name: ________________________________________________ per€¦ · web viewunit 5: u.s. growing...

Student Name: __________________________________________________

Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I Guided Notes

Introduction

Antebellum is Latin for “_____________________________________” and refers to the “stuff” that happened before the Civil War.It is usually dated from after the American Revolution (1775-1783) and before the Civil War.Antebellum America: __________________.The Civil War lasted 1861-1865.Casualties totaled ________________________.More than all of the earlier wars combined; is the deadliest war the U.S. has ever fought.And it started over _______________________.Or did it?

H-BOMB – Topic: The Civil War started over slavery.

FALSE!

While it is true that the issue of slavery caused problems in the U.S., it was NOT the immediate cause of the Civil War.

So what was?

The issue of states’ rights was the immediate cause.

Can a state leave (secede) if it no longer wants to be a part of the U.S?

NO!

But, it took 4 years and 1.1 million casualties to settle the secession issue. There are 10 more reasons OTHER than slavery that caused the Civil War.

Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

Ironically, the seeds of _________________________ were planted by the very men who helped create the country.

The fabric of the Union tore with the formation of theConfederacy, but states’ rights and secession were farfrom just Civil War issues.

These issues embedded themselves into the minds of the public and flared up numerous times prior to 1861.

Without a doubt, America was already fighting its “Civil War”long before blood was shed at the First Battle of

____________________.

10 Causes Other Than Slavery

1. __________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________

6. __________________________________________________________

7. __________________________________________________________

8. __________________________________________________________

9. __________________________________________________________


10. __________________________________________________________Cause #1 – Political Parties

Framers of Constitution made no provision for political parties.

Why didn’t the Founding Fathers want political parties?

Believed parties were a source of ____________________________ and harmed the freedom of people to judge issues on their own merits.

____________________________ argued against having “factions” since they might seize the government.

President _____________________________________ included in his Cabinet men of diverse political philosophies.

Before he left, he told us NOT to form _________________________

and to stay out of _________________________________.

However, this didn’t last long.

Within a short time, 2 informal parties did develop.

1. __________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________(also called: Republicans or Jeffersonian Republicans)

Within Washington’s Cabinet, Sec. of the Treasury Alexander

_________________ and Vice President John _____________were Federalists.

Sec. of State Thomas _____________________________ and James

___________________ were Democratic-Republicans.

What did they each stand for?


Federalists:

No longer around today. Favored active Fed Govt. Wanted National Treasury to play role in nation’s

economic life. Pro-British policy. Support from merchants, manufacturers, North.

Democratic-Republicans:

Are today’s Democrats. Favored limited Fed Govt. Wanted little interference by Govt. in nation’s

economic life. Pro-French policy. Support from farmers, artisans, South.

It becomes clear that U.S. just inadvertently divided itself along

sectional lines… Federalists in _____________;

Dem-Republicans in _____________. Does “North vs. South” sound familiar?

Both parties were well aware of _____________________________, which is amount U.S. Govt. (not states) owes.

National debt grows when govt. spends more $ than it takes in via taxes.

U.S. has had National Debt since its inception.

Debts incurred by states during American Revolution wererolled into first National Debt… in amount of $75,463,476.52 on 1/1/1791.

Debt has only ever reached $ ______ ONCE… in 1834 when

_________________________________________ was President.


During Civil War, Debt jumped from $ ______ million in 1860 to

$ ______billion in 1865.World War II jumped Debt from $ ______ billion in 1940 to

$ ______ billion in 1945.Debt hit $ ______ trillion in 1980.

What is Debt now?

The National Debt currently stands at $ ______ trillion.

Increases $ ______ billion per day.

That’s $ ______________every second.

www.brillig.com/debt_clockClick on “refresh” button to see Debt increase!

The current U.S. population is _____________________________.

This means each U.S. citizen owes $ ________________________.

$ _______ billion is in circulation.

This means National Debt is over _______ times larger than all of the U.S. dollars in circulation.

If all of Debt had to be paid at once, and U.S. Govt. had toprint money to pay it down to $0…

… then all of money we have would be worth _______ timesless.

This is called “_______________________________”.

So, if you had $270,000 before, with hyper-inflation, it would be worth only $18,000.

How much is a trillion?

It’s number “1” followed by 12 zeros… 1,000,000,000,000.

If you spent $1 million/day for 1 million days = $1 trillion.

One million days is ___________ years.

In order to spend $1 trillion in average American life span of 77 Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

years, you’d have to spend $ _______________________every day…

…from _____________.

Challenge………….accepted.Cause #2 – John Adams

In 1796, George Washington refused to run for a _________ term.

In doing so, he established an ___________________ rule that no one serves more than two terms…

…until ________ was elected 4 times; 22nd Amendment fixedthat.

2 new political parties jumped at chance to win election.

VP John Adams and Thomas Pinckney ran for Federalists.

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for Dem-Republicans.

Election of 1796 exposed flaws in ____________________________.

But First… What’s the Electoral College?

Electoral College

Electoral College was created by Founding Fathers as acompromise for elections.

Founding Fathers believed an election based only on the

popular vote was “_____________________”.

But, they didn’t want Congress to select the President.

Their compromise was to set up an Electoral College system

that allowed voters to vote for ___________________…who would then cast their votes for candidates.

In order to become President, candidate must win majority

(one more than half) of ___________________________.


As of 2010 Census, there are ________ Electors. If candidate

gets ________ votes, s/he wins.

# of Electoral votes given to each state is equal to # of itsSenators added together with # of its Representatives(which is based on state’s population).

Ohio = ________ Electoral Votes

+ ________ Senators

+ ________ Reps

= ________ Total EVs

MOST = ________ EVs (California)

LEAST = ________ EVs (Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota,South Dakota, Alaska, Vermont, Delaware, and DC)

Thus, electing a U.S. President is _____________________.

When you vote for President, you actually do NOT cast yourvote directly for the President.

When you vote, you’re actually choosing Electors in ElectoralCollege for your state.

There are different “sets” of Electors in each state, chosen by political parties.

Both Republican and Democratic Parties have _______ Electors

chosen for Ohio since it’s “worth” _______ Electoral votes.

So... if Republican candidate wins Ohio by receiving more

popular votes, then Republican Party sends its _______Electors to cast their Electoral votes in Columbus at theselected time.

Democrat’s _______ Electors are not sent.

Who can be an “Elector”?


No Federal employees, including Congressmen, can serve asElectors.

Electors may be state officials, party leaders, or people whohave a personal affiliation with a candidate.

With adoption of ________ Am., D.C. is treated as a state forpurposes of Electoral Votes… but it cannot choose moreElectors than the least populous state (currently 3).

EC Electors rarely vote for a candidate they are not pledged

to; “_______________________________”.

In many states, the Electors are legally free to cast their votes for anyone they choose.

So… even if 100% of the people in Ohio voted for Hartnell, the Elector could cast the Electoral votes for Candidate X.

Each state’s Electors meet in their state capitals to cast theirElectoral votes in December, 41 days following theElection.

EC never meets as one body.

EVs are sealed and sent to Vice President, who keeps themuntil new Congress convenes in January.

At that time, votes are opened and counted in presence ofboth houses of Congress.

This is just a ___________________. It is already known who won the Election on Election Night.

Is it possible for the winner of most Electoral Votes to NOT win most Popular Votes?

This has happened 4 times.

1824 (J.Q. Adams); 1876 (Hayes); 1888 (B. Harrison); 2000 (Bush).

Think of Presidential Election like World Series…

WS: Must win ______ of ______ games.

PE: Must win _________ of _________ EVs.


