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Name________________________ Date____________________World History Pre IB/AP 9 Midterm Review

Midterm Review Please use the following guide as a supplementary resource in addition to your notes, homeworks, powerpoints, etc.

Topics for Midterm:

SECTION 1: Chinese Philosophies

1. Analects: The collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius’ followers. 2. Assimilation: The adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people. 3. Autocracy: A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. 4. Bureaucracy: A system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government. 5. Centralized Government: A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject. 6. Civil Service: The administrative departments of a government- especially those in which employees are hired on the basis of their scores on examinations. 7. Confucius: Major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi (scholar-gentry class). He believed China society should be based around five basic relationships: (1) ruler and subject, (2) father and son, (3) husband and wife, (4) older brother and younger brothers, and (5) friend and friend. 8. Daoism: A philosophy based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that people should be guided by a universal force called the Dao (Way); and the preservation of the balance of forces that exists in the universe. 9. Dynastic cycle: The historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. 10. Filial piety: Respect shown by children for their parents and elders. 11. Great Wall: Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi. 12. Han Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qing in 202 BCE; ruled for the next 400 years. 13. Legalism: A Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order. 14. Mandate of Heaven: In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority. 15. Qin Dynasty: A short lived dynasty established in 221 BCE at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 BCE. 16. Secular: Attitudes, activities, ideas, or beliefs that have no religious or spiritual basis; not subject to or bound by religious rule. 17. Shang: First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE. 18. Shi Huangdi: Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE; unified China, and began construction of the Great Wall of China. 19. Silk Roads: A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods. 20. Yin and yang: In Chinese thought, the two powers that govern the natural rhythms of life. 21. Zhou Dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that overthrew the Shang in 1027 BCE. The Zhou adopted much of the Shang culture, and justified their right to rule through a Mandate of Heaven; flourished 1122 to 256 BCE. SECTION II: Hinduism and Buddhism 22. Ahimsa: Hindu belief in nonviolence. 23. Ashoka: Ruler of the Mauryan Empire (273-232 BCE); Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of Buddhism throughout his empire. 24. Brahma: A Hindu god considered the creator of the world. 25. Buddha: Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born Siddhartha Guatama in 6th century BCE as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayan’s; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bodi tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. 26. Buddhism: A religion indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, it is largely based on the teachings, traditions, practices and beliefs of Siddhartha Guatama. 27. Caste: In traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born. 28. Chandragupta Maurya: Founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization; ruled from 322-298 BCE).

29. Dharma: In Hinduism and Buddhism, an individual’s religious and moral duties. In Hinduism, the caste position and career determined by a person’s birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one’s social position and perform occupation to the best of one’s ability in order to have a better situation in the next life. 30. Eightfold Path: According to Buddha, the path to nirvana or enlightenment and consisting of Right View/Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration. 31. Enlightenment: In Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe. 32. Four Nobel Truths: In Buddhism, the principles that are the essence of Buddha’s teachings: life is suffering; desires cause suffering; the annihilation of desires can relieve suffering; the way to do this is by following the Eightfold Path. 33. Gupta Dynasty: Succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan empire. 34. Gurus: Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. 35. Himalayas: Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics. 36. Hinduism: The predominate religion of the Indian subcontinent. It is currently the world’s 3rd largest religion. 37. Jainism: A religion founded in India in the sixth century BCE, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed. 38. Karma: In Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth. 39. Mahayana: A sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship. 40. Matriarchal: Relating to a social system in which the mother is head of the family. 41. Mauryan Dynasty: Established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great from Greece. 42. Moksha: In Hinduism, freedom from the endless cycle of rebirth into a state of bliss, union with Brahman. This is the ultimate goal of life. 43. Monsoons: Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains. 44. Nirvana: In Buddhism, the state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility. 45. Patriarchal: Relating to a social system in which the father is head of the family. 46. Reincarnation: In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding. 47. Religious toleration: A recognition of people’s right to hold differing religious beliefs. 48. Sanskrit: The sacred and classical Indian language. 49. Shiva: A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change. 50. Siddhartha Gautama: The founder of Buddhism, known as Buddha (“awakened one”). 51. Stupas: Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms. 52. Tamil: A language of southern India, also, the people who speak that language. 53. Theravada: A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha. 54. Untouchables: Low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting- street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. 55. Varnas: Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes- Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes were group of socially untouchable Dalits. 56. Vishnu: A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world; god of sacrifice; widely worshipped

