NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICALS IN 21ST CENTURY

N. M. Butt ,S.I

M.Sc. (Punjab), Ph.D. (Birmingham), D.Sc. (Birmingham)and

Saba ImdadPreston Institute of Nano Science and Technology

(PINSAT).Preston University, Islamabad . Pakistan.

( e-mail: nmbutt36@yahoo.coml).

Presentation at : The |National Seminar on Pharmaceutical Industry in 21st Century; Challenges and Threats, PCSIR, Lahore,. 3rd May, 2012

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CONTENTS

PART-1: Introduction to nanotechnologyApplications of nanotechnology Some exotic applications of nanotechnologyNanotechnology applications in pharmaceutical industryPART-2:Nanotechnology education in Pakistan

1. Introduction to Nanotechnology 1. Introduction to Nanotechnology

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Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology?

“Nanotechnology is  the study, manipulation , control and use of nanomaterials and their  structures at nanoscale sizes    i-e sizes between 1 nanometer (nm) and 100 nanometers . To give  an idea of how small  I nm is ,  the thickness of a human hair or a sheet of paper  is  some 80,000 nm. (1nm is one billionth of a metre.The sizes of atoms and molecules are at  nanoscale).                     Source: (Butt,N.M-2009)

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What are Nanomaterials?Nanomaterials are materials that range in size from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm. There are morerigorous definitions that are specific to certain applications such as cosmetics. In Europe’s efforts to label cosmetics that contain nanoparticles, this definition evolved: “nanomaterial means an insolubleor biopersistant and intentionally manufactured material with one or more external dimensions, oran internal structure, on the scale from 1 to 100 nm.”2

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REF:Nanopharmaceuticals.www.perkinelmer.com/pdfs/.../Nanopharma_009561_01_WTP.pdf.Author:Andrew W. SalamonSr. Staff ScientistPerkinElmer, Inc.Shelton, CT USA

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Some engineered nanomaterials are:• Gold, Silver, Copper, Selenium, Iron, Titanium, Zinc, and Aluminum• Zinc oxide, Titanium oxide• Carbon – Carbon Nanotubes, Buckyballs, and Graphene.• Clay• Organic materials/biodegradableWhat material parameters are important?To completely characterize nanomaterial it is necessary to know a multitude of chemical and physical pararmetersincluding: the size of the particle, their shape, surface characteristics, the presence of surface coatings, and the presence of impurities.

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Consequently, at the nanoscale, analytical measurement challenges are considerable and the ability to use, for example, one technique such as inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the elemental concentration of gold in a suspension as the only metric,does not provide enough information.How are engineered nanomaterials measured?Seven of the nine nanomaterial characteristics:Particle Size, Size Distribution, Surface Charge,Surface Area, Shape, Agglomeration, and Structure,are characterized by one of the following analyticaltechniques:

9999

““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Richard P. Feynman December 1959Richard P. Feynman December 1959

The classic talk that Richard Feynman gave on December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle.

Furthermore, a point that is most important is that it would have an enormous number of technical applications.

What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale

10101010

Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?

Let’s see what would be involved. The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch across. If you demagnify it by 25,000 diameters, the area of the head of the pin is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do is to reduce in size all the writing in the Encyclopedia by 25,000 times. Is that possible? The resolving power of the eye is about 0.2mm – that is roughly the diameter of one of the little dots on the fine half-tone reproductions in the Encyclopedia. This, when you de-magnify it by 25,000 times, is still 80 angstroms (8nm) in diameter – 32 atoms across, in an ordinary metal.

11111111

121212120.1nm

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President Clinton, 2000The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

In his speech proposing the NNI, President Clinton (2000) invoked this vision on Feynman’s home ground:My budget supports a major new National Nanotechnology Initiative, worth $500 million. Caltech is no stranger to the idea of nanotechnology —the ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level. More than 40 years ago, Caltech’s own Richard Feynman asked, “What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them?

Colin L. Powell Former Secretary of State United States Government Remarks to the 139th Annual Meeting of the National

Academy of Sciences.10 a.m. Tuesday, April 30, 2002 Washington, D.C.