# __________ scored is like # of PVs.Dr. Hartnell’s Dream World SeriesDetroit Tigers vs. Atlanta Braves

Game #1: Tigers 3, Braves 2 (Tigers lead 1-0)Game #2: Tigers 5, Braves 0 (Tigers lead 2-0)Game #3: Braves 10, Tigers 2 (Tigers lead 2-1)Game #4: Braves 8, Tigers 4 (Series tied 2-2)Game #5: Braves 22, Tigers 1 (Braves lead 3-2)Game #6: Tigers 4, Braves 3 (Series tied 3-3)Game #7: Tigers 2, Braves 1 (Tigers win 4-3)

Tigers win WS because they won more GAMES than Braves

(_________).

BUT… the Braves scored more RUNS than the Tigers (_________).

STILL… the Tigers are champs because the World Series is based

on ______________, NOT ______________.

The 2000 Presidential ElectionGeorge W. Bush vs. Al Gore

Bush won in 2000 because he won more EVs than Gore

(________________).

But… Gore won more PVs than Bush (got ____________________ more votes).


Still… Bush is champ because the Election is based on

________________ Votes, NOT ________________ Votes.

In cases where no candidate wins majority of Electoral votes(270), decision is thrown to House of Representatives by

virtue of _______ Amendment.

In this case, top 3 EV getters are candidates for House to pick from.House votes by state to decide… one vote per state; need

________ votes to win. The vote is repeated until someone wins.

This has happened 2 times:

1800 (Jefferson); 1824 (J.Q. Adams).

Got All That? Back to John Adams…

Election of 1796:

_______________________ = 71 Electoral Votes

_______________________ = 68 Electoral Votes

_______________________ = 59 Electoral Votes

_______________________ = 30 Electoral Votes

Adams became President while Jefferson became VP.

Adams soon found that following George Washington asPresident…

…sucked.


Everyone compared everything he did to what Washington did.

So Adams decided to get rid of those who didn’t like him.

In 1798, Adams pushed through Congress restrictive laws called

_______________ and _____________________ Acts.

It was made up of 4 parts:

1. ______________________________________________________:

Postponed citizenship (and thus voting rights) until immigrants had lived 14 years (rather than 5) in the U.S. This harmed the Dem.-Reps. because recent arrivals from Europe voted for them.

2. ______________________________________________________:

Allowed the U.S. to imprison or deport aliens (foreigners)suspected of activities posing a threat to the FederalGovernment.

3. ______________________________________________________:

Allowed the U.S. to detain any foreigner during wartime(i.e. if the U.S. was fighting China, then it could,

without question, arrest anyone living in U.S. who was Chinese).

4. ______________________________________________________:

Made it a Federal crime punishable by a $5,000 fine and 5years in prison for speaking maliciously about the U.S.Government, Congress, and/or the President.

Alien and Sedition Acts provoked Vice President ThomasJefferson and James Madison to secretly write 2 veryimportant documents:

___________________________________________ (Jefferson)

___________________________________________ (Madison)

The Kentucky Resolutions by Jefferson argued that the U.S.

Government was formed by a ________________ among


the _______________, and that the Federal powers werelimited to those given to it in the Constitution.

In addition, members of compact (the states) shoulddetermine validity of laws passed by U.S. Government.

It said that states also have right to _______________ any lawthey do not like.The Virginia Resolutions by Madison also said states had right to

_____________________ with any alleged unconstitutionalexercise of power by U.S. Government.

The resolutions introduced concept of ______________________… the right of a state to void a law it felt was unconstitutional.

These resolutions showed U.S. was what it had been under the Articles of Confederation… a loose confederation ofstates.

U.S. was starting to ________________.

Cause #3 – Louisiana Purchase

The Election of ________ would be a disputed one.

Jefferson and Aaron Burr (both Democratic-Republicans)

ended up _________ with 73 Electoral votes each whileJohn Adams earned 65 votes.

Remember… In case of a tie, House of Representatives decides who wins by having each states cast a vote.

In a vote by the 16 states…

Jefferson = _______ states

Burr = _______ states

2 did not cast a vote

Jefferson became 3rd President while Burr became VP.


Alexander Hamilton, who hated Burr, helped convince statesto change their vote to Jefferson. Burr never forgot…

…and killed Hamilton in a duel on July 11, 1804 … WHILE Vice President!

Jefferson’s election in 1800 is called “________________________”.

Federalists lost control of __________________________ and

______________________.

Jefferson encouraged democratic behavior; his guests

_________________________ with him rather than bowing,as had been the Federalist practice.

Guests at state dinners were seated at ________________ tables, which emphasized a sense of equality.

Federalists feared the worst. (Some worried that Jefferson, agreat admirer of the French, would set up a

____________________ on Capitol Hill.)

____________________________ was his biggest accomplishment.

But, it was very controversial.

The territory of Louisiana was claimed by _______________ in1682.

Louisiana was of concern because it bordered the

_________________________________________; vital to trade.

In 1762, France ceded Louisiana to ______________, which wastoo weak to be a threat to U.S.

In 1800, rumors spread that Spain was about to cede Louisiana back to France.


Relations between U.S. and France were unfriendly; France

could cut off shipping at ______________________________.

There was, said Jefferson, “one single spot” on the globe, “the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market.”

Jefferson sent James Monroe to ask __________________________ if he’d sell New Orleans.

Napoleon, instead, offered to sell all of Louisiana.

Napoleon needed $ to fight _______________ during Napoleonic War… Jefferson jumped on the deal.

In 1803, Napoleon sold it for $ ________ million. (That’s $190million in today’s market.)

U.S. got 530 million acres… at a cost of only $ ________ an acre.

It _____________________ the size of the U.S.

But not everyone was happy with Jefferson’s little purchase.

Federalists in the ____________________________ states saw this

move as allowing for the _____________________ states to grow in power further down the road.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

They were worried that the addition of this vast territory in the

__________ would harm their commerce and drain the

population of the __________ (key for representation inthe House).Along with the argument that the ____________________________ did not grant such authority to either Congress or the President to acquire territory, these views were enough for Federalists to feel they should…

…secede.

In 1804, Timothy Pickering, a Massachusetts Congressman,urged the secession of New England and New York.

______________________ and ____________________________ werealso asked to join this new “country”.

In the Senate, a Federalist declared, “Admit this western weight into the Union and you destroy at once the weight and importance of the eastern states, and compel them to establish a separate independent empire.”

In the House, Josiah Quincy argued that while a state did nothave a Constitutional right to secede for its OWNinterests, it could terminate its attachment if there was a

violation of the “_____________________________________”.

But, because the “big-wig” Federalist Alexander Hamiltondidn’t buy into secession, the idea fizzled out.

(However, remember that Hamilton is later killed in 1804.)

But the idea of _______________________ was now out there…

Cause #4 – The War of 1812

Despite controversy over Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson waseasily re-elected in 1804, defeating Federalist’s CharlesPinckney 162-14.

To help U.S. stay out of Napoleonic Wars, ___________________Act prohibited trade with any European port; backfired.


Jefferson was offered a chance to run for a 3rd term in 1808.Unwilling to see Presidency become “an inheritance”, hedeclined.

Dem-Reps chose ______________________________, who went on to win easily over Federalist’s Charles Pinckney 122-47.

Madison (5’4”, 99lbs) inherited problems with Britain/France.

U.S. entered _______________________ (1812-1815) against Britain,

known then as ______________________________ War, todefend its sovereignty, its western settlements, and itsmaritime rights…

…but it was not prepared.

Madison requested declaration of war to protect Americanships on high seas and to stop British from

______________________ (seizing) U.S. sailors.

U.S. ships were being stopped and searched by both Britainand France, who were fighting each other in Europe.

But remember… Madison was Democratic-Republican, who

were Pro-__________________ in their foreign policy.

President Madison also wanted to prevent Britain from forming alliances with Native Americans.

