Ch. 25 Ferns & Gymnosperms

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Ch. 28 Plant Evolution & ClassificationThe first plants were thought to be water plants Algae. Other plants evolved from algae.Pg. 581If you were to take algae out of the water would it live alright.So, how do land plants live away from water?Land plants developed a cuticle, which is a waxy protective covering, to protect against desiccation. Bark & leaves have this.Does algae have a cuticle?Algae is not a plant; its classified as a Protista

Vascular TissueVascular tissues transport food and water throughout the plant.1. Xylem transports water. Dead cells.2. Phloem transports food.Table 30-1 Phyla of the Plant Kingdom (pg. 580)NonvascularVascular without seedsVascular with seedsSpores haploid reproductive structure of some plants.Seeds diploid (embryo) structure with a protective coat and endosperm (food).2 Main Groups of Plants1. Nonvascular plants no vascular tissue. No true roots, leaves, or stems.Ex. Chlorophyta AlgaeEx. Bryophyta Mosses2. Vascular plants have vascular tissues. Able to transport food & water. They have true roots, leaves, and stems.Pterophyta Ferns (spores - seedless)Shenophyta Horsetail (spores - seedless)Coniferophyta pine trees (gymnosperms).Anthophyta flowering plants (angiosperms).NAME THESE 2 PLANTS?

Bryophyta are mosses that have rhizoids. Rhizoids (false roots) are like roots, but they dont have vascular tissue. How many of you get moss on your fishing line when you go fishing?Horsetails have a cone-like structure at the tip called a strobilius.Horsetail is also called scouring rush; Native Americans use to use it for clean pots.Name the main types of vascular plantsHorsetail, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Parts of a FernFerns leaves are called FrondsFerns roots are called RhizomesOn the underneath side of a frond are several round structures called sori (plural).The outside covering of the sori is a induisium. The induisium opens up to release sporangium.The sori hold several sporangium. Inside the sporangium are spores, which are released when the sporangium opens up.Types of ferns Pg. 587Video Clip

GymnospermsGymnosperm means naked seeds.Gymnosperms have cones with seeds.VideoGinkgo trees are one of very few deciduous tree that are gymnosperms.What does deciduous mean?Has anyone ever heard of a ginkgo before?Conifers or evergreens are the main type of tree in this group Coniferophyta.Oldest living organism Bristle Cone Pine 4,000 to 5,000 years old.VideoOne of the most massive organisms Giant Sequoia about 100,000 tons.Video

AngiospermsAngiosperms means covered seeds.Anthophyta (division) Flowering plantsDivided into 2 Classes1. Monocotyledon (Monocots) 1 seed leaf or 1 cotyledon2. Dicotyledon (Dicot) 2 seed leaves or 2 cotyledons.Monocot Characteristics1. Parallel leaf venation. Ex. Corn & grasses2. 3 or 6 part arrangement of the flower3. 1 cotyledon4. Scattered vascular bundlesExamples = grasses, wheat, corn, tulips, etc.Dicot Characteristics1. Netted leaf venation. Ex. Most tree leaves2. 4 or 5 part arrangement of the flower3. 2 cotyledon4. Vascular bundles in a ring.Examples = trees, most weeds, etc.What does the term deciduous mean?Trees that loose their leaves.Alternation of GenerationThis is the life cycle of plants (2 phases)1. Sporophyte Generation (Diploid)The time when the plant produces spores or seedsThis is the mature part of the plants life cycle.2. Gameophyte Generation (Haploid)The time when the plant produces an egg and pollen (gametes).This is the part of the life cycle when there is a antheridium (male plant) and archegonium (female plant).When the male (pollen ) fertilizes the female (egg), that starts the sporophyte generation again.Pg. 582

Seeds vs. Spores1. Seeds have a constant supply of food for the embryo from the cotyledon.2. Seeds are protected during harsh conditions.Drought & winter3. Seeds adapt for easy dispersal.Stickers, dandelion, fruit, ect.4. Seeds dont require water.So, how do spore plants survive if spores have less advantages?Produce more spores