name test bank chapter 01: multiple choice...add question here question 4 multiple choice 0 points...

Name Test Bank Chapter 01: Multiple Choice

Description Question pool for Chapter 01: Multiple Choice

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Question 1 Multiple Choice 0 points

Question The study of human development may best be described as

an attempt to understand:

Answer how and why people from diverse cultures are

different.

how children learn to speak and understand

language. how and why people change across the life

span.

how humans and animals are similar and

different.

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Question The study of human development is empirical, meaning

that it is based on:

Answer actual facts.

speculation.

common knowledge.

public opinion.

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Question A crucial element of the science of human development is

the:

Answer focus on all kinds of people, young and old.

search for the meaning of life.

focus on middle-class American people.

use of subjective research methods.

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Question Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from

our biological parents are said to be a result of:

Answer proteins. nature.

nurture.

amino acids.

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Question Even though both of LaMont's parents are less than five

feet tall, LaMont has grown to a height of 5 feet, 11 inches.

His parents lived through the depression era, and LaMont

has always had plenty of food and good medical care. His

tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?

Answer proteins

nature nurture

genes

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Question Which of the following best summarizes the relative

importance of nature and nurture in our development?

Answer The relationship between the two moves only in

one direction. In other words, our genes set the

stage for our development; nurture affects the

manifestation of those genetic influences.

Nurture has no effect on our genes.

The relationship between the two is clear.

Genes (nature) determine our physical traits,

while nurture affects the development of our

psychological and behavioral traits.

Nurture is the primary influence on our overall

development. Genes only set the stage, and

from the moment of birth nurture takes over. The relationship between the two is reciprocal.

In other words, our genes set the stage for our

development; nurture affects the manifestation

of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn,

affects genes.

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Question Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-

deficit error?

Answer The mistaken assumption that a deviation from

a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically

normal.

The scientific explanation which explains how

behavioral deficits interfere with day-to-day

functioning.

The mistaken assumption that there is no such

thing as “normal” behavior because each

individual is unique.

The mistaken assumption that all variations

from normal behavior are a result of nature.

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Question David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their

children all have normal hearing. David and Nichole have

decided to teach their daughter Celeste, who is 3, American

Sign Language. Based on the research of Goodwyn et al.,

why might David and Nichole be doing this?

Answer Celeste will probably interact with deaf

children at school, so she will be able to

interact with all of her peers. Children learn better when they use gestures

as well as words when speaking.

Children who learn sign language develop

better fine-motor coordination.

There is no reasonable explanation unless an

extended family member is deaf.

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Question Professor Nguyen is a developmental researcher who

divides his research participants into groups according to

their age. Professor Nguyen is using which of the following

to define developmental stages?

Answer cognitive development

nature chronology

culture

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Question Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of

human development discussed in the text?

Answer biosocial development

cognitive development

psychosocial development chronological development

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Question A manner of studying human development that stresses the

fluctuations that occur constantly throughout life is referred

to as the:

Answer plastic nature of development. dynamic-systems theory.

life-span approach.

multicontextual effect.

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Question You are a developmental researcher who believes that even

a small change in one area of a person's life can lead to

larger overall changes in that person's development. Which

of the following approaches best describes your thinking?

Answer the biological approach

the cognitive approach the systems approach

the chronological developmental approach

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Question The notion that development involves gains and losses that

do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the

following characteristic of the life-span approach.

Answer multidirectional

multidisciplinary

plasticity

multicontextual

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Question Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which

develop over time that appear to persist, unchanging, from

one age to the next?

Answer continuity

systems

discontinuity

critical period

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Question Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which

develop over time that appear quite different from those

that came before?

Answer continuity

systems discontinuity

critical period

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Question Which of the following aspects of development appears to

fall under the category of a continuous, or persistent,

personality trait?

Answer intelligence

temperament

shyness

hardiness

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Question It is much easier for children to learn a second language

than it is for adults. This exemplifies a:

Answer continuous period. sensitive period.

critical period.

discontinuous period.

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Question Assume that the ability to perceive differences in shape

must be learned before the age of six years, or it can never

be learned. If this is true, it is an example of a(n):

Answer initial learning period.

sensitive period.

continuity period. critical period.

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Question To understand levels of human development, Urie

Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):

Answer microscopic-systems approach. ecological-systems approach.

physiological-systems approach.

chronological-systems approach.

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Question An ecological-systems approach to the study of human

development was recommended by:

Answer Jean Piaget.

Sigmund Freud. Urie Bronfenbrenner.

Erik Erikson.

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Question According to the ecological-systems perspective, the

influence of David's family on his development is part of

his:

Answer macrosystem. microsystem.

exosystem.

mesosystem.

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Question Within the ecological-systems approach, the customs of the

society, as well as the economic and political philosophies

of the nation, are all part of the:

Answer macrosystem.

microsystem.

exosystem.

mesosystem.

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Question Within the ecological-systems approach, the connections

among the various microsystems are part of the:

Answer macrosystem.

microsystem.

exosystem. mesosystem.

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Question Cohort refers to a group of people who:

Answer hold the same political beliefs. are born within a few years of one another.

support each other in times of stress.

participate in a scientific experiment.

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Question When people belong to different cohorts, they differ in:

Answer membership in community groups.

socioeconomic status. age group or generation.

ethnic or racial groups.

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Question You and your high school classmates are part of the same:

Answer social construction.

context.

socioeconomic status. cohort.

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Question The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in

the same cohort experience the same ______

circumstances.

Answer educational

socioeconomic historical

familial

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Question Dora, who is 75 years old, disagrees completely with her

teenage granddaughter about the proper role of women.

Their arguments are most likely to arise from differences in

which context?

