nanotechnology ama 3_11_2011

� Is nanotechnology the gateway to the future for human beings on Earth?

Where does our imagination take us?

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Definition“Nanotechnology is the understanding andcontrol of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to100 nanometers, where unique phenomenaenable novel applications.”

“Encompassing nanoscale science,engineering and technology, nanotechnologyinvolves imaging, measuring, modeling, andmanipulating matter at this length scale.”

(National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007)

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What is Nanotechnology?� Nanotechnology is:

� Comprised of nanomaterials with at least onedimension that measures between approximately 1 and100 nm

� Comprised of nanomaterials that exhibit uniqueproperties as a result of their nanoscale size

� Based on new nanoscale discoveries across the variousdisciplines of science and engineering

� The manipulation of the nanomaterials to develop newtechnologies/applications or to improve on existingones

� Used in a wide range of applications fromelectronics to medicine to energy and more

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History� The concepts of nanotechnology are not inherently new to nature or to the

history of mankind. Science and nature have taught us that biologicalsystems are built using small cells and proteins that follow an intrinsicplan dictated by infinitesimally small genetic coding (Roukes, et al., 2002).A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the workof Medieval stained glass makers who used small nanosize gold particlesof varying sizes to create the different color hues found in stained glasswindows of Medieval churches and structures. Hence, gold particles display adifferent form of color depending on their size at the nanoscale (Ratner andRatner, 2003). Gold at the larger scale, the macro scale, such as a gold brickRatner, 2003). Gold at the larger scale, the macro scale, such as a gold brickreflects the well known yellowish color.

Stained glass windows. Picture of gold nano particles.

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Structural design of “Tattoo Needle”

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Birth of Nanotechnology

� In contemporary times, manufacturing tolerances ofparts have approached nanometric dimensions,especially in the manufacturing of semiconductordevices. However, the term “nanotechnology” was notused until 1974 by Professor Norio Taniguchi, whosework and research was in the area of high precisionmachining.machining.

� Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University usedthe word “nanotechnology” to describe the scienceand technology of processing or building parts withnanometric tolerances. Essentially, Professor Taniguchi’stheoretical concepts involved the use of electron, ionbeam, and laser beam processes for machiningtolerances at the nanoscale.

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Dr. Richard P. Feynman•The first well documented talk on the possibilities ofnanotechnology was made by one of the most distinguishedAmerican physicists, Richard Feynman(1918-1988).

•Dr. Feynman’s talk was called There Is Plenty of Room atthe Bottom, and he delivered it on December 12, 1959, beforethe American Physical Society meeting held at Caltech. Inhis talk, Feynman challenged the scientific community tohis talk, Feynman challenged the scientific community tothink small in terms of solving future problems.

•Feynman stated:“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of theEncyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” .

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Feynman’s vision previewed the collaboration betweenthe sciences, the need for more powerful measurementtools such as the electron microscope that could allowatomic viewing and manipulation. He believed thatengineers and scientists had to work together todevelop tools that would have the ability to see andmanipulate atoms and molecules in order to solvemanipulate atoms and molecules in order to solveproblems using nanotechnology.Feynman said:“The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatlyhelped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to dothings on an atomic level, is ultimately developed–adevelopment which I think cannot be avoided.”(Zyvex, 2007)

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Atomic Scale • Following figure shows a computer image of the nano ice double

helix.• In the nano ice image, oxygen atoms are blue in the inner helix,

purple in the outer helix. Hydrogen atoms are white.

Feynman also discussed how matter at the atomic scalebehaves differently than matter at the macroscopic scale since, hementioned, at the atomic scale atomic size particles respond toforces governed by quantum mechanics as opposed to largersystems which are governed by classical Newtonian mechanics.systems which are governed by classical Newtonian mechanics.

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Engines of CreationEngines of Creation

The Coming Era The Coming Era

of Nanotechnologyof Nanotechnology

By K. Eric DrexlerBy K. Eric Drexler

Eric Drexler•Coined the term “Grey Goo”…the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines.

DNA damage.

[Eric Drexler’s book, Engines of Creation, firstpublished in 1986, popularized the innovativepossibilities of nanotechnology. Drexler talkedabout the dangers of nanotechnology andspecifically mentioned the “Grey Goo”phenomena. Grey Goo is the term given to thepotential problem of self-replicating andautonomous artificial intelligence machines that cantake over the world and wipe out life as we know ittoday.]

