Name_______________________

Higher History

Migration and Empire1830-1939

Booklet 2Section 1 – Economic ImpactStarter – What do you already know about Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand?

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Task 1 – Find 5 ways in which the Scots had an economic impact on the development of Australia. For each example you need specific facts, an explanation of the impact it would have had and an illustration to represent the factor.

Example 1

Specific Facts Illustration

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Impact

Example 2

Specific Facts

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Example 3

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Example 4

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Example 5

Specific Facts

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Task 2 - Which example would have benefited Australia the most? Explain why.

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Task 3 – Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the economic contribution of Scots in Australia. 6Source A: from Ian Donnachie, Success in the “Lucky” Country (1988).

There were many fields of Scottish achievement in Australia. Scots were early and successful pioneers in sheep farming and the wool trade, which became big business, centred in places such as Melbourne and Adelaide. Scots also invested heavily in mining, at first in coal and later in copper, silver and gold. The Gold Rush of the 1850s brought to Australia a considerable number of Scottish miners, many of whom stayed after the initial gold fever died down and prospered. Shipping and trade were other areas of enterprise in which Scots excelled. Two later shipping firms were fiercely Scottish, McIllwraith McEachan and Burns Philp.

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Task 4 – Find 2 examples of the economic contribution of Scots to New Zealand.

Example 1

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Example 2

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Task 5 - To what extent do Sources B and C agree about the contribution of Scots to the economic growth and development of the Empire? 5

Source B: The vast majority of Scots who emigrated to New Zealand came from around Edinburgh or Glasgow, playing important roles in her economic development. Not surprisingly, the Dunedin entrepreneurs, like the clothing magnates John Ross and Robert Glendinning, or the Burt Brothers who established a nationwide plumbing firm, were Scottish. Scots were also over-represented among those noted for their contribution to education and even more strongly among those involved in science and health. Otago saw the first high school for girls open in 1871 thanks to the daughter of an iron-merchant from Angus—the first headmistress was also a Scot! The Scottish education system of 1872 was the model for New Zealand’s Education Act of 1877 and the fact that Otago had for a long time the only medical school in the country, and the strong links that school established with Edinburgh, helps to explain the continuing impact of Scots-born people in both the health and scientific fields.

Source C:A gentleman who thirteen years ago was a draper’s assistant in Scotland now owns the finest retail business in Dunedin, employs fifty hands and pays £250 weekly in wages. The enterprise of the Dunedin merchants has done much for the commerce and prosperity of Otago. The Scot has certainly made his mark on this land, not only in commerce but also in the field of education, setting up schools throughout the area. Several of the Scots’ descendants have also become doctors, administering to the health of the local population in a most efficient manner. In 1862, another born Scot from Edinburgh, arrived in Dunedin to conduct a geological survey of Otago and three years later he was appointed to found the Geological Survey of New Zealand, managing New Zealand’s premier scientific society. It must be stated, however, that not all of the emigrants have made their presence a wholly welcome one in this land. Thankfully, this type of immigrant is far from common-place.

Top Tip – Use 4 different colours of highlighter. Use a different colour for each point of comparison contained in the source.

Specific Comparison 1 6

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Task 6 – Find 3 examples of the economic contribution of Scots to India.

Example 1

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Specific Facts

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Example 2

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Example 3

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Source D: from Arthur Herman The Scottish Enlightenment (2003)

The Raj system itself came into being under a Scottish governor – General James Dalhousie. In his eight years as ruler of India from 1848 to 1856 he gave the subcontinent the trappings of a modern society. He built the first railroads, strung thousands of miles of telegraph wire and created a national postal service. Schools, roads and irrigation projects flourished under his tenure while he also expanded British control over lower Burma, Oudh and several smaller principalities.

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Task 7 – Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the economic contribution of Scots in India. 6

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Task 8 - Find 3 examples of the economic contribution of Scots to Canada.