“Indeed, new avenues of scientific research may produce technologies as revolutionary in their security, economic and social implications as information technology has been since the mid-1980s. One area of biotechnical research alone, nanotechnology, could have enormous implications -- some thrilling, others chilling –on terrorism, defence, health, development and the world economy”.

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TONY BLAIR'S SPEECH ON BRITISH SCIENCE

THURSDAY MAY 23, 2002 “The current work in nanoscience - manipulating and building devices atom by atom - is startling in its potential. From this we now see emerging nanotechnology. Programmable and controllable microscale robots will allow doctors to execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the cellular and molecular level. Visionaries in this field talk about machines the size of a cell that might, for example, identify and destroy all the cancerous cells in a body. Nanomachines might target bacteria and other parasites, dealing with tuberculosis, malaria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria”.

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Russian Budget For NanotechnologyRussian Budget For Nanotechnology

The Russian government would allocate 200 billion rubles ($7.7 billion) to develop nanotechnology until 2015 and transfer to the state corporation 130 billion rubles ($5 billion) by the end of this year. As of now, the government has invested about 150 billion rubles ($5.76 billion) in different nanotechnology studies including weapons projects. In 2007, 12 billion rubles ($461 million) has been appropriated for the development of nanotechnologies, an incredible sum by Russian standards i.e. more than 5 times allocated for this purpose in 2006. This year's nanotechnologies budget of Russia is comparable to USA, European Union and Japan.

Source: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070723/69482473.html, 23rd July, 2007

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President calls for setting up of national nanotechnology organisationSarkar said that there are 15 Iranian universities which admit students applying for Master degrees in nanotechnology and another other 5 universities - for PhDs.The Islamic Republic of Iran holds 1st place for nanotechnology in the region. Iran will enter the 10 leading world countries by 2015, Iranian official representatives said on July 21.

Iranian President Calls for National Iranian President Calls for National Nanotechnology OrganizationNanotechnology Organization

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Within India, nanotechnology is frequently taking a prominent role in presidential speeches.“One of the two technologies which will take India to the level of advanced countries by 2015 is nanotechnology and the other is fuel technology”. “Nano-technology is knocking at our doors,” he said. “It is the field of the future that will replace microelectronics and many fields with tremendous application potential in the areas of medicine, electronics and material sciences”.

India Sees Growth Opportunity through NanotechIndia Sees Growth Opportunity through Nanotech India’s Former President A.P.J. Abdul KalamIndia’s Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

GLOBAL IMPACT• Applications of nanotechnology have

developed multibillion dollars product lines.

• Potential of 3.1 trillion dollar market by 2015. It was $147 billion products in 2007 (www.luxresearchinc.com).

• 2580 nanoproducts already in the market by Nov 2009.

• Another“ Industrial Revolution” in the making.

• Profound effect on the socio-economic scenario of the world for 40-50- years. 19

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S. No. Country Funding

1USA, NNI (www.nano.gov)

$m 1,444.2(2008), $m 1,527.0(2009), $m 1.65 (2010)[ about 12 b $ SINCE 2001-2010]

2 EU (www.nanowerk.com)

$m 1,200( 2008)3.5 b € [2007-2013]

3 Germany $m 500 (in 2008)*4 France $m 210 ( in 2008)*5 Japan $m 380 ( in 2008)*6 China Over 300 organizations ($m 906( in 2006 ).

8 RUSSIA (2008)(www.nanowerk.com)

$m 5,000(7.7 b$ up to 2015)

10 TAIWAN (Market value)(Investintaiwan.nat.gov)

$m 578( in 2008)*11 INDIA (2008)

(www.scidev.net)$m 255

12 PAKISTAN (2008) $m 1513 Iran $m 50

INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY (2008)

*MINI IGT, Nanotechnology: Materials UK .2010( www.matuk.co.uk).

2121212121

Market Volume (€ billion)Market Volume (€ billion)Exponential Market Growth for Nanotech Exponential Market Growth for Nanotech

ProductsProducts

22222222

Estimates of the nanotechnology market - by 2010-2015 USD trillions: 1.1

Source: National Science Foundation

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Why nano will change the properties of materials?Why nano will change the properties of materials?