Because British soldiers still inhabited many forts along thewestern front, Madison declared their presence to be

violation of Article VII from Second Treaty of ____________.

Madison influenced mostly by Americans in the West and South

(called “_________________________”).

“War Hawks” hoped to expand U.S. by seizing control of both Canada and Florida; this would be easier to do during a war.


Critics called War of 1812 “__________________________________”, but others saw it as “second war of independence”; an opportunity to defend freedom against King George III… again.

U.S. missed going to war with France instead by _______ vote, much to dismay of Federalists.

The results of the vote for war showed how divided andsectionalized the country was.

HOR… ________________ vote for war.

Senate… ________________ vote for war.

__________ opposed war.

__________ was for war.

South/Middle was divided.

All Congressmen in favor of war were Dem-Republicans.

All ______ Federalists and ______ Dem-Republicans opposed it.

As it was stated: “We enter upon this war... as a dividedpeople.”

Election of 1812, war was “hot” issue; election results showed.

New York and all New England states (except VT) voted forDeWitt Clinton, the anti-war Federalist candidate.

This was where Federalists would disgrace themselves, as all of the New England legislatures (except VT and NJ) refused military aid for the war… and instead held the

_________________________________________________ in CT.

This move would kill off Federalist Party.

In late 1813…

…trade in the North was in shambles.…the National Treasury was bankrupt.…the war was stalemated.


In 1814…

…the British blockaded the Atlantic Coast.…the British were winning their war with Napoleon.…the British burned the Capitol and the White House.

New England wanted the War of 1812 ended…

…NOW!

Thomas Pickering, who pushed for secession after LouisianaPurchase, suggested it again.

Massachusetts legislature agreed and suggested that a

convention be held to discuss ____________________ from the Union.

From December 15, 1814 until January 15, 1815, selecteddelegates met in Hartford, Connecticut.

When Hartford Convention adjourned, a report was issued. The language was copied from the Virginia Resolution (ironic, since Madison wrote it in 1798) and called for 7Amendments to Constitution, to be sent to D.C. in Feb.1815.

The 7 Amendments were:

1. Representation and direct taxes should be based on free

persons; thus throwing out _____________________________ Compromise.

2. No new states to be admitted without a two-third vote from both Houses of Congress.

3. An end to all embargoes exceeding 60 days (in reference to Jefferson’s Embargo Act) and no foreign intercoursewithout two-thirds vote from both Houses of Congress.

4. No declaration of war without a two-thirds vote from bothHouses of Congress.

5. No ____________________________ citizens can hold civil office (meaning no one who was an immigrant and became aU.S. citizen).

6. Single term for President.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

7. No successive Presidents from __________________ (Federalists complained too many Presidents were from Virginia).

If Federal Government does not accept new amendments,Convention will meet again in June 1815 to secede.

Andrew Jackson’s victory at ___________________________ along

with treaty signed in ______________, Belgium made talkof secession look treasonous and idiotic.

However… had Jackson lost, or had peace negotiationsflopped, overthrow of U.S. Government and creation of

_________________________________________ (and ironically allied with Britain) would have been unstoppable.

No man associated with Convention is elected again.

Cause #5 – Tariffs

With Federalist Party committing political suicide at HartfordConvention, U.S. enters

“_________________________________________” (1815-1824)where only one political party dominates until Whig Party forms in 1824.

_________________________________… a Democratic-Republicanfrom Virginia… beats last Federalist candidate.

U.S. buys _______________ from Spain by agreeing not to collect $5 million it was owed and by giving up its claim to

____________; U.S. also fixed its boundaries.

____________________________________ tells Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere in exchange U.S. stays out of their Hemisphere.

Monroe wins re-election in 1820, taking EV _______________; the lone vote used to preserve George Washington’s record of only unanimously elected President.


A ________________ is a tax on an imported product.

They are often called ________________.

They are used to drive cost up on foreign products so people buydomestic.

First U.S. tariff was passed in 1816 by Congress.

Done in response to recession in Europe that led Britain to offer goods in U.S. at prices American manufacturers could not match.

It was increased in 1824 and again in 1828 by 6th U.S. President John Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams.

The tariff was intended to protect industries in ____________ from foreign competition by causing prices of Europeanproducts to increase.

But South was hurt since it needed those imports to produce

________________.

Faced with a smaller market for goods in U.S., British responded

to tariff by ___________________ their imports of cotton,which affected South.

The tariff cost J.Q. Adams his re-election to

___________________________ of Democratic Party in 1828.

President Jackson was forced to deal with an angry

___________________________.

In 1832, Congress passed another tariff that South Carolinadeemed as oppressive as 1828 Tariff under JQ.

So they _________________ 1828 and 1832 Tariffs.

South Carolina then threatened to __________________ if U.S.Government tried to collect tariff duties.

Jackson favored ___________________________________. But, in astruggle that placed the interests of a state above thoseof the Union…Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

…he supported the ______________.

SC feared if tariffs on imported goods were allowed, it would

infringe on their laws regarding _________________. (There were more slaves than free people in SC.)

Jackson’s Vice President, ____________________________________(who was from South Carolina), was not a fan of thesetariffs.

Calhoun would not run as Jackson’s VP in 1832 because of this.

In that election, South Carolina’s electors gave all 11 Electoral votes to John Floyd, a states’ rights candidate from South Carolina.

In response to SC’s threat, Jackson privately swore to

“____________________________________”.

He decided to send 8 ships and Federal troops to SC in animpressive show of force.

Congress passed a “_______________________” authorizingPresident to take whatever actions deemed fit.

Bill gave Jackson authority to close ports/harbors at his will.

Force Bill is first piece of legislation to deny the right of

__________________ to individual states.

Nullification is not mentioned in U.S. Constitution… but neither is it precluded.

Thus, it could be argued that the right to secede is retained in

______ and ______ Amendments.

Congress passed the ________________________________ Tariff,which cut import taxes gradually over 10 years until theymatched those from 1816.


Nullification leaders in SC had expected the support of otherSouthern states, but rest of South declared SC “unwise”and “unconstitutional”.

Eventually, SC backed down.

But as a last defiant gesture, SC accepted the tariff…

but _____________________ Force Bill.

Both sides claimed victory in this “Secession Crisis”…

…Jackson had committed the Federal Government to the

principle of ________________ supremacy.

…SC demonstrated that a single ____________ could force itswill on Congress.

Although none of the South backed the state of SC, manySoutherners declared their sympathies to be with the people of SC… which began South’s distrust of the North.

It was obvious that the South (rather than the North) would be taking secession charge from this point on.

Cause #6 – Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny is belief that America had ___________________ right to expand from East Coast to West Coast.

And if you were Indian or Mexican, you were ______________…

or ______________… or preferably both.

In 1830, President Jackson signed ____________________________.

In 1834, the Indian Territory (now ______________________) was created as a permanent homeland for Indians living inEast.

U.S. soldiers were sent to ____________________ lands where they emoved at gunpoint 17,000 Cherokees and forced them to migrate 1,200 miles west.

Over 4,000 Cherokees died during this “_____________________”.


By end of Jackson’s Presidency, over 45,000 Indians had been “moved”.

100 million acres of Indian land was bought for $68 million.In return, Indians received 32 million acres… in the West.Next issue involving Manifest Destiny occurred over territory

controlled by __________________… ______________.

Animosity between Mexico and American settlers in Texasbegan in 1835.

___________________________________________ (1835-1836) is best

remembered for Battle of the _______________ in 1836.

Texan fort where 183 (including Davy Crockett) were killed but at cost of 600 Mexicans killed.

_____________________________ led Mexico.

War ended at San Jacinto when Sam Houston led Texans

(“________________________________________”) to victory… in 18 minutes; Santa Anna was captured.