Example 1

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Example 2

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Example 3

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Task 9 - Which country was impacted most by the Scots? Explain your answer.

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Task 10 – Match each song to the economic contribution of Scots in the Empire.

Song Connection to Economic Impact

Section 2 – Cultural Impact

Task 11 - Complete the sentences to show the impact that the Scots had on the cultural development of Australia.Scots immigrants had a huge impact on Australian music...

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Australian education was also improved by Scots…

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Catherine Helen Spence was significant because…

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Finally, Scots made a contribution to the religious development of Australia... _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Source 1 – The Scotsman

New Zealand’s Dunedin owes its roots, as well as its name, to Scotland.Founded in 1848, the settlement on the south-east coast of South Island was named from the Gaelic for Edinburgh - Dùn Èideann. The first European settlers were members of the Free Church of Scotland, who were led by Edinburgh-born Captain William Cargill and the Reverend Thomas Burns, a nephew of poet Robert Burns.

Surveyor Charles Kettle was told to replicate the building style of Scotland’s capital, and this was done, even down to the naming of streets such as George Street and Princes Street, where a monument to Captain Cargill stands today. The Scottish roots of the city are obvious in the names of some of the city’s suburbs – Waverley, Leith Valley, Corstorphine, Musselburgh and Portobello.

Task 12 - Complete the sentences to show the impact that the Scots had on the cultural development of New Zealand.

Dunedin shows the biggest cultural impact of Scots because..._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Scots also displayed their heritage by...

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In terms of religion…

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Task 13 - Complete the sentences to show the impact that the Scots had on the cultural development of Canada.

The Scottish influence on the culture of Canada can be clearly seen in the world of politics... _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Scots displayed their Scottish roots in Canada by..._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scots also helped Canadian education... ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Task 14 - Complete the sentences to show the impact that the Scots had on the cultural development of India.

Scots played a key role in Indian education....

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Lord Dalhousie helped in the banning of suttee. Suttee was…

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It’s banning would have had the impact of…

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Scots were also key in tackling the Thuggee cult. This was...

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This would have had the impact of…

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Extension Article 1

On a well-worn road through central India, Lieutenant Subhani of the Bengal Native Infantry and his three traveling companions were nearing the final leg of their journey. Ordinarily the Lieutenant would have only his pair of loyal orderlies to keep him company as he traveled, but today a third man walked alongside his horse—a stranger who had joined him only that morning.

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The year was 1812, and the pleasant October weather made for an easy trek. Subhani knew these roads could be dangerous for travelers, especially at this time of year, but he was untroubled. Trained soldiers and well-armed, he and his men were an unlikely target for roving bandits. But a much greater threat loomed over them on that dusty road, closer at hand than the travelers could have possibly conceived.

Accounts of a secret cult of murderers roaming India go back at least as far as the 13th century, but to modern history their story usually begins with the entrance of the British Empire in the early 1800s. For some years, India’s British administrators had been hearing reports of large numbers of travelers disappearing on the country’s roads; but, while disturbing, such incidents were not entirely unusual for the time. It was not until the discovery of a series of eerily similar mass graves across India that the truth began to dawn. Each site was piled with the bodies of individuals ritually murdered and buried in the same meticulous fashion, leading to an inescapable conclusion: these killings were the work of a single, nation-spanning organization. It was known as Thuggee.

At its root, the word "Thuggee" means "deceivers," and this name hints at the methods employed by the cult. Bands of Thugs traveled across the country posing as pilgrims, merchants, soldiers, or even royalty, in groups numbering anywhere from a few men to several hundred. Offering protection or company, they would befriend fellow travelers and slowly build their confidence along the road. Often the impostors would journey for days and hundreds of miles with their intended victims, patiently waiting for an opportunity to strike. When the time was right, typically while their targets were encamped and at their most relaxed, a signal would be given—reportedly “Bring the tobacco”—and the Thugs would spring. Each member had a well-honed specialty; some distracted their quarry, some made noise or music to mask any cries, while others guarded the campsite from intruders and escapees. Thugs of the highest rank performed the actual killings. As a prohibition against shedding blood was at the core of Thuggee belief, the murders were performed in a bloodless fashion. The usual method was strangulation with a rumal, the yellow silk handkerchief each thug wore tied around his waist; but an occasional neck-breaking or poisoning helped to add some variety. It was a matter of honor for the Thugs to let no one escape alive once they had been selected for death.