Sphere• Volume, V = 4/3 π R3

• Surface Area, S = 4πR2

• Ratio V/S = 3/R α 1/RHe atom, 2R = 0.1 nm. S/V = 6 × 1010

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R

0.5 1 2 3 4

123456

R

S/V

0

789

101112

5

RR S/VS/V3 12 1.51 3

0.5 60.25 120.125 24

“Smaller size means larger surface to volume ratio”

24242424

Why nano will change the properties Why nano will change the properties of materials?of materials?

Example: Smaller size means larger surface area

Diameter: 10 µm 50 nm diameter Area: 0.22 m2/g 44 m2/g

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Nanotechnology is Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology is Multidisciplinary

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

ElectricalElectricalEngineeringEngineering

MechanicalMechanicalEngineeringEngineering

Information Information TechnologyTechnology

Material Material ScienceScience

BiologyBiology

ChemistryChemistry

PhysicsPhysics

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Electrical Higher electrical conductivity in ceramics and megnatic nanocomposities; higher resistivity in metals.

Magnetic Increase in magnetic coercivity ; Superparamagnetic behavior.Efficient sensing properties

Mechanical

Increase in hardness and strength of metals and alloys; enhanced ductility, toughness and formability of ceramics; super strength and super plasticity.

Optical

Increase in luminescent efficiency of semiconductors; transparency of nanoparticies.

Chemical Enhanced catalytic properties and sensors

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AT NANOSCALE

Adopted from John Werry, 2003, “Nanotechnology and you”

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The benefits of Nanotechnology for Industry and the Society are extensive and varied . Such as:

• Nano Materials and Manufacturing Industry • Nanoelectronics and Computer Technology• Medicine and Healthcare• Environment and Energy• Clean Drinking Water-nanofilteration.• Biotechnology, Food & Agriculture• National Security and Defence• Aeronautics and Space Exploration • Pharmaceutical industry• Oil and Gas Industry • Sports and Textiles Industry• Construction Industry• Intellectual Property Rights / Patent & Legal Offices

Impact of Nanotechnology

2. Applications of Nanotechnology 2. Applications of Nanotechnology

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i.i. Medical and Health Care:Medical and Health Care: Anti-cancer drugs, Bio-sensors, Implants, Dental Pastes,

Cancer treatment, Targeted drug delivery, Pharmaceuticals, Nanodetergents for hospitals ii. ii. Energy:Energy:

Solar, Fuel cell, Bio-fuels, Long life Batteries iii.iii. Automobiles:Automobiles:

Lubricants, Glass Coatings, Resins, Phosphors, Fog and dust free wind screens and glass

iv.iv. Industry:Industry: Ceramic, Insulation, Phosphors, Hard Materials, Mechanical,

Spray, Sensors v.v. Computer/Information Technology: Computer/Information Technology:

Bio-molecules for electronics, Fast processing, Large Memories vi.vi. Defence:Defence:

Special Materials, Sensors, Intelligent Clothing, Bee size Drones( Israel),Bee size Drones( Israel),

Applications of NanotechnologyApplications of NanotechnologyIndustrial Revolution at Door-steps, 2-3 trillion $ Marketing of Industrial Revolution at Door-steps, 2-3 trillion $ Marketing of

Nanoproducts and 3.1 million job creation by 2015 Nanoproducts and 3.1 million job creation by 2015

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Applications of Nanotechnology --- Applications of Nanotechnology --- ContinuedContinued

Vii.Vii. Cosmetics:Cosmetics: Anti aging creams, Skin Creams, Sun creams

viii. viii. Agriculture:Agriculture: Food Safety, food preservations, Quality Assurance,

water purification ix.ix. Environment:Environment:

Filters, anti toxicants, Anti-pollutants x.x. Textiles:Textiles:

Special clothes, Bullet proof T-shirts, Anti- smelling socks xi.xi. Sports:Sports:

