Index

A

ABI (Adaptive Brain Interfaces) 176 ADC (analog/digital converter) 108, 166 AFM (atomic force microscope) 43–46, 72, 118, 139, 154, 155 AFM memory 155 Alan Turing 133 allotropy 63 AMD (Advance Micro Devices) 23, 94, 100, 101, 191 AmI (Ambient Intelligence) 138, 185, 200, 232, 235, 238, 239, 241, 244, 251, 252, 256, 257 Andrew Grove 17 ANN (Artificial Neural Network) 167, 168 ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) 115 AT&T 108, 124 atomic manipulation 43 ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) 158 Auto-ID program 210 automatic speech recognition 165

B

bacteria 47, 56, 60, 61, 76, bacteriorhodopsin 76, 80, 180 BCI (brain computer interface) 173, 174, 176, 177 Bell Labs 108 bipolar transistor 14, 15 BPDN-DT molecule 144

BrainLab at the University of Georgia 176 Busicom 22

C

carbon allotropes 63 CASPIAN (Consumer Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion And Numbering) 214 Catalysis 53 CEA Quantronics group 129 chipset 22 CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) 101, 102, 105 CMM5 (Capability Maturity Model - Level 5) 242, 243 CMOS (complementary metal oxide semi-conductor) 14–16, 25, 26, 96, 98, 99, 146, 187 CNFET (Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors) 71, 72 CNT (carbon nanotube) 50, 55, 63–75, 184 connectivity 70, 81, 114, 117 convolution 108 Cornell University 38 CRM (Customer Relationship Management) 110, 153, 256 CTO (Chief Technical Officer) 225 cyclability 145

Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence Jean-B aptiste Waldner

Copyright 0 2008, ISTE Ltd.

264 Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence

D

DAC (digital/analog converter) 108 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) 150, 187, 232 data mining 114 datacube 78, 81 DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM) 140 decoherence (quantum decoherence) 124, 127 diamondoid 46, 51 distributed computing 115–119 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 47, 47, 56–62, 93, 97, 120, 130–134 DNA computing 130, 132–134 Donald Eigler 38 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) 30, 104, 140, 143, 145 DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 107–109, 167 dual-core processor 95 Duke University Medical Center 176

E

ecophagy 52 EEG (electroencephalogram) 174–177 electronic paper 164, 165, 177–180 Empedocles of Agrigentum 50 EMS (Event Management System) 213 enzyme 46, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 130, 133 EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing) 101, 104, 105 epitaxy 18, 19, 98, 172 Erhard Schweitzer 38, 39 ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) 33, 91, 110, 153, 166, 202, 256 Escherichia Coli 61 EUV lithography (extreme ultraviolet lithography) 96 eXtreme Programming 236 eye tracking 164, 172, 173, 257

F

Fab 12 25 Fab 36 23

Fairchild 17, 24 Fermi level 10, 68 FET (Field Effect Transistor) 14, 15, 71, 187 FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) 167 Francis Crick 57 fullerenes 51, 63, 64

G

genetic algorithm 130, 231 genetic engineering 46, 55, 56, 60, 61, 132 genome 55, 56, 61, 257 Gerd Binning 42 gesture recognition 170, 171 GMR (Giant Magnetoresistance) 82–84, 148, 149 Gordon Earle Moore 24, 33 Gregor Johann Mendel 56 grid computing 116–118, 226 Grover’s algorithm 125 GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) 213 Gyricon 178, 179

H

halobacteria 76 Hamiltonian’s Path 131 Harold W. Kroto 63 HCI (human computer interaction) 164 Heiprich Roher 42 Hewlett Packard 105 HMM (Hidden Markov Models) 167 holographic memory 150–153 hybrid mono-molecular electronic circuits 73

I

IBM 27, 29, 38, 39, 42, 70–72, 93, 94, 100, 102, 111, 112, 118, 126, 144, 145, 149, 150, 154–156, 172, 191, 195, 197, 247 IBM BlueGene/L 4 Imation 150 Infineon 145 Institute of Structural Biology (CEA-CNRS- Joseph Fourier University) 76

Index 265

Intel 4, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 93–95, 100–105, 108, 112, 172, 191, 195, 197 Internet of things 209, 211, 212, 213 , 220, 222 interoperability 119, 250 intrication 88, 121, 127 IP (Internet Protocol) 108, 117, 185, 220–224, 249 IPv4 210, 222–224 IPv6 210, 224 Itanium 20, 104, 105 ITRS (International Roadmap for Semi-conductors) 29, 30

J–K

Jack Kilby 17 James Watson 57 John Bardeen 7, 72 Josephson junction 129 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld 14 K. Eric Drexler 42, 45–54

L

lab-on-a-chip 187, 256 Leonard M. Adleman 131, 134 lithium-ion battery 159 lithium-polymer battery 158–160 LMNT (Limited Molecular NanoTechnology) 51 Lucent Technologies 150

