name test date hour roots, shoots &...
TRANSCRIPT
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Name_______________ Test Date _______ Hour__
Plant Structure & Function #2 - Notebook
Roots, Shoots & Leaves
LEARNING TARGETS ❏ I can describe the functions of roots ❏ I can explain the nitrogen fixing process and why it is needed. ❏ I can describe the 2 basic types of root structure. ❏ I can describe the function of the stem. ❏ I can identify and explain the function of the petiole and the blade. ❏ I can describe the basic leaf structure and identify the purpose of each layer. ❏ I can explain the gas exchange and why it is needed. ❏ I can explain transpiration and why it is needed. ❏ I can explain how a plant moves water from its roots to its leaves without a heart to pump it. ❏ I can describe the basic structure of a plant cell and identify the purpose of each component. ❏ I can explain the process of photosynthesis. ❏ I can describe the components of photosynthesis and explain how the plant obtains them. ❏ I can explain the process of respiration and describe why it is needed.
Scientific Language
1. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria - A symbiotic partner providing useable nitrogen for plants and receiving
food in return. 2. Axillary Bud- An embryonic shoot that gives rise to a new branch or flower. 3. Petiole- Part of the leaf that is like a small stem connecting the leaf to the rest of the plant. 4. Blade- Wide, flat part of the leaf. 5. Epidermis- The outer layer, or skin, of the blade. 6. Stoma- An opening, surrounded by two guard cells which control the opening and closing allowing carbon dioxide to enter the plant, and water and oxygen to leave the plant. 7. Gas Exchange- The process of allowing carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit the plant. 8. Transpiration- The process of allowing water from the plant to evaporate into the atmosphere. 9. Mesophyll- The layers of cells found in the middle layer of the blade. 10. Palisade Layer- Aids in photosynthesis and has column-shaped, tightly-packed cells. 11. Spongy Layer- Irregular shaped cells creating air space which allows the gas exchange to happen and house the veins of the leaf. 12. Chlorophyll- The substance that allows a plant to use this light energy from the sun to turn carbon
dioxide and water into a simple sugar. 13. Photosynthesis- The chemical process used to make food for the plant using the sun’s energy, carbon dioxide and water. 14. Respiration- The chemical process used to unlock the energy in the glucose produced in photosynthesis.
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Flowering Plants Flowering plants typically have three main parts: ______, _______ and _______. Each of these structures has a specific ________ or function to do for the plant. Let’s work our way from the ground up.
Roots Function Starting from the bottom, the root systems of most plants are as __________ or __________ than the above ground stems and leaves. Plants respond to __________ in a process known as ______________. This is responsible for the ______________ growth of roots due to its __________ response or their growth ____________ gravity. Roots are an important part to plants. Roots act as an __________, preventing plants from being ________ away by wind or __________ away by moving water. The root system must also ____________ the other plant parts that are above ground… the _______, ___________ and ___________. The roots have ___________ tissue in which __________ and dissolved substances move from the _________ through __________ to the __________ and the __________. Root tissue also absorbs some of the _____________ it needs from the small _______ spaces in the soil. This is why you don’t want to over water and ‘__________’ your plants. Roots can also store __________. When you eat __________ or __________, you eat roots that contain __________ food. Plants that grow from year to year
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use this stored food to begin their __________ in the spring. Plants that grow in _______ areas often have roots that store __________. Nitrogen fixing One of the substances plants need the roots to absorb is ______________, but most of nitrogen is found in our _________________. Plants cannot use this __________ form of nitrogen. Plants need _______ to get the nitrogen they can use. It must first be converted or ‘_________’ into a more usable form. The process of converting nitrogen is called ___________. The energy from _______________ can change the form of nitrogen. There are also specialized ______________ whose function it is to _______ nitrogen, converting it, so that it can be used by plants. After nitrogen is fixed, it can be ______________ by the roots and used by plants. The process of nitrogen being fixed, used by plants, and later returned to the atmosphere is referred to as the __________ __________.
Some plants ( ______ , _________) have evolved to have a _____________ relationship with ____________ trapped in root nodules in the plant root. They trap nitrogen from air and __________ it to a useable form. The plant can then use this as a nutrient for __________ protein. The bacteria __________ from gaining ________ from the plant.
