scale-up, manufacturing 158–159“scavengers”, oxygen 62SCENIHR (Scientifi c Committee on

Emerging and Newly-Identifi ed Health Risks) 294–295

science and society 246–248Scientifi c Committee on Emerging and

Newly-Identifi ed Health Risks (SCENIHR) 294–295

Scientifi c Steering Committee model 286–288

scientists 219SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 24security– food 107–126– packaging and distribution 112–117seed storage prolamins 227SEIN (social and ethical interactions with

nano) 271self-assembly 24–27– organized structures 28self-heal 119sell-by date system 65–66sensitivity, test assays 177sensors 46–54– agricultural production 109– bio-, see biosensors– integrated nanosensor networks

100–102– nano-functionalized 93–96– packaging 68–69– passive 95– unimolecular 109serum albumin, bovine 77β-sheet formation 55– intra- 132shells, nano- 52sieves, nano- 248silica, amorphous 192silicate– calcium 119– nanoparticles 163silver, nano- 65, 71, 200simulation, research 156–157size distribution, nanomaterials 174small molecules, electrostatic

interactions 13–14smart packaging 251social and ethical interactions with nano

(SEIN) 271social responsibility, corporate 254societal acceptance 72, 161–162, 209–223

– emerging technologies 243–256– uncertainty 216–219societal trust 258–259society and nanotechnology 171–300sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 24“soft” nanomaterials 197soils, PCB-contaminated 94, 101solid-state sensors 109solid-supported lipid bilayers 31–33soluble polymers 17–21spherically symmetric structures 135–136spherifi cation 142spongiform encephalopathy, bovine 91SPR (surface plasmon resonance)

spectroscopy 82Sprague–Dawley rats 195stabilization of dispersed particles 19stabilizing gelatin coating 49stakeholder engagement 260–262, 290standardization 157Staphylococcus epidermidis 20steric interactions, soluble polymers 17–21sterilization 64steroids, topical 236strength, packaging materials 60–61stress, oxidative 194, 293structurants 131structures– bicontinuous 136–137– fi bril-enforced composite 133– fi brillar 130–133– food allergy 229–235– food bionanotechnology 129–130– fractal 135– internal hierarchical 44– nano-sized subcellular 6– nanomaterials 174– nanoscale 235–236– natural cellular 232–233– organized self-assembled 28– plate-like 133–135– processed food 233– spherically symmetric 135–136– subcellular 6– supramolecular 11, 23–36structuring– interior surfaces 64– product 41–43substance fl ow analysis 213sulfate, sodium dodecyl 24super-technicians 275supersaturated emulsions 50supramolecular assembly 129supramolecular structures 11, 23–36surface-functionalized nanomaterials 193

312 Index

surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy 82

surfaces– advanced polymeric 95– bio-selective 21– electrostatic interactions 14–16– interior 64– polymer brushes 19–21surveillance, inner 274sustainability– nanotechnology 264– production 258swine fl u 91symmetric structures, spherically 135–136synergetic quality delivery 254

ttarget audience 253taste, “Physiology of Taste” 137technologically-driven innovations 257technology– assessment 265, 268– CTEKS 276–277– evolutionary/disruptive 164–165– nano-, see nanotechnologyTefl on 116terephthalate, polyethylene 61–62, 200Texas Red (TxR) 79thermoelectric systems, thin-fi lm 119thin-fi lm photovoltaic and thermoelectric

systems 119time–temperature indicators (TTIs) 120titanium dioxide, nano- 192top-down approach 5, 159topical steroids 236tortuosity 63toxicodynamics 181–183toxicokinetics 178–181, 296toxicology– in vitro 181–183– nano-ethics 273– nanomaterials in food 173–190– nanoparticles 215–216– study design 176–178“Toxin Guard” technology 67traceability, food 91–105trade, global trade agreements 204transceiver, remote 99transcellular uptake 216transduction principles 76transglutaminase 54transhumanism 274transparency 288

triggered release, nano-encapsulates 94triphosphate, adenosine 36tropomyosins 229trust, societal 258–259TTIs (time–temperature indicators) 120

uultrafi ltration 113uncertainty, societal reaction 216–219unethical nanotechnological

products 273–275unfolding protein 14unimolecular sensors 109“unsafe food” 117up-converting phosphors 76upstream engagement 265uranyl acetate 49

vvaccine, MMR 245vacuole 27validity, test assays 177venture capitalists 166vesicles 35–36, 45virus, foot-and-mouth disease 95, 97viscosifi ers 131viscosity 51visual indicators 65

wwaste, agricultural 93water– acidifi ed 53– fractal structures in 135– intermolecular interactions 7–9Watson, James 271Wilhelmy plate 30win–win proposition 254wood protection 94workshop, action planning 266World Health Organization (WHO) 284

xX-omics 184xanthan 130

yyolk, egg 139

zzero-valent nano-iron 193zinc oxide, nano- 153zwitterionic polymers 33