nano materials [compatibility mode]
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NANO MATERIALSNANO MATERIALS
K.SRIYOGIK.SRIYOGIAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of Industrial Production Engineering Department of Industrial Production Engineering GITAM Institute Of TechnologyGITAM Institute Of Technology
VISHAKHAPATNAMVISHAKHAPATNAM
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Nano technologyNano technology--Introduction:Introduction:
��TheThe emergingemerging fieldsfields ofof nanosciencenanoscience andandnanoengineeringnanoengineering areare leadingleading totounprecedentedunprecedented understandingunderstanding andand controlcontroloverover thethe fundamentalfundamental buildingbuilding blocksblocks ofof allallphysicalphysical mattermatter.. ThisThis isis likelylikely toto changechange thethewayway almostalmost everythingeverything ——fromfrom vaccinesvaccines totocomputerscomputers toto automobileautomobile tirestires toto objectsobjects notnotyetyet imaginedimagined ——isis designeddesigned andand mademade..
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Some notes on scaleSome notes on scale
�� 1A0=10 power 1A0=10 power --10m10m�� 1 nm=10power1 nm=10power--9m9m atomic/crystallographicatomic/crystallographic�� 1 µm=10power1 µm=10power--6m6m micro structuremicro structure�� 1mm=10power1mm=10power--3m3m macro structuremacro structure�� 1cm=10power1cm=10power--2m2m
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��TheThe wordword “Nano”“Nano” meansmeans dwarfdwarf inin GreekGreeklanguagelanguage.. UseUse itit asas aa prefixprefix forfor anyany unitunit likelikeaa secondsecond oror aa metermeter andand itit meansmeans aa billionthbillionthofof thatthat unitunit..
��AA nanosecondnanosecond isis oneone billionthbillionth ofof aa secondsecond..AndAnd aa nanometernanometer isis oneone billionthbillionth ofof aametermeter——aboutabout thethe lengthlength ofof aa fewfew atomsatomslinedlined upup shouldershoulder toto shouldershoulder..
��AA worldworld ofof thingsthings isis builtbuilt upup fromfrom thethe tinytinyscalescale ofof nanometersnanometers
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��TheThe humanhuman bodiesbodies areare aa fewfew nanometersnanometersthickthick.. EnzymesEnzymes typicallytypically areare constructionsconstructionsofof thousandsthousands ofof atomsatoms inin preciseprecise molecularmolecularstructuresstructures thatthat spanspan somesome tenstens ofofnanometersnanometers..
��TheThe individualindividual componentscomponents ofof anan IntelIntelPentiumPentium IIIIII microprocessormicroprocessor spanspan aboutabout 200200nanometersnanometers.. ThisThis isis thethe reasonreason thatthatcomputingcomputing isis soso powerfulpowerful andand easyeasy thesethesedaysdays
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(a)Less than a nanometre - individual atoms are up to a fewangstroms, or upto a few tenths of a nanometer in diameter;
(b) Nanometer - Ten shoulder-to-shoulder hydrogen atoms(blue balls) span 1 nm. DNA molecules are about 2.5 nmwide;
(c) Thousands of nanometers - Biological cells, like these redblood cells, have diameters in the range of thousands of nm;
(d) a million nanometers - A pinhead sized patch of this thumb(black point) is a million nanometers across;
(e) Billions of nanometers -a two meter tall person is twobillion nanometers tall.
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Mile Stones In The Evolution Of Mile Stones In The Evolution Of NanotechnologyNanotechnology
�� 3.5 Mrd.years: First cells with nano machines.3.5 Mrd.years: First cells with nano machines.�� 400 B.C:400 B.C: Demokrit: Reasoning about atoms and matter.Demokrit: Reasoning about atoms and matter.�� 1905:1905: Albert Einstein: Calculated molecular diameter.Albert Einstein: Calculated molecular diameter.�� 1931:1931: Max knoll&Ernst Ruska: Electron microscopeMax knoll&Ernst Ruska: Electron microscope�� 1959:1959: Richard Feynman: There is plenty of room at the Richard Feynman: There is plenty of room at the
bottom.bottom.�� 1968: Alfred Y.Cho & JohnArthur (Bell Labs): MBE 1968: Alfred Y.Cho & JohnArthur (Bell Labs): MBE
(atomic layer growth).(atomic layer growth).�� 1974: Norio Taniguchi: Nanotechnology for fabrication 1974: Norio Taniguchi: Nanotechnology for fabrication
methods below 1µm.methods below 1µm.