Answer educational

ethnic historical

socioeconomic

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Question Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a

wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old

songs. According to the multicontextual characteristic of

development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:

Answer a cohort effect.

fond memories of high school.

her success beyond high school.

social context.

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Question At 55 years of age, Ross lost his job and had to be retrained

in a new field that required taking a course over the

Internet. Never having gone online, he was baffled while

his younger classmates excelled. His frustration may be

attributed to differences in the:

Answer cultural context.

ethnic context.

social context. historical context.

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Question Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:

Answer culture.

ethnicity. social standing.

race.

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Question An individual's socioeconomic status includes:

Answer ethnicity. level of education.

political beliefs.

religion.

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Question The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies,

and art that a group of people have developed over the

years as a design for living are referred to as their:

Answer culture.

cohort.

ethnicity.

environment.

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Question Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:

Answer A close loving bond can shield children against

abuse.

More children than adults live in lower-income

households.

American women tend to be shorter than

American men. American babies usually sleep in a room

separate from their parents.

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Question A researcher interested in making a multicultural

comparison would be most likely to compare which of the

following?

Answer males and females

eight-year-olds and eighteen-year-olds

computer users and non-users Australians and Canadians

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Question Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China.

While they focused strongly on passing their cultural

traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe

Han incorporating some American traditions into their

Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to

understand that Han:

Answer is rejecting his Chinese heritage to fit in with

his American friends. will experience his culture somewhat

differently than his parents do because of

having moved to the United States.

is having difficulty finding his cultural

identity because he is an adolescent.

is going through a sensitive period of

development, so they need to be patient until

he passes through this phase.

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Question If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and

language, they are said to be part of the same:

Answer nation.

racial group.

culture. ethnic group.

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Question In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is

the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the

income for the family. This is an example of:

Answer an ethnic belief.

a racial bias. a social construction.

heritage.

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Question Which of the following has a strong influence on

socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race?

Answer genotype culture

social directives

stereotypes

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Question

According to research by Buckett, which of the following

will be most adversely affected by disturbed sleep?

Answer a Hispanic child from a wealthy family

children under the age of five years

infants who sleep in a room separate from

their parents an African American child from a low-

income family

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Question Which of the following factors correlates positively with

violent delinquency?

Answer SES and child abuse

race and SES

child abuse and ethnicity

SES and social class

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Question The presence of which of the following genetic variations

correlates positively with violent delinquency?

Answer high-SES gene

high-MAOA gene low-MAOA gene

low SES gene

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Question Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone

else by mimicking the action are called:

Answer motor neurons. mirror neurons.

sensory neurons.

glial cells.

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Question When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-

old Leila stuck her tongue out in return. How might

scientists explain her behavior?

Answer Leila's behavior was strictly coincidental. Mirror neurons were activated.

She was exhibiting early signs of high

intelligence.

She was exhibiting the tongue-thrust reflex.

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Question Our genetic structure is set:

Answer after about 38 weeks of gestation.

during the last trimester before birth. at the moment of conception.

after about 1 year of age.

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Question How do infants react to their mothers when the mother

speaks to them in a monotone, expressionless manner?

Answer They laugh at her odd behavior.

They cry uncontrollably.

They will try to engage her and reach up to

be held. They tend to be wary and disengaged.

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Question The notion of plasticity refers to the:

Answer fact that many academic fields contribute data

and insight to the science of development.

universals and specifics of human development

in many cultural settings.

vast array of contexts in which development

occurs. ability of human traits to be molded during

development.

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Question The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David,

demonstrates that severely disabled children:

Answer should be cared for in special institutions.

may be integrated into public education. may live reasonably normal lives.

may be limited in opportunities in order to be

successful.

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Question The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David,

illustrates which of the following?

Answer how poverty can disrupt development the plastic nature of human traits

how ethnic and cultural values can interrupt the

normal course of development

the inevitable fate of some individuals who are

born with severe disabilities

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Question The idea that the study of development involves several

academic fields defines the __________ characteristic of

development.

Answer multidisciplinary

multicontextual

plasticity

multidirectional

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Question Which of the following best defines the term plasticity as it

applies to human development?

Answer Development takes place within multiple

contexts.

Development processes do not always occur in

a straight line. Every trait within an individual can be altered

at any point during the life span.

Many cultures within any given country affect

the development of individuals within that

country.

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Question Rebecca experienced a traumatic event at the age of four.

From that time forward, her development seemed to

stagnate. At the age of six Rebecca’s family moved to a

better neighborhood with better schools. After this move,

not only did Rebecca’s development begin to move

forward, but she excelled in many areas of development.

This exemplifies which two characteristics of development?

Answer multidisciplinary and multicontextual multicontextual and multidirectional

plasticity and multidirectional

multidirectional and multicultural

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Question In order to draw conclusions that are based on evidence,

rather than opinion or wishful thinking, researchers use:

Answer hypothetical questioning.

observational surveys. the scientific method.

reflective thinking.

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Question The scientific method:

Answer is used only for the “hard” sciences, such as

physics.

always involves conducting experiments. requires systematic testing of hypotheses.

is not generally used in psychology, as it is

quite susceptible to researcher bias.

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Question The first step in the scientific method involves:

Answer posing a question.

running an experiment.

selecting a group of participants.

asking people to participate.

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Question Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a

question, her next step is to:

Answer draw conclusions.

run an experiment.

select a group of participants. develop a hypothesis.

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Question

Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic

and objective manner is referred to as:

Answer scientific observation.

a correlational design.

cross-sectional research.

a laboratory experiment.

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Question Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children. She

asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that

were focused on the candy aisle. Her method of study is:

Answer a survey. scientific observation.

an experiment.

an exploration.

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Question If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records

how many times they open and close their eyes while lying

in their cribs, he is most likely using:

Answer the case-study method.

a controlled experiment.

cross-sectional research. scientific observation.