Sunglasses, Rackets, Tennis and Golf balls, Hockey sticks

xii.xii. Aerospace:Aerospace: Communication, High strength light weight

materials XiiiXiii Nanotechnology in Oil and Gas ExplorationNanotechnology in Oil and Gas Exploration

50% more exploration due to oil extraction, diesel, oil cleaning, Sensors

************************

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NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Nanotechnology Industrial Applications Nanotechnology Industrial Applications

Sports Goods

Cosmetics

Environment

Textiles

Defense

Computer and IT

Health and Medicines

Pharmaceuticals

Food Science Biotechnology

AgricultureOil and gas Exploration

3. Exotic Applications of 3. Exotic Applications of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology

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i). CANCER TREATMENT

•A gentle touch of a brush on the tongue or cheek can detect

oral cancer AND found to be 97 percent "sensitive" and 93 percent

specific in detecting cancer.

•Nanotubes for diagnosis and cancer treatment.

ii). TB TREATMENT

•Needs to be taken just one shot/ week for 2 months instead of current

one shot/day for 6 months and there are no adverse reactions.

iii). DETECTION OF ALZHEIMER'S

•Gold Nanoparticles to identify and give early detection of Alzheimer's

disease.

iv). TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY

•Targeted drug delivery – right time, right place and correct dosage.

•NEMS for the active release of drugs.

•Increase medicine solubility in bloodstream

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v). NANOEMULSION FOR BURN TREATMENT

• Lotion from soybean oil, alcohol, water and detergents that was

emulsified into droplets less than 400nm has shown useful

bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal effects.

vi). NANO -VACCINES

• Nanotechnology-based skin patch against viruses.

• Inactive virus is bound up with nanoparticles to increase the immune

response.

• Nanovaccines for Hepatitis B.

vii). Breath analyzer to detect Lung Cancer

• A portable breath tester that detects lung cancer with 86 percent

accuracy .The device could provide an early warning system that flags

the disease before tumours become visible in X-rays (Nature

Nanotechnology).

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Viii). DENTISTRY: Competitive technologies’ agreement for dental use of

nanotechnology bone biomaterial

IX). TISSUE ENGINEERING: To replace damaged tissue or provide the

missing ones

X). LONGER LASTING MEDICAL IMPLANTS:

• Immediate mapping of an individual’s genetic code

• Instruments for studying individual molecules

XI). ARTIFICIAL SENSOR:

• For eye, ear or nerve, bioelectronic interface

• Diagnostic sensors (Easy detection of diseases)

• Quantum dots of 3 – 5 nm suitable for building biomolecules

XII). LAB. TESTS:

• Lab-on-a-chip for blood test and analysis

• Detection of clothing contact with Anthrax within 20 minutes

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4. Nanotechnology in Healthcare, 4. Nanotechnology in Healthcare, Medicine and Medicine and

Pharmaceutical IndustryPharmaceutical Industry

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Nanotechnology

& Biotechnology

Nanotechnology

& Biotechnology

NanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology

Targeted Drug

Delivery

Targeted Drug

Delivery

Nano-pharmaceuticalsNano-pharmaceuticals

NanomedicinesNanomedicinesMolecular

DiagnosticsMolecular

Diagnostics

Antimicrobial + Antiviral(Aids, Hep B, C ) ,

Oncology

(Cancer treatment)

Burns Treatment Tissue

Regeneration

Neurological Disorder, Alzheimers

disease

Nano Vaccines

Cardio- vascular diseases

Molecular imaging devices

Molecular imaging devices

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Nanomedicine?

Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to healthcare. It has potential impact on the early and reliable diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases.

Source: Roszek et al. Medical nanotechnology

Drug• A drug is any substance that, when absorbed into the

body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.

In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in the

• treatment• cure • prevention• or diagnosis of disease • or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-

being. Drugs may be prescribed for a

• limited duration, or • on a regular basis for chronic disorder

Use of Traditional Remedy: Quinine

• Quinine is an effective muscle relaxant long used by the Quechua Indians of Peru to halt shivering due to low temperatures. • The Peruvians would mix the ground bark of cinchona trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing tonic water.