Structure Not all roots are alike. Some plants have a ___________ root system where thin roots __________ _______ in many directions. Other plants have a large primary root called a __________. Taproots have _____________ roots growing from them and tiny root ________ growing from the taproot and the secondary roots.
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Shoots Moving up, the shoots system is everything above the __________. Stems are a part of the __________ system of a plant. They range in __________ from a few millimeters to hundreds of meters. They also vary in ________________, depending on the plant type. Stems are usually __________ ground, although the stems of some plants, such as the __________, also grow _________________. Stems may be ________________ which are __________ and __________, like those of __________. Other stems are hard, _________ and __________ in nature, like trees and shrubs. _____________ have woody stems. The stem of the plant connects the __________ to the __________, helping to ______________ absorbed water and minerals through the ____________ to different parts of the plant. The stem also helps to transport the products of _____________________ (i.e., sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the __________ . Stems can also store __________ for the plant. Another function of the stem is to provide __________ to the plant, hold leaves, flowers, and buds. Stems may be _______________, like that of a __________ tree, or it may be __________ branched, like that of a __________ tree. At the ________________ of the stem and petiole you might find an __________ ________. An axillary bud is an _____________ __________ that gives rise to a new __________ or __________.
Leaves Continuing our plant journey, the __________ grow from the stem. Leaves come in many sizes, shapes and colors. Most leaves have two main parts, the _____________ and the __________. The __________ is the part of the leaf that is like a small stem ______________ the _________ to the rest of the plant. Water and food ________ through the petiole. The wide flat part of the leaf is its __________. The leaf blade is the __________ of the plant where
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the __________ making process, ________________, usually occurs. The _________ structures of the stem and petiole continue into the ________. Once these structures enter the leaves they are called ________. Some leaves have veins that run _____________ (__________). Other leaves have _____ veins which _______ out in all directions from the center of the leaf (_______).
Leaf Structure
Epidermis The outermost layer of the blade is the ______________, it’s like __________. There is an __________ and __________ epidermis, on either side of the leaf.
Gas Exchange The underside of the leaf contains ____________, which are _____________. Two __________ cells surround each stoma, controlling its __________ and ____________. The stoma is responsible for allowing _________ __________ to enter the plant, and __________ and __________ to leave the plant. The process of allowing carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit is called the _______ ______________.
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Transpiration The process of the stoma allowing water from the plant to _____________ into the atmosphere is called _________________. Water is _____________ evaporating from the surface of leaf cells to the air. When this happens new water is ______________ from the _______. Water has a ______________ property (they really ________ each other) allowing water to be ‘__________’ up through the __________ as the old water evaporates. As water evaporates from the surface of the leaf, it “_______” the adjacent water molecules inside the ________, which “tugs” on the water molecules in the _______, which “tugs” the water molecules from the _______, which “tugs” water molecules into the roots from the ________. So water evaporating from the leaf _____________ the “tug” or pull of water through the stem. When new water is brought in, more ___________ are absorbed from the soil. This is how a plant __________ material through its _________ vessels without having a _________ to pump it. The water in the plant also makes the cells more _________, which is why plants can stand tall without any ________.
Transpiration also helps to _______ the plants off, similar to ___________. Plants have a __________ or a waxy layer that covers the __________ of all plant species. The cuticle helps to __________ the rate of water ______ from transpiration. Sun leaves have __________ cuticles than shade leaves to _______ ______ transpiration. Guard cells control the ________ of the ____________ so that the leaf does not lose too much water in _______, ____________ or ______ conditions.
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Mesophyll
Below the epidermis there are layers of cells known as the __________, or ‘________ ______ .’ The ‘middle leaf’ of most leaves typically contains two layers: the __________ layer and __________ layer. The palisade layer aids in _________________ and has _________-shaped, __________ -packed cells. There may be one, two, or three __________ of these cells. Below the palisade layer are ________-arranged cells of the __________ layer. These cells have an ____________ shape creating ________ between the cells. The air space found between the spongy layer cells allows the ______ __________ to happen. In the spongy layer, you will also find ________ containing vascular tissue. Both layers of the mesophyll, middle leaf, contain many ________________. The ________ cells are the only ______________ cells to contain chloroplasts. Most of the food produced by plants is made in the cells of the ______________ layer.