War resulted in creation of new country: Republic of __________.

Texas Republic was never ________________________ by Mexico.

But it was ________________________ by U.S. in 1845.

Next year, U.S. and Mexico went to war over Texas’

_______________.

Prior to Texas’ independence, _________________ River was seen as northern boundary of Mexico.

_____________ had fixed Nueces as border in 1816, and U.S.ratified it in 1819 treaty in which U.S. had purchased

Florida and _____________________ claims to Texas.


However, when Texas was freed, it claimed an additional 150

miles of land south to _____________________ as its territory.

With annexation of Texas, U.S. adopted Texas’ positionconcerning “disputed zone” despite having surrenderedits right to do so in the treaty with Spain in 1819.Mexico refused to recognize both Texas annexation and RíoGrande border because it had granted Texas itsfreedom only on condition that Texas would not attachjoin another country.

It came down to President _____________________, a Democrat, to make the next move.

Polk, who was elected because of his Manifest Destiny beliefs, sent diplomat John Slidell to settle boundary dispute and

purchase New Mexico and ____________________ for up

to $ _______ million.

Having already seen its treaty with Texas violated, Mexico

_______________ to deal with Slidell.

Slidell left angrily, convinced Mexico should be “chastised”. His report angered Polk.

Rule #1: Don’t piss off the U.S.

In 1846, Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the disputed area between the Río Grande and the Nueces.

On April 25th, Mexican force crossed Río Grande and attacked U.S. patrol.

5 KIA, 11 WIA, 47 captured.

On May 11th, Polk demanded declaration of war, saying: “Mexico … has invaded our territory and shed American

____________ upon America’s ___________.”

On May 13th, Congress declared war; 40-2 in Senate, 174-14 in Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

HOR; starts ____________________________________________ (1846-1848).

Not everyone was thrilled over this rush to war.

Ohio Senator Tom Corwin accused Polk of involving the U.S. in

a war of _______________________.General Ulysses S. Grant said, “This war is one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation.”

Author ____________________________________________ refused to pay his $1.00 taxes because he believed war was anadvancement of slavery.

As a result, he spent a night in jail. Thoreau clarified his actions in his essay Civil Disobedience. In this, he discussed

_____________________________________, a method ofprotest later adopted by Indian leader Gandhi and by Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

Former President J.Q. Adams described war as southernexpedition to find “bigger pens to cram with slaves”.

Sectional and political issues over Mexican-American War were again apparent.

M-A War outraged many New Englanders and ____________.

In New England, those who wanted immediate end to slavery,

called ___________________________, viewed the war as aconspiracy to increase slave territory.

MA called war unconstitutional since it was initiated by Polk to “extend slavery, strengthen slave power, and of obtaincontrol of the free states”.

On December 22, 1847, a Whig Representative from Illinois

named ________________________ introduced his

“________________________________” to Congress.


In it, he asked whether American blood had really been shedon American soil.

Lincoln saw M-A War as “unconstitutionally begun by Polk”.

But his stance caused an uproar in Illinois where most votersapproved of the war.

He was denounced as a traitor and referred to as “SpottyLincoln”.As for the war itself, it was over before it really began.

Mexico recalled the now one-legged _______________________to lead… AGAIN.

Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott captured MexicoCity in September 1847 and ended Mexican resistance.

Despite fighting being over in a few months, Treaty of

_______________________________________________________didn’t end war until February 1848.

Under peace terms, ________________________________ was fixed as Texas border.

U.S. got following: ________, ________, ________, ________,

________, ________, and ________.

Many wanted to annex ______ of Mexico, but Polk refused.

M-A War served as “__________________” war for Civil Wargenerals.

Future generals like: P.G.T. Beauregard, George McClellan,

James Longstreet, and ________________________________.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

Most importantly, M-A War completed the dream of Manifest

Destiny; U.S. now stretched from _______________________.

But, as these territories became states, the debate raged over

whether they’d be ______________ or ______________.Cause #7 – Compromising

U.S. is one big compromise.

The fact that U.S. has a Senate and a House of Reps was result

of compromise between ______________ and

______________ states.

_________________________ Compromise was used to settle issue of counting slaves toward population and taxation.

Compromise is a temporary fix. No one gets what they want, so there are still bad feelings.

As U.S. continued to spread west, issue of whether or not new

states would allow ________________ became seriousissue… one that divided country and Congress.

When President _________________________ was in office, slavery was becoming a national issue.

Many Northern states had outlawed it, but in the South it was

the ________________________ of the social and economicorder.

When Monroe took office, the states were equally dividedbetween “slave” and “free”.

Although North had majority in H.O.R. (because it had a bigger population), seats in the Senate were evenly divided.


Thus, the South at least had a veto power over any bill itconsidered dangerous to itself.

In 1818, territory of ___________________ sought admission to

Union and _______________ followed in 1819.

Maine wanted to be a _____________ state, and Missouri

wanted to be a _____________ state.

North objected to Missouri being slave because it would set a precedent for formation of slave states out of

________________________________________________.

But, South would not agree to any restriction on slavery inMissouri.

This disagreement prompted one of bitterest debates inCongressional history.

Monroe, himself a Southerner and a slaveholder, wrote a letter to Jefferson, saying: “I have never known a question somenacing to the tranquility and even the continuanceof our Union as the present one.”

Despite his sympathies with the South, Monroe took no sides.

His great concern was to protect Union, and he knew thatmajority of states would be on side of non-slaveholdingstates.

__________________________________________ (or Compromise of1820) was end result.

It admitted Maine as a free state; Missouri as a slave state.

It also drew an imaginary line.

President Polk accomplished everything he said he wouldwhen he was elected, so he chose not to run again in 1848.

________________________________________, hero of the Mexican-


American War and a _________, won the Election of 1848.

In January 1848, James Marshall, a merchant from NJ building

a sawmill in San Francisco, discovered ____________.

In 1849, some 100,000 people flocked west in

“___________________________________________________”.

These forty-niners decided that California should ban slavery.When California petitioned for statehood, it set off a 9-monthdebate in Congress.

Southerners wanted to divide California into 2: 1 slave/1 free.

Taylor saw a simple solution. Because California wantedstatehood, it should get it. If the people of California wanted to prohibit slavery, then they (and not Congress) had the right to make that decision.

After 4 states threatened secession, __________________________ (who did the Missouri Compromise) proposed another compromise.

It went to President Taylor to be signed into law, but there was just one problem…

…___________________________________________________ in 1850, just 16 months after being elected.

VP _______________________________________ became President

and approved the ____________________________________.

The Compromise said…

1. California is a _________________________.

2. ___________________________ and ____________ are set up with no slavery restrictions.

3. __________, also unrestricted to slavery, has its boundaries set.


4. The slave trade (but NOT slavery) is abolished in _________.

5. A new ________________________________________ is passed to further assist slave-owners recover escaped slaves and impose heavy fines on those trying to help slaves escape. Only an affidavit is needed to prove “ownership” of a slave.

In 1852, _______________________________________ (a Democrat) becomes President.

Whig Party begins to fade out.

In 1854, plans for a ___________________________________ railroad bring up the issue of slavery again.

_______________________________________, a senator from Illinois, proposes that the railroad run through Chicago.

However, this would send road through the unorganizedterritories of the Great Plains.

Douglas proposes ________________________________________.

Act created 2 new territories: Kansas & Nebraska.

Both territories lay __________ of the Missouri Compromise line.

To win ______________________ support (Douglas wanted to run for president in 1856), he proposes scrapping MO

Compromise in favor of popular _______________________.

K-N Act passes and MO Compromise ____________________.

K-N Act kills Democratic Party in North.

1854: Anti-slavery northerners, using opposition to K-N Act,

create ___________________________ Party (same one that exists today) in Ripon, Wisconsin.