• Malarial endemic in Rome (17th century) was treated with Quinine, and was later known as the Holy Bark.

Fortunate discovery: Penicillin

• On returning, Fleming noticed that one culture was contaminated with a fungus

• The colonies of staphylococci that had immediately surrounded it had been destroyed, whereas other colonies further away were normal.

• In 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory after holidays.

• Before leaving he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory

Penicillin• Fleming identified the mould, called it "mould juice" and

named after the substance it released “penicillin” on 7 March 1929.

• Until the discovery of penicillin, the only treatments available for

bacterial infections were quinine, arsenic, and sulfa drugs.

Nobel Prize for Alexander Fleming

Pharmaceutical Industry Needs to Jump the Curve to Nanotechnology

• Toxicity problem; a big reason why so many early stage drugs fail to make it to market.

• Advantage of reformulating drugs at the nanoscale is that they are water soluble and, as such, don't require the solvents which so often cause nasty side-effects in patients.

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NANOPARTICLE TYPES FOR THERAPEUTIC & DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

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NANOPARTICLE TYPES FOR THERAPEUTIC & DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS ----- continued

46Liposomes Polymeric Nanoparticles

(polystyrene  and polyvinyl alcohol)

Nanopharmaceutical Companies• These companies are also working on

nanopharmaceuticals. List contains the companies in India as well as outside India.

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1. Ranbaxy Laboratories2. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories3. Cipla4. Sun Pharmaceuticals5. Dabur Pharma Ltd.6. Lupin Labs7. Aurobindo Pharma8. Glaxo SmithKlineg9. Cadila Healthcare10. Aventis Pharma11. Ipca Laboratories12. Biocon Limited13. Parexel International (India) Pvt.

Ltd.

14. Vision M.S. (Specialized in Pharma, Bulk Drug, Biotech & Sp. Chemical Placement)

15. Themis Medicare16. National Institute of Immunology (NII),

New Delhi17. National AIDS Research Institute

[NARI], Pune18. Surya Pharmaceutical Limited,

Chandigarh19. Apple Hospital, Surat20. Piramal Life Sciences Limited21. HLL Lifecare Limited22. E.S.I. Hospital, Tirunelveli

(Tamilnadu).

Nanopharmaceutical Companies(contd)

23. Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd.(BCPW), Kolkata

24. Sunder Deep Group of Institutions

25. Intas Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad

26. Sahajanand Medical Technologies, Surat

27. Macleods Pharmaceuticals 28. Orchid Chemicals &

Pharmaceuticals Ltd (Orchid)29. Alpha-Pharma, Mumbai30. Sequus Pharmaceutical 31. NeXstar Pharmaceutical

(Boulder, Colorado) 48

32. The Liposome Company (Princeton, New Jersey)

33. Wyeth/Elan (Madison, New Jersey) 34. Merck/Elan (Whitehouse Station, New

Jersey) 35. Abbott (Abbott Park, Illinois) 36. PAR Pharmaceutical (Wood Cliff

Lake, New Jersey) 37. American Biosciences (Blauvelt, New

York) 38. BioSante (Lincolnshire, Illinois) 39. Merck, Elan40. SkyePharma, 41. Pfizer

APPICATIONS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN DIFFERENT AREAS

Ex vivo and in vivo imaging(eg reflectance, OCT, PAT, Raman)

In vitro assayseg DNA,

immunoassay

Gold NanoparticlesSphere, rod, sell, cage,

SERSh

Drug deliveryeg TNF-α, MTX

Cancer therapyeg photo thermal, radio/photo

sensitizer

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• As compared to conventional skin creams that sit on top of the skin, nanotechnology-enhanced cosmetic treatments penetrate deep beneath the surface and affects the base molecular layer.

• The capsule acts like a sponge, soaking up and holding the cream inside until the outer shell dissolves under the skin.

• L'Oréal reports that of women surveyed who used the Revitalift technology: 80% reported antiwrinkle effectiveness and 75% said the product was effective in firming skin.

• Plenitude uses a patented 200 nm nanotechnology process to incorporate vitamin A inside a polymer "capsule“.

