nano biotechnology final ppt

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What is Nanobiotechnology? Nanobiotechnology usually refers to the use of nanotechnology for biological purpose. An area of scientific technology that applies the tools and processes of Nanotech to build devices for studying bio‐systems. Nanobiotechnology incorporates biotechnology on the nano‐scale. SCIENCE OF ULTRA SMALL Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre. It involves developing or modifying materials or devices within that size. Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with an average grain size l t 1 n m e

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Page 1: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

What is Nanobiotechnology?

Nanobiotechnology usually refers to the useof nanotechnology for biological purpose.

An area of scientific technology that appliesthe tools and processes of Nanotech to builddevices for studying bio systems.‐

Nanobiotechnology incorporatesbiotechnology on the nano scale.‐

SCIENCE OF ULTRA SMALL

Generally nanotechnology deals with structuressized between 1 to 100 nanometre.

It involves developing or modifying materials ordevices within that size.

Nanomaterials are commonly defined asmaterials with an average grain size less than 100nanometres.

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Page 2: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Why Do Properties Change?

Three important ways in which nanoscale materialsmay differ from macroscale materials :

1 Gravitational forces become negligible andelectromagnetic forces begin to dominate .

2. Greater surface to volume ratios

3. Random molecular motion.

Note: By patterning matter on the nano scale, it ispossible to vary fundamental properties ofmaterials without changing the chemicalComposition:

NANOPARTICLE

Nano particle usually forms the core of nano‐ ‐biomaterial.

It can be used as a convenient surface formolecular assembly, and may be composed ofinorganic or polymeric materials.

Nanoparticles are of great scientific interestas they are effectively forming a bridgebetween bulk materials and atomic andmolecular structures.

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Page 3: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Hybrid NanoparticlesThey are composed of two or more kinds of materials in

nanoscale (1nm=10-9m), that are visible only with an electron

microscope and prepared for a specific function.

One example is lipid polymer hybrid Nanoparticles where

the positive attributes of both liposome's and polymeric

Nanoparticles are combined into a single delivery system.

Sometimes they are nanostructures—in which tiny magnetic

particles are stuck to other particles to form complexes that

resemble dumb bells or flowers shaped.

Nanoscale devices smaller than

50 nm can easily enter most cells, and

20 nm can move out of blood vessels ,as they circulate through the

body.

They can be in the form of

Nanospheres - matrix systems in which drugs are

dispersed throughout the particle,

Nanocapsules - drug is confined in an aqueous or oily

cavity surrounded by a single polymeric membrane.

Other example:

Gold and iron oxide hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs)

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Page 4: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

NANOPARTICLE HYBRID(Lipid polymer hybrid Nanoparticles)

This type of nanoparticles is typicallycomprised of three distinct functionalcomponents:

1. A hydrophobic polymeric core where

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poorly water soluble‐ drugs areincorporated with high loading yields.

2. A lipid layer surrounding the core thatacts as a molecular fence to promoted t ti i id th l i

3. A hydrophilic polymer layer outside thelipid shell to enhance nanoparticlestability and systemic circulation lifetime.

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ADVANTAGE OF USING NANOPARTICLE HYBRID

Nanoparticles with a size range of 10 150 nm are highly‐beneficial and favourable for systemic drug delivery.

The morphology and the core shell structure of the hybridnanoparticles can be measured by electron microscopy.

Steric repulsive force in hybrid nanoparticles is provided byPEG molecules on the nanoparticle surface.

Both PEG chain length and lipid/lipid PEG molar ratio havesignificant impact on nanoparticle stability.

The lipid shell is expected to prevent small drugmolecules from freely diffusing out of the polymer core,thereby improving drug loading yield.

It also reduce water penetration rate into the polymercore, thereby decreasing the rate of polymer degradationand slowing down drug release from the particles.

A shell around the core particle enable a controlledrelease of drug or may protect from a toxic impact.

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Page 6: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Hybrid nanoparticles offer numerousadvantages:

a) Drug delivery platform including simple fabricationprocess,

b) Tunable size and surface,c) High loading capacity of poorly water soluble drugs,‐d) Sustained and controllable release profile of the drugs,e) High in vitro stability, andf) Excellent in vivo properties.g) Targeted drug delivery.h) Deliver two or more drugs simultaneously for

combination therapy to generate synergistic effects.