SECTION III: Zoroastrianism 57. Monotheism : belief in one god

58. Zoroastrianism: Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance or moral choice; righteous lived on after death in “House of Song”; chief religion of Persian empire.

SECTION IV: Judaism 59. Covenant: A binding agreement. 60. Diaspora: The dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine- especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Romans’ destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. 61. Ten Commandments: Set of Biblical laws relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. 62. Prophet: In a religion, an individual who claims to speak the word of god. SECTION V: Christianity 63. Christianity: Worldwide monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of the prophet Jesus. 64. Coptic: Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. 65. Golden Rule: In the teachings of Jesus Nazareth, one should treat others, as one would like others to treat oneself. 66. Heresy: Religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of the Church. 67. Martyr: Somebody who suffers persecution and death for refusing to renounce, or accept, a belief or cause, usually religious. 68. Messiah: Savor or liberator of a people in the Jewish, Christian or Islamic faiths. 69. Pope: The Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. SECTION VI: Islam 70. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE. 71. Abu Bakr: The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad’s death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community. 72. Ali: Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus of Shi’a Islam. 73. Allah: The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith. 74. Baghdad: Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital. 75. Battuta, Ibn: Born 1304; Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. 76. Bedouin: Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. 77. Caliph: The political and religious successor to Muhammad. 78. Damascus: Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. 79. Dhimmi: Literally “people of the book”; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. 80. Dhows: Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. 81. Five Pillars: The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. 82. Hadith: Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. 83. Hajj: A Muslim’s pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba. 84. Hijra: The migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. 85. Islam: Monotheistic; second largest world religion. 86. Jihad: Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding. 87. Jizya: Tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. 88. Ka’ba: Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam; Muslims believe it was a house of worship built by Abraham and his son Ishmael.

89. Khadijah: First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. 90. Maghreb: The Arabic word for western North Africa. 91. Mawali: Converts to Islam. 92. Mecca: City located in mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan; site of Ka’ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. 93. Medina: Town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouin’s; became refugee for Muhammad following flight from Mecca. 94. Mosque: A place of worship for followers of Islam. 95. Muhammad: Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banū Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father’s family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632. 96. Muslim: Term for individuals who practice the Islamic Faith. 97. Qu’ran (Koran): Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. 98. Ramadan: Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. 99. Sassanian Empires: The dynasty that rule Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion; mainly Zoroastrian. 100. Sect: a group with distinctive religious, political or philosophical beliefs, often an offshoot of a larger religious group. 101. Sharia: Islamic law; defined among other things that patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. 102. Shi’a: Also known as Shi’ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. 103. Sunni: Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads. 104. Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan establish a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750. 105. Umma: Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. Zakat: Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.

Religion/Belief System/Philosophy

Origins: When did it begin? Where did it begin? Who was the founder?

Core beliefs, ideas, principles Groups that it appealed to and why?

Where is it found today?

Hinduism

Buddhism





Zoroastrianism

Judaism





Christianity

Islam





Daoism

Legalism





Confucianism

Unit 2: Civilizations of the Mediterranean – Rome and the Byzantine Empire

Section I: Roman Republic 1. Civil War: Conflict between groups within the same country. 2. Consuls: Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic: elected by an annual assembly

dominated by aristocracy. 3. Dictator: In Rome. a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army. A dictator's

power lasted for only six months. They were chosen by the consuls and then elected by the senate. 4. Legions: A military unit of the ancient Roman army. Made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group

of soldiers on horseback. 5. Patricians: In Rome. The wealthy landowners who held most of the power. 6. Plebeians: In Rome. The common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the

population. Plebeians were citizens of Rome with the right to vote. However, they were barred by law from holding most important government positions.