Back to Kansas…


Under popular sovereignty, people could vote on whether ornot territory became free; When it came time for Kansasto vote, problems ensued.

Northerners ________ the way for anti-slavery settlers to move to Kansas.

Soon, pro-slavery Missourians, called

“____________________________”, move to Kansas just forthe day of the vote, stuffing ballot boxes.

In an illegal election (only _________ of those who vote actually live in Kansas), Kansas becomes a __________ state, for now…Anti-slavery forces set up their own free-state government inTopeka, Kansas.

Overnight, Kansas becomes both a free AND a slave state.

President Pierce denounces free-state government, giving pro slavery forces justification to go on the attack.

May 21, 1856: Small anti-slavery town of Lawrence is invaded by pro-slave forces.

A hotel is burned; homes are ransacked.

May 24, 1856: _______________________, an abolitionist, leadsanti-slavery mob (took 4 of his 22 kids) into PottawatomieCreek…

…drags 5 pro-slavery men from their homes...

…and _______________________________________________.

October: Fighting continues as both sides raid each other; 200

die in “_________________________________”.

Confrontations spill over into ______________________.

Abolitionist Charles Sumner delivers a speech accusing several pro-slavery Senators of being part of the problem.

In retaliation, Preston Brooks attacks Sumner at his desk andbeats him senseless…Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

…with his ________.

Kansas continues to draw up new state constitutions, somefree, some slave.

Not until 1861, when South has already formed, that Kansas

enters as a _________ state.

Side note… Confederate flag had _____ stars for its 13

members; only _____ states joined.

Cause #8 – Incompetence

Let’s recap…

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) =________________

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) =________________

William Henry Harrison (1841) =________________

John Tyler (1841-1845) =________________

James Polk (1845-1849) =________________

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) =________________

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) =________________

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) =________________

James Buchanan (1857-1861) =________________


In 1856, James Buchanan is picked over Franklin Pierce byDemocrats to run for President.

Republicans, in their first Presidential Election, run

__________________________________ as their candidate.

South threatens _____________________ if Frémont is elected,bringing preservation of Union to mind.

Their threats (which scare many) carry weight… Buchanan wins election.

Buchanan proves to be worthless and indecisive.

________________________________ would bring issue of slavery to forefront… again.

Dred Scott was born in Virginia around 1800.

Scott migrates westward with his master Peter Blow to Alabama and then to Missouri.

1832: Peter dies.

Scott is purchased by Dr. John Emerson, a surgeon in Army.

Emerson and Scott spend several years at a number of posts,

including 4 years in _______________ and _______________.

1843: Emerson dies; with help of sympathetic lawyer, Scott

_________ for freedom from Emerson’s wife.

Scott claims that because he had lived in territories where

slavery is illegal, he is ___________.

1850: ___________________ county court sets Scott free.

1852: ___________________ Supreme Court overturns decision.

Case goes to ________ Supreme Court.

Chief Justice ________________________ (former slave-owner and states’-rights advocate) has to answer 2 questions:Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

1. Is Dred Scott still a slave?

2. Are blacks citizens?

Taney has a chance to END slavery in the U.S. - and save thelives of 1.1 million soldiers.

1857: In a ___________ vote, U.S. Supreme Court rules that

Scott is still a ______________.

Taney rules:

1. Free or slave, blacks are not citizens and can never become citizens; therefore, Scott could not sue for his freedom in the first place. “Negroes are so inferior that they have no rights which a white man is bound to respect.”

2. Scott had never ceased being a slave, and therefore is not a citizen, but rather the property of his owner, “no different from a mule or a horse.”

3. Because slaves are property, and property is protected bythe 5th Amendment, Congress has no right to deprivecitizens of their property (i.e. slaves). Only a state canprohibit slavery, NOT the U.S. as a whole.

Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, and Compromise of 1850 (all put restrictions on slavery) are declared

__________________________________.

Slavery is now permitted in _______ territories.

Ruling strengthens Republicans politically/morally.

What ever happened to Dred Scott?

Peter Blow’s sons, childhood friends of Scott, help pay Scott’s legal fees. Peter’s sons purchase Scott, his wife, and his children, and set them free. Dred Scott dies 9 months later on February 17, 1858.


Cause #9 – Abolitionists

An abolitionist was someone who wanted to end ____________.

3 key abolitionists:

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes

______________________________________, a novel aboutslave named Eliza and her fight for freedom.

Novel becomes instant success and weapon for abolitionists.

Frederick Douglass, son of white man and black slave, wasborn in Maryland.

He never knew his father and was separated from his mother when very young.

He lived with his grandmother on a plantation until 8, when he was sent to Hugh Auld.

The wife of Auld defied state law by teaching him to read.

When Hugh Auld died in 1833, Frederick was returned to hisMaryland plantation.

In 1838, he escaped to NYC and became an agent for theAmerican Anti-Slavery Society.

In 1845, he published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

During Civil War, he persuaded Lincoln to use former slaves in Union Army.

This was achieved by _______ Regiment from Massachusetts.

1859: Debates, anti-slavery novels, Congress, and the Supreme Court… they all failed to get rid of slavery.


Some said action was needed.

The man shouting the loudest was _____________________.

After Pottawattamie Massacre, Brown goes into hiding but has a plan…

…march south, arm the slaves, establish ______________________ in the Appalachians to wage war against the slaveholding South.

President Buchanan puts a $ _____ reward on Brown’s head…

…in return, Brown says he will pay $ _____ for Buchanan’s head.

Frederick Douglass tries to dissuade Brown because he thinks

the target is _________________.

_________________________________ approved and had signedup. She fell sick, however, and didn’t make it.

October 16, 1859: Brown, with 3 of his sons and 15 followers (10 whites, 5 blacks), attack U.S. Federal Arsenal at

___________________, Virginia on Potomac River not farfrom D.C.

They take hostages, including a descendent of Washington.Brown secures arsenal and awaits the expectedthousands of escaping slaves…

…but no slaves show up.

Instead, ___________________________ and U.S. Marines show up.

After 36 hours, Brown and 8 surviving men surrender.


Within 6 weeks, Brown is tried, convicted, and _______________.

Before his execution, Brown says:

“I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will neverbe purged away but with blood.”

John Brown is made a martyr. Henry Thoreau overlooks Brown’s homicidal tendencies and compares him to

_______________________________, writing that Brown’shanging made “the gallows as glorious as the cross”.

The view of Brown in the South is MUCH different.

To them, Brown represents Yankee interference in their life… taken to the extreme.

The more and more the North glorifies Brown, the more and

more the South feels _____________________________…

…and the more and more they consider _____________________.Cause #10 – Abraham Lincoln

After Brown’s attempt to arm all slaves, South is on alert.

The only thing keeping South in the Union is fact they (and the Democrats) control _____________________________… fornow.

In 1858, Republicans decide it was time to start going afterDemocrats across country.

They target Illinois’ Democrat ________________________________, K-N Act guy, in Senate Elections.

Douglas is fighting for his political life and wishes to run forPresident in 1860.

Before he can run do that, he must keep his Senate seat… and Republicans know this!

Republicans pick Whig outcast _____________________________.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

They liked Lincoln’s “style” and speaking abilities after hearing

his “________________________________” speech in 1858.

The speech said…

“A house divided against itself cannot stand…

I believe this government cannot endure, permanently halfslave and half free...

I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect thehouse to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. Itwill become all one thing, or all the other. Either theopponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it,and place it where the public mind shall rest in the beliefthat it is in course of ultimate extinction; or its advocateswill push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in allthe States, old as well as new – North as well as South.”

Lincoln challenges Douglas to 7 debates throughout Illinois.

It became clear Lincoln and Douglas would battle over thequestion of _____________________.