Some other examples of Hybrid nanopartiles:1.“Nano-flowers” , so named because of their petal-like arrangement ofodd-shaped iron oxide particles around a core of spherical shaped goldparticles.

2 “Nano-olives”• Spherical nanoparticles, with basically the same shape, and composed

of an inner core of one material and an outer core of another,• Composed of iron, platinum, and oxygen — have slightly different

internal compositions that are impossible to detect under a microscope.

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Nano-flower Nano-olives

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Page 7: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

3.Gold-nanoparticle−CaCO3hybrid material (AuNP−CaCO3)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were assembled on the surface of porous

calcium carbonate microspheres(CaCO3) in a neutral aqueous

solution through electrostatic interaction.

Characteristics

a. Size at nano scale 1-100nm range,

b. Encapsulation efficiency,

c. Surface charge, and

d. Release characteristics.

Special formulations like albumin-based,

carbohydrate-enhanced, or fatty acid targeting

have also been used.

AuNP−CaCO3

Gold –

Material key to fight cancer in smart therapies.

Is biocompatible, inert and relatively easy to weak chemically.

By changing the size and shape of the gold particle, it can be tuned to

respond to different wavelengths of energy.

Cells can take up gold nanoparticles without cytotoxic effects.

Advantage that when are exposed to infrared light, they melt and

release drug payloads attached to their surfaces.

Iron oxide –

Is basically rust

Allow to track the progress of cancer treatments using magnetic

resonance imaging by taking advantage of the particles' magnetic

properties.

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Page 8: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Nanotechnology in medicine

Nanotechnology in Medicine has these thrust areas:

1. Drug Delivery2 Therapy techniques 3. Diagnostic and Imaging Techniques4. Anti Microbial Techniques‐

Nanotechnology in medicine The use of nanotechnology in medicine offers some exciting

possibilities. Some techniques are only imagined, while others are atvarious stages of testing, or actually being used today.

Nanotechnology in medicine involves applications of nanoparticles

currently under development, as well as longer range research thatinvolves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at thecellular level (sometimes referred to as nanomedicine).

Nanotechnology is already being used as the basis for new, more

effective drug delivery systems and is in early stage development asscaffolding in nerve regeneration research.

In Cancer area also there is a hope that investments in this branch of

nanomedicine could lead to breakthroughs in terms of detecting,diagnosing, and treating various forms of cancer.

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How nano particles delivery can become specific?

In various approaches, nanoparticles systems are linked

with materials that respond to stimuli such as temperature,

pH, light, electromagnetic waves, enzymatic activity or

other biological markers as Stimuli-responsive materials

They have been created by using biological, physical and

chemical properties of materials for heat-activated, light-

activated or pH-activated delivery.

What are the problems in using nano particles?

Hybrid particles are especially challenging because the methods that are

used to make them often leave impurities that are not easily detected or

removed.

Impurities can change the properties of a sample, for example, by

making them toxic, so it is a big challenge to find ways to remove such

impurities.

Other challenges - specifically to use within biological systems.

Smaller nanoparticles may be cleared by body too rapidly that it can’t

be effective in detection or imaging.

Larger nanoparticles may accumulate in vital organs, creating a toxicity

problem.

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Page 10: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Smart Drug Delivery (Targeted drug delivery)

Is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that helps to

concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative

concentration in the remaining tissues.

It aims to deliver the active therapeutic ingredients to the disease site in stable

compartments as an encapsulated nanoparticle system , by facing challenges as

Stabilization Extended Circulation Targeting

The goal of a targeted drug delivery system is

More specific drug targeting and delivery, Greater safety and biocompatibility, No higher dose than needed, Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic effects Prolong and a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue.

Traditional drug delivery systems involves:

Oral ingestion or intravascular injection of drug,

Drug is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood

circulation,

Only a small portion of the medication reaches the organ to be

affected and

Absorption of the drug across a biological membrane takes place.