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Metrology:Measurement equipment or metrology tools, as they are often called, have

been the foundation stone of nanotechnology because they have allowed us to see whatwe are doing at the atomic scale. Tools such as the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM),Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)provide the bridge between the macro world and the nano world. The ability to seeand characterize matter at the atomic scale began the work that Feynman imagined.

In 1981, two gentlemen, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM Zurich,invented the scanning tunneling microscope for which they received the Nobel Prizein Physics in 1986. The scanning tunneling microscope works by sliding a very smalltip, about the size of an atom, over a surface at an extremely close proximity – within a fewatomic layers - and uses electronics to translate the surface topography into a visualimage (Ratner and Ratner, 2002). In this manner, the scanning tunneling microscopeimage (Ratner and Ratner, 2002). In this manner, the scanning tunneling microscopeproduces a visual representation of the material being scanned much like a keycutting machine traces and makes a copy of the original key.

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Buckyballs:Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl

and Richard Smalley from Rice University—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistryin 1996 for their discovery of a new composition of carbon, i.e., Carbon 60.

This new compound, which only measures about one nanometer in diameter,was called a Buckminsterfullerene or “Buckyball.” Carbon 60 (C 60) has 60 carbonatoms covalently bonded and forming geometric 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons—thesame geometric configuration found in most foot balls (Booker & Boysen, 2005).

Buckyballs are produced through a low pressure carbon vaporization process. Theoriginal technique only produced small quantities, but current processes produce Carbon60or buckyballs at a much higher rate. Buckyballs are also used to form carbon Nanotubes.These Nanotubes can be used to form transistors and, depending on their configuration, theycan be made to be conductors or insulators (Ratner & Ratner, 2002). Carbon is a verycan be made to be conductors or insulators (Ratner & Ratner, 2002). Carbon is a veryinteresting element because it has four electrons in its outer shell, just like silicon,and is allotropic—which means it can take on different forms. Both diamond and graphiteare made from carbon.

Carbon-60 buckyball is shaped like a Foot ball.

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Fullerenes:Carbon 60 (C60) was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.” Fuller’s most noted architectural design was the geodesic dome. The geodesic dome is a sphere which is made up of geometric triangular shapes. It is a very rigid construction and very strong in terms of its weight to volume. The C60 Buckyball was named in Fuller’s honor (Wikipedia, 2007)

A “Buckyball.” Dome over biosphere in Montreal.

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Thus we can say that…….………..Nanotechnology is

universal and persistent.It is an emerging field in all

areas of science, engineering and technology.

Now you are Now you are

Welcome to Welcome to

NanoWorld!NanoWorld!

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1 Nanometer = 1 x 10-9 meter

= 1 x 10-3 μm

= 3.281 x 10-9 feet

= 39.37 x 10-9 inches= 39.37 x 10-9 inches

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Equivalence of A Nanometer:� There are 1 billion (1,00,00,00,000) nanometers in 1

meter

� There are 1 million (10,00,000) micrometers (or microns) in 1 meter

� A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side is 1 nanometer longis 1 nanometer long

� Our finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second

� The diameter of our hair is approximately 50,000 nanometers

� The abbreviation for nanometer is “nm”

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Scale of Things—Nanometers

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Particle size classification

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Nanotechnology Language

•Nanobio•Nanodots•Nanowires

Yow!

•Nanowires•Nanoelectronics•Nanobots•Nanomaterials

Searching for nanotechnology.

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Nanomaterials are not simply another footstep in the miniaturization of materials. They often require very different production approaches.Two approaches of producing nanotechnology systems:

Top-down and bottom-up. 1) Top-Down Fabrication:•Start with a large piece of material•Remove sections of material to “carve” a specific pattern or shape•Has been used for centuries to manufacture artwork, tools and devices

This method is used by computer chip manufacturers (Booker &Boysen, 2005). The producers of chips begin the process with large bulk siliconwafers and then manufacture the devices on top of them through a series ofwafers and then manufacture the devices on top of them through a series ofprinting, layering, doping and removal steps that ultimately lead to afunctional device. The printing is done through a reduction process calledphotolithography. This process has evolved since the 1960 s, into one that is nowprinting line width dimensions at the nanometer scale.

