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Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

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Page 1: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation

Nanometrology Section 

Physical Metrology Branch

National Measurement Institute Australia

November 2012

Page 2: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Characterisation techniques

Choice of measurement technique 

and knowledge of its limitations:

Page 3: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Dynamic light scattering (DLS)

magipics.com.au

DLS results for suspensions containing different fractions of 20 nm and 100 nm PSL particles.

Size range ~0.1 nm to ~ 6 µm.

Measurand Autocorrelation function of the scattered light intensity; 

average hydrodynamic diameter.

Advantages Fast and accurate for monomodal suspensions. An 

ensemble measurement technique, providing a good 

statistical representation of the sample.

Limitations Particles must be in suspension and undergoing 

Brownian motion. Large particles scatter much more light (I∝ x6); even a 

small number of large particles can obscure the 

contribution from smaller particles.

Page 4: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS)

magipics.com.au

DCS measurement of a suspension of PSL particles showing signs of aggregation. The inserts show scanning electron micrographs of different clusters of n individual particles with n=1...6 observed in this sample.

Size range < 5 nm to ~30 µm.

Measurand Light extinction as a function of sedimentation time, 

from which the intensity‐weighted distribution of 

the Stokes diameter can be derived.

Advantages Very high resolving power because the particles are 

separated by their sedimentation rate before 

detection. An ensemble technique, providing a good 

statistical representation of the sample.

Limitations Small and/or low density particles sediment over 

long time‐scales. The particles are detected 

optically, thus their optical properties must be 

known to derive volume or number based size 

distributions.

Page 5: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Size range ~ 0.1 nm to ~ 2 µm.

Measurand Equivalent diameter, expressed as the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the particle, or Feret’s diameter, the mean value of the distance of parallel tangents of the projected outline the particle position.

of 

Advantages Excellent for visualizing the sample and to produce representative EM images. Provides information about particle shape, size and sizedistribution. Enables visualisation of the degree of aggregation/agglomeration. Possibility to investigate crystalline phase and perform chemical analysis. Single particle technique.

Limitations Poor time 

statistical representation of a sample. Imaging and analysis  consuming. Sample preparation can be challenging.

can be 

Nominally 20 nm SiO2 particles analysed for particle size distribution using ImageJ.

30 nm Au

Au nanorods

60 nm Au  and 20 nm SiO2 

ZnO

Page 6: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Asymmetric flow‐field flow fractionation  (AFFFF)

magipics.com.au

Size range ~ 0.1 nm to ~ 2 µm.

Measurand Detector dependent, often equipped with light scattering detectors, e.g., for static and dynamic light scattering. Elution time can also be used to provide a measure of particle size.

Advantages A separation measurement technique. Very high resolution for both high and low molecular weight particles. Provides sequential separation of particles based on a size‐dependent interaction of the particles with an applied force field (flow). Fractions can be collected for off‐line processing. It is also possible to hyphenate to, for example, ICP‐MS.

Limitations Complex method development required to optimise particle separation. 

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Page 7: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Particle tracking analysis (PTA)

re 

Liquid

Particles scatter in the laser beam

Particles to be viewed asuspended in liquid

Laser beam (approx 50 µm wide)

Glass Metallised surface

NanoSight Ltd.

Size range ~20 nm to ~ 1 µm.

Measurand Diffusion length based on 2‐D tracking of particles 

moving under Brownian motion.

Advantages Qualitative differentiation between particles of 

different composition based on scattering intensity. Allows measurements of particle number concentration 

(particles/mL). Single particle measurement technique.

Limitations Strong dependence on operator through choice of 

settings for imaging and analysis. Limited statistical 

relevance due to limited number of particles analysed.

Mix of 100 nm PS and 100 nm Au

Page 8: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Examples of Reference Materials

NISTAu PSL•AFM • DMA• DLS• TEM• SEM• SAXS

EC‐JRC‐IRMMSiO2• DLS• DCS

• TEM/SEM • SAXS • Zeta potential*

Thermo ScientificPSL• DLS (20‐50 nm)• TEM (> 50 nm)

See www.nano‐refmat.bam.de/en/ for a (non‐exhaustive) list of currently available nanoscale reference materials.

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* indicative value only
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Page 9: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Take home messages:

• Nanoparticle characterisation is important.

• Understand your instrumentation.

Use well‐characterised particles to check instrument  performance.

Bi‐modal or multi‐modal mixes of particles may give a better   understanding of the instrument limitations.

Page 10: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

Take home messages:

• Characterise your particle suspension before, 

during and after other experiments.

• Important to pose the right question, e.g.:

What is the primary particle size?

What is the size distribution of the  agglomerates/aggregates?

• Use more than one technique. 

• You can never know too much about a sample!

Page 11: Nanoparticle characterisation instrumentation characterisation instrumentation Nanometrology Section Physical Metrology Branch National Measurement Institute Australia November 2012

NMIA Nanometrology team: Bakir Babic, Heather Catchpoole, Victoria Coleman, Chris Freund, Jan Herrmann, 

Åsa Jämting, Malcolm Lawn, Maitreyee Roy and John Miles.

Dr Jan Herrmann

Nanometrology Section

National Measurement Institute

Bradfield Road

West Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia

Email: [email protected]

www.measurement.gov.au/nano

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