Anti-Wrinkle Anti-Wrinkle Nanotech Skin Cream Nanotech Skin Cream

Source: http://www.lorealparis.co.uk/

Treat Acne With Coconut Oil and Nano-Bombs

The new smart delivery system includes gold nanoparticles attached to surfaces of lauric-acid-filled nano-bombs.

The gold nanoparticles keep the nano-bombs (liposomes) from fusing together.

The gold nanoparticles also help the liposomes locate acne-causing bacteria based on the skin microenvironment, including pH.

NanoBombs

• Once the nano-bombs reach the bacterial membranes, the acidic microenvironment causes the gold nanoparticles to drop off. This frees the liposomes carrying lauric acid payloads to fuse with bacterial membranes and kill the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED CANCER TREATMENT Nanotechnology has generated a

great deal of interest in the field of oncology due to its potential to selectively deliver and concentrate drugs to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy cells.

Two FDA approved nanoparticle formulations for the treatment of cancer: 1. Abraxane: a suspension of albumin-bound Taxol (paclitaxel) for breast cancer through injection. FDA approved in January, 2005.2. Doxil: liposomal formulation of doxorubicin (100 nm) through injection. FDA approved in February, 2005.

http://www.doxil.com/images/clientChart.gif

http://www.abraxane.com/images_charts/vhs_tape_box.gif

Cancer Cooker- Triton BioSystems is developing an anticancer therapy using antibody-coated iron nanoparticles Nanomaterials have also been

investigated into treating cancer. The therapy is based on “cooking tumors” principle. Iron nanoparticles are taken as oral pills and they attach to the tumor. Then a magnetic field is applied and this causes the nanoparticles to heat up and literally cook the tumors from inside out.

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CARBON NANOTUBES BASED CANCER TREATMENT

Liu et al., 2008 reported the conjugation of the paclitaxel (PTX) with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and made a complex of SWNT-PTX which showed the high suppression of tumour

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Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Drug Delivery

• Engineered nanostructures for detection/analysis • Treatment of human diseases such as:

– Cancer – Cardiovascular diseases– Infectious diseases – Neurological diseases

For example. Advances in semiconductor quantum dots (Q-dots) have produced a new class of nanoparticles providing unique optical and structural properties that are not available from either traditional single molecules or bulk solids.

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Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Drug Delivery

– Size-tunable emission– Large absorption coefficient– Narrow emission peak– Broad absorption profile– Photostability– Very high brightness

Valuable Q-dot have different properties such as:

Q-dots : the best molecular probe for imaging and detection.

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Gold Nano-particles made it possible to deliver cancer drugs only to target tumours, thus minimizing side effects.

Gold Nano-particles are being evaluated not only as drug delivery systems but also as cancer monitoring and treatment system.

Nano-particles For Drug DeliveryNano-particles For Drug Delivery

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Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer DetectionMagnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Detection

Nanoparticles improve delivery of Nanoparticles improve delivery of medicines and diagnostics medicines and diagnostics

• Using an innovative technique a Princeton University-led research team has created particles that can deliver medicine deep into the lungs or infiltrate cancer cells while leaving normal ones alone.

• Only 100 to 300 nanometers wide -- more than 100 times thinner than a human hair -- the particles can be loaded with medicines or imaging agents, like gold and magnetite, that will enhance the detection capabilities of CT scans and MRIs.

Source: Princeton University

Radio Waves Destroying Liver CancerRadio Waves Destroying Liver Cancer

• Cancer cells treated with carbon nanotubes can be destroyed by non-invasive radio waves that heat up the nanotubes while sparing untreated tissue.

• 94% of doctors don’t know that stage IV-cancer can beat without Chemotherapy or Radiation.

Source: National Cancer Institute (NCI), December 03, 2007.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)• An international team of investigator has

created a new class of magnetic resonance image (MRI), contrast agent that are atleast 40 times more effective than the best in clinical use.

• The new agents dubbed gadonanotubes use the same highly toxic material gadolinium, i.e is given to more than a quarter of MRI patients today.