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Contd.,Contd.,
�� 1981: 1981: GerdGerd Binnig& Heinrich Rohrer: Noble prize for Binnig& Heinrich Rohrer: Noble prize for inventing Scanning Tunneling Microscope.inventing Scanning Tunneling Microscope.
�� 1985: Robert 1985: Robert F.CarlF.Carl, , HaraldHarald W.KrotoW.Kroto: Richard : Richard smalleysmalley: : Bucky balls.Bucky balls.
�� 1986: 1986: K.EricK.Eric Drexler: writing with a STM tool.Drexler: writing with a STM tool.�� 1991: 1991: SumioSumio LigimaLigima: Carbon : Carbon NanotubesNanotubes..�� 1993: Warren 1993: Warren robinettrobinett, , R.StanleyR.Stanley Williams:Williams: Combination Combination
of SEM and VR (virtual reality system).of SEM and VR (virtual reality system).�� 1998: 1998: CeesCees DekkarDekkar et all: Carbon et all: Carbon nanotubenanotube transistor.transistor.�� 1999: James 1999: James M.TourM.Tour& & Mark.A.ReadMark.A.Read: Single molecule : Single molecule
switch.switch.
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��2000: Eigler et all: Construction of quantum 2000: Eigler et all: Construction of quantum mirrors.mirrors.
�� 2001: Florian Bambers: Soldering of 2001: Florian Bambers: Soldering of nanotube with enanotube with e--beam.beam.
��2004: Intel launches the Pentium iv 2004: Intel launches the Pentium iv ‘PRESCOFT’ processor based on 90nm ‘PRESCOFT’ processor based on 90nm technology.technology.
Carbon Carbon NanoNano Tube TransistorsTube Transistors
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This STM image shows the direct observation of standingThis STM image shows the direct observation of standing--wave patterns in the wave patterns in the local density of states of the Cu(111) surface. These spatial oscillations are local density of states of the Cu(111) surface. These spatial oscillations are quantumquantum--mechanical interference patterns caused by scattering of the twomechanical interference patterns caused by scattering of the two--
dimensional electron gas off the Fe ad atoms and point defects. dimensional electron gas off the Fe ad atoms and point defects.
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Single Molecule SwitchSingle Molecule Switch
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Construction of quantum mirrorsConstruction of quantum mirrors
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Soldering of Soldering of nanonano tube with etube with e--beambeam
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�� DefinitionDefinition:: NanoNano technologytechnology relatesrelates toto thethe abilityability totobuildbuild functionalfunctional devicesdevices basedbased onon thethe controlledcontrolledassemblyassembly ofof nanonano scalescale objectsobjects forfor specificspecifictechnologicaltechnological applicationsapplications..””
DifferenceDifference betweenbetween NanoNano sciencescience andand NanoNano technologytechnology::
�� StudyStudy onon fundamentalfundamental relationshipsrelationships betweenbetween physicalphysicalpropertiesproperties andand phenomenaphenomena andand materialmaterial dimensionsdimensions ininthethe nanometernanometer scalescale referredreferred toto asas NanoNano sciencescience..
�� ButBut NanoNano technologytechnology isis thethe applicationapplication ofof thesethese nanonanostructuresstructures andand principlesprinciples behindbehind themthem toto makemake nanonanoscalescale devicesdevices andand toto produceproduce newnew materialsmaterials..