Lieutenant Subhani and his orderlies had spent the previous night as guests at the home of Ishwardas Moti, a prestigious cotton merchant and local official. There he had been introduced to another of Moti’s guests, the man who was traveling with him now. Moklal was his name—a business associate of Moti’s, he was told, and one he had spoken of most highly.

“Narsinghpur!” Moti had exclaimed upon hearing the Lieutenant's destination, “What a fortunate coincidence! Moklal is traveling that way as well. Perhaps you could go with him for the extra protection?”

Subhani, though reluctant to take on a civilian traveling companion, did not wish to offend his host—and at any rate, Moklal seemed amiable enough. He agreed.

For the members of Thuggee, murder was both a way of life and a religious duty. They believed their killings were a means of worshiping the Hindu goddess Kali, who was honored at each stage of the murder by a vast and complex system of rituals and superstitions. Thugs were guided to their victims by omens observed in nature, and once the deed was done, the graves and bodies were prepared according to strict ceremonies. A sacrificial rite would be conducted after the burial involving the consecration of sugar and of the sacred pickax, the tool the brotherhood believed was given to them by Kali to dig the graves of their prey. Thugs

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were certainly not above robbing their victims, but traditionally a portion of the spoils would be set aside for the goddess.

Kali, despite her fearsome appearance, is not an evil deity. For more mainstream Hindus, she is a goddess of time and transformation who can impart understanding of life, death, and creation. To the members of the Thuggee cult, she was something else entirely. Their Kali craved human blood, and demanded endless sacrifice to satisfy her hunger. According to Thuggee legend, Kali once battled a terrible demon which roamed the land, devouring humans as fast as they were created. But every drop of the monster’s blood that touched the ground spawned a new demon, until the exhausted Kali finally created two human men, armed with rumals, and instructed them to strangle the demons. When their work was finished, Kali instructed them to keep the rumals in their family and use them to destroy every man not of their kindred. This was the tale told to Thuggee initiates.

All Thugs were male, and membership in the cult was hereditary apart from a few outsiders allowed to join voluntarily and some young boys captured in raids. Around their tenth birthday, the sons of Thugs would be invited to witness their first murder, but only from a distance. Gradually over the years they could strive to achieve the rank of bhuttote, or strangler. Thuggee membership was for life, all the way up to the elderly Thugs who still did what they could for the group as cooks or spies—yet the wives and daughters of these men might never know the truth about the male members of their family.

Their extreme secrecy combined with their mastery of murder made the Thugs the deadliest secret society in all of history. In the early 19th century they were credited with 40,000 deaths annually, stretching back as far as anyone cared to count. Some estimates put the overall death toll as high as 2,000,000, but with the cult potentially operating for more than 500 years before formal records were kept, the true number is impossible to determine.

Even as the evidence began to mount, most members of India's British-run government remained dismissive of claims that a secret cult of murderers was terrorizing the countryside. It would be the efforts of a single soldier that would eventually turn this apathy around.

After nearly a day's travel with his new companion, Lieutenant Subhani did not regret allowing Moklal to join him. The man was talkative and well-educated, and his conversation seemed to shorten the long journey considerably. As dusk approached, Moklal explained that his destination, a wayside grove where he planned to spend the night, was just ahead. “There I am meeting my friends. Please, stay with us tonight, and let me repay you the courtesy of escorting me today.” Subhani, tired from the day’s journey and already beginning to think of where he and his men might make camp, agreed.

