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Name____________________
Period______________
Writing an
Elizabethan
Research Paper
English I
Mrs. Frazier
1
How to Format the
Essay
Basic Formatting: *Use a standard font, like Times New Roman or Arial, and keep it at 12 points.
*Double space entire essay with no extra spaces between paragraphs.
*First page header should have your name, your teacher’s name, the class name, and the date.
This should be left-aligned at the beginning of your essay.
*All other pages (including the Works Cited page) should have your last name and the page
number in the top right corner of the header. This may be on the first page, as well, or can be
omitted on the first page.
*Title on the first page should be centered and creative, but do not add any other formatting (do
no bold, underline, italicize, increase font size, use quotation marks, etc.). Also, do not add any
spaces above or below the title.
Example of a first page:
2
How to Use Internal
Citations
Background:
Definition
Every time you use information from one of your sources (information you did not create), you
must mention which source that information comes from. Internal Citations are also called “in-
text citations” or “parenthetical citations” because they typically require parentheses and occur
in the text of your essay, not on the works cited page. They refer your reader to your works cited
page so that your reader can look up the source to get more information.
Rules
1. Every text listed on your works cited page should have an internal citation somewhere in your
essay. Hence, your “works cited” page is a list of all the “works” you have “cited” (or used) in
your essay.
2. If you use direct words from the source, you must include quotation marks around those words
you took directly. If you paraphrase or summarize, you do not need quotation marks. However,
regardless of using direct quotes, paraphrases, or summaries, ANY information borrowed from
your sources MUST have an internal citation so your reader knows which information is yours
and which is borrowed, and then of the borrowed information, your reader needs to know from
which source that information was borrowed.
3. Your paper still needs to be YOUR paper, so the majority of it needs to be your own ideas
(not just your own words paraphrasing someone else’s ideas). Analyze or evaluate the
information once you give it; discuss why it is important information or what it contributes to
whatever point you are trying to make. Other than your conclusion, you shouldn’t end a
paragraph with someone else’s ideas. Always end on your own terms.
3
Formatting:
The Standard Rule (what goes in parentheses)
Put whatever word comes first on the works cited entry, which is typically the author’s last
name, so that your reader can locate the source quickly and easily on your works cited page. The
hanging indent on that page allows for quick perusal of the list so that the first word of each
entry stands out. Also, include the page number for your information if it was from a printed
source with pages. Finally, put the punctuation for the sentence outside (after) the parentheses.
Do not put it at the end of your sentence and then also at the end of the parentheses; only put it at
the very end (pretend the parentheses are a part of the sentence).
Example of a standard internal citation for a book:
Exceptions
*If you are using a source with no page numbers (like a webpage), then leave that blank and only
put the author’s last name.
*If there is no author listed and the first word for the entry on the works cited page is the title,
then put that in parentheses in place of the author’s last name. Format the title just as you do on
the works cited page. If it is supposed to be italicized, do so, and likewise if it should be in
quotations, put it in quotations.
Example of a webpage (no page numbers) and with no author:
([Author’s Last Name] [Page
Number]).
(Golding 45).
(“The Ethics of Law”).
-OR-
(The Guidebook for Being a Good Friend).
4
*If you use the author’s last name in the sentence, you do not need it in parentheses at the end.
Just put the page number (if applicable) in parentheses. If there is no page number and you
mention the author’s name (or title if there is no author) in your sentence, then you don’t need
parentheses at all.
Example using the author’s name directly in sentence:
*INDIRECT QUOTES: If the quote you want to use from your source is actually a quote they
got from someone else, then you have to use a special format. Here’s why: Your citation will
refer me to your source (let’s say a book by John Smith). The quote’s author is actually Joe
Brown, but you found his words in John Smith’s book when John Smith quoted Joe Brown.
Both must be mentioned. I need to know who said the quote (Brown), but I also need to know
where you got it (Smith).
All of the other rules apply. If you use the last name of the author of the quote in your sentence,
then you don’t need it in parentheses. If there is no page number, leave that out. If the source
doesn’t have an author, use the title instead.
Example of an indirect quote:
As William Golding states, “The silence continued,
breathless and heavy and full of shame” (127).