7. Roman Republic: The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 BCE: featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates and several popular assemblies.

8. Senate : Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.

9. Tribunes: in ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights. 10. Twelve Tables: written code of law that established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the

protection of the law. Section II: Rome Post-Republic and Empire

11. Aqueducts: Designed by Roman engineers to bring water into cities and tow ns. 12. Attila: Chieftain of the Huns that terrorized both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire. 13. Augustus: First emperor of Rome: stabilized Rome's government and ruled during the beginning of the

Pax Romana. 14. Caesar. Julius: Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul: brought army back to Rome and

overthrew republic: assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators. 15. Cicero: (106· 43 BCE) Conservative Roman senator: Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day:

killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar. 16. Colosseum: A huge arena that could hold 50,000 people. Both the rich and poor went to the

Colosseum to view games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests. 17. Constantine: Roman emperor from 312 to 337 BCE; established second capital at Constantinople; attem

pted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually; moved the capital city from Rome to Byzantium (later renamed Constantinople).

18. Constantinople : Capital of Rome under Constantine. It survived against invasions by the Huns and Germanic tribes. It flourished as a preservation of Roman and Greek culture.

19. Diocletian: Roman emperor from 284 to 305 BCE; divided the Roman Empire into the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West. Restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.

20. Gladiators: Professional fighters who fought to the death in public contests. 21. Huns: Nomads from Central Asia. 22. Inflation: A decline in the value of money. It is accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods

and services. 23. Mercenaries: A soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army. 24. Pax Romana: Roman Peace"; a period of peace and prosperity in Rome that lasted for 207 years. 25. Tacitus: Roman historian, notable for presenting facts accurately.

26. Triumvirate: A group of three rulers.27. Section Ill: Byzantine Empire 28. Autocrat: A sole ruler with complete authority. 29. Boyars: Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in

western Europe. 30. Cyril (927-869): Along with Methodius. missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe

and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balks to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

31. Czar: Russian Emperor. From the word: Caesar. 32. Eastern Orthodox Christianity: Of or consisting of the Eastern churches that form a loose federation

according primacy of honor to the patriarch of Constantinople. 33. Greek fire: Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water;

utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople. 34. Hagia Sophia: New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian. 35. Icons: An artistic representation. usually of a religious figure. Prominent in Eastern

Orthodox Christianity. 36. Justinian's Code: Code of laws created by Emperor Justinian; based off of the Roman Twelve Tables of

Law. It is still used in some form by international law today. 37. Kiev: Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal

point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. 38. Kievan Rus: The predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end

of the 9th century; 39. its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus. Ukraine. and Russia. 40. Mosaics: Pictures or decorations made of small. usually colored pieces of stone or glass. 41. Methodius: (826-885) Along with Cyril. missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe

and the Balkans; converted southern Russian and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

42. Rurik: Legendary Scandinavian. regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 BCE.

43. Russian Orthodoxy: Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments in the church.

44. Schism: A formal division in, or separation from, a church or religious body. 45. Vladimir I: Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity.

Geography:

1. Describe the geography of Rome (Italy).

2. How did the geography of Italy influence the expansion and the economy?

3. What were the effects of the Punic Wars?

The Republic:

1. Who were the Plebeians? What were their roles in society?

2. Who were the Patricians? What were their roles in society?

3. Explain what a republic is? Why did the Romans create it?

4. Why were the Plebeians angry about the setup of the Roman government in the early days of the Roman Empire? What did they do to get what they want?