This drew national attention.

The Debate:

_____________________ plan: Make Douglas look like a proslavery, Dred Scott Decision supporter.

_____________________ plan: Make Lincoln look like a ravingabolitionist.

In actuality, both men were not far apart in their views.

Douglas’ stance on slavery:

He blames problems on ________________________ in North and

________________________ in South.


While personally against slavery, he supports popular

______________________.

Lincoln’s stance on slavery:

He believes country must be _________________________________ (House Divided speech).

The threat of slavery’s expansion comes from popularsovereignty.

Lincoln assures South he has no intention of interfering with

slavery in states where it already _____________.

He assures North he is opposed to political and social

_________________ of the races.

Lincoln says:

“I am not nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white andblack races… I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, not to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the races which I believe will for ever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality.”

Lincoln loses Senate election, but it helps him by increasing his

national ___________________.

It convinces Republican Party to run him in the Presidential

Election of __________.

As 1860 opened, South is in an uproar. Thousands are joining military companies.

Rumors of slave __________________________ and abolitionistinvaders spread like wild fire.

Every Yankee is seen as an enemy. Some are tarred andfeathered… some are lynched.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

Election ticket looks like this:

________________ Democrats run Stephen Douglas.

________________ Democrats run John C. Breckinridge.

________________ run Lincoln.

_____________________________________________ runs John Bell.

Southerners, as they had done in the Election of 1856, threaten

________________________ if a northerner, like Lincoln, wins.

We all know how this one shakes down…

Election results make it clear U.S. is no longer willing to

_______________________.Mass hysteria sweeps through South. South believes, Lincoln’s election = their ruin.

Southern radicals see no alternative but to secede.

12/20/1860… ________ goes first. Their reason:

_________________________._________________________________… GONE (1/9/1861)

_________________________________… GONE (1/10/1861)

_________________________________… GONE (1/11/1861)

_________________________________… GONE (1/19/1861)

_________________________________… GONE (1/26/1861)

_________________________________… GONE (2/1/1861)

February 1861: 7 states form Confederate States of America(C.S.A.).

C.S.A.’s first battle flag, the “____________________________” lasts from March 1861 until May 1863.


C.S.A. adopts a Constitution that closely resembles Constitution of U.S.A.

Preamble to U.S. Constitution:We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,

provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and

our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Preamble to C.S.A. Constitution:We the People of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for

the Confederate States of America.

Constitution of the C.S.A. sets up a government in which the

President can only serve ONE _____-year term. No more.No less.

For President, C.S.A. picks ____________________________________ of Mississippi.

Davis calls out to the South:

“Will you be slaves or be independent? Will you consent to be robbed of your property?”

Why is this IRONIC?

To Davis, submission to the North means loss of liberty, property, and honor itself.

South is _________________________ dependent on slaves. Itsagriculture, many feel, will not continue without slaves.

Yet, only __________________ of white families in South ownslaves. Still, others willing to protect homes… and

____________________________.

Lincoln argues that the ____________ must be saved. He isinaugurated in March 1861.


He urges country not to break into civil war.

For 1,000th time, Lincoln ensures South that he will _______interfere with slavery in areas where it already exists.However, he does say that no state can lawfully withdraw fromUnion.

He says, “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not breakour bonds of affection” during his Inaugural Address.

Instead… more states secede.

Virginia… GONE (4/17/1861)Arkansas… GONE (5/6/1861)Tennessee… GONE (5/7/1861)North Carolina… GONE (5/21)

C.S.A. is now 11 states strong.By April, Lincoln faces a crisis concerning U.S.

____________________ in Charleston Harbor in SC.

Lincoln is stuck in “Catch-22”.

If he withdraws U.S. troops, he is ________________________Confederacy.

If he supplies fort, he might incite ________.

Lincoln decides to send supplies to Fort Sumter.

April 12, 1861: At 4:30am, C.S.A. cannons on shore and SC

militia under General ________________________________fire on fort.

For 33 hours fort is shelled.

_________ surrenders April 14th.

Civil War lasts until ___________.


The Civil War (1861-1865)

On paper, only thing South has going for them is home-fieldadvantage… but they have secret advantage.

South drew inspiration from Patriots who defeated Britain inRevolution.

The + and – for both were…


President

Manpower

Finances

Generals

Location & Army

April 15, 1861: Lincoln calls for 75,000 militiamen to volunteer for

_______ days.

Why only 90 days?

That’s how long he predicted “insurrection” would last.

3 months? Okay… England.

April 19, 1861: In Baltimore, crowds sympathetic to South stone

Union troops marching to D.C.; ______ soldiers killed(considered first casualties since those killed at Sumterdied due to cannon misfiring).

Lincoln orders __________________ of Southern ports.

Union strategy was 3-fold:

1. Split South in ________ by sending soldiers from Ohio down to Gulf of Mexico.

2. Take Confederate capital of ______________________, Virginia, which was less than 100 miles from D.C. (From WhiteHouse, Lincoln could see Confederate flags flyingover Arlington, Virginia!)

3. Use U.S. Navy to blockade southern ports to keep cottonfrom being shipped to England;

“_______________________” South.

South’s strategy was 1-fold:Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

1. Fight a ________________________________________ by “living to fight another day”.

Does this sound familiar?

That’s how Patriots turned 6-month war into 8-year Britishnightmare.

Lincoln asks _________________________________, who also fought in the Mexican-American War, to take command of Union forces.Even though he is against slavery himself, Lee cannot fight

against his home state of ________________. His skills are why South hangs on for 4 years.

Key event: __________________________________________________in 1863

Lincoln freed the slaves.

But it was a genius move to keep ______________ from sidingwith the South.

Shifted focus of war from _________________________ to

_________________________.

Battle Comparison

_________________________ = Lexington_________________________ = Bunker Hill_________________________ = Saratoga_________________________ = Yorktown


Reconstruction (1865-1877)

War Between the States, War of Northern Aggression, CivilWar… call it what you want, it shook U.S. from its furthestnorthern city to its southernmost port.Union is preserved… slavery is abolished… but at staggeringcosts.

Total Casualties for the U.S. Civil War

Total Casualties: 1,136,594


U.S.A.

2,213,363

140,414

224,087

281,881

646,382

29% chance

13,466 / month

Category

Total soldiers

KIA

Other deaths

Wounded

Total casualties

Casualty %

Casualties / month

C.S.A.

1,050,000

74,524

188,253

227,435

490,212

47% chance

10,213 / month

How does the Civil War compare to other major U.S. wars?

Name of U.S.War/Conflict

Duration/# Months

SoldiersInvolved KIA

OtherDeaths Wounded

TotalCasualties

Casual.%

Casual.Month

RevolutionaryWar

1775-178380 months 217,000 6,824 18,565 8,445 33,834 15.59% 423

War of 18121812-181530 months 286,730 2,260 17,205 4,505 23,970 8.36% 799

Mexican-American War

1846-184820 months 78,718 1,733 11,550 4,152 17,435 22.15% 872

Civil War 1861-1865 3,263,363 214,938 412,340509,316 1,136,59434.83% 23,679

Spanish-American War

1898-18984 months 306,760 385 2,061 1,662 4,108 1.34% 1,027

World War I 1917-1918

19 months 4,734,991 53,402 63,114 204,002 320,518 6.77% 16,869

World War II1941-194544 months 16,112,566 291,557 113,842 671,846 1,077,245 6.69% 24,483

Korean War 1950-195337 months 5,720,000 33,686 20,560 103,284 157,530 2.75% 4,258

Vietnam War 1964-1973101 months 9,200,000 47,378 10,824 304,704 362,906 10.66% 3,593

Gulf War I1991-19911.5 months 2,322,332 147 235 467 849 0.21% 566

In fighting to defend Union, people accept that ____________

itself is more important than ____________ that compose it – settled secession issue: illegal

Prior to the Civil War, the Federal Government was a relatively

small body with ______________ responsibilities.

