Nanoscience ILecture 1

Introduction

C60 molecules on an Al(111) surface

(d)

(a)

iron

sample

gold tip

nanotube

”Nanopipettes”

Overview of course content

• Basics of physics and science at the nanoscale and in low-dimensional systems

• Experimental methods for characterisingnanostructures

• Properties of different nanomaterials and nanoparticles

• Synthesis of nanomaterials and nanoparticles

• Nanocarbon

• Nanocomposites

• Nanoelectronics and optics

• Nanotechnology and energy

• Nanomedicine

• Impact on society: Ethics and business

Course information PrerequisitesFor admission, knowledge equivalent of introductory courses in Physics, 30 hp, and Mathematics, 30 hp, is required.

Course objectivesAfter successfully passed course the student should be able to•present an overview of the various areas of nanoscience, •explain some basic phenomena appearing on the nanoscale, within low-dimensional physics and chemistry•describe the most important methods for the synthesis of nanostructures, and choose method depending on the need for a certain structure•describe the most important methods for characterizing nanostructures, and choose characterization method for a certain investigation•give examples on and analyze some applications of nanotechnology. •seek and critically find literature about research on nanoscience.

Course information TeachingLectures: 8 (8x2 h). Presentations of the main areas of nanoscience, with examples from research and applications.Seminars 5 (4x2h, 1x8h). Students will be given tasks to present a theme or a new finding within nanoscience and nanotechnology. Labwork: (2x4 h). See below. The course will require a high degree of self studies. Guest lecturers may be invited for specific areas.

ProjectEach student has to choose a specific subject within the areas of nanoscience, seek information from different sources including research papers, write a report and make an oral presentation of the project at the end of the course, on May 28th.

Course information TeachersKjell Magnusson, room 21F213, tel. 7001215, Kjell.Magnusson@kau.seHanmin Zhang, room 21F206, tel. 7002120, Hanmin.Zhang@kau.seCourse admin: Kerstin Moatti, room 21F311A, tel. 7001192, Kerstin.Moatti@kau.se

Course literatureNanotechnology for Dummies, Richard Booker and Earl Boysen, Wiley, 2005, ISBN 0-7645-8368-9. This book is the starting point for the different themes of the course.The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids, Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole Jr., Wiley 2008, ISBN 0-470-06740-3. This book provides further depth within many areas of nanoscience.

ExaminationThis course is graded within Engineering programs with U (Fail), 3, 4 or 5 . For other students grades are given as U, G or VG. Grades are based in part on the project report and presentation, and in part on the result on a written examination, given first time on June 5th. To pass the course an active participation in the seminars and an accepted lab-report for Lab 2 is required.

Course information

Preliminary lecture planCourse starts on Wednesday April 1st, 10.15-12.00 in room 21C215 Lecture content1 Course information; What is nano?2 Tools of nanoscience3 Nanomaterials: Carbon4 Nanomaterials: Composites5 Nanoelectronics and optics6 Nanotechnology and energy7 Nanomedicine8 Nanotechnology and business. Course evaluation

LabworkLab 1. Nanomicroscopy, visits and demonstrations: SEM, AFM, STM, 4hLab 2. Preparation of nanostructures: spin-coating, inspection with AFM, 4 h. Report due on June 5th 2008.

Course schedule

What is nanoscience and nanotechnology?

Definition of nanotechnology by the USA National Nanotechnology Initiative:

Three requirements:

1. Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecularlevels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range.

2. Creating and using structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.

3. Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale

Cross-disciplinary:

Nanoscience

PhysicsChemistry

Biology

MedicineElectricalengineering

Mechanicalengineering

The Royal Society (UK):

"Nanoscience is the study of phenomenaand manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale"

Dimensions in SciencePowers of 10

Historical notes..

The use of nanoparticles has a longhistory.. Examples:

• Stained glass in mediaeval churches

• Silver particles in photographicfilms

• Chemistry: most molecules are in the nanometer size

But this is not nanoscience (as defined)

Stained glass from the cathedral of Canterbury, England

• 1959: The physicist Richard Feynman predicts electroniccircuits and machines on the nanometer scale, i.e. nanotech-nology, in his famous speech: ”There is plenty of roomat the bottom”. But there were no tools…

• 1981-82: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM in Zürich invent the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

• 1986: Binnig and Rohrer receive the Nobel Prize in Physics. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is invented. The AFM quickly becomes the most versatile and powerfultool in nanotechnology.

Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig First STM image of Si(111)7x7

More history…

• 1982: First observation of quantum confinement

• 1985: A new form of carbon, the cluster C60, namedfullerene, was discovered. Soon after other fullerenesand the carbon nanotubes were discovered. R. Smalley, R. Curl and H. Kroto got the Nobel Prize in 1996 for the discovery of C60.

• 1986: First observation of quantized conductance, creation of a single-electron-transistor, Coulombblockade

• 1988: Discovery of Giant magnetoresistance in nanometer-thick magnetic layers (A. Fert, P. Grünberg). Already widely used in hard disks.

• 1980s: developments in electron beam lithography

• 1991: S. Iijima discovers the carbon nanotubes

• 2001: USA: National nanotechnology initiative

The importance of nanotechnologyNanotechnology is expected to have a similar strong impact on society as currentinformation technology and microelectronics.

Expected economic impact: Year 2015 the nanotechnologymarket is worth 1trillion USD

”In 10 years, the whole semiconductor industry and half of the medical industry are based on nanotechnology.”

Research:

• USA: National Nanotechnology Initiative: Funding: 1.4 billion USD /year

• EU: 7:th Framework Program centered on nanotechnology

• Worldwide yearly research funding : 7 billion Euro

www.nano.gov

Applications of nanotechnologyNNI: ”While nanotechnology is in the “pre-competitive” stage (meaning its applied useis limited), nanoparticles are being used in a numberof industries.

Nanoscale materials are used in electronic, magnetic and optoelectronic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, catalytic and materials applications.

Areas producing the greatest revenue for nanoparticles reportedly are chemical-mechanical polishing, magnetic recording tapes, sunscreens, automotive catalystsupports, biolabeling, electroconductive coatings and optical fibers..”

Step assists on vans�

Bumpers on cars�

Paints and coatings to protect againstcorrosion, scratches and radiation�

Protective and glare-reducing coatingsfor eyeglasses and cars�

Metal-cutting tools�

Sunscreens and cosmetics�

Longer-lasting tennis balls�

Light-weight, stronger tennis racquets�

Stain-free clothing and mattresses�

Dental-bonding agent�

Burn and wound dressings�

Ink�

Automobile catalytic converters.

Examples of future applications:

• Advanced drug delivery systems, including implantable devicesthat automatically administer drugs and sensor drug levels;

• Medical diagnostic tools, such as cancer tagging mechanismsand lab-on-a-chip, real time diagnostics for physicians;

• Cooling chips or wafers to replace compressors in cars, refrigerators, air conditioners and multiple other devices, utilizing no chemicals or moving parts;

• Sensors for airborne chemicals or other toxins;

• Photovoltaics (solar cells), fuel cells and portable power to provideinexpensive, clean energy

• New high-performance materials.

• OLED (organic light-emitting diode) displays

• All lamps made of LEDs and carbon nanotubes

Swedish nano companys, examples

Obducat AB: world leader in nano-imprint technology

Advanced instruments for TEM/STM analysis of nanostructures

Startup company, commercializingsemiconductor nanowires from Lund university.

Volvo, SAAB-Scania, Tetra Pak, Sandvik, ABB, etc.

Societal and safety implications of nanotechnology

• Much discussions and research about promises, benefits, risks and social, ethical and legal implications of nanotechnology

• EU-funded project Nanologue discussed nano and society: impact, dangers and opportunities (www.nanologue.net)

• Many applications for cleaning and improving the environment

• Nanoparticles present health hazards

See www.nano.gov

Limits to smallness

Moore’s law

Source: Intel

Source: Intel

Scaling of classical physical propertiesVibrations

Silicon nanowires in a harp-likearrangement. From Carr et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 920 (1999)

Classical xylophone: C-note at 256 Hz

Nanosize ”xylophone”: resonancefrequencies close to GHz range

Problem: how to detect such small vibrations?

f ∝ 1L

Frequency:

Scaling of classical physical properties

• Thermal time constants and temperature differences decrease

• Viscous forces become dominant for small particles in fluid media, e.g. air or liquids (compared to inertial/gravitational forces)

• Frictional forces can disappear under certain conditions, e.g. symmetricmolecular scale systems, like nested carbon nanotubes

From Zettlet al., Science 289, 602 (2000)

Nanotechnology takes offwww.kqed.org/quest/television/view/189