NANA’SWORLD STUDIES

Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 1: Changing Government in

the Soviet Union

A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin

Vladimir Lenin laid the foundation of single party communist rule in the Soviet Union.

A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin

Forming a New Government Lenin set up four republics in Russia. He changed the

nation’s name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

The people did not immediately accept Lenin's plans. Lenin believed that something was wrong with the people.

Lenin also set up Communist International, or Co minter that urged people around the world to revolt and overthrow capitalism and democratic governments.

A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin

New Economic Plan Because of harsh working conditions and government

interference in the economy no one wanted to produce anything for the government.

The government no longer took food from farmers. Peasants were allowed to sell their products again, and workers would startup small factories and workshops.

Production crawls back to prewar levels in a few years. Higher production brought renewed prosperity.

B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control

B. Stalin believed that harsh measures were needed to turn the Soviet Union into a strong industrial and military power.

B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control

Command Economy The plan focused on expanding heavy industries such

as steel, oil ,and machinery production. The Soviet Union began to develop a command

economy, or an economy more efficient. The results of the five year plans were mixed. Stalin’s

first five year plan succeeded in expanding Soviet industries.

B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control

Agriculture Once again, land was seized and peasants w ere

forced into Collective, or state owned farms. The state set prices for farm goods. It also set

Quota’s, or fixed amount, on crops each farm must produce and turn over to the state.

Stalin wanted to destroy kulaks, or wealthy peasants. Stalin declared the kulaks enemies of communism and ordered millions of them killed or imprisoned.

B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control

Rule of Terror Stalin’s rule of the Soviet union continued throughout

the 1930s. Understating, the oppressive soviet state grew even worse.

He extended state control beyond the economy. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a state that attempted to control every aspect of its citizens lives.

During the 1930s Stalin gained absolute power within the Communist Party.

NANA’SWORLD STUDIES

Chapter 27: Crises Around the World

Section 2: Upheaval in the West

A. Rebuilding After the War

People in Western Europe looked for ways to improve their economies after World War 1.

A. Rebuilding After the War

Problems After the War The Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war, forced

Germany to pay huge amounts of money and goods to the nations it invaded.

The United States asked its allies to repay loans that it had made to them during the war.

However , Germany was even worse off than these other nation.

A. Rebuilding After the War

Problems After the War What developed after the war was often quite

different from what people hoped and dreamed. How could countries rebuild after the war if they had

to pay large amount’s of money to other countries. American loans were needed to help keep Germany

paying them money to rebuild.

A. Rebuilding After the War

The Search for Lasting Peace One hope after the war was for world peace. As you

read in chapter 26, American President Woodrow Wilson developed a peace plan called the Fourteen Points in 1918.

The last points called for the establishment of an organization what would become the League of Nation’s to keep world peace.

American loans were needed to help keep Germany and other Europeans countries financially stable during the 1920s.

B. Boom and Bust

The Great Depression shattered the prosperity of the 1920s.

B. Boom and Bust

Hidden Weaknesses. There were weaknesses to economic recovery after

World War 1, however, better technology increased production of good.

Prices began to drop and industries began to suffer from Overproduction.

Financial problems also weakened the economy. Loans and credit became increasingly easy for people to get.

B. Boom and Bust

Buying into the U.S. Stock Market Through most of the 1920s the prices of U.S. stocks

had risen higher and higher. They expected the stock market to continue. Its

upward climb. Investors took increasing risks, often buying stock on margin.

If the value of the stocks rose, the buyer would sell the stocks and pay back what he or she owed.

B. Boom and Bust

Worldwide Economic Crisis Hopes for better times were shattered suddenly in

October 1929- the start of the Great Depression. It began when the U.S. stock market in New York City

crashed, causing a chain of events that plunged the world into economic ruin.

Countries tried to help themselves recover from the Great Depression in a number of ways. One approach was to put protective tariffs on all foreign goods.

C. Western European Democracies

Great Britain and France faced crises in the 1920s but survived as democratic powers.

C. Western European Democracies

France France was most directly affected by the war. Northern

France had been completely ruined. More than a million French people had been killed and many more were wounded in the war.

In addition, Germany was forced to make huge reparations to France. These reparations helped France’s economy recover quickly from the war.

Many people in France still distrusted Germany. Since its formation in 1871, Germany had invaded France twice.

C. Western European Democracies

Great Britain Although victorious in the war, Britain faced many

problems when the war ended. The government was deeply in dept.

The Great Depression further deepened Britain’s trouble. The three major political parties in Britain - the Liberal Party, the Labour Party, and the Conservative party-formed a coalition government.

In 1931, four former colonies were given full independence. These were Canada Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They became part of the newly formed British Commonwealth of Nations and still had economic and cultural ties with each other and with Great Britain.

NANA’SWORLD STUDIES

Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 3: Unrest in China, Southeast

Asia, and India

A. China

China was torn by civil war between warlords, the Guomindang, and the communists.

A. China

The Chinese Republic Sun Yat-sen was the president of the Chinese republic.

He hoped to rebuild China. Instead, the country fell into chaos.

