NanoLabPhysics 4970

Spring 2007

TR 14:30-16:20development funded by a grant from

National Science Foundation Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

Things Natural Things Manmade

MicroElectroMechanical devices10 -100 m wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Fly ash~ 10-20m

Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 10-50m wide

Red blood cellswith white cell

~ 2-5 m

Ant~ 5 mm

The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More

Dust mite

200 m

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~2 nm diameter

Nanotube transistor

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21st Century Challenge

Combine nanoscale building blocks to make novel functional devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage

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0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 m10 nm

0.1 m100 nm

1 micrometer (m)

0.01 mm10 m

0.1 mm100 m

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

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1,000,000 nanometers =

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outermost ring spacing

~35 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 03-05-02

Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano

milli 10-3 Latin micros thousand

micro 10-6 Greek micros small

nano 10-9 Greek nanos dwarfpico 10-12 Spanish pico small

quantity

femto 10-15 Danish/Norwegian femten fifteen

atto 10-18 Danish/Norwegian atten eighteen

Why Nano?

• electronics– Nanoelectronic smaller faster transistors– molecular scale electronics build electronic circuits

with molecules – quantum computing

• mechanics– MEMS micro electromechanical systems

• accelerometers, nano-guitar

– NEMS nano electromechanical systems• molecular motors

Two Different Approaches to Nanofabrication

• Top ⇨ Down: Start with the big chunk and cut away material to make the what you want.

• Bottom ⇨ Up: Building what you want by assembling it from small prefabricated units such as atoms and molecules.

Today’s Science FictionTomorrow’s Technology?

• Molecular Nanotechnology– Building functional nanostructures

by controlling the placement of molecules

– Molecular manufacturing molecular assemblers

– examples: nanites (Star Trek, etc.)

• Resources– Foresight Institute (molecular nanotechnology)– Institute for Molecular Manufacturing– Zyvex (molecular nanotechnology)– Mitre Corp (molecular scale electronics)

Moore’s LawIn 1965 Gordon Moore observed that

number of transistors per integrated circuit was growing exponentially with time. Doubling every 2 yrs (approximately)

Gordon Mooreco-founder of Intel

Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits,” Electronics, 38(8), (19 Apr 1965).

Molecular Scale Electronics

Molecular Electronic Devices:Can Molecules Perform the Function of

Electronic Insulators, Wires and Switches?

Individual molecules serve as electronic components.

The History of NanoLab

• NanoLab was first run during the Aug 2003 intersession.

• Development of NanoLab is funded by the NSF NUE• The intent is to provide an introduction to

nanotechnology that is accessible at the sophomore level.

• Does this mean that NanoLab dumbed down? NO.– There are many levels of understanding. Is it necessary to be

a motorcycle mechanic to ride a motorcycle? – Students are encouraged to pursue understanding of the

material to a level where they are comfortable.

What is NanoLab

• general hands-on experience• Nanotechnology beyond the hype

– What is actually involved?

• An introduction to our capabilities at OU• NanoLab uses active research facilities.• Many of the activities you will do are based on

actual ongoing research. TAs have developed and tested the procedures so that they will work in the time allotted.

How is NanoLab Graded?(Physics 4970)

• Attendance

• Participation

• Quizzes/Homework

• Lab reports/presentations (?)

• every student/group should keep a lab notebook

NanoLab Activities• Electroluminescent Panels (ACTFEL) • Atomic scale structure: Crystals & surfaces• nanoparticle optics (microscopy, light scattering, absorption) • Microscopy (optical & electron, resolution, diffraction limit) • Scanning probe microscopy (AFM, STM, nanolithography)• X-ray diffraction from ultra fine powders• surface modification (single molecule thick layers monolayers)• microcontact printing & pattern transfer• TiO2 solar cell• AAO templated growth• Microfluidics• Carbon Nanotubes (?)• Field trip to Zyvex & TI• Brownian motion, molecular ratchets, and stochastic motors• Single nanoparticle microscopy

What Would YOU Like to do?

NanoLab depends on YOU

Please take tell us the following (on paper)

• List your interests.

• What are some topics you would really like to cover in NanoLab?

• Do you have experience with techniques that would benefit NanoLab?

The Future of NanoLab

• The future depends on you

• We need to hear from you. What are you interests. What did you like? What did you not?

• Would you recommend NanoLab to your friends?

• Should NanoLab be repeated?

Useful Approximate Numbers

• distance between atoms ~3Å ~ 10–7.5 cm (3x10–8 cm ~ 100.5 x10–8 cm = 10–7.5 cm)

• # atoms/cm ~ 107.5

• # atoms/cm2 ~ (107.5)2 = 1015

• # atoms/cm3 ~ (107.5)3 = 1022.5