Photolithography

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2. Bottom-up Fabrication:

•Start with catalyst particles and/or a substrate

•Expose to a gas or liquid

•Reaction leads to the growth of a solid nanostructure or nanoscale self-assembled

layer

•Properties such as temperature, pressure, surface quality, composition, catalyst

size, etc. influence growth characteristicsThe bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing is analogous to the way

biological systems are made. In biology, cells grow tissue, organs, plants, hair, etc.through the process of self assembly. This approach is now being studied innanotechnology. Drexler wrote about self assembling nanoparticles, and this typeof research is already taking place, even though at a elementary level as comparedof research is already taking place, even though at a elementary level as comparedto Drexler’s vision.

The use of biological microorganisms to synthesize or form nanoparticlesis being studied. This is an interesting concept since it maintains to use organicmaterial to grow inorganic metals. In several studies, certain types of bacteria areshown to produce gold or silver particles. Researchers also found that “theexposure of lactic acid bacteria present in the way of buttermilk to mixtures ofgold and silver ions can be used to grow alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver”(Mandal, et al., 2005).

An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds.

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Nanostructures/Nanomaterials

� Nanostructures are materials that, in at least one dimension,measure approximately 1 – 100 nm

� Nanostructures or nanomaterials exhibit properties differentfrom their macroscale counterparts (their “big brothers”) suchas:

� Mechanical strength (how hard they are to break)

� Electrical conductivity (how fast electrons flow through them)

� Thermal conductivity (how fast heat flows through them)� Thermal conductivity (how fast heat flows through them)

� Chemical reactivity (how well/fast they react with otherchemicals)

� Transparency (how well you can see through them)

� Magnetism (whether or not they are magnetic)

… and many more…

� Microstructures, the cousin to nanostructures, typically measurebetween 100 nanometers and 100 micrometers in at least onedimension, but likely do not exhibit unique properties likenanostructures.

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Why does this happen?

�Nanostructures obey the same fundamental laws of the universe as everything else in nature

�But… some things that are negligible (can be ignored) at big scales cannot be ignored at small scales

�For example:� Imagine we are an electron moving through a “big” copper wire� Imagine we are an electron moving through a “big” copper wire

1 cm in diameter – we may never see the boundaries of thewire because we are so small compared to its diameter

� Imagine we are an electron moving through a “small” copperwire 1 nm in diameter (more comparable to the electron’s size) –now we strike to the boundaries of the wire often, whichaffects how we move through that wire

� Therefore, the 1 nm diameter copper wire exhibits differentelectrical properties than its macroscale counterpart!

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Science of Nanostructures/Nanomaterials

Nanoscale in One Dimension:

Thin films , Layers and Surfaces-

One dimensional nanomaterials, such as thin filmsand engineered surfaces, have been developed and usedfor decades in fields such as electronic devicesmanufacture, chemistry and engineering.

Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep)Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep)are also routinely made and used in chemistry.

Engineered surfaces with tailored properties such aslarge surface area or specific reactivity are used in rangeof applications such as fuel cells and catalysts.

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Two Dimensions of Nanoscale:Two dimensional nanomaterials such as tubes

and wires have generated considerable interest among thescientific community in recent years.

Carbon NanotubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were first observed by

Sumio Iijima in 1991. CNTs are extended tubes of rolledgraphene sheets. There are two types of CNT:

1) single-walled (one tube)2) multi-walled (several concentric tubes)2) multi-walled (several concentric tubes)

CNT are-mechanically very strong with Young’s

modulus over 1 terapascal, i.e., CNT are as stiff asdiamond.

-flexible about their axis and-can conduct electricity extremely well.

Models of different singlewall nanotubes:Inorganic Nanotubes, Nanowires and Biopolymers etc…

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Three Dimensions of Nanoscale:nanoparticles :Three dimensional nanomaterials such as nanoparticles of

less than 100 nm in diameter.Fullerenes (Carbon 60):In the mid-1980s a new class of carbon materials was

discovered called carbon 60 (C60). Harold Kroto, Robert Curland Richard Smalley, the experimental chemists who discoveredC60 named it “Buckminsterfullerene”. C60 are sphericalmolecules about 1 nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbonmolecules about 1 nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbonatoms arranged as 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons: theconfiguration of a football.

Several applications are envisaged for fullerenes, such asminiature ‘ball bearings’ to lubricate surface, drug deliveryvehicles and in electronic circuits.

Dendrimers:Dendrimers are spherical polymeric molecules, formed

through a nanoscale hierarchical self-assembly process.27

Quantum Dots:

Nanoparticles (2–10 nm in diameter) ofsemiconductors were theorized in the 1970s and initiallycreated in the early 1980s, emit light in a specificwavelength range.

