nanoscale science, engineering and technology: past ... · nanoscale science, engineering and...

Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology:

Past, Present and Future

Dr. James S. MurdayUniversity of Southern California

(and U.S. NNI)

Update 2011 - Going Nano Helsingborg, Sweden

23-24 May 2011

pm nm µm mm meter kmPHENOMENA EXAMPLEInterface/Interphase effects oxide layer cell membraneCollective effects paramagnetic limit antibody/antigen recognitionQuantum effects QD color Single electron device

NANOMETER (nm) SCALE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

INFO - TECH

BIO - TECH

ENERGY - TECH

Vacuum TubeIntegrated CircuitMemristor

Nanowire Energy Scavenger Hearing aide batteries Electricity Generator

Artificial retina MRI ScannerNanopore DNA Sequencing

ECONIMIC

IMPACT

SCIENCE

Value Chain Stage 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Nano-enabled Products 145 224 336 519 762 1081 1481 1963

Nanointermediates 18 29 46 76 120 207 323 498

Nanomaterials 1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9

Total ($B) 164 256 381 596 884 1290 1806 2464

0

750.0

1500.0

2250.0

3000.0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Nano-enabled Products Nanointermediates Nanomaterials

Rev

enue

(US

$ B

illio

ns)

Courtesy Lux Research Inc

Where is Nano Taking Us?

Economic Projection

USA6443/13218/17715

France1468/2696/3830

Germany2195/3819/5493

England982/1889/2944

Russia974/1569/2366

Singapore242/850/1486

Japan2621/4904/5635

Taiwan342/1578/2610

China2657/9177/18134

India461/1481/4122

Australia262/934/1603

Canada449/1275/1853

Mexico184/396/625

Brazil306/625/1044

Israel282/489/636

ISI Worldwide CY2002/06/10 Publication Counts – 21,453 / 49,759 / 79,166

Global Race Toward Nano-enabled Technology

“nano*” as a Percent of Total Publications

Korea837/2900/4967

Italy714/1569/2547

2- 4% 5 -10%~2%

Sweden315/547/859

Evolutionary Silicon CMOS TransistorsInternational Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

FunctionSense - sensitivity, selectivity, arrays,...Store - density, access time,...Process - serial, parallel, “neural,”...Display - conformal,flexible, low power,...Transmit - electro-optic


Information TechnologiesWhy NanoHigher device densityFasterLower power per operationMultifunctional 3D networking (neural analog)New state variable (not charge)

2030 $1K

Human Brain Equivalent??

Post CMOS2020

Quantum Computing?Spintronics?Molecular computing?Optoelectronics?Cellular Neural Nets?

Nano-Enabled Information TechnologyExample of U.S. Government – Industry Collaboration

Industry participants Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA)Government Participants National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Department of Defense (DOD)

Workshops and Conferences Silicon Nanoelectronics and Beyond Workshops NNI/SRC 2003, 2004, 2005 Intl Nanotechnology Conferences on Communication and Cooperation 2005 - 2011 INC 7 16-19 May 2011 at College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany NY USE

Global Focused Nanoelectronics NSF Research Center Research DOD Collab Res Program (6) Initiative (4) Phys/EE (5 -7 yr) (7-15 yr) (>15 yr) `

Industry

Government

University Research Programs

For more information go to www.src.org

Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond

_NSF 10-614

7

Why NanoBiotic-Abiotic interfaceMembrane transportProtein - electrical device at same sizeGreater sensitivity/selectivity for sensingSensor arrays coupled with microfluidicsSystem models of cellular metabolismPatterning for cellular compatibilityNew antimicrobial paradigms

FunctionPoint-of-care diagnosticsTheranostics - targeted drug delivery / sensingTissue/organ regeneration - synthetic extracellular matrixCentral nervous system linked prosthetics

Artificial RetinaIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 54, NO. 6, (JUNE 2007)


Medicine and Health

Inter-cellular Tunneling NanotubesUniv of Bergen PNAS 1006785107 (2011)

Dental Restoration MaterialFiltek, 3M

Bone Regeneration Scaffold Orthovita VITOSS

8


Energy: Renewable Sources / ConservationWhy NanoElectron/hole separationBroadband anti reflectionTailored band gapsMechanical strengthLarge interfacial areaTailored porosityThermoelectric efficiencyPiezo generationTailored catalyst

FunctionSolar photovoltaics, photosynthesisBattery electrodesFuel cell catalysts/membranesUltracapacitorEnergy scavengingWaste heat utilization Friction/wear reductionHigh performance materials

Li Ion Battery Anode with Si nanoparticlesNano Lett 10, 860 (2010)

Flexible Solar Cell ArrayNano Res 2, 829 (2009)Semiconductor Nanowires for Energy Conversion,

Chem Rev 110, 527 (2010)

CNT Paper Supercapacitor Model predicts 104 F

J Power Sources 194, 1208 (2009)

good electrical contact

facile strain relaxationElectron-hole separation

Efficient 1D electron transportEfficient solar absorption

9


“Green” EnvironmentWhy NanoReactive, high surface area Can be fully reacted - benign residueTransport into small porosity MultifunctionalSensitive chem/bio detection