Source: Rice University, 26th November 2007

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SILICON NANOWIRES CAN DETECT DENGUE VIRUSES IN LESS THAN 30 MINUTES

1. Dengue is an infection caused by one of four types of dengue viruses.

2. The symptoms of dengue are very similar to those of influenza: infected individuals commonly experience headaches, rash and pain in muscles and joints.

3. Zhang and coworkers at the STAR Institute of Microelectronics have developed a silicon nanowire-based biosensor that can detect the ‘reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction’ product of dengue type 2 (DEN-2) viruses in less than 30 minutes.

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1. Chronic hepatitis B infects 400 million people worldwide, many of them children.

2. In many poor countries, refrigerated conditions required for the current vaccines are costly and hard to come by. It's often difficult in the field to keep needles and syringes sterile.

3. The need to have people return for the three shots currently required also limits success.

4. The nanoemulsion represents a new delivery method for an antigen already used in existing hepatitis B vaccines .

5. The nanoemulsion is made up of soybean oil, alcohol, water and detergents emulsified into droplets less than 400 nanometers in diameter placed in the nose.

6. Nanoemulsion vaccine retained its effectiveness for six months when kept at 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), and even was stable and effective for six weeks at 40 degrees C (104 degrees F).

NANO VACCINE FOR HEPATITIS B

http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/yournews/35398

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NANOMEDICINES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS - C 

Thomas, T. and Foster, G. 2007. “Nanomedicines in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C – focus on pegylated interferon alpha-2a”  Int. J. Nanomedicines. 2(1):19 – 24.

1. Patients receiving treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV), the response to therapy shown that patients have an extremely low probability of relapse and probably cured.

2. Using techniques evolved though nanomedicine, the protein interferon has altered by way of attaching a PEG moiety.

3. This adaptation improves the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein. This includes increased solubility, increased resistance to enzyme degradation, reduced immunogenicity, and reduced renal clearance.

4. Drug response in patient can be administered once a week.

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NANOVIRICIDES AGAINST HEPATITIS- C, AIDS, INFLUENZA  AND DENGUEFEVER

1. NanoViricides, Inc. is a development stage company that

is creating special purpose nanomaterials for viral therapy.

2. The Company's novel nanoviricide drug are designed to

specifically attack enveloped virus particles and to

dismantle them.

3. The Company is developing drugs against a number of

viral diseases including H5N1 bird flu, seasonal influenza,

HIV, hepatitis C, rabies, and dengue fever etc.,

http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=27881

Cardiovascular DiseasesCardiovascular DiseasesApplications of nanotechnology to diseases of the cardiovascular system include the non-invasive diagnosis and targeted therapy of atherosclerotic plaque. Devices to monitor thrombotic and haemorrhagic events can have a high impact, e.g. in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke and embolisms.

Source: European Commission67

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DNA Repair MachinesDNA Repair Machines

Image Description: Floating inside the nucleus of a human cell, an assembler-built repair vessel performs some genetic maintenance. With a diameter of only 50 nanometers, the repair vessel would be smaller than most bacteria and viruses, yet capable of therapies and cures well beyond the reach of present-day physicians.

Source: http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/Medical/Cancer.html

Cell Repair MachinesCell Repair Machines

Image Description:

Conceptual drawing of cell repair devices evaluating red blood cells, after infusion of transport liquids carrying a wide assortment of molecular structures useful in reconstruction of biological tissues.

Source: http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/Medical/DiagTest.html

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Nanoinjector with Red CellsNanoinjector with Red CellsImage Description: The image, originally titled "Nanotechnology" as the winner of the 2002 Visions of Science Award by The Daily Telegraph of London and Novartis, was created to show one of the possible applications of nanotechnology in medicine in the future - microscopic machines roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for tests.

Source: http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/ Medical/DiagTest.html

Nano versus Obesity

• Food scientists have cooked up a way of using nanotechnology to make low-fat or fat-free foods just as appetizing and satisfying as their full-fat fellows. (Sep 15, 2010)

• Researchers are in the early stages of scientifically tricking the body into eating less and finding a treatment for obesity without dangerous side effects.