New measures were taken during Civil War (like first income-tax law passed in 1861 to help fund war for North), whichcreated larger bureaucracy. This expanded government

begins to play role in _________________________ life of its citizens.

Civil War also stimulated growth of __________________ America (like steel, petroleum, food processing).

South, however, is decimated after war… __________________,

__________________, and even __________________.


Postwar South was worse off than Europe after either of

___________________.

Why is South so bad off?

Majority of war was fought in ________________… and ______ out

of every ______ Southern men had been killed orwounded.

Period of rebuilding South and restoring Southern states to

Union is known as ______________________________.

It lasted from _________________.

Before end of war, Lincoln proposed his

“________________________”.

Lincoln’s plan said that once _____ % of people in a Southern

state had sworn __________________ to Union, they could

draft new state constitution… that had to include ______

Amendment… they could rejoin the Union.

Lincoln’s plan was opposed by __________________, who sawplan as limiting Congressional power, and by

______________ Republicans who saw plan as too lenient.

President Lincoln’s life was cut short by bullet of

______________________________ on April 14, 1865.

After Lincoln’s death, President _______________________________ offered a plan that didn’t require 10% and wasn’t strict.


As Southern states were restored to Union, their white-rungovernments began restricting rights of blacks through

“________________________________”.

Enraged, Congress passes ___________________________ in 1866.

CRA outlaws black codes.

Congress passes _______ Amend.

Giving civil rights to blacks did not please everyone… including President Johnson.

Johnson opposed 14th Amendment, which roused anger ofRadical Republicans.

These radicals passed Reconstruction Act in 1867, which put

South under ______________ rule and demanded thatblacks be given equal rights.

Johnson opposed plan and fired Secretary of War EdwinStanton, a friend of radicals.

Because of this, Congress began proceedings to _____________ Johnson for “obstructing Reconstruction policies”.In May 1868, Senate voted…

…__________ to remove Johnson.

BUT… this was _____ vote short of ___________________ needed for conviction and removal.

Johnson survived but was not nominated to run for President.

_________________________________ became 18th U.S. President.

In 1869, Congress passes ______ Amendment.

13th, 14th, and 15th are called ______________________________Amendments.

In “New South” of 1870s, farming changed; they hired freeblacks (as well as whites), in arrangement called


“________________________”.

Workers farmed for a share of crop, hence the name.

However, many workers had to pay a planter for housing orfood, which left them in debt.

To escape debt, workers often tried ____________ farming,renting land and growing or selling their own crops.

Reconstruction legislatures poured money into rebuilding cities and introducing new industries in South.

Meanwhile, blacks celebrated their new freedom by building

_________________ and _________________ and lookedforward to possibly owning land.

Congress established _______________________________________, which set up schools and gave clothing, meals, etc. to freed slaves.

But many white Southerners responded by attacking blacks.

_______________________________________ (KKK) was organized in Tennessee by 6 Confederate officers.

Name was adapted from Greek word ______________ (“circle”).

They hated “___________________________” (whitebusinessmen/politicians from North) and

“_____________________” (white southern Republicans).

They believed in ______________________ of blacks and resented rise of slaves to political power.

Attired in robes with pointed hoods, KKK terrorized publicofficials and blacks to keep them from voting, holdingoffice, and enjoying life.

They often turned to _____________ when intimidation failed.They are still around today.

Congress responded to KKK by passing Enforcement Actof 1870.

This Act banned use of _____________, _____________, or Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

_____________to prevent people from voting because oftheir race.

By mid-1870s, people had grown tired of Republicans’ concern over Reconstruction.

Big-time __________________ in Grant Administration and

__________________ in Southern Republican legislaturesmade people weary of Reconstruction.

___________________ began to return to power in South, forming

new group of leaders known as “______________________”.

They ____________________ most Federal Reconstruction policies and reversed reforms.In Election of 1876, Democrat ___________________________ won Popular Vote 50-47% and was winning Electoral Vote(but was 1 EV short of majority) when deal was struck. 3 states (_____,_____,_____) still had not rejoined the Union – thus their 19 Electoral Votes didn’t technically count.

Instead of throwing election to H.O.R., ________________________ settled problem.

Democrats allow 3 states to count, which gives Presidency to

Republican _____________________________ (185-184 EV)…

…if Federal troops were _________________ from South.

Agreement (called “________________________”) officially ended Reconstruction in 1877.

This begs the question…

Was Reconstruction following the U.S. Civil War a success?

It was a SUCCESS because…


1. ___________ was restored; ______________________ of the Southbegan.

2. Southern _________________ growth was stimulated.

3. Blacks gained formal rights of citizenship and equal

treatment via __________________________.

4. Many black families obtained housing, jobs, and

___________________.

It was a FAILURE because…

1. Blacks still lacked ________________ and economicopportunity.

2. Southern governments ________________ blacks the right tovote.

3. _________________ attitudes continued in both the North and South.

4. Lasting ____________________ between many Southerners and Federal Government.

The Gilded Age (1877-1893)

The period following Reconstruction was known as “The

_______________________” (1877-1893).

During Gilded Age, America’s __________________________prospered… but beneath this layer of prosperity were

________________ and ____________________… and awhole bunch of ineffective Presidents.

Such as…

#19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)#20. James A. Garfield (1881-1881)#21. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)#22. Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)#23. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

#24. Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)#25. William McKinley (1897-1901)

Term “Gilded Age” was coined by ___________________________.

Name refers to the process of gilding an object with a

superficial layer of _____________ and is meant to makefun of those that flaunted their wealth (and played onterm “Golden Age”).

Twain used term to describe culture of “new rich” (lacking

tradition) and how wealthy became ___________ as theircounterparts in upper-class Europe.

Business owners became rich thanks to ______________ Industrial Revolution (1871-1914).

Things weren’t all bad during Gilded Age; many new

___________ movements took hold in U.S.

Many _____________ abolitionists were disappointed that 15th

Amendment did not extend ___________ rights to them.

__________________________ took up the issue of women’s

________________.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed in order to secure the right of women to vote.

_______ Amendment (ratified in 1920) would do just that.

Many women joined ________________________________________

_______________________________ (WCTU) in an attempt to

bring morality back to America by banning ____________.

_______ Amendment (ratified in 1919) would begin Prohibition;


later repealed by _______ Amendment in 1933.

The end of Gilded Age coincided with the ___________________, a deep depression, which lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the Election of 1896.

This era was followed by ____________________________ that saw continuation of social reforms.The Industrial Revolution (1760-1914)

What is a revolution?

A sometimes violent change of the political and/or socialnature of a country.

What is a war of independence?

An armed struggle by a colony against its mother country.It doesn’t need to lead to change in society, only

change in the government.

What is a revolt/rebellion?

A failed attempt at revolution.

There are 2 kinds of revolutions.

(1) Political(2) Social

Political targets government.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

Social targets society.

Some revolutions are both.

Not all revolutions work.

Background Information

There were 2 Industrial Revolutions.

1st Industrial Rev. (________________________)

2nd Industrial Rev. (________________________)

The Industrial Revolution is still occuring today in somecountries.

Both revolutions were major _________________________,

_______________________, and _________________changes.

Both resulted from the replacement of an economy based on

______________ labor to one dominated by industry and

______________ manufacture.

Translation…

Before: no machinesAfter: machines

It began in ______________ with the invention of ______________power and powered machinery.

Steam power = ____________.

Powered machinery = ____________.

Its effects eventually spread to the rest of the world.

It led to the growth of ____________ as people moved from rural to urban areas in search of work.

It changed the _________ levels required to work in factories.


