nanotechnology final
TRANSCRIPT
04/14/2023 VIGNESH KUMAR BALASUBRAMANIAN 1VIGNESH KUMAR BALASUBRAMANIAN
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WELCOME
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“THERE IS PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE
BOTTOM”
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
VIGNESH KUMAR BALASUBRAMANAINM.SC BOTANY
1ST YEAR
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nano – SI • Greek – dwarf• Materials, structures and devices that have dimensions
lying in the nano scale range are encompassed within nanosciences• Multidisciplinary - physics and engineering - chemistry
and biology - science, and even philosophy
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The United States’ National Nanotechnology Initiative website (http://www.nano.gov) defines nanotechnology as
• “The understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100
nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.”
• USA - 3.7 billion $
• European Union - 1.2 billion $
• Japan - 750 million $
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OBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS
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HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nobel - Richard Feynman - December 1959 - “There is Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” - not just “There is Room at the Bottom”
24 encyclopedia in a pin head
“at the atomic level, we have new kinds of forces, new kinds of possibilities, and
new kinds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials
will be quite different”.
“nano-technology” was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974
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• K. Eric Drexler used the term “nanotechnology” in his book Engines of
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology 1986
• 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute
• 1980s - two major discovery
– First - scanning tunneling microscope in 1981
– Second - Buckminsterfullerene C60 or buckyball
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FIRST MILESTONE
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM* Zurich Research Laboratory -- a
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
atomic force microscope AFM
* international business management
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SECOND MILESTONE
• 1985 - Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl
• 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• graphene tubes (called carbon nanotubes and sometimes called Bucky
tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and
devices.
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APPROACHES
Bottom-up approaches - assembling structures molecule by molecule -
Top-down approaches - reduction in dimensions - silicon chips
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TWO MEGA TECHNOLOGIES
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BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
It is defined as the application of biological molecules and systems to
nanotechnology.
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
It is defined as the application of nanoparticles or nanomaterials and
systems to human health.
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NANOMATERIALS
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CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR NANOMATERIALS
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Isolation of DNA
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Electron Microscopy
• 1929• Ernst Ruska• first electron microscope• In that microscope, the sample surface was placed normal to the viewing
direction, and was illuminated by an electron beam at grazing incidence angle to the surface. He obtained images of copper and gold surfaces at a magnification of only 10 times!
* SEM – scanning electron microscope * TEM – tunneling electron microscpe
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1938,
Albert Prebus and James Hillier at the University of Toronto developed the
first practical transmission electron microscope• construction of the first transmission electron microscope and scanning
electron microscope by von Ardenne• topography, chemical composition, morphology and crystallographic
structure, characterization of both organic and inorganic materials
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
tungsten
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• Topographical
• Morphological studies
• Multilayered materials
• And nanostructures
• Lanthanum hexaboride (lab6) or
tungsten
• 20 ev - secondary electrons
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
cathode
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• Morphology, crystallography, particle size distribution, and its elemental
composition
• Chemical and electronic structure
• Electron gun is a pin shaped cathode that is typically made from materials
such as lab6 (lanthanum hexaboride).
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Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
1981
Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binning
SPM techniques utilize a physical probe to image and measure surfaces at
the level of molecules and groups of atoms. They are often employed to
study forces, electrical properties, crystal structure, and interactions on
surfaces.
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Mass Spectrometry
o Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique for measuring the charge to
mass ratio of ions.
o It is used to determine the mass
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Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
• small current between the probe tip and the sample surface
• surface roughness, size and conformation of atoms and molecules, crystal
orientations and defects to be characterized
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CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
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• To study Collidal particle• Scanning speed - 512 × 512 pixel - 30 frames• Marvin Minsky in 1961
CSCL 3D
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APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
August 21, 2008 - Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies - over 800
manufactureridentified nanotech products are publicly available
Titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings
Nanosurgery
Tissue engineering
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Nanoelectronics - Circuit - minuteStorage – low size maximum memoryDrug delivery – liposomes – brainNano wiresEnergy – nano cellsBiosensores – to identify environmental pollutionNanofilters – water purificationDefence – spy device, smaller and strongExplosive – more damage
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CURRENT RESEARCH
Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.
This DNA tetrahedron is an artificially designed nanostructure of the type made in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA double helix
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Problems of nanotechnology
Nano nuclear weapons
Nano pollution – dumping of nano waste
Costly
Time consuming process
Need of highly skilled labour
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REFERENCES
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=downl
oad&collection_id=eded2b776f4ecd2fc76a6324be850b1c7568d964&write
r=rdf2latex&return_to=Nanotechnology
http://unipamplona.academia.edu/RaquelAmandaVillamizarGallardo
Jeremy ramsden – nanotechnolohy – ISBN : 978-87-7681-418-2
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• THANK YOU…
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