Recently, QDs have found applications incomposites, solar cells (Gratzel cells) and fluorescentbiological labels (i.e., to trace a biological molecule) whichuse both the small particle size and tuneable energyuse both the small particle size and tuneable energylevels.

Recent Advances in chemistry have resulted in thepreparation of monolayer-protected, high-quality,monodispersed, crystalline QDs as small as 2 nm indiameter, which can be conveniently treated andprocessed as a typical chemical reagent.

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Some Current Applications

of

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

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Solar Cells:Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Improved efficiencies:

Novel nanomaterials can harness more of the sun’senergy

� Lower costs:

Some novel nanomaterials can be made cheaperSome novel nanomaterials can be made cheaperthan alternatives

� Flexibility:

Thin film flexible polymers can be manipulated togenerate electricity from the sun’s energy

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Computing:Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Faster processing speeds:

Miniaturization allows more transistors to be packedon a computer chip

� More memory:

Nanosized features on memory chips allow moreNanosized features on memory chips allow moreinformation to be stored

� Thermal management solutions for electronics:

Novel carbon-based nanomaterials carry away heatgenerated by sensitive electronics

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Clothing:Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Anti-odor properties: silver nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill odor causing bacteria

� Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on textiles stop liquids from penetrating

� Moisture control: novel nanomaterials on fabrics absorb perspiration and wick it away

� UV protection: titanium nanoparticles embedded in textilesinhibit UV rays from penetrating through fabric

� In addition to above …..

-Sunscreens and Cosmetics applications

-Composites, -Clays, -Coatings and Surfaces,

-tougher and Harder Cutting Tools, -Paints, -Remediation

-Fuel Cells, -Displays, -Batteries,-Fuel Additives,-catalysts32

Batteries:Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge:Nanoparticles or nanotubes on electrodes provide

high surface area and allow more current to flow

� Longer life:

Nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes fromdegrading so batteries can be recharged over and overdegrading so batteries can be recharged over and over

� A safer alternative:

Novel nano-enhanced electrodes can be lessflammable, less costly and less toxic than conventionalelectrodes

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Sporting Goods and Equipment:

Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Increased strength of materials:

Novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-basednanocomposites give the player a stronger swing

� Lighter weight materials:

Nanocomposites are typically lighter weight than theirmacroscale counterpartsmacroscale counterparts

� More “perfect” fabrication of materials:

controlling material characteristics at the nanoscalehelps ensure that a ball flies in the direction of applied forceand/or reduces the chance for fracture of equipment

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Cars:Nanotechnology enhancements provide:

� Increased strength of materials:

novel carbon nanofiber or nanotubenanocomposites are used in car bumpers, cargo linersand as step-assists for vans

� Lighter weight materials:

lightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is usedlightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is usedto make the car go

� Control of surface characteristics:

nanoscale thin films can be applied for opticalcontrol of glass, water repellency of windshields and torepair of nicks/scratches

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Food and Beverage:


� Better, more environment friendly adhesives for fastfood containers:

Biopolymer nanospheres instantly staple surfacestogether

� Anti-bacterial properties:

Nano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter-topsNano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter-topskill bacteria/microbes

� Improved barrier properties for carbonated beveragesor packaged foods:

Nanocomposites slow down the flow of gas or watervapor across the container, increasing shelf life

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The Environment:


� Improved ability to capture groundwater contaminants:

Nanoparticles with high surface area are injected into groundwater to bond with contaminants

� Replacements for toxic or scarce materials: � Replacements for toxic or scarce materials:

Novel nanomaterials can be engineered to exhibit specific properties that mimic other less desirable materials

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Some Future Applications ofof

Nanotechnology

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Body Armor:

Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

� Stronger materials for better protection:

Nanocomposites that provide unparalleled strength andimpact resistance

� Flexible materials for more form-fitting wearability:Nanoparticle -based materials that act like “liquid

armor”

Lighter weight materials:� Lighter weight materials:

Nanomaterials typically weigh less than their macroscalecounterparts

� Dynamic control:

Nanofibers that can be flexed as necessary to for soldiersor stiffen to furnish additional protection in the face of danger

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Drug Delivery:


� New vehicles for delivery:

Nanoparticles such as buckyballs or other cage-likestructures that carry drugs through the body

� Targeted delivery:

Nano vehicles that deliver drugs to specific locations inbodybody

� Time release:

Nanostructured material that store medicine innanosized pockets that release small amounts of drugs overtime