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Question If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how

frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could:

Answer give half of them candy and see how many

would share.

mingle with the children and ask them about

sharing.

bring a small group into her laboratory and

observe them eating. watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in

the school lunchroom.

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Question Scientific observation permits:

Answer the study of individuals behaving as they

normally do.

determination of cause-and-effect relationships.

precise control of the environment.

systematic manipulation of variables.

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Question Identify an example of scientific observation.

Answer asking employers about their employee's

assertive behavior

asking teachers to rate children's activity levels

in the classroom watching mother–child interactions at home

bringing people to a laboratory to measure

memory ability

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Question Scientific observation would probably be the best choice

for a researcher interested in:

Answer beliefs of parents about the drinking behavior

of their children.

adolescents' risky sexual behavior.

obtaining extensive information about a single

adolescent's nutritional behavior. the frequency of bullying during school recess

periods.

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Question Which of the following is the major drawback to

observational research?

Answer It must be done in a laboratory setting.

It cannot be generalized to other populations. It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect

relationships.

It violates the ethical standards of research.

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Question Experiments allow researchers to:

Answer study the natural environment.

study the entire complexity and uniqueness of

an individual.

inexpensively adhere to the scientific method. determine a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Question When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular

behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:

Answer the case study.

scientific observation. the experiment.

the survey.

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Question Which of the following is the best definition of “dependent

variable”?

Answer It is the measured variable that may change

depending upon manipulation of an

experimental variable.

It is any unmeasured variable that is not

controlled within the context of the experiment.

It is the variable that is intentionally

manipulated by the researcher.

It is one of the external variables that cannot be

controlled by the researcher.

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Question Which of the following is the best definition of

“independent variable”?

Answer It is the measured variable that may change

depending upon manipulation of an

experimental variable.

It is any unmeasured variable not controlled

within the experiment. It is the variable that is intentionally

manipulated by the researcher.

It is one of the external variables that cannot be

controlled by the researcher.

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Question An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might

be:

Answer gender.

blood type.

eye color. level of depression.

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Question A researcher was interested in whether watching violence

affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a

violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent

film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films,

the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study

was:

Answer a naturalistic observation. an experiment.

a case study.

longitudinal research.

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film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he

observed their aggression levels. In this study, the

independent variable was the:

Answer viewing of the violent film.

level of aggression displayed before the

film.

level of aggression displayed following the

film.

children's home environment.

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film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films,

the behaviors of the two groups were compared. In this

study, the comparison group was the children:

Answer who watched the violent film. who watched the nonviolent film.

whose behavior was the inspiration for the

study.

who watch at least four hours of television

per day.

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Question In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the

imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the

______ group.

Answer independent

dependent experimental

comparison

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Question In an experiment, the group of participants who do not

receive the independent variable is called the:

Answer dependent group.

significant group. control group.

experimental group.

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Question When differences between experimental and comparison

groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:

Answer significant.

insignificant.

effective.

ineffective.

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Question When differences between experimental and comparison

groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:

Answer dependence

significance

meta-analysis effect size

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Question You are doing research looking at how a child’s overall

health, SES, and culture affect academic performance.

Which of the following would you use to determine this?

Answer factor analysis

significance

meta-analysis

effect size

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Question Which of the following is the best definition of “odds

ratio”?

Answer a number indicating the likelihood that

experiment results occurred by chance

a number indicating the relationship between

two variables in correlational research

a number measuring the relationship between

the independent and the dependent variable a number comparing a variable to a standard

identified as 1

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Question A reason why surveys might not be the most valid of

research methods is because:

Answer many people give inaccurate responses to

impress the interviewers.

many people answer honestly but the

interviewers do not believe them.

even a representative sample of people will be

biased.

when asked the same questions again,

responses differ.

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Question Which of the following is an example of a survey method?

Answer personal interviews

IQ test scores

height/weight statistics

school grades

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Question To study people's thoughts about aging, a researcher would

most likely use:

Answer a laboratory experiment. a survey.

naturalistic observation.

the case-study method.

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Question A researcher has just completed a study of Princess Diana,

including her family background, life history, and

expressed opinions. This is an example of:

Answer the survey method.

representative sampling. a case study.

objective testing.

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Question The basis for a good case study is:

Answer gathering information from as many people as

possible.

gathering a single piece of data from a few

individuals. detailed information about a single individual.

asking the right questions.

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Question Which of the following methods of research often provides

a good starting point for further research?

Answer experiments case studies

meta-analyses

factor analyses

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Question Compared with other methods, the case study has a major

limitation in that:

Answer it is less intensive and thus less informative.

it does not provide sufficient detail on the

individual. its conclusions might not apply to anyone else.

it requires the consent of the individual being

studied.

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Question Which of the following is the best definition of “odds

ratio”?

Answer a cross-sequential design

a cross-sectional design

a meta-sequential design

a longitudinal design

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Question Ten years ago, Abram conducted an extensive review of

research on the use of technology by a group of

adolescents. When he submitted his work last year for

publication, it was rejected. What was the most likely

reason?

Answer Adolescent use of technology hasn't changed

in ten years. The historical context changed, rendering his

research obsolete.

Little interest exists in researching the use of

technology by adolescents.

Abram's hypothesis was incorrectly stated.

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Question The quickest way to study changes over the life span is

with:

Answer cross-sectional research.

the case study.

cross-sequential studies.


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Question In cross-sectional research on development, each of the

groups studied is of a different:

Answer sex.

social class. age.

political affiliation.