5. Explain the 12 Tables and its effects?

6. What reforms were made by Julius Caesar?

7. Who was the first emperor of Rome? What ended when he took power?

8. Define the Pax Romana:

Describe and explain the achievements during the Pax Romana. Some include:Government and Law

(define + give examples)

Checks and Balances:

Republic:

Equal in the eyes of the law

Architecture

Arches:

Coliseum:

Dome:

Engineering

Aqueducts:

Roads

Concrete

The Roman Empire:

1. Who built the Roman roads? What was their purpose? What were the other effects of the roads?

2. Why did the Roman Empire Fall?o Militaristically: - Germanic Invasions and…

o Economically:

o Politically:

o Socially:

3. Who was Constantine and WHY did he decide to MOVE the capital of Rome to Constantinople?

4. What did the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire become?

5. What happened as a result of the fall of the Roman Empire?

The Byzantine Empire

1. Describe the geography of the Byzantine Empire.

2. How did the location of Constantinople influence the expansion of the empire and the economy?

3. What was the Code of Justinian? What were its effects?

4. Describe and explain 2 other achievements of Justinian.

5. What was the Great Schism? (causes, importance, effects)

6. What were the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern OrthodoxChurch:

ROMAN CATHOLIC EASTERN ORTHODOX

7. Why was Constantinople the center of the Byzantine Empire?

8. In what ways did the Byzantine Empire influence Russia (Kievan Rus)? Explain the effects of these changes.

Unit 3: Developments in East AsiaUnit Vocabulary:

SECTION I: TANG (618-907 CE) AND SONG (960-1279 CE) DYNASTIES1. Chang’an: Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city

in the world at that time.2. Empress Wu: Tang ruler 690-705 CE in China; supported Buddhist establishment;

tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created. 3. Flying money: Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants

to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency.

4. Footbinding: Practice in Chinese society of mutilating women’s feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made It easier to confine women to household.

5. Grand Canal: Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Suit dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

6. Jinshi: Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office.

7. Junks: Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula.

8. Ministry of Rites: Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars.

9. Neo-Confucians: Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.

10. Pure land Buddhism: Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society.

11. Zen Buddhism: Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty.

12. Zhu Xi: (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action.

SECTION II: JAPAN THE IMPERIAL AGE OF HEIAN (794-1185); KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE (1185-1333)

13. Bakufu: Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai.

14. Bushi- Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law; supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

15. Daimyos: Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states.

16. Fujiwara: Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.

17. Gempei Wars: Waged for five years from 1180-1185, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira family.

18. Minamoto: Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th century Japan.

19. Samurai: Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor.

20. Seppuku: Ritual suicide of disembowelment in Japan; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.

21. Shoguns: Military leaders of the bakufu (military government in Japan). 22. Taika reforms: Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-

style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.

23. Taira: Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.

24. Tale of Genji: Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.

SECTION III: CHINESE INFLUENCE IN KOREA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA25. Choson: Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han armies in 109 BCE. 26. Sinification: Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of

Korea, Japan, and Vietnam 27. Khmers: Rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time

of Vietnamese drive to the south. 28. Trinh: Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rival of Nguyen

family in south. 29. Trung Sisters: Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam

against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 BCE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.

Questions to Consider:

1. How did the Mandate of Heaven allow for a change from one dynasty to the next?

2.

3.What elements were characteristic of the Taika Reforms in Heian Japan?

4. How did the feudal system influence Heian Japan?

5. How did geography affect areas in East Asia?

6.

Tang to SongWhen moving from one dynasty to the next, what continuities were present?When moving from one dynasty to the next, what changes were present?

What effect did Sinification have on...?Japan

Korea

Vietnam

Unit 4: Developments in Europe

Unit Vocabulary

1. Canon Law: The body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church. 2. Charlemagne: King of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor. He promoted the arts,

education, and Christianity. 3. Chivalry: A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as

courage, loyalty, and devotion. 4. Excommunication: The taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian church. 5. Feudalism: A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally

belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

6. Fief: An estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe. 7. Guild: A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its

members’ wages and prices. 8. Heresy: A belief or opinion contrary to that of orthodox religious doctrine. 9. Humanism- a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts

(Greco-Roman) and focused on human potential and achievements. 10. Knight: In medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback.11. Magna Carta: “Great Charter”- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England,

drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 CE.