M

MAC (Multiply and Accumulate) 107, 108 mass storage 84, 92, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 146, 153, 158, 199 MEG (magnetoencephalogram) 174 microsystems 2, 137, 161–163, 187–190, 193, 218, 251, 252, 257 Millipede project 154 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 178, 179, 209, 214 MLC Memory (Multi-level Cell Memory) 150 MNT (molecular nanotechnology) 6, 45, 46, 49–52, 54, 60

mobility 113, 136, 157, 218, 219, 221, 223–225, 226, 232 molecular assemblers 49, 50, 54 molecular electronics 70, 74, 75, 251 molecular manufacturing 42, 46 molecular memory 156, 157 mono-atomic transistor 75 Moore’s Law 22, 24, 33–35, 107, 122, 149, 195, 232, 253 Motorola 29, 145, 182, 184, 187 MTJ (magnetic tunnel junction) 145 multimedia application 105, 106, 187 mutant algorithm 231 MWNT (multi-walled nanotube) 64–66

N

nanoelectronics 70, 82, 134 nanofactory 54 nanomachine 36, 39, 45–47, 49, 56, 157 nanometer (nm or 10-9 m) 5, 6, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 38, 45, 47, 52, 64, 87, 93–97, 100, 108, 144, 150, 190, 191, 195 nanorobots 46, 52 nanotechnology 5, 6, 36–38, 42, 45, 49, 51, 52, 55, 60, 62, 66, 67, 74, 91, 93, 94, 190, 195, 218 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Berkeley University 130, 187, 232 NEC Fundamental Research Lab, Tsukuba 62, 65 Nobel Prize 38, 42, 51, 66 non-Boolean 91, 120 Northbridge 22

O

offshore development 243 OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture) 117 OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) 165, 181–184 organic molecular electronics 75 Orwellian universe 8

266 Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence

P

P2P (peer-to-peer) 116, 138, 185, 186 PAP (photo-addressable polymers) 152 PARC (Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center) 3, 178, 200 PDA (personal digital assistant) 94, 109, 114 PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) 97 pervasive 8, 9, 163, 164, 165, 193, 200, 249 PetaFLOPS 4, 254 Philips 29, 145, 180, 207, 209 photolithography 5, 20, 25, 37, 38, 93, 95–97, 99, 162, 195 PML (Physical Markup Language) 211, 213 PN junction 13, 18 polymerase 61, 132 protein 49, 53, 55, 58–60, 62, 75, 76, 78–81, 93, 97, 118, 137, 156, 157, 159

Q

quantum computing 122 quantum confinement 85 quantum dots 84–88 quantum superposition 122, 123 qubit 84, 121–130

R

radiotag 207, 257 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) 149 RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) 204–218, 252, 255, 258 ribosome 49, 54, 57, 59, 60 Rice University, Houston 63, 66 Richard Feynman 122 Richard Smalley 51–54, 66 RIED (Real-time In memory Data capture) 213 Riken MDGrape-3 4, 254 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) 101, 102, 105, 254 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 49, 59, 93 Robert Birge 75, 78 Robert F. Curl 63

Robert Noyce 17 Rock’s Law 24, 29

S

savant concentrator 213 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy 144 Schrödinger’s cat 123, 124 SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) 140 self-assembly 45, 46, 48, 97, 133 self-replication 49, 50 semi-conductors 4, 9, 10, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29, 30 65, 68, 69, 81, 84, 94, 120, 130, 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, 157, 158, 162, 189, 193, 194 Shinshu University of Nagano 65 Shor's algorithm 126 signal processing 107, 108 silicon 4, 5, 7, 9–11 silicon wafer 18–22, 25, 94, 95, 99 single-electron memory 143, 144 SLM (spatial light modulator) 79, 151, 152 SOA (service-oriented architecture) 250, 111 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) 117 SOC (system-on-a-chip) 115 SOI (Silicon On Insulator) 98, 99 Sony 110, 145, 207, 209 Southbridge 22 spin valve 82, 84 spin-LED 82 spintronics 82–84, 145, 149 SPM (scanning probe microscope) 38, 39, 47 SRAM (static RAM) 23, 142, 143 Stanford University 65 STMicroelectronics 29 strained silicon 100 supercomputer 3, 109, 110, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 253, 254 swarm intelligence 92, 186, 224, 229, 230 SWNT (single-wall nanotube) 64–66

T

Tablet PC 171 Technical University of Graz 177

Index 267

Texas Instruments 17, 108, 109, 191, 207 TFLOPS 3, 4, 119 thermocompression 22 TMR (tunnel magnetoresistance) 145, 149 TMS (Task Management System) 213 touchscreen panel 171 transconductrance 72 transponder 205, 206 TSMC (Taiwan Semi-conductor Manufacturing Co.) 23, 27, 28

U

ubiquity 1, 165 UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) 117 University of Carnegie Mellon 170 University of Karlsruhe 170 University of Leipzig 14 University of Pennsylvania 245 University of Rochester 177 University of Santa Barbara 130 University of Sussex 63 University of Texas 231

V

valence band 10, 11, 69 virtual ants 229 virus 45, 55, 56, 58, 60–62, 191, 230, 232 VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) 101, 105, 108

W–X

Walter Brattain 7, 72 William Shockley 7, 72 W.M. Keck Institute Center for Molecular Electronics 75 WSDL (Web Services Description Language) 117 X25 248 Xerox 3, 52, 178, 179, 200 X-ray lithography 5, 95