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Palisade Cells In addition to chloroplasts, plant cells have a cell ______, cell _____________, __________, __________ and ______________.
cell wall- provides structural __________ for the cell and helps __________ the cell. cell membrane - controls the _____________ of substances _______ and ________ of the cell. vacuole - stores the __________.
nucleus - contains the _______ and _____________ the cell’s functions. Chloroplasts - the ___________ parts of a plant cell that contain the ________________ and produce the food through __________________. cytoplasm - a ______ like substance that _______ the cell and supports the __________________ (parts of the cell).
Photosynthesis No one packs a sack ________ for a plant or a tree. Plants make their own _______ through a process called _________________. For photosynthesis, plants need the _______ __________ and ______ ______________. Photosynthesis only occurs in cells that contain _______________, mostly those cells found in the _____________ layer of the leaf. However, all _________ structures in plants, including soft ________ and unripe _______, contain chloroplasts. Since _______ are below ground and cannot absorb __________, their cells do not contain ______________ and are not _________.
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The chloroplasts contain a special substance called _______________, a green _____________. A pigment is a substance that __________ a particular part of the visible light spectrum and __________ the rest. We see plants as _________, because the chlorophyll reflects ________ light waves and absorbs the _____ and _______ light to use for photosynthesis. In the spring and summer most leaves have so much chlorophyll that it ______ all other pigments contained in the leaves. In fall, the chlorophyll in some leaves ________ ______ and the leaf changes __________ as other pigments become visible. Chlorophyll allows a plant to use this ________ energy from the sun to turn __________ _________ (_____) and __________ (_____) into a simple __________. The plant uses this sugar and minerals absorbed by the roots to create the ________ it needs to live. During photosynthesis in addition to making sugar, a plant creates __________ gas (_____) which it either uses for _________________ or releases it into the _______.
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Here is the _______ equation for photosynthesis:
Here is the __________ equation for photosynthesis:
C = __________ O = __________ H = __________
The REACTANTS (what’s needed)
Carbon dioxide ______ - 1 __________ and 2 __________ atoms
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through the __________ on the underside of the leaf. The lower __________ layer of the leaf with its loose-fitting cells let __________ __________ reach the other cells in the leaf.
Water ______ - 2 __________ and 1 __________ atom
The water needed for photosynthesis is absorbed through the _______ and transported through the __________ to the leaf.
Light (__________) A leaf usually has a __________ surface area, so that it can __________ a lot of light. In the upper part of the leaf where the light falls, the __________ cells are adapted to absorb a ______ of light. These tall boxed shaped cells have lots of ________________.
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The PRODUCTS (what’s produced) Glucose / Sugar / Carbohydrate _______ - 6 ________, 12 __________ and 6 ___________ atoms
The glucose made is used to help the plants ________. The extra glucose can be stored as _________. Stored starch can be turned back into __________ later and used to release __________ by ______________. Starch and glucose can also be used by the plant to make __________ for cell walls, __________ for growth and repair, and ______ and oils for storage.
Oxygen ______ - 2 __________ atoms
When plants combine ______ carbon dioxide molecules and _____ water molecules to make the __________ there are twelve __________ atoms left over. The spongy layer of the leaf lets the __________ produced in photosynthesis leave the leaf easily as the plant _____________. Plants do __________ on to a small amount of the oxygen they produced in photosynthesis and use that oxygen to break down ________________ (__________) to give them __________ in a process called ________________.
Respiration To unlock the __________ in the glucose produced in photosynthesis, green plants need to __________, just as animals do. Respiration takes place in the plant's cells, using __________ to produce energy and giving off __________ __________ as a waste product. So in terms of the gas taken in and the gas given out, respiration is the __________ of photosynthesis. During the __________ when the plant is _____________ but not photosynthesising, ____________ is being taken in but not given out - and carbon dioxide is being given _______ but not taken in. The word equation for respiration is the _____________ of the word equation for photosynthesis.
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Here is the word equation for respiration. Energy is put in brackets because it not a ____________.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) Luckily, plants use up more carbon dioxide in _______________ than they produce in ______________, and produce more oxygen while photosynthesising than they use up while respiring - otherwise there would not be enough __________ in the atmosphere for us animals to __________!