12. Manor: A lord’s estate in feudal Europe. 13. Missionaries: A person sent on a religious mission; to promote a religion in a certain

country. 14. Noble: A heredity class with a high social or political status. 15. Perspective- An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a

flat surface. 16. Renaissance- A period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during

which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.

17. Renaissance Man- A man who strove to master, and excelled in many fields of study. 20. Secular: Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. 21. Serf: A medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate. 22. Tithe: A family’s payment on one-tenth of its income to a church. 23. Vassal: In feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services. 24. Vernacular- The everyday language of people in a region or country.


1. Web out any characteristics associated with the Middle Ages:

2. Who was Charlemagne? What were some of his accomplishments?

3. How did aspects of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire…

…compare to Tang/Song China:

Characteristics of the European

Middle Ages

…contrast to Tang/Song China:

4. What is the difference between feudalism and manorialism?

5. Why did the Church in the Middle Ages have so much power, and how did it maintain this power?

6. Cite three reasons as to why the Renaissance began in Italy:

7. What is humanism? Give an example of a work of Renaissance art (with artist) that demonstrates humanism, and explain how.

8.

Middle Ages to RenaissanceWhen moving from one time period to the next, what continuities were present?When moving from one time period to the next, what changes were present?

Unit 5: Developments in Dar-al-Islam

Unit Vocabulary

1. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE. 2. Abu Bakr: The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad’s death in 632.

Renowned for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community. 3. Ali: Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus of Shi’a Islam. 4. Allah: The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of

Muhammad and the Islamic faith. 5. Al-Mahdi: Third of the Abbasid caliphs: attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi’a to

Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession.6. Baghdad: Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital. 7. Battle of Siffin: Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to

fragmentation of Ali’s party.8. Battuta, Ibn: Born 1304; Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel

records. 9. Bedouin: Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism;

early converts to Islam. 10. Caliph: The political and religious successor to Muhammad. 11. Crusades: Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land

from Muslims. Temporary success.12. Damascus: Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. 13. Dhimmi: Literally “people of the book”; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic

territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. 14. Dhows: Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. 15. Five Pillars: The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during

Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. 16. Hadith: Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. 17. Hajj: A Muslim’s pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba.18. Harun al-Rashid: One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era19. Hijra: The migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to

Medina. 20. Islam: Monotheistic; second largest world religion. 21. Jihad: Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests

for religious understanding. 22. Jizya: Tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. 23. Ka’ba: Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual

truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam; Muslims believe it was a house of worship built by Abraham and his son Ishmael.

24. Khadijah: First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. 25. Maghreb: The Arabic word for western North Africa. 26. Mawali: Converts to Islam.27. Mecca: City located in mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by

Umayyad clan; site of Ka’ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam.

28. Medina: Town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouin’s; became refugee for Muhammad following flight from Mecca.

29. Mosque: A place of worship for followers of Islam. 30. Muhammad: Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banū Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by

father’s family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632. 31. Muslim: Term for individuals who practice the Islamic Faith. 32. Qu’ran (Koran): Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. 33. Ramadan: Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. 34. Saladin: Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader

outposts for Islam.35. Sassanian Empires: The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the

rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion; mainly Zoroastrian. 36. Sect: a group with distinctive religious, political or philosophical beliefs, often an offshoot of a larger

religious group. 37. Seljuk Turks: Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of

Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. 38. Sharia: Islamic law; defined among other things that patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. 39. Shi’a: Also known as Shi’ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. 40. Sunni: Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads. 41. Ulama: Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive

theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.42. Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan establish

a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750. 43. Umma: Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of

political unity.

44. Uthman: Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan.

45. Zakat: Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims


What were the two ways that Islam was spread during the periods we learned about?

What cities were considered to be cities of Islamic culture for each caliphate/empire? What made them cities of Islamic culture?

What were the important characteristics of the Umayyad Caliphate?

What were the important characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate?

What were the important characteristics of the Seljuk Empire?

What were the important characteristics of the Mamluk Empire?

In regards to the caliphates, what were the continuities that were present?

In regards to the caliphates, what were the changes that were present?

What were the causes of the Crusades?

What were the effects of the Crusades?

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