Envir Health Perspectives 117, 1823 (2009)

http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/remediation_map/

Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles:Sites and Contaminants

FunctionCatalyzed degradationSpill AdsorbentsDistributed SensingOn-site remediation - avoids dredge and spoil

10

http://www.nano.gov/you/environmental-health-safety

U.S. Resources:Environmental and Health Implications Working Group http://www.nano.gov/nehiNatl Inst Occupational Safety/Health www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotechNatl Inst Environmental & Health Sciences www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/nano.htmNational Toxicology Program ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/osa/nanotech.htmFood and Drug Admin www.fda.gov/nanotechnology/Nanotechnology Characterization Lab ncl.cancer.gov/

Where is Nano Taking Us:

Environmental, Safety, and Health Concerns – Challenges to Commercialization

US NNI Investmentin ESH

$~120M in FY12


Vision and ChallengeNanomaterials by Design

Building Blocks: 109 Elements (→ molecules →)

Assembly Rules: Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Delocallized Bonds Periodic Table Groupings

Guidance: Atomistic or Continuum Models explain experiment

Building Blocks: Elements/Molecules, plus Wide variety of quality nanoscale dots, clusters, macromolecules wires, tubes filmsAssembly Rules: Atomic bonding, plus Van-der-Waal forces Coulomb forces Magnetic forces Molecular recognition Steric hindrance Fluid drag

Guidance: Predict Composition/Structure to get the Desired Property

1D 2/3D

Superlattices Dendritic Thin Films Quantum Dots Nanotubes

Epitaxy Metamaterials Surface Patterning UHV Block CopolymerChemo/Mechano Polishing Colloidial Devices

Multi-Scale Supercomputer Projects

1970-2000 2000-2025 ? 2025 ?~1750-1970Old (atomic) World Transition (nano) New (multi-scale) World

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

YEAR

106

105

104

103

102

101

100

10-1

SIZE

SC

ALE

, nan

omet

er

COMPLEXITY

Where is Nano Taking Us?The Confluence of Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Materials and Physics

Biology

Chemistry

Engineering Materials

Atomic/Molecular Physics

Integration of these disciplines

Condensed Matter Physics

ChallengesManufacturing/Jobs

STEM EducationESH

Info TechnologyMedicine/Health

Sustainable EnergyEnvironment

Cyber infrastructure:Modeling/Simulation

Knowledge Evolution• New knowledge to be incorporated into the educational corpus

• NSE is largely transdisciplinary and challenges traditional education taxonomies

• Nano-enabled technologies will be critical to the amelioration of societal problems in sustainable energy, medicine/health, usable water, environmental sustainability,...

Education Level Targets:• K-12 General public that understand the benefits and risks

• K-12+ Informed, skilled manufacturing workforce

• K-16+ Sustainable economic innovation - entrepreneurs, business, political

• K-20+ Science and Engineering discovery

Where is Nano Taking Us?Challenge/Opportunity in

Science/Technology/Engineering/Mathema>cs (STEM) Educa>on

Empiric – catalysts, carbon black

Superlattices (1D) – laser GMR

TPO-NanoclayComposite

Sunscreen

Nano Cancer Therapy

OECD-WG

Measure Manipulate Manufacture Programs Professional Product

>90 NSE Journals

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

STM

AFM

10nm NSOM

Aberration Corrected

TEM

Nano XCT

US Ultra-Submicron Electronics

NSLS II

UK LInkJP Atomcraft

DE Centers of Competence

ACS Nano Letters

ISO TC 229

STM Conference

IOP J Nanotechnology

US NNI

Nanophase Technologies Corp

Nanocrystalline materials

Dip PenNanolithography

NanoimprintLithography

90-nm CMOS

22-nm CMOS

DNANanotechnology

Block Copolymer Assembly

Thermal Dip Pen

MagForce Nanotechnologies AG

NanoInk,Inc

Roll-to-roll

15

Begin Supplement

Human: Self Assembly Automobile: Assembly Line

One 150 lb functioning unit One 5000 lb functioning unit

Manufacturing

Feedstocks

Fluids ~ 5,000 lb water (1 lb/day x 15 yr) ~ 10,000 lb water (cooling)

Solids ~ 5,000 lb organics (1 lb/day x 15 yr) ~ 5,000 lb metal/plastic/ceramics

Waste streams ~ 10,000 lbs (2 lb/day x 15 yr) ~ 50 lbs (solids)

Energy ~ 109 gm-cal (1000 cal/day x 15 yr) ~ 109 gm-cal

Timescale ~ 100,000 hours ~ 25 hours

Manpower required ~ 10 PY (parental) ~ 0.1 PY

Return on Investment self replicating, sentient (??) worker smart transport

~ 1015 bit memory (synapses) ~ 108 bit memory

Biological Existence Proof of

Complex, Highly Functional, Directed, Hierarchical, Assembled Systems

But challenging speed / waste / reliability obstacles for General Manufacturing

Butane

H3C-CH2-CH2-CH3

Isobutane

H3C-CH-CH3 | CH3Butadiene

H2C=CH-CH=CH2

Butanol

H3C-CH2-CH2-CH2OH

Where is Nano Taking Us:

Can we clearly identify a Nanostructure Building Block?(Illustration Using Carbon)

Very Small Structures (Molecules)

Large Structures (“Bulk”)

Nano-Structures

“Core”

“Shell”

Diamond

Graphite

Amorphous

Carbon Nanotube Single/Double/Multi-wall Chirality Diameter Length Surface/Edge treatment “Intercalation” . . .