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Question A researcher was interested in finding out whether

children's ability to exhibit self-control when offered

unhealthy food changed with age. He asked parents of

three-year-old, six-year-old, and nine-year-old children to

bring their children into the laboratory, where they were

allowed to eat as much candy, cookies, and cake as they

wanted. The researcher then compared the amount of food

eaten by children of the three different ages. This is an

example of:

Answer a naturalistic observation. cross-sectional research.


cross-sequential research.

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Question Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-

sectional research?

Answer There are too many variables to keep track of.

Longitudinal changes are not easily measured. Cohort differences—that is, differences in

background variables.

Cultural differences.

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Question To study how members of a particular group change or

remain the same as they grow older, the best method is:

Answer cross-sectional research.

a survey at the end of the time period. longitudinal research.

establishing an experimental group and a

control group.

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Question A researcher interested in how computer abilities change

with age examines the computer skills of 14-year-olds and

20-year-olds. She finds that the computer skills of the 20-

year-olds are better than those of the 14-year-olds. Which

of the following is a possible explanation for this result?

Answer higher intelligence of 20-year-olds

lack of control group cohort differences

better verbal comprehension of 20-year-

olds

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Question If a researcher wanted to study the development of

handwriting ability in children, she could measure the

handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to

take handwriting samples from these same children each

year until sixth grade. This is an example of:

Answer longitudinal research.


cross-sequential research.

a replication study.

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Question A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty

years, when they are 10, 20, 30, and 40 years old, is

conducting:

Answer cohort research. longitudinal research.

continuous research.


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Question

Longitudinal research tends to be:

Answer more surprising in its results than cross-

sectional studies.

less time consuming than cross-sectional

studies.

more common than cross-sectional studies.

not worth doing.

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Question Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design

allows researchers to:

Answer disentangle differences due to chronological

age from differences related to historical

period.

disentangle differences in groups of individuals

who are of different ages.

reduce sample bias.

conduct research over only a small time period.

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Question A cross-sequential design:

Answer examines a single group of people who are the

same age at one point in time.

examines two or more groups of people who

are of different ages at one point in time.

follows a single group of people over an

extended period of time. follows two or more groups of people who are

of different ages over a period of time.

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Question The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The

correlation that exists between his food intake and his

hunger is:

Answer positive. negative.

zero.

causal.

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Question After he got his first job and a regular paycheck, Juan found

himself buying more and more DVDs, especially as he got

pay raises. The correlation between the size of his paycheck

and the DVDs is:

Answer positive.

negative.

zero

causal.

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Question A researcher studies the relationship between two variables

and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable

will result in a change in the other. What type of research is

this person conducting?

Answer experimental correlational

observational

descriptive

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Question If you find a correlation between school grades and school

attendance, you can conclude that:

Answer high attendance and high grades tend to occur

together.

high attendance causes high grades.

smart children often miss school.

smart children enjoy school.

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Question Which of the following would be an example of qualitative

data collection?

Answer Interviewing all of the siblings of a pair of

conjoined twins and asking them about their

personal interactions.

Documenting how many hours of television an

eight-year-old child watches per week.

Observing and documenting the number of

aggressive behaviors demonstrated by three-

year-olds in a day care setting.

Measuring the heights and weights of a group

of preschoolers.

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Question Quantitative information always involves:

Answer data on subjects.

obtaining much information from research

participants. numerical data.

studying people over a period of time.

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Question Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or

numbered is:

Answer anecdotal.

qualitative. quantitative.

hypothetical.

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Question Julie is demonstrating probability to a group of school-age

children by repeating flipping a coin and predicting heads

or tails. The data she collects is:

Answer hypothetical.

correlational. quantitative.

qualitative.

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Question Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable

to numbers is:

Answer quantitative. qualitative.

correlational.

hypothetical.

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Question Which of the following is a strength of qualitative research?

Answer It is easy to interpret because the results are

expressed in numbers.

It is less vulnerable to bias than quantitative

research.

It is easy to replicate. It allows us to summarize cultural and

contextual diversity and complexity.

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Question The set of moral principles used by each academic

discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of

research is referred to as their:

Answer policies and procedures.

participant rules. code of ethics.

conditions of liability.

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Question Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker.

In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms

of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic

discipline's:

Answer policies and procedures. code of ethics.

participant rules.

conditions of liability.

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Question When doing research with children, which of the following

must be obtained?

Answer the children's birth records

the names of the children's biological parents if

the children are adopted the parents' informed consent

the names of the children's peers

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Question The initials IRB stand for:

Answer Institutional Research Board.

International Research Board.

Internal Review Board.

Intelligence Research Board.

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Question Researchers obtain informed consent of individuals

participating in their studies to ensure the participants

understand that:

Answer participation is voluntarily, confidential, and

harmless for all.

they will be paid for their participation.

researchers are not liable for unanticipated

outcomes.

their names will be published in the final

research report.

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Question In seeking participants for research studies, researchers

must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in

advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants

to stop at any time. This process is known as:

Answer holding harmless. informed consent.

release of liability.

rite of research.

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Question An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be

considered unethical is:

Answer halting the study if harm is suspected. changing the data to support the hypothesis.

obtaining informed consent.

maintaining confidentiality.

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Question

In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with

ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following

is an important part of the research process?

Answer keeping the research separate from the

participants at all times

keeping the names of the research

participants anonymous providing details of the study which will

allow for replication

using the same research team for replicating

future studies

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Question Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of

study that:

Answer may be researched quickly.

may be researched inexpensively. are of major importance to society.

are politically correct.

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Name Test Bank Chapter 01: True/False

Description Question pool for Chapter 01: True/False

Instructions

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Question 1 True/False 0 points

Question The science of human development

examines how, but not why, people

change over time.

Answer

True

False

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Question The primary concern of developmental

scientists is to explore the processes of

development (“how”), rather than the

reasons behind these processes (“why”).