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NANO MATERIALSNANO MATERIALS
HistoryHistory ofof NanomaterialsNanomaterials::��TheThe historyhistory ofof nanomaterialsnanomaterials beganbegan
immediatelyimmediately afterafter thethe bigbig bangbang whenwhenNanostructuresNanostructures werewere formedformed inin thethe earlyearlymeteoritesmeteorites.. NatureNature laterlater evolvedevolved manymany otherotherNanostructuresNanostructures likelike seashells,seashells, skeletonsskeletons etcetc..NanoNano scaledscaled smokesmoke particlesparticles werewere formedformedduringduring thethe useuse ofof firefire byby earlyearly humanshumans..
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��TheThe scientificscientific storystory ofof nanomaterialsnanomaterials howeverhoweverbeganbegan muchmuch laterlater.. OneOne ofof thethe firstfirst scientificscientific reportreportisis thethe colloidalcolloidal goldgold particlesparticles synthesisedsynthesised bybyMichaelMichael FaradayFaraday asas earlyearly asas 18571857 ..
��NanosizedNanosized amorphousamorphous silicasilica particlesparticles havehave foundfoundlargelarge--scalescale applicationsapplications inin manymany everyevery--daydayconsumerconsumer products,products, rangingranging fromfrom nonnon--diarydiary coffeecoffeecreamercreamer toto automobileautomobile tires,tires, opticaloptical fibersfibers andandcatalystcatalyst supportssupports..
��InIn thethe 19601960ss andand 19701970ss metallicmetallic nanonano powderspowders forformagneticmagnetic recordingrecording tapestapes werewere developeddeveloped
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��NanoscaleNanoscale materialsmaterials cancan bebe defineddefined asasthosethose whosewhose characteristiccharacteristic lengthlength scalescale lieslieswithinwithin thethe nanometricnanometric range,range, ii..ee inin thethe rangerangebetweenbetween oneone andand severalseveral hundredshundreds ofofnanometers(nanometers( preferablypreferably betweenbetween 00--100100nm)nm)..
��AccordingAccording toto Siegel,Siegel, NanoNano structuredstructuredmaterialsmaterials areare classifiedclassified asas ZeroZerodimensional,dimensional, oneone dimensional,dimensional, twotwodimensional,dimensional, threethree dimensionaldimensionalnanostructuresnanostructures..
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Classification of nanomaterials following Classification of nanomaterials following SiegelSiegel
Nano wires or Nano rodsNano
particles
Nano composites wires or Nano rodsThin films
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Some present and future applications of Some present and future applications of NanomaterialsNanomaterials
In electronics & optoelectronics:In electronics & optoelectronics:�� ‘nano phosphors’ for affordable high‘nano phosphors’ for affordable high--definition television and definition television and
flat panel displays. flat panel displays. �� Electroluminescent nano crystalline silicon, opening the way Electroluminescent nano crystalline silicon, opening the way
for optoelectronicfor optoelectronic chips and possibly new type of color chips and possibly new type of color displays. displays.
�� Efficient lightEfficient light--emitting diodes based on quantum dots with a emitting diodes based on quantum dots with a voltagevoltage--controlled, tunable output color. controlled, tunable output color.
�� Powder or plastic layers using nano particles as an active Powder or plastic layers using nano particles as an active scattering medium. scattering medium.
�� Optical switches and fibers based on nonlinear behavior. Optical switches and fibers based on nonlinear behavior. �� Transparent conducting layers. Transparent conducting layers. �� ThreeThree--dimensional optical memories. dimensional optical memories.
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ElectronicsElectronics
��MaterialsMaterials forfor thethe nextnext--generationgeneration computercomputerchipschips..
��SingleSingle--electronelectron tunnelingtunneling transistorstransistors usingusingnanonano particlesparticles asas quantumquantum dotsdots..
��EfficientEfficient electricalelectrical contactscontacts forforsemiconductorsemiconductor devicesdevices..
�� ElectricallyElectrically conductingconducting nanonano ceramicsceramics..��CapacitiveCapacitive materialsmaterials for,for, ee..gg..,, dynamicdynamic
randomrandom accessaccess memoriesmemories (DRAM)(DRAM)..