This ______________ change was like nothing since Neolithic Rev.

Britain Leads the Way

The IR began in Britain in 18th Century because social, political, and legal conditions there were favorable to change.

Property rights, such as those for patents on mechanicalimprovements, were well established.

Britain’s stable rule of law meant monarchs were less likely to seize earnings or impose heavy taxes.

This encouraged ______________________ and

_______________________ in new business ventures… both crucial to economic growth.

Its government also pursued “_____________________” economic policy.

This free-market approach was made popular through BritishEnlightenment philosopher/economist

______________________ and his book The Wealth ofNations (1776).

This “hands-off” policy permitted fresh methods and ideas to

flourish with little ____________________ or

____________________.

Also known as “_________________________”.

French for “_________________________________”.

3 industries played key roles in Britain’s industrialization:

1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

3. ___________________________

Coal & Iron


During the IR in Britain, ___________ was main source of power.

Britain had lots of coal – _______________ was much scarcer.

Soon, industrialists used __________ (a high-carbon, converted

form of coal) to produce iron from __________________…much faster.

This enabled iron to be used in building heavy machinery.

Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its

______________ and ______________.

Iron was vital to the development of ___________________, whichimproved transportation.

Steam

If iron was the key metal of the IR, the ___________________________ was most important

machine technology.

By 1689, steam engines used to pump ____________ from mines.

By 1712, steam engine tweaked to be used in other settings.Early mills had run with water power, but advancement ofsteam engine meant factory could be located

___________________… not just close to water.Steam engines were later used in steamboats and railroads.Textile

The industry most often associated with IR is ______________.In earlier times, spinning of ___________ and weaving of

___________ occurred at ___________, with work done bypeople working alone or with family members.


In 18th Century, many innovations reduced (and thenreplaced) human labor required to make cloth.Different parts added to textile machines allowed 1 person to make waaaaay more yarn or cloth… and at a fasterrate.This marvel of rising _________________________ was the central economic achievement that made the IR such amilestone in human history.

But this gave rise to ______________… but more on that later.

Changes in Society

The IR impacted cities where it took place and nature of work that occurred there.

Cities responded by ________________.

______________ lives of ordinary men, women, and childrenchanged.Growth of Cities

Many people moved from their ____________ into cities for work.

New manufacturing towns and cities grew dramatically.

Many of these cities were close to the ________________________

that supplied ____________ to the factories.

In pre-industrial England, more than _________ of the population lived in small villages.

By the 1850, England was first nation with ________ its population in cities.

Effect on Labor

The movement of people away from farms and into citiesbrought great stresses to many people in the labor force.

__________________ in households who had earned incomefrom spinning found new factories taking away their

source of _____________.


Individual weavers couldn’t compete with ________________.

Skilled laborers lost their jobs as machines replaced them.

But, factory workers spent __________ hours in __________

conditions for __________ $.

Soon, businesses combined to control production and prices

for the benefit of their __________________.

Thus, _____________________ (an essential part of the laissez-faire system) was eliminated.

_____________________ resulted.

Monopoly Time!

2 ways to gain monopoly:

1. ___________________________________________________

Buy out all your _______________________.

2. ___________________________________________________

Buy out all your _______________________.

For example:

Dr. Hartnell opens up a lemonade stand in Westerville.

There are now 3 stands around the world selling lemonade.

Dr. H sells his delicious lemonade for 55 cents a glass.

Dr. H’s competitors sell their lemonade for 25 cents a glass.

So… he buys out all the Country Time mix, trucks, factories,spoons, glasses, wood for stands, pitchers, water, ice,sugar fields, etc.

This is… _________________________________________________.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

Dr. H can now either buy out his other two competitors…

…or ruthlessly drive them out of business by charging high costs for supplies, which he now owns.

This is… _________________________________________________.

Still, Dr. H cannot charge $20 a glass for his lemonade eventhough he has monopoly.

Why not?

Lemonade is an ________________ item.

It can be _____________________.

People do not need lemonade to drink when they are thirsty.They can drink water or pop.

This is called _______________________.

If Dr. H’s prices are ridiculous, people find something else.

But, if Dr. H had a monopoly in ________, he’d have an

____________________ item.

This means it cannot be substituted. This is inelasticity.

Remember Dr. H’s ___________________________?

The IR Comes to America

The economic successes of the British soon led other nations to try to follow the same path.

In the young U.S., Secretary of the Treasury

__________________________________________ called for anIR in his Report on Manufactures (1791).

Many Americans felt that the U.S. had to become

___________________________ strong in order to maintain its recently won independence from Britain.

The IR unfolded in the U.S. even more vigorously than it had in Britain.Unit 5: U.S. Growing Pains I ** ** © 2011 Dr. Hartnell’s Revolution

In 1790, ________ of U.S. labor force worked in agriculture.

U.S. had 4 advantages that made it fertile ground for IR:1. Tons of ____________ (which it took from Indians and

Mexicans).2. Was _____________ legally/politically.3. U.S. population was ________________.4. U.S. shared the same language/culture as ___________.

As descriptions of machines appeared in print, Americans read about them, copied them.Although the British tried to prevent skilled mechanics fromleaving, U.S. encouraged such transfers, even offering

bounties to __________ people with knowledge of thelatest methods and devices here.

_________________________ was important figure in leading British textile firm who was lured away.

He created first U.S. textile mill in ______________________.

When Britain started building railroads, the U.S. did too.

The most critical 19th Century communication improvement

was __________________, invented by American

___________________________________.

Railroad and telegraph soon crisscrossed North America; by

1860, _________ of the world’s railroads were in the U.S.

The Industrial Rev. #2

While Britain was birthplace of IR #1, IR #2 began in ________. A second wave of technical and organizational advancescarried IR to new levels.In particular, _________ and _________ manufacturingtransformed.


Scottish immigrant ______________________________ built iron and steel empire using huge new plants. _______________________________________ did same in petroleum refining (oil).

In 1903, Henry Ford’s ___________________________ revolutionized factories.

U.S. cities continued to grow.

1860: 9 U.S. cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.1900: 38 U.S. cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.1790: 5% of U.S. population lived in cities; 75% today.But… by 1900, U.S. had highest job-related _______________ rate in world.

Most industrial workers still worked _______-hour days (12 hours in

steel), but earned ______________ % less than the minimum necessary for a decent life.

First nationwide attempt to organize workers appeared in 1869

with The Noble Order of the ___________________________.

It was open to _______ workers, including blacks, women, andfarmers.

KOL fell into disunity because it tried to help everyone – it was

_______________.The ___________________________________________________ (AFL),

founded in 1886 in ____________________, Ohio, soon took

the place of the Knights.Rather than open its membership to all, the AFL, led by

_________________________, focused on skilled workers.His objectives were simple: increase _____________, reduce


_____________, and improve ______________________.

In 1938, the _________________________________________________ (CIO) was created as a union for unskilled workers.

The two merged in 1955 to form the ____________________.

The trend soon became:

1. Wages reduced by bosses.2. Workers grow upset.3. Workers go on strike.4. Company hires “scabs”.5. Workers riot.6. Company gets injunction.

or7. National Guard called in.

__________________ needed help, too.

They were hurting because an increase in crop production

(thanks to new farm equipment) dropped _____________prices – so they made less $.

They formed the __________________________.

A group of reformers, the ____________________________, soonaddressed ills of IR in U.S.

U.S. responded by enacting regulations and __________________ laws.

_______________________________________________ of 1890 made monopolies illegal.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 mandated worker protections,

including the maximum _____-hour workday and _______-hour workweek.

But balancing ________________ growth and _____________ rightsremains an issue to this day.


THE END!


name: ________________________________________________ per€¦ · web viewunit 5: u.s. growing...

Documents