Answer

True

False

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Question The science of human development is

based on empirical research. That means

that it is based primarily on data and

facts.

Answer True

False

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Question Replication of a study involves using the

same participants to facilitate acceptance

of a study's conclusions by the scientific

community.

Answer

True

False

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Question The central task of developmentalists

interested in diverse cultural influences is

to identify and describe the universality

and uniqueness in humans.

Answer True

False

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Question The concept referred to as nurture

involves environmental as well as genetic

influences that impact development after

conception.

Answer

True

False

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Question Developmentalists sometimes analyze

change in behavior that occurs in

fractions of seconds.

Answer True

False

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Question Developmentalists often draw on other

disciplines such as biology and sociology

to gain insight into human development.

Answer True

False

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Question Development can be conceptualized as

linear, or one-dimensional.

Answer

True

False

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Question Tim views human development from an

ecological-systems approach. Therefore,

he examines the contexts and interactions

in people's lives rather than just looking

at the individual.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question In the ecological-systems approach, the

immediate family, peer groups, and

classrooms are all parts of the

macrosystem.

Answer

True

False

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Question Individuals in the same cohort are

exposed to the same historical context.

Answer True

False

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Question The term cohort refers to individuals born

in the same geographical region and

within the same social class.

Answer

True

False

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Question

The SES of a college graduate

completing an internship is higher than

that of a high-school dropout working in

a fast-food restaurant, even though their

annual income is the same.

Answer True

False

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Question The socioeconomic status of a family

primarily reflects the household income.

Answer

True

False

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Question People who share a common ancestry and

language are all a part of the same

socioeconomic status.

Answer

True

False

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Question Culture affects actions more than

thoughts.

Answer

True

False

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Question Culture may be simply understood as a

social group whose resources have been

passed to them from the generation

before.

Answer True

False

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Question A cross-cultural approach is now taken

by developmentalists to better understand

how cultural variables influence personal,

dynamic change.

Answer

True

False

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Question Whether you call professors by their first

names is a function of your culture.

Answer True

False

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Question People can be affected by more than one

culture simultaneously.

Answer True

False

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Question Race involves, in additional to outward

appearance, shared attributes of heritage,

national origin, and culture.

Answer

True

False

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Question The study conducted in New Zealand on

maltreatment in children indicated that

the low-MAOA gene, rather than the

high-MAOA gene, predicted aggression.

Answer True

False

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Question Brain cells that reflect someone else's

gestures, mouth movements, and body

actions are called expressive neurons.

Answer

True

False

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Question One reason that the discovery of mirror

neurons is so valuable to our

understanding of human behavior is

because it is hypothesized that observing

incidents may be like experiencing them.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question Research on patterns of brain activity in

children indicate that as the mother's

depression fluctuates from high to low,

the child's mood remains relatively

consistent.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question Plasticity refers both to how human traits

can be molded into different forms and to

how humans can change over time.

Answer True

False

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Question The purpose of the scientific method is to

find ways to support researchers'

hypotheses.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question A research question becomes a

hypothesis when it is restated as a

prediction or idea that can be tested.

Answer True

False

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Question Conclusions of a scientific study are

based on whether the evidence supports

or refutes the hypothesis.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question The first step of the scientific method is

to test the research question.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question A researcher who watches college

students during an exam and counts how

many students bite their nails is

conducting a scientific observation.

Answer True

False

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Question The main advantage of observation is that

the scientist can make determinations

about cause and effect.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question An advantage of the experimental

method is that it has the ability to indicate

cause and effect.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question

In conducting an experiment, researchers

manipulate the dependent variable to see

if it affects the independent variable.

Answer

True

False

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Question In an experiment, the group receiving the

special treatment is referred to as the

comparison group.

Answer

True

False

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Question In an experiment, the comparison group

often varies substantially from the

experimental group on basic

characteristics such as sex, age, and level

of education.

Answer

True

False

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Question A significance level of .05 would indicate

that chance would produce this result

once in 100 times.

Answer

True

False

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Question The purpose of a case study is to allow a

researcher to make generalizations about

the larger population.

Answer

True

False

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Question A limitation of the interview or survey

method is that people may give

inaccurate or misleading information

about themselves.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question A survey enables the researcher to

thoroughly study one individual.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question A case study involves an intensive study

of one person for the purpose of

generating further hypotheses.

Answer True

False

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Question One disadvantage of cross-sectional

research is that differences could be due

to cohort rather than development.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here


Question Longitudinal research allows a group of

people of one age to be compared with

groups of younger and older people of

similar social class and educational

background.

Answer

True

False

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Question In longitudinal research, the same people

are measured over a period of time.

Answer True

False

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Question Cross-sequential research is a

combination of a cross-sectional

approach and a longitudinal approach.

Answer True

False

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Question Correlations indicate that there is a

connection between two variables, but

they cannot indicate the reason for the

connection.

Answer True

False

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Question When two variables are unrelated, the

correlation between them is zero.

Answer True

False

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Question If a change in one variable tends to go

with change in another variable, it is clear

that one variable causes the other variable

to change.

Answer

True

False

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Question If we were to find a correlation between

level of education and verbal skills, we

can then conclude that more education

causes increased verbal skills.

Answer

True

False

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Question Using the scientific method when

conducting research is a safeguard

against misinterpretation of data and

conclusions and overdependence on

numbers.

Answer

True

False

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Question A case study is an example of qualitative

research.

Answer True

False

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Question Derrick wants to conduct a quantitative

research study for his psychology class.

He has developed a series of open-ended

questions to collect data for his research.

Answer

True

False

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Question Benjamin altered his research findings to

support his hypothesis. He "cooked" the

data.

Answer True

False

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Question Researchers only need participants'

informed consent when the researchers

believe that harm may come to the

participants during the study.