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Magnetic ApplicationsMagnetic Applications��MagneticMagnetic memoriesmemories basedbased onon materialsmaterials withwith aa
highhigh coercivitycoercivity..��MagnetoMagneto restrictiverestrictive materials,materials, importantimportant forfor
shieldingshielding componentscomponents andand devicesdevices..��SoftSoft magneticmagnetic alloysalloys suchsuch asas FinemetFinemet
resistorsresistors andand varistorsvaristors (voltage(voltage--dependentdependentresistors)resistors)..
��HighHigh--temperaturetemperature superconductorssuperconductors usingusingnanonano particlesparticles forfor fluxflux pinningpinning..
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In opticsIn optics�� Graded refractive index (GRIN) optics: special plastic lenses. Graded refractive index (GRIN) optics: special plastic lenses. �� AntiAnti--fogging coating for spectacles and car windows. fogging coating for spectacles and car windows. �� Inexpensive colored glasses and optical filters. Inexpensive colored glasses and optical filters.
In energy storage:In energy storage:�� Novel solar cells, such as the Gratzel cell based on TiO2 Novel solar cells, such as the Gratzel cell based on TiO2
materials. materials. �� window layers in classical solar cells utilizing the increased window layers in classical solar cells utilizing the increased
band gap due. band gap due. �� high energy density (rechargeable) batteries. high energy density (rechargeable) batteries. �� Smart windows based on the photo chrome effect or electrical Smart windows based on the photo chrome effect or electrical
magnetic orientation effects. magnetic orientation effects. �� better thermal or electrical insulation materials, again using better thermal or electrical insulation materials, again using
the higher gap. the higher gap. �� nano crystalline hydrogen storage materials. nano crystalline hydrogen storage materials. �� Magnetic refrigerators from super paramagnetic materials. Magnetic refrigerators from super paramagnetic materials.
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In Gas sensing devices:In Gas sensing devices:��Gas sensors for Nox, Sox, CO, CO2, CH4 and Gas sensors for Nox, Sox, CO, CO2, CH4 and
aromatic hydrocarbons. aromatic hydrocarbons. ��UV sensors and robust optical sensors based on UV sensors and robust optical sensors based on
nano structured silicon carbide (SiC). nano structured silicon carbide (SiC). ��Smoke detectors. Smoke detectors. ��Ice detectors. Ice detectors. ��Ice detectors on aircraft wings. Ice detectors on aircraft wings. Protection coatings:Protection coatings:��CostCost--effectiveeffective corrosioncorrosion protectionprotection materialsmaterials..��EliminationElimination ofof pollutantspollutants inin catalyticcatalytic convertersconverters
utilisingutilising thethe largelarge surfacesurface areaarea ofof nanomaterialsnanomaterials..��ScratchScratch--resistanceresistance toptop--coatcoat usingusing hybridhybrid nanonano
compositecomposite materialsmaterials
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Medical applications:Medical applications:��longerlonger--lasting medical implants of biocompatible lasting medical implants of biocompatible
nano structured ceramic and carbides. nano structured ceramic and carbides. ��biobio--compatible coating for medical applications. compatible coating for medical applications. ��magnetic nano particles for hyperthermia. magnetic nano particles for hyperthermia. ��controlled drug release and drug delivery. controlled drug release and drug delivery. Catalysis:Catalysis:��PhotoPhoto catalystcatalyst airair andand waterwater purifierspurifiers..��betterbetter activity,activity, selectivityselectivity andand lifetimelifetime inin chemicalchemical
transformationstransformations andand fuelfuel cellscells..��precursorsprecursors forfor aa newnew typetype ofof catalystcatalyst (Cortex(Cortex--
catalysts)catalysts)..��StereoStereo selectiveselective catalysiscatalysis usingusing chiralchiral modifiersmodifiers onon
thethe surfacesurface ofof metalmetal nanonano particlesparticles..
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