Therapeutic drug administration :

At high concentration

Repeated amounts when the distribution is non-selective

Prolonged period of time to a targeted diseased area within the body

Drawback - Side-effects

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There are different types of drug delivery vehicles, such as

polymeric micelles, liposome, nano-particle drug carriers ,dendrimers

etc.

An ideal drug delivery vehicle must be

a. Non-toxic,b. Biocompatible,c. Non-immunogenic andd. Biodegradable.

Nanoparticles have properties such as

a. Large surface area,b. High drug loading efficiency andc. Potential combination with other organic/inorganic

materials.

Nanoparticles can be designed by attaching to polyethylene glycol (PEG)

or other types of polymers to provide a hydrophilic environment, thereby

shielding them from immune recognition .

Surface functionalization of nanoparticles with PEG resulted in efficient

internalization in endosomes and cytosol, and localized in the nuclear

region.

Nanodevices are suitable to serve as customized, targeted drug delivery

vehicles to carry of chemotherapeutic agents into malignant cells while

sparing healthy cells, greatly reducing or eliminating the side effects that

accompany many current cancer therapies.

Its an excellent candidate for imaging guided therapy, in medical

applications .

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Nanoparticle-based delivery systems offer the following

Advantages

Site-specific delivery of drugs, peptides, and genes ,

Improved in vitro and in vivo stability

Reduction in the frequency of the dosages ,

More uniform effect of the drug,

Reduction of drug side effects, and

Reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels.

Disadvantage

High cost which makes productivity more difficult and

Reduced ability to adjust the dosages.

'Smart' nanoparticles used in cancer

A gold hybrid nanoparticle that, identify, target and kill specific cancer cells

while leaving healthy cells alone.

Shaped something like a dumbbell -- made of gold sandwiched between two

pieces of iron oxide

They then attached antibodies that target a molecule found only in cancer

cells to the particles. Once bound, the nanoparticles are engulfed by the cancer

cells.

To kill the cells the researchers use a near-infrared laser which is a

wavelength that doesn't harm normal tissue at the levels used, but the radiation

is absorbed by the gold in the nanoparticles. This causes the cancer cells to

heat up and die. This is a so-called “smart' therapy”.

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Page 13: Nano Biotechnology Final Ppt

Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Therapy

Techniques

Buckyballs may be used to trap free radicals generated during an allergicreaction and block the inflammation.

Nanoshells may be used to concentrate the heat from infrared light todestroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells

Nanoparticles, when activated by x-rays, that generate electrons thatcause the destruction of cancer cells to which they have attachedthemselves. This is intended to be used in place of radiation therapy with

h l d t h lth ti

Aluminosilicate nanoparticles can more quickly reduce bleeding intrauma patients by absorbing water, causing blood in a wound to clotquickly.

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Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Diagnosticand Imaging Techniques

Quantum Dots (qdots) may be used in the future for locating cancer tumors in

patients and in the near term for performing diagnostic tests in samples,

although at this time the use "in vivo" (in a living creature) is limited to

experiments with lab animals. Concerns about the toxicity of the material that

quantum dots are made from is one of the reasons restricting the use of

quantum dots in human patients. However, work is being done with quantum

dots composed of silicon, which is believed to be less toxic than the cadmium

contained in many quantum dots.

Iron oxide nanoparticles can used to improve MRI images of cancer tumors. The

nanoparticle is coated with a peptide that binds to a cancer tumor, once the

nanoparticles are attached to the tumor the magnetic property of the iron oxide

enhances the images from the Magnetic Resonance Imagining scan.

Application of nanoparticles of biological origin in

their natural or in a modified form as antibacterials.

The first example involves an additional application of electrospun

thenanofiber mats; however in this case they were spun from thepolysaccharide chitosan.

Polymers with intrinsic bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity and, in

particular, polysaccharides are considered as promising for wound healing‐

and dressing applications.‐

The natural polysaccharide chitosan was reported to possess

advantageous biological properties, such as hemostatic activity, nontoxicity,

biodegradability, intrinsic antibacterial properties and the ability to affect

macrophage function, which contributes to faster wound healing

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