Answer

True

False

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Question The risk of doing harm to participants in

a research study can happen at any age.

Answer True

False

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Question Researchers have little ethical

responsibility for how media or

politicians might interpret their research.

Answer

True

False

Add Question Here


Question Researchers have an ethical responsibility

to study topics that will help people.

Answer True

False

Add Question Here

Name Test Bank Chapter 01: Fill-in-the-Blank

Description Question pool for Chapter 01: Fill-in-the-Blank

Instructions

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Question 1 Fill in the Blank 0 points

Question The study of how and why people change over

time and how and why they remain the same is

the science of ______.

Answer human development

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Question The science of human development is ______,

meaning that it is based on facts, data, and many

experiences and demonstrations.

Answer empirical

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Question Often the last step of the scientific method is to

make the findings available so that other

researchers can repeat, or ______, the research.

Answer replicate

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Question The term that refers to the traits inherited at

conception is called ______.

Answer nature

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Question The dynamic-systems approach adopts a view of

human development that involves an interaction

between the ______ and ______ parts of a person.

Answer physical; emotional

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Question Development is often divided into three domains:

biosocial, cognitive, and ______.

Answer psychosocial

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Question Development involves characteristics that are

stable over time (gender, temperament), which

can be referred to as ______, and also those that

are unlike those that came before, referred to as

______.

Answer continuity; discontinuity

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Question The ______ period of development involves a

time where developmental growth must occur at a

specified time.

Answer critical

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Question The ______ is a guide used by psychologists and

psychiatrists to diagnose psychological problems.

Answer DSM or Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders

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Question Bronfenbrenner developed a(n) ______ approach

to the study of development.

Answer ecological-systems

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Question Eli wants to compare children's eating habits from

the 1950s to today. His historical comparisons are

part of the ______, using an ecological-systems

approach to his research.

Answer chronosystem

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Question Andrea and her circle of friends were all born

within three years of one another. Because of the

probability of their sharing in the same historical

events and cultural shifts, this group of

individuals may be considered to be a ______.

Answer cohort

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Question A(n) ______ is a group of people born roughly at

the same historical time.

Answer cohort

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Question When discussed from a social science perspective,

SES refers to ______.

Answer socioeconomic status

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Question The set of shared values, assumptions, customs,

and patterns of behavior that are maintained by

people in a specific setting is known as ______.

Answer culture

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Question Social scientists have recently realized that

______ is a confused concept and prefer to focus

on the relationship between ethnicity and race and

their effect on development.

Answer race or racial group

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Question Race is more often being referred to as an idea

created by society, also called a ______.

Answer social construction

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Question The 3 billion pairs of genetic messages embodied

by each person reside on about ______ genes.

Answer 20000

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Question Sean yawned during a meeting and within a few

minutes, several others attending the meeting

began to yawn. The brain cells activated by Sean's

yawn are called ______.

Answer mirror neurons

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Question The characteristic of development that is useful in

understanding how individuals and traits within

individuals can be molded at different points in

the life span is known as ______.

Answer plasticity

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Question

After a researcher has formulated a research

______, he or she must reformulate it into a

specific idea to be tested, called a(n) ______.

Answer question; hypothesis

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Question A hypothesis is an idea (generated by a question)

that can be ______ by various research methods.

Answer tested or evaluated or examined

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Question If a researcher observes a family at home, this is

considered observation in a(n) ______ setting.

Answer natural

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Question Researchers who want to establish a causal

relationship between two variables should use a

research design called a(n) ______.

Answer experiment

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Question In a(n) ______, the scientist deliberately changes

one variable and measures the change in some

other variable.

Answer experiment

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Question A researcher interested in examining whether a

memory training program can improve the

memory skills of elderly individuals tested his

program by dividing a group of elders into two

groups. The group that received the memory

training was the ______ group. Memory skills at

the end of the training are referred to as the

______ variable.

Answer experimental; dependent

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Question When differences between the experimental group

and the control group are so large that they could

not have occurred simply by chance, they are

considered to be ______.

Answer significant

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Question A statistical technique used to analyze the

cumulative results of previous research studies is

called a ______.

Answer meta-analysis

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Question When obtaining information from large numbers

of people from written questionnaires, one is

using the ______ method.

Answer survey

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Question A developmentalist who bases his conclusions on

intensive study of one of his own children is using

the ______ method.

Answer case study

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Question To measure developmental change,

developmentalists must include ______ in their

research designs.

Answer aging

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Question Research that compares people of different ages

who are similar in other important ways is called

______ research.

Answer cross-sectional

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Question Collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals

as they age is a ______ approach to conducting

research.

Answer longitudinal

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Question When a group of exceptionally gifted students are

studied as the students go through elementary

school, secondary school, and college, the

research design is called ______ research.

Answer longitudinal

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Question Cross-sequential research can be thought of as a

mix between a ______ design and a ______

design.

Answer cross-sectional; longitudinal

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Question The more Drake exercises, the more physically fit

he becomes. Exercise and fitness, then, exhibit a

positive ______.

Answer correlation

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Question Brett asked a group of high school students a

series of open-ended questions about their study

habits. He was conducting ______ research.

Answer qualitative

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Question Each academic discipline and professional society

involved in research on human development has a

code of ______, a set of moral principles.

Answer ethics

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Question Research subjects' participation must always be

______, and the information obtained from a

particular subject must be kept ______.

Answer voluntary; confidential

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Question Researchers understand that conducting the same

study again lends credence to its results, should

the findings be the same as the original study. The

practice of ______, then, is crucial to sound

research ethics.

Answer replication

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Question Professor Lopez is researching the effectiveness

of a new method of teaching reading to second-

language learners. Prior to testing his new

method, he had to assure that all participation was

voluntary, confidential, and harmless. This

process is called ______.