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Cancer:


� Earlier detection:

Specialized nanoparticles that target cancercells only – these nanoparticles can be easily imaged to findsmall tumors

� Improved treatments:

Infrared light that shines on the body isInfrared light that shines on the body isabsorbed by the specialized nanoparticles in the cancercells only, leading to an increased localized temperaturethat selectively kills the cancer cells but leaves normal cellsunharmed

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Molecular Manufacturing:


� Ability to build structures, materials, devices andsystems from the “bottom-up” atom by atom ormolecule by molecule

� “Nanobots” or “nanomachines” that can positionatoms or molecules to build with atomic accuracy

� Zero to little waste because atoms are placed exactlywhere they should go

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Sensors:Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:

� Higher sensitivity:

High surface area of nanostructures thatallows for easier detection of chemicals, biologicaltoxins, radiation, disease, etc.

� Miniaturization: � Miniaturization:

Nanoscale fabrication methods that can beused to make smaller sensors that can be hidden andintegrated into various objects

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Next Generation Computing (Quantum, DNA, Molecular)


� The ability to control atomic scale phenomena:quantum or molecular phenomena that can be

used to represent data

� Faster processing speeds

� Lighter weight and miniaturized computers

� Increased memory

� Lower energy consumption

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Nanorobotics:


� Miniaturized fabrication of complex nanoscalesystems:

nanorobots that propel through the body anddetect/ cure disease or clandestinely enter enemyterritory for a specific task

� Manipulation of tools at very small scales:

nanorobots that help doctors to perform sensitivesurgeries

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Water Purification:


� Easier contamination removal:

Filters made of nanofibers that can remove small contaminants

� Improved desalination methods:

Nanoparticles or nanotube membranes that allow Nanoparticles or nanotube membranes that allow only pure water to pass through

� Lower costs

� Lower energy use

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More Energy/Environment Applications…


� Improvements to solar cells

� Improvements to batteries

� Improvements to fuel cells

� Improvements to hydrogen storage

� CO2 emission reduction: � CO2 emission reduction:

nanomaterials that do a better job removing CO2

from power plant exhaust

� Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables: synthesized with nanomaterials

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Scope of Scope of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology

in in in in IndiaIndia

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� The scope for nanotechnology in India is quite huge. � Numerous Indian firms use nanotechnology in the

manufacturing of their products.� In addition to this, the Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research (CSIR) has started about 30 laboratories(dedicated to research in Nanotechnology) just to increasethe research possibilities of nanotechnology in India.

� Students of nanotechnology have the opportunity to getjobs as soon as they finish their education in this

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jobs as soon as they finish their education in thisinteresting field.

� This technology will be used in diagnostic kits, improvedwater filters and sensors and drug delivery. The researchis being conducted on using it to reduce pollutionemitted by the vehicles.

�Looking at the progressive prospects of Nanotechnology inIndia, Nanobiosym Inc., a US-based leadingnanotechnology firm plans to set up India’s first integratednanotechnology and biomedicine technology park in HimachalPradesh.

� Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position in

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� Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position inthe Indian Economy and Scientific Research Department and itis expected to reach the pinnacle of Development therebymaking India a role model for the countries of the world.

Top Nanotechnology Firms in IndiaThese are a few firms of Indian origin that employs nanotechnology in their day to day projects:

� Auto Fibre Craft

� Bee Chems

� Bilcare

� Cranes Software

� Dabur Pharma

� Eris Technologies

� NanoFactor Materials Technologies

� Nanoshel

� Neo-Ecosystems

� Quantum Corporation

� Quantum Materials Corporation

� Reinste Nano Ventures� Eris Technologies

� Icon Analytical Equipment

� Micromaterials (India)

� Micromaterials (P) Ltd

� Mittal Enterprises

� Mp3s Nanotechnology

� Nano Cutting Edge Technology NanoCET

� NanoBio Chemicals

� Reinste Nano Ventures

� Saint-Gobain Glass

� United Nanotechnologies

� U-Shu Nanotech

� Velbionanotech

� Yashnanotech

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Career opportunities Career opportunities available in the fieldavailable in the field

ofofofofnanotechnologynanotechnology

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The career opportunities existing in nanotechnology are quite great. The applications of nanotechnology range from complex medical diagnostic devices to building better batteries and cosmetics etc.It is also applied in the field of aircraft manufacturing and research.Because of these many applications available in Nanotechnology, the job opportunities are not at all scarce.Job opportunities are at hand in areas such as:

� Auto and aerospace industries � Medical fieldsAuto and aerospace industries

� Biotechnology

� Electronics/semiconductor industry

� Environmental monitoring and control

� Food science including quality control and packaging

� Forensics

� Materials science including textiles, polymers, packaging, among other

� Medical fields

� Military

� National security

� Optoelectronics

� Pharmaceuticals including drug delivery, cosmetics

� Sports equipment

� University and National research labs.