According to Joe Brown, the man in the store was not nice
(qtd. in Smith 46).
([Last name of Author of quote] qtd. in [Last name of Source
author] [Page Number])
5
How to Correctly Use
Quotation Marks
Rules:
Standard Rule for Direct Quotes
*Anytime you give a direct quote that is four lines or less, you must put it in quotation marks,
and the ending punctuation goes after the citation at the end of the sentence.
Example:
Longer Direct Quotes
*For quotes longer than four lines, start it on a new line and indent each line of the quote one full
inch. Keep it all double-spaced. This is the only time using direct quotes when you will do the
following two things: (1) omit the quotation marks, and (2) put the punctuation mark BEFORE
the citation at the end.
Example:
“The silence continued, breathless and heavy and full of
shame” (Golding 127).
million after which he established the Carnegie Corporation to
promote the advancement . . . of knowledge among the people of
the United States by aiding technical schools, institutions of higher
learning, libraries, scientific research, hero funds, useful
publications, and by such other agencies and means as shall form
time to time be found appropriate therefore. (Kent 410)
All in all, Carnegie donated 90 percent of his money—$324,657,399 (411).
These gifts to society are at the heart of the hard-working middle-class.
6
Quote Within a Direct Quote
*Anytime a direct quote has something in quotation marks within it, you must put single quotes
around the part that is in quotation marks in the original source and double quotation marks (the
normal ones) around the whole section you are quoting.
Example:
Omitting Words in a Direct Quote
*Anytime you want to omit part of a direct quote, use ellipsis marks (…) with a space before and
after.
Example: (The original source says this: “After they had eaten, Ralph and the biguns set out
along the beach. They left Piggy propped up on the platform.”)
Adding or Changing Words in a Direct Quote
*Anytime you want to add or change a word in a direct quote, use brackets [ ] around the part
you are changing. You might do this in order to make something easier to understand. For
instance, in the example below, the reader might not know to whom “he” is referring. Also, you
may want to talk ABOUT someone (3rd person), but the original source uses the word “I” (1st
person). Then, you can change the pronouns (and also the verbs to make them agree with the
subject). If you are changing more than just a word or two, then it’s better to just not include
those at all within quotation marks and only quote directly in quotation marks the main phrases
that need to be quoted. Paraphrase the rest.
Example: (The original source says “He sighed” in reference to Simon.)
“‘You haven’t got the conch,’ he said. ‘Sit down’” (Golding
102).
“After they had eaten, … they left Piggy propped up on the
platform” (Golding 103).
“[Simon] sighed” (Golding 103).
7
Susie Student
Mrs. Frazier
English I, 5th hour
11 Jan. 2017
Rock Climbing in the Elizabethan Era
Thesis: Rock climbing interested many people in the Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth
participated in it, it affected the economy, and many people died while participating in it.
Sample Thesis
Statement
Times New Roman
12 pt. font
Double Spaced
Notice how the 3 items listed tell
what the 3 body paragraphs will be
about.
8
Susie Student
Mrs. Frazier
English I, 4th hour
12 May 2017
Elizabethan Rock Climbing
Thesis: Rock climbing interested many people in the Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth
loved it, it affected the country’s economy, and many people were killed doing it.
I. Because Queen Elizabeth held a great affinity for the sport of rock climbing, many
people followed her interest in the sport.
II. Rock climbing became so important in 16th century England because it affected the
country’s economy.
III. The deaths of many participants helped make the interest in rock climbing grow
during the Elizabethan era.
Sample Thesis
and Topic
Sentences
Times New Roman
12 pt. font
Double Spaced
9
Sample body paragraph for
Elizabethan Research Paper There is a definite format for the body paragraphs. They go like this:
1. Topic sentence
2. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)
3. Sentence or two explaining card
4. Sentence transitioning into next card
5. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)
6. Sentence or two explaining card
7. Sentence transitioning into next card
8. Lead in…Stuff from card (citation)
9. Sentence or two explaining card
10. Paragraph concluding sentence.
11. Transition sentence into next body paragraph
Because Queen Elizabeth held a great affinity for the sport of
rock climbing, many people followed her interest in the sport. According
to the book Elizabeth I and Tudor History Elizabeth began rock climbing
at a young age. Her interest grew through the years. She became quite
adept at the sport, even challenging men to try and beat her (Greenblatt
127-128). Elizabeth felt quite confident in her athletic abilities. She did
not realize the impact her interests would have on the country. The same
source states that “the nation followed Elizabeth’s every move. They
watched her for tips in fashion, music, theater and even sporting events.”