Answer informed consent

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Name Test Bank Chapter 01: Essay

Description Question pool for Chapter 01: Essay

Instructions

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Question 1 Essay 0 points

Question Suppose you were curious about people's views

regarding instant messaging and how it has

affected the lives of Americans. Would the age of

the individuals whose opinions you asked matter?

Thinking about the concept of a cohort, describe

how instant messaging might tend to be viewed by

individuals who are 12 years old, 30 years old, and

70 years old.

Answer Students should affirm that age matters in

this case. Specific views will vary, but

students should demonstrate an

understanding of the importance of

historical context. For instance, 70-year-

olds grew up without computers, 30-year-

olds grew up using computers for a much

more limited number of tasks, and 12-

year-olds have grown up using the

computer as a means of communication.

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Question First define and then compare and contrast the

following terms: (a) race, (b) ethnic group, and (c)

socioeconomic status.

Answer Race is meant to be a biological

categorization (e.g., hair and skin color),

whereas ethnic group is meant to be a

category based on national origin,

religion, customs, and language. Social

scientists prefer not to use race, because

there are no clear-cut categories. SES

refers to income, education, community,

etc., and is related to ethnic group but is

certainly not the same.

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Question Cassie is 3 years old and just witnessed her friend

Sara fall from her tricycle and skin her knee. Sara

starts to cry and the teacher hurries toward her.

Explore Cassie's possible reactions to this incident,

considering recent research on mirror neurons.

Answer Recent research on mirror neurons has

found “neural activity that mirrors not

only the movement but also the intentions,

sensations, and emotions of those around

us.” This implies that Cassie may reflect

her friend's pain by crying and/or

exhibiting facial expressions associated

with distress. Cassie may also mirror the

teacher's behavior by running toward Sara.

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Question Think about a belief you hold strongly that is in

disagreement with your parent, grandparent, or

other adult relative. This belief may concern

marriage, education, drug and alcohol use, the roles

of men and women, child rearing practices, and so

forth. Briefly describe your perspective on the

topic and then describe your parent's perspective.

How have the historical context in which you grew

up and the historical context in which your parent

grew up influenced your differences on this issue?

Answer Answers will vary, but students should

choose a social construction and

sufficiently describe specific aspects of

the historical contexts that would

influence differences in ideas.

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Question Explain why researchers interested in human

development study different cultures. Give an

example of a research question that would benefit

from a multicultural comparison.

Answer Researchers interested in human

development study different cultures in

order to allow them to notice when

patterns are universal and to provide

insights into the effects of different

environments. Examples will vary, but

students should provide an example that

demonstrates one of these purposes.

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Question List, in order, and explain each of the four basic

steps of the scientific method.

Answer Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a

question based on theory, prior research,

or personal observation. Step 2: Develop a

hypothesis. A hypothesis is a specific

research question/prediction that can be

tested through research. Step 3: Test the

hypothesis. Design and conduct research

to gather empirical evidence. Step 4: Draw

conclusions. Using the evidence gathered

in the research, conclude whether the

hypothesis is supported or refuted.

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Question What is scientific observation? Give an example of

a research question that could be addressed with

this method. Describe one advantage and one

limitation of this method.

Answer Scientific observation involves watching

people in their natural settings. Research

questions will vary, but should not involve

cause and effect, and should include

variables that can be observed in a natural

setting. Advantages of scientific

observation include that it is unobtrusive

and that people act naturally. Limitations

include that the researcher has minimal

control and that one cannot make claims

about cause.

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Question Define correlation and give an example. Can one

determine cause and effect from correlations?

Explain why or why not.

Answer A correlation exists between two variables

when one changes (increases or decreases)

as the other changes. It is impossible to

determine cause and effect from

correlations because correlations indicate

a connection between two variables, but

cannot determine a reason for the

connection because no other variables are

controlled.

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Question What is an experiment? Give an example of a

research question that could be addressed with this

method. Describe one advantage and one limitation

of this method.

Answer The experiment is a research method in

which a researcher manipulates one

variable and then looks for and records

any changes in some other variable.

Sample research questions will vary, but

should involve an independent variable

that can be manipulated (i.e., not age,

gender, race, intelligence, etc.) and a

dependent variable that can change.

Advantages include ability to determine

cause and effect relations and ability to

manipulate or control the environment.

Limitations include that it is usually an

artificial situation and participants usually

know they are research participants, so we

cannot generalize to real-world situations.

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Question Describe two reasons why it is sometimes difficult

to get valid data with a survey.

Answer Answers will vary, but students should

describe two reasons. For instance, people

may try to make themselves look smart or

nice, wording of questions may influence

results, data may be incomplete if

everyone doesn't respond, and people can

be inaccurate reporters (e.g., memory

difficulties).

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Question What is a case study? Give an example of a

research question that could be addressed with this

method. Describe one advantage and one limitation

of this research method.

Answer The case study is research focusing on one

individual. Sample research questions will

vary, but should involve gathering a great

deal of information about a single person

over time. Advantages include the ability

to gain a lot of detailed information and

the ability to understand an individual

more thoroughly. Also, it is a good

starting point for other types of research.

Limitations include the possibility that the

qualitative data or interpretations of it are

biased, and the fact that what holds true

for one particular individual may not hold

true for others.

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Question Imagine you are interested in the relationship

between age and reading ability for children

between 4 and 10 years of age. Briefly summarize

how you could test this using a cross-sectional

design.

Answer The students should state that they will

find several groups of children ranging in

age from 4 to 10. They will then evaluate

each child's reading ability or ask parents

or teachers to do so. Finally, they will

compare the children of various ages and

look for differences.

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Question Give a brief description of longitudinal research

and a brief description of cross-sequential research.