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Academic Scope of Nanotechnology in India:Nanotechnology originated in India around 20 years back.It is in its early development phase and therefore the industry keeps a keen watch over the students who pursue M. Tech. in nanotechnology. There are several career opportunities for such students in domestic as well as international markets.

Higher Studies including Research:Indian Institute of Science, BangaloreIndian Institute of Technology, KanpurIndian Institute of Technology, Delhi

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Indian Institute of Technology, DelhiIndian Institute of Technology, MumbaiIndian Institute of Technology, ChennaiIndian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, National Physical Laboratory, DelhiAligarh Muslim UniversityAmity Institute of NanotechnologyBanaras Hindu University

Delhi UniversityBiosys Biotech Lab & Research Centre, ChennaiAmity Institute of Nanotechnology, NoidaNational Institute of Technology, RourkelaUniversity of Madras, Tamil NaduNational Institute of Technology, KrukshetraJawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore;Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi;National Chemical Laboratory, Pune;

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National Chemical Laboratory, Pune;Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh;Defense Materials Store Research & Development Organizations, Kanpur

List of different Courses available in India:�Doctor of Philosophy in• Nanotechnology• Nanoscience & Technology

�Master of Technology in• Nanotechnology• Science & Technology• Nanomedical sciences• Healthcare Nanotechnology

�Master of Science in

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�Master of Science in• Nanotechnology• Nanoscience• Nanobiotechnology• Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

�B.Sc. Nanotechnology�Diploma in Nanotechnology�Certificate course in Nanotechnology�Advanced P.G. Diploma in Nanotechnology

Recent government job notifications in the nanotechnology sector:• Scientist C-B jobs at Nanotechnology Application Centre of Allahabad University• Nanotechnology Laboratory Assistant – Central University of Jharkhand

In addition to these organizations, the followingorganizations are engaged in research activities in thenanotechnology sector and candidates can find employmentopportunities in these organizations as well:

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opportunities in these organizations as well:• Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh• National Chemical Laboratory, Pune• National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi• Nano Mission, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi

Anyone with an M.Tech. degree inNanotechnology is able to get a salary of approximatelyRs. 20,000 to Rs. 30,000 per month. This is a field thathas variety of scope for performance, incentives andother benefits.

Depending on the performance, experience

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Depending on the performance, experienceand nature of work, the pay package may vary from Rs.6,00,000 to Rs. 12,00,000 per annum.

Foreign aspects of NanotechnologyCareer prospects:There are various associated career prospects when it comes to the

Nanotechnology course. The USA as well as the UK is the prime sites wherevarious job opportunities such as in the field of medicine, in the field oftreating cancer or other plaque and such others. Also there is huge scope forthe research oriented jobs as the government in these countries pumpsmillions of funds into these projects which in the end are all dedicated to theprime look out of the general’s health and condition. Furthermore, the workalso include the general aspects of the candidates’ orientation and method.Thus, the foreign countries provide ample area where the candidate can turn

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Thus, the foreign countries provide ample area where the candidate can turnout their career in the right direction.

Conclusion:Thus, looking at these criterion, one can easily identify the various

involved prospective aspects and conclude the overall development of one’s lifein these conditions. Hence, the foreign do offer lots of potential that covers theoverwhelming thoughts of the candidates. Therefore the foreign countries areexcellent places to build one career and provide the ideal situation forblooming of one’s career.

Key differentiators between Nanotechnology and Nanoscience•Nanotechnology is the engineering field which manipulates and utilizes the nanoscale objects for manufacturing various useful products whereas Nanoscience is the field which involves the study of behavior and related issues of nanoscale materials and thus deriving the governing laws and theoretical explanations.•Nanotechnology is the field which utilizes the knowledge in nanoscience and is applied to diverse areas whereas Nanoscience is

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nanoscience and is applied to diverse areas whereas Nanoscience is all about the study and observations of nanoscale materials.Although Nanotechnology and Nanoscience are the research areas which deal with the same materials, there are lots of differences between them.