She started a new fad when she began rock climbing (Greenblatt 130).
Elizabeth just participated in events she liked; she didn’t realize she would
be such a “trend-setter.” Elizabeth’s didn’t care what others thought of
her, even if she caused scandals. The website Tudor History states that
Elizabeth didn’t like trying to rock climb in her beautiful gowns. She
This is for a paragraph with 3
cards. You can use more.
This is the topic sentence
This is the stuff
from the first
note card
This is the first
explaining
sentence
This is the first
sentence
transitioning into
next card
This is the stuff
from the 2nd
note card This is the 2nd
explaining
sentence
This is the 2nd
sentence
transitioning into
next card
This is the stuff
from the 3rd note
card
10
began wearing men’s trousers, much to the disappointment of her “ladies-
in-waiting.” She started by borrowing a pair of breeches from one of the
young boys in her court, but eventually asked her tailor to make her a pair
of her own (Eakins). Elizabeth did not let things like clothing keep her
from doing the things she enjoyed. Queen Elizabeth’s love for the sport of
rock climbing made interest in the sport grow throughout the nation.
Because interest in rock climbing grew, people were able to make money
off this sport and that affected the country’s economy.
This is the stuff
from the 3rd note
card
This is the 3rd
explaining
sentence
This is the
paragraph
concluding
sentence
This is the
sentence that
transitions into
the next body
paragraph
11
Susie Student
Mrs. Frazier
English I, 0th hour
15 Feb. 2017
Rock Climbing in the Elizabethan Times
When people think of the beginning of times, people usually think of “caveman.” They
think of a guy living in a rock home. How did he get there? He climbed. Men have been
climbing rocks as long as man has been living. Rock climbing did not become an organized
sport until the 1500’s (Jones 147). People began using a repelling rope and raising and lowering
themselves down the sides of cliffs. The more tricky part, and the part that took more skill, was
the climb back up (The Elizabethan Age). Rock climbing interested many people in the
Elizabethan era because Queen Elizabeth loved it, it affected the country’s economy, and many
people were killed doing it.
Sample Introduction
Paragraph
Hook-attention getter
Background
information
Thesis
statement
12
Because Queen Elizabeth loved to climb, it increased money into the funds of the
government, and because of how many people died doing it, the sport of rock climbing interested
many people during the Elizabethan times. Queen Elizabeth bravely climbed mountains and
often even forced her servants to climb with her. The government began charging a fee to climb
the area’s biggest cliffs, and it made a lot of money from the sport. People were not very good at
rock climbing and the equipment was not very developed, so many people died. Men have been
climbing rocks since the beginning of time, but the rock climbing really began, as a sport, during
the 16th century.
Sample Conclusion
Paragraph
Summary
sentences
-1 from
each
body
paragraph
Restate
Thesis
Circle Back
Around
Sentence
13
Works Cited
Eakins, Lara E. “Elizabeth I. Tudor History. n.p., 16 Mar. 2009. Web. 5
Apr. 2010. <http://tudorhistory.org>.
Greenblatt, Miriam. Elizabeth I and Tudor England: rulers and Their Times. Tarrytown:
Marshall, 2002. Print.
Lace, William. World History Series – Elizabethan England. Sand Diego: Lucent Books, Inc.,
1995.
Secara, Maggie. “Religion.” Life in Elizabethan England. March 2000. Web. Feb. 2004.
<http://renaissance.dm.net/compedium/7.html>.
This is a list of ONLY the sources used in your
paper. If Mrs. Frazier were to look at all the
( ) citations in your paper, these would be the
sources that you used.
The Works Cited is listed in alphabetical
order.
Sample
Works Cited
Use EasyBib!!!! Don’t copy and
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