Describe the differences between these two

designs, and cite one advantage that each design

has over the other.

Answer Longitudinal research is a procedure in

which people of a given age are studied

repeatedly over time to measure their

stability and change over time. Cross-

sectional research involves examining

several groups of people of different ages

at a single point in time in order to

examine age differences on a particular

variable. Longitudinal design uses a single

group, whereas cross-sequential design

uses multiple groups of different ages.

Advantages of longitudinal design over

cross-sequential design are that it is

simpler to conduct and analyze.

Advantages of cross-sectional design over

longitudinal design include that it can

differentiate between true developmental

changes and effects due to cohort, or

historical period.

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Question Explain why differences are not always deficits.

Give an example.

Answer It is often assumed that because someone's

behavior or abilities are outside the

“normal” range of behaviors, those

behaviors and abilities will pose a

problem. The answer should point out that

these “problems” may be a result of

stereotyping or other people's beliefs.

Examples may be varied, but need to show

specifically that a difference or variation

in a behavior is not detrimental to the

individual's ability to function or overall

physical and mental health.

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Question Defining culture as a social group's “design for

living,” think about the college campus culture and

the culture in your home. How are they alike? How

do they differ? What values are emphasized on

campus that may not be emphasized at home?

Likewise, what values are present in the home that

may not exist on campus?

Answer Students should compare and contrast

campus and home values and then

identify campus values not present at

home and home values not present on

campus.

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Question Define and discuss the term plasticity as it related

to human development. What influences plasticity

in development? Offer at least one example of

plasticity that has or is operating in your life.

Answer Students should include both aspects of

plasticity in their definition: the molding

of human traits into different forms and

shapes, and the durability of identity.

Influences include culture, upbringing,

and genes. Their example should relate to

some aspect of growth in their lives.

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Question Summarize methods of ensuring that research is

designed, conducted, and reported in an ethical

manner. What practices should be built into the

study to protect participants and to protect the

integrity of the research?

Answer Students should include the process of

informed consent, the need for scientific

collaboration and training of the

researchers, accurate and objective

reporting of results, and replication.

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Question Suppose you want to investigate how abuse in

early childhood affects personality development in

middle childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

using cross-sectional and longitudinal research in

exploring this topic?

Answer Answers should acknowledge that cross-

sectional research is faster and less

expensive than longitudinal research.

Answers should also indicate that

longitudinal research has its shortcomings.

For instance, it is difficult to follow the

same individuals for a long period of time,

and it is hard to assess the impact of

participation in the research on their

development. Alert students may also

point out that historical factors are always

a potential source of error with both

longitudinal and cross-sectional research;

results that were true for a particular

cohort in one historical period may not

hold for other cohorts growing up earlier

or later. For instance, some of the long-

term results of child abuse may well

depend on the attitude and actions of the

community with regard to abuse and the

ability of medical personnel to detect

abuse—both of which have changed

markedly during the past twenty years.

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Question Using the ecological-systems approach, think about

the impact of poverty on a child's cognitive

development. Give an example of an influence

within each of the following four contexts: family,

school/peers, neighborhood/community, and

cultural values/economic policies.

Answer The answers should incorporate an

ecological approach to describe the effects

of poverty on cognitive development.

Answers will vary, but should include the

relation between poverty and family

interactions (e.g., parents' stress will

decrease quality of parenting),

school/peers (e.g., the condition of

schools), neighborhood/community (e.g.,

may be unsafe neighborhood, causing

children stress on the way to and from

school), and cultural values/economic

policies (e.g., Head Start program).

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Question What are some of the basic rights of children

involved in research? Refer to the standards listed

in Table 1.7, page 31 of the text.

Answer When involving children in research,

experimenters must ensure that the

subjects are not harmed, participation is

voluntary, children and parents are

informed about what will occur, and all

information is kept confidential.

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Question Suppose you are on an advisory committee whose

purpose it is to ensure that experiments involving

young children are conducted in an ethical manner.

Give an example of an experiment that you would

consider ethical, one you would consider unethical,

and one that would be difficult to evaluate. Defend

your reasons in each case.

Answer Answers will vary, but ethical experiments

are ones that will ensure that the subjects

will not be harmed by the research process

and participation is voluntary and

confidential. Unethical experiments would

involve violation of any of these

conditions. One that would be difficult to

evaluate would be a study in which there

is some potential for harm but also one

where there are potential benefits as well

(e.g., effects of particular medicines or

therapies).

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Question Do you think it is ethical for children to be

involved in research projects? Why or why not?

What are your best arguments FOR their

involvement? What are your best arguments

AGAINST their involvement?

Answer Answers will vary, but a clear

understanding of the ethical issues

regarding children in research should be

addressed. Answers must be based in

academic understanding and critical

thinking.

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Question Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative

research. Offer at least two examples of methods

that may be used for each type of research when

conducting a study examining snack food choices

in middle-school children.

Answer Quantitative research includes data that

may be ranked, categorized, or numbered,

while qualitative research includes data

that is difficult to assign numbers to such

as open-ended questions and descriptions.

Two examples of quantitative methods

that could be used when examining snack

food choices in middle school children

might be ranking their favorite snacks and

determining the average number of snacks

that they consume daily. Qualitative

methods might be asking open-ended

questions about how their favorite snacks

make them feel and describing the

environment in which snacking typically

takes place.

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Question Explain the concept of "informed consent," and

identify those from whom consent must be given

for either adults or children to participate in

research.

Answer Informed consent is the process of

obtaining written consent from research

participants before the research begins that

explains its purposes and procedures and

states that participation is voluntary,

harmless, and confidential. Participants

must consent in writing; if they are

children, parents must consent.

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name test bank chapter 01: multiple choice...add question here question 4 multiple choice 0 points...

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