• “You could call it an invisible diet”

• A feeling of fullness is created by a smaller amount of food when the nanoparticles are inside the cells because the nanoparticles are made of the same fat molecules that are naturally in the body’s cells.

• This technology will help people to feel satisfied with a small serving of food instead of a large helping.”

Tissue Reconstruction • Nanoparticles can treat the injured nerves.

• Tiny rod like nano-fibers called amphiphiles were capped with amino acids.

• They spur the growth of neurons and prevent scar • tissue formation.

• Experiments have shown that rat and mice with spinal injuries recovered when treated with these nano-fibers.

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ANNUAL NANOMEDICINES PATENTS

Annual nanomedicines Patents are 4000

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONNanotechnology is expected to have great impact on many areas in medicine & pharmaceutics, specially: Surgery Cancer diagnosis Cancer therapy Biosensors Molecular imaging Implant technology Anti wrinkle effect Drug delivery Gene delivery Hepatitis AIDS & TB

Cardiovascular diseases

DNA and damaged cell repair

Obesity Alzheimer's disease Tissue reconstruction Labs tests- Lab on a

Chip Vaccines Burns treatment

PART-2PART-2**************

Nanotechnology EducationNanotechnology Education in in

PakistanPakistan

B.S( 4 year) Degree B.S( 4 year) Degree************

First initiative in PakistanFirst initiative in Pakistan75

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• Nanotechnology is a fast emerging field for applications in Industry. By Nov. 2009 some 2586 nano-industrial products were in the market.

• Another “Industrial Revolution”; will have profound Socio-economic impact for the next 40-50 years.

• World over –Countries Follow National Level Programs.• Need of specifically trained and qualified Human

Resource.• Job market in universities, R&D organizations and

industry in the developed countries .• In Pakistan these graduates should be absorbed in

Industry , Universities, R&D organisations ,other relevant S&T departments and Itellectual Property /Legal departments etc.

Industries in Pakistanneed nanotechnologytheir survival.

• Several Universities accross the world starting BS in Nano S&T.

• Appropriate moment for the establishment of the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) in Pakistan.

Why PINSAT?

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES OFFERING B.S. IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

• Brazil (1)• Czech Republic (1)• Denmark (4)• Germany (5)• Norway (2)• Poland (1)• Sweden (1)• Switzerland (1)• United Kingdom (2)

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• United States (2)• Australia (10)• New Zealand (1)• Pakistan –Preston

University(1)• Canada (2)• Malaysia (1)

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Nanoscience/Nanotechnology is inherently multidisciplinary:• The course structure envisages to prepare the students in disciplines that are vital for this field viz: Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Nanotechnology with Applications in

Industry/Engineering.• The basic subjects will be compulsory for the first two years• In the 3rd year the students have elective subjects giving

them a background in different fields of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

• At the end of 3rd year, during the summer semester, the students will undergo Internship in Industry.

• In the 4th year the students will undertake a major Research Projects, supported by more elective subjects.

Undergraduate( 4 yr BS) Degree Programme

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Break up per year:

1st year ( 2 semesters) 17+17=34 Credit Hours (CH)

2nd year (2 semesters) 18+17=35 CH

3rd year (2 semesters) 18+14=32 CH

Summer Semester 6 CH

4th year( 2 semesters) 12+12=24 CH

Total (8 semesters) =131 CH

Total Credit Hours

Intake of Students for the Degree Programme

Minimum qualifications for enrollment in the 4 year B.S. degree programme will be

F. Sc. /A-level with both pre-medical and pre-engineering background.

Selection will be on merit.

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Workshops/ConferencesPINSAT will hold regular workshops for different segments of

society to familiarize them with the developments in Nanotechnology. Some of the fields are:

• Medicine/ Health Care • Computer Industry• Food &Agriculture • Energy•Oil and Gas • Environment• Defense • Biotechnology• Pharmaceuticals • Aeronautics and Space Exploration• Electronics •Materials and Manufacturing

• Sports goods • Water Treatment • Textiles • Intellectual Property Rights

• Legal aspects

& God Bless You.