nanodots nanocurves nano-lithography/machining nanogrids ~10 nm atomic force microscope + near field...
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Nanodots
-8
-4
0
4
8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 m
nm
Nanocurves Nano-lithography/machining
Nanogrids
~10 nm
Atomic Force Microscope + Near Field Optics(Grigoroporos, UC Berkeley)
Manufacturing / Nano-Machining
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Bio-System
Cryo-Preservation
Laser Surgery
Adiabatic demagnetization technique
Paramagnetic salt
T = 10-5 K
blood
lasercholesterol
Blood vessel
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Temperature (K)
He
at
Flu
x (W
/cm
2)
100 1000 10000
104
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
Body Heat
Earth Orbit Entry
100W Light Bulb
Solar Heating
Bipolar Chips(mid ‘90s)
Logic Chips(mid ‘80s)
Processors(00’s) Thermal
Management
VLSI
Nuclear Blast(1 Mt, 1 mile)
Surfaceof Sun
Rocket Nozzle
• local heat flux of 200-300 W/cm2, today
• equivalent to that of 1 Mt nuclear blast at 1 mile from ground zero
• only one order of magnitude less than the sun
Electrical & Electronics / Thermal Management
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Electrical & Electronics / Cooling Techniques
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Cover
Condenser
Insulation
Compressor with Expansion Valve
Insulation
Evaporator
CPU Package
CPU Die
Exploded View
Refrigerant
Electrical & Electronics / Micro Cooler
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Solar Cell Loss
+
-scI
darkIsR
shRresistive loss
reflection loss
recombination loss
resistive loss
loss
p - type
+ + ++
- - - --n - type
reflection losssun
recombination loss
band gapE h E
Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell
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high efficiency (40 %) complex fabrication, high cost indium scarcity
GaInP2
GaAs
a-Ge
Multi Junction Solar Cell Electrical & Electronics / Multi-junction Solar Cell
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any solar conditions wide range of colors utilize any shape or form low efficiency
transparent conductor
counter electrode
TiO2 particle coated with dye molecule
electrolyte
-
+
anode
cathode
sun
Electrical & Electronics / Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
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20202006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Year
Mark
et
Siz
e (
Billion
$)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Memory marketSolar cell market
4.8% Growth rate
40% Growth rate
22 billion$
88 billion$
2015
Employment1,840,000CO2 Saving192 M ton
Employment780,000
CO2 Saving59 M ton
Employment271,000
CO2 Saving15 M ton
Employment74,000
CO2 Saving5 M ton
23%
Gro
wth
rat
e
Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Market Growth
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System25 %
Poly Si20%
Wafer28%
Cell13%
Module9%
Etc.5%
Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Cost Breakdown
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Electrical & Electronics / Solar Cell Research
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Conventional light source - infrared heat radiation, convection
LED source - dissipated into the fixture by conduction
Electrical & Electronics / Light Sources
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only 5% of input used in visible light most of energy wasted by heat and infra-red radiation luminous efficiency : 10 ~ 20 lumen / Watt
5% 12%
83%
Visible lightHeatInfra Red
Incandescent LightElectrical & Electronics / Incandescent
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15% of input energy are used in visible light no infra-red radiation heat loss by conduction most of heat from the defects in the chip luminous efficiency : 20 ~ 50 lumen / Watt
15%
85%Visible light
Heat
LEDElectrical & Electronics / LED
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Thermal Management in LED
Advantages of LED more light production per watt than incandescent
bulbs long life time (more than 20000 hrs ; incandescent
bulbs at 2000 hrs)
Disadvantages of LED high price temperature dependence
- device failure- light quality
Adequate cooling is required.
Electrical & Electronics / LED
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MFC
H2O2N2
MFC
MFC
MFC
MFC
CW, CO2 laser beam
presursor such asTiCl4,SiCl4 or others
presursor+N2,
shield gas N2,8-
H2,OD 13.4,ID 10.5
O2,OD 19.3,ID 15.8
air,OD 53,ID 25.4
honeycomb
hL
Ar ion laser beam and localthermophoretic sampling on TEM grid
hp
(a1) P=0W, 13mm 100nm(b1) P=0W, 19mm
(b2) P=171W, 19mm
(a3) P=0W, 15mm (b3) P=571W, 19mm
(a4) P=0W, 17mm (b4) P=1107W, 19mm
(a2) P=0W, 14mm
Process / Nanoparticle Control Principle(M. Choi, SNU)