Stretch NSE Goals• Theory Modeling Simulation: general approaches to multi-scale / multi-phenomena computational design• Measurement, Instrumentation and Standards:

simultaneous 3D atomic resolution with chemical specificity internationally recognized measurement standards and reference materials terminology for materials certification

• Synthesis, Assembly and Manufacturing:systematic approach for design and manufacturing of scalable hierarchical, directed assembly in 3Dlibrary of monodisperse nanomaterials at industrial scale quantities

• ESH: predictive toxicological screening methods for balance between in-vitro and in-vivo screening• Environment, Climate and Natural Resources:

sorbent/membrane systems to selectively remove CO2

• Energy: batteries for electric vehicles with large distance rangesolar electricity at $1/W installed

• Nanobiosystems and Nanomedicine: point of care medical diagnostics theranostics inexpensive gene sequencing using nanopores

• Nanoelectronics and Nanomagnetics: spin/magnetic domain control with voltage instead of currentlithography and self assembly to pattern semi arbitrary structures to 1 nm precisioncost-effective architectures of integrated memory and logic using MRAM

• Nanophotonics and Plasmonics: thresholdless lasers with exceptionally high power gains• Research Facility Infrastructure: open access centers for development of innovative device/system concepts• Education Infrastructure: internationally benchmarked NSE standards and curricula

18

11

Where is Nano Taking Us

Intellectual Property Protection - ChallengesPatent Classification Harmonization

USPTO, EPO, JPO (the Trilateral Offices) are exploring the harmonization of examination practices in the nanotechnology art including:

(1) a listing of search resources for nanotechnology inventions, (2) examination quality/training initiatives; (3) consideration of rejections based on obviousness/non-inventive step

as they relate to a change in size of what is known in the prior art; and

(4) evaluation of evidence submitted to establish unobviousness/inventive step with respect to size and special property, function or effect specifically attributed to the size.

The Offices started an exchange of information in the fall of 2007, and expect to continue a dialog on these issues through 2011.

Bruce Kisliuk, USPTO

26

Nanotech-Related Patent Publication on Same Invention in 3 or More Countries

(by Residence-Country of First-named Inventor, 1986-2008, Derwent WPI)

0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

UNITED STA

TES

JAPAN

GERMANY

KOREA

FRANCE

UNITED KIN

GDOMCHIN

A

SWITZERLA

ND

NETHERLANDS

CANADA

1.2%1.4%1.5%1.6%2.6%4.4%

8.7%8.9%

18.4%

38.6%

Perc

ent o

f Tot

al

Country of First-Named Inventor Bruce Kisliuk, USPTO

21

ISO TC 229 NanotechnologiesWG 1 Terminology and Nomenclature Canada leadWG 2 Measurement and Characterization Japan leadWG 3 Health, Safety and Environment US leadWG 4 Material Specifications China lead

OECD Working Parties on Manufactured Nanomaterials and on Nanotechnology ASTM International E46 Committee on NanotechnologyCoordination and collaboration among all national, regional & international SDOs is CRITICAL for nanotech developmentExpertise from S&T community extremely importantUrgent that coordination and collaboration be achieved earlyAvoid divergent approaches and duplicative standardsEnsure rational and effective use of limited resources

Great opportunity to influence international standardsEarly stage in technology but progress is rapid

Support the Standards Development Organizations! Enlist your best scientific and technical expertise to participate in national and international standards development processes


Pathways to Standards - Challenges

Clayton Teague, NIST, USA

!Where is Nano Taking Us?

Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Web of Science

doubling in ~2.5yrs

!

U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) – NSET Agencies/Roles

Agency Participation without S&TPolicy / Commerce DOS - State

USPTO/DOC - Patent

BIS/DOC – Industry/Security

ITC – International Trade

NRC – Nuclear Regulatory DNI – Intelligence DOTr - Treasury DOJ - JusticeEnvironment/Safety/Health CPSC – Consumer Protection USGS – Geological SurveyWorkforce DOL - Labor DOEd - Education

Agency Participation with S&T ($M) FY00 FY06 FY12

(estimate)

DOE - energy 58 231 610

HHS (NIH, NIOSH, FDA) 32 196 465

NSF - science 97 360 455

DOD - defense 70 424* 370

DOC (NIST) - standards 8 78 115

EPA - environment 5 5 20

NASA - space 5 50 30

USDA (NIFA, FS) - food 6 17

DHS (TSA) - security 1 10

DOT (FHWA) - infrastructure 2 2

CPSC 2

270 ~1400 ~2100

Year joined NSET: 2001, 2002, 2003-5, 2006* Includes ~$100M in Congressional adds

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