Western countries did not recognize the new government. Sun eventually stepped down in favor of an ambitious general.

The republic was a powerless government . The provinces fell into the country.

A. China

Imperialism and the May Fourth Movement Other countries took advantage of China’s weakness.

They had their “spheres of Influence “ in China. Japan was the most aggressive power. While the western

countryside didn’t care much for the people. Japan put new pressure on China. Japan issued the

Twenty-one Demands in 1915.

A. China

Nationalists and Communists in China Sun Yat-sen organized the Guomingang, or Nationalist

Party, in southern China. An army officer named Jiang Jieshe took over after Sun

died in 1925. One of the Communists who emerged from the conflict

was Mao Zedong.

A. China

The Long March Jiang wanted to destroy the communists. Guomindang

armies began a campaign to wipe them out. Their retreat is known as the Long March. They faced contant attacks from the Guomindang. Only a

few thousands survived the march.

B. Southeast Asia

French Rule in Southeast Asia In ruling their colony in Southeast Asia, France had

allowed the kings of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to remain in place.

However, the real authority lay with the French governor-general. He controlled a large, centralized administration.

France did provide education for some in Southeast Asia. They trained officials for the lower ranks of the government.

B. Southeast Asia

The Struggle for Independence Nationalists were outraged that Indians should fight in

the British military When they did not have self-government.

The British government did not bring the soldiers to justice. Indians were outraged by the massacre.

After the massacre at Amritsar, he devoted his life to the struggle for independence. His integrity and personal courage earned him the title of Mahatma or great soul.

C.India

Mohandas Gandhi and the Struggle for Independence Gandhi believed that independence could be achieved

through Satyagraha, or truth force. Instead, they were encouraged to refuse to perform civil

duties, such as paying taxes, serving in the government, and obeying British law.

In the 1930s Britain began to grant more self-government to India. Provinces gained grater freedom and national legislature was elected.

C.India

Nationalist Movement The educated class in southeast Asia was influenced by

western ideas. These ideas included civil rights and self determination, the right of people to decide on their own form of government.

In 1919, a Vietnamese leader named Nguyen Al Quos, later known as Ho Chi Minh, demanded self rule for the French colony.

By 1925 , the Communist had formed a revolutionary party in Vietnam with Ho Chi Minh as one of the founding members.

C.India

A Separate Muslim State The nationalist movement in India was split between

Hindus and Muslims. Muslims were a minority in India. Many did not want to belong to a country that was made up of mostly Hindus.

In the 1930s the Muslim league had a new able leader, his name was Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Ali Jinnah supported the idea of separate Muslim state. Eventually, the Congress Party allowed a new Islamic nation, called Pakistan to be separated from India.

NANA’SWORLD STUDIES

Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 4: The Rise of Dictatorships

A. New Government in Italy

A. Benito Mussolini led the National Fascist party in Italy.

A. New Government in Italy

Italy After the War During the years following World War 1, Italy's economy

was very weak. The Italian government became less and less able to deal

with the severe problems facing the country. Soon the strike became violent. Many feared a

Communist revolution in Italy.

A. New Government in Italy

The Rise of Mussolini In 1919 Benito Mussolini organized the National Fascist

Party in Italy. The Fascists believed the state the nation must be all

powerful. Rights of individuals or groups were less important than those of the state.

Mussolini inspired by the revolution in Russia, rejected democracy in favor of direct action. He organized his Fascist followers into black shirted gangs.

A. New Government in Italy

Italy under Mussolini Italy was still a parliamentary monarchy. The real power

lay with Mussolini. Many people welcomed fascism even if it meant a loss of

freedom because Mussolini had brought new prosperity and order to Italy.

Mussolini believed in the power of the state. Individuals were not important Mussolini wrote.

B. Nazi Germany

B. Adolf Hitler used Germans disappointment in the outcome of World War 1 and economic hard times to take control of Germany.

B. Nazi Germany

The Weimar Republic In February 1919,the German national assembly met at

Weimar to set up a new democratic government known as the Weimar Republic.

From the start the Weimar republic was weakened by serious economic problems. Germanys economy was in ruins.

The inflation shattered the publics confidence in its government. As more money came into use it became less valuable.

B. Nazi Germany

Hitler Takes Control Adolf Hitler was born in an Austrian town near the

German border. When World war I started. Like Lenin and Mussolini ,Hitler hated democracy.

Although he disliked the communists he admired some of their methods.

In the German national election of 1932, the Nazi party received more votes than any other party.

B. Nazi Germany

The Third Reich In the 1933, Hitler announced the formation of what he

called the Third Reich. The German work Reich means “Empire.”

Hitler sought to give new life to the economy. New public works and military spending helped create new jobs.

Terror was Hitler’s instrument of control. Hitler built up a secret police. He also began attacking Jewish people.

B. Nazi Germany

Fascism, Communism, and Totalitarianism Communists and fascists Claimed to be enemies. In

reality. However they were similar. Mussolini had built a strong totalitarian state in Italy. It

soon became a model for others, including Stalin an Hitler, who worked to increase state control over the population.

All government used propaganda kind secret police to control the people and crush opposition. All used schools to instruct children.