A fire was burning by the time they reached the campsite, while around it an animated group of men were gathered. A flurry of introductions went around—many of these men were business associates of Moklal, it was learned, while others were family—and soon Subhani and his orderlies felt like part of the group, eating and laughing with the men.

William Henry Sleeman

Sir William Henry Sleeman was a sober, no-nonsense Bengal Army officer who from early on dedicated his career to the eradication of Thuggee. Faced with a wall of disbelief and indifference from his superiors, he transferred to the Civil Service where he could gain enough authority to wage his war personally. As a district magistrate by the 1820s, he gathered a force of Indian policemen under him and set to rooting out the cult with a variety of innovative policing methods. By examining common attack sites and listening for reports of suspicious

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figures, Sleeman and his men formulated predictions of where the next large attack was likely to occur. They would then turn the Thugs’ own methods against them—disguised as merchants, the officers would wait at the chosen site for a group of Thugs to approach, and ambush them. Information obtained from the prisoners was used to plan the next strike.

But Sleeman’s job would not be easy, as one of the Thuggee cult’s defining characteristics was its pervasiveness within Indian society. In an era where strict caste divisions dominated every aspect of life, Thuggee was unique for transcending all such social barriers. Anyone from a farmer to an aristocrat could be a Thug. Many were even Muslims who, in a truly inspiring feat of rationalization, managed to reconcile their practice of human sacrifice to a goddess with their religion’s strict ban on idolatry and murder. When members of the brotherhood were not terrorizing travelers, they lived as normal—often upstanding—citizens, with ordinary social lives and occupations. It was impossible to know who might be with the Thugs, even among one’s closest friends.

What was more bizarre, and endlessly frustrating for Sleeman, was the level of protection the Thugs seemed to enjoy within India. Though they clearly had the country living in fear, a strange ambivalence toward the cult existed. Local police and officials turned a blind eye to reports of Thug activities, while peasants would simply work around the bodies that occasionally appeared in their fields and wells. Landowners and Indian princes often explicitly shielded known Thugs, to the point that they would sometimes violently clash with British soldiers on the hunt.

The reasons for this strange reaction to the cult are varied and complex. In the case of the lower-ranked members of society, it most often may have simply been out of fear or superstition; it was believed by some that the goddess Kali would take revenge on those who interfered with her followers. The rich and powerful, for their part, may have had some vested interest in Thug activity: bribery, perhaps, or they may simply have been charmed by master con artists. Some poor villages accepted the murder and robbery of rich travelers as simply a way of bringing wealth into the region—for many, Thugging was apparently viewed as a regular tax-paying profession, as noble as any other. Whatever the cause, it meant that Sleeman’s men were more often than not met with silence as they probed residents for information.

But a few factors were in Sleeman's favor. First, the Thugs’ beliefs forbade them from killing certain groups, including women, fakirs, musicians, lepers—and Europeans. Thuggee was thus unable to retaliate against its English persecutors even when it had the opportunity. Second, once captured, most Thugs cooperated with authorities willingly—one might even say gleefully. Staunch fatalists, the imprisoned Thugs believed their situation was the result of their displeasing the goddess. They therefore showed little remorse in turning in their brothers, believing that anything that happened to them would be the will of Kali. Some suspect that Thuggee prisoners even deliberately accused innocent men; unable to strangle in person during their incarceration, sending men to the gallows was a convenient way of keeping up their obligation to Kali. As for those condemned to die, it is said that each went to his death with no trace of emotion, often requesting only that he be allowed to place the noose around his own neck.

With informants pouring in at an ever-increasing rate, Sleeman’s campaign against the Thugs gained ground beyond anyone’s expectations. Within a few years the cult was crippled, and by the end of the 19th century the British declared Thuggee extinct. Sleeman was hailed as a hero by most of India, and in many parts of the country he is still revered.

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But there are those who have wondered if the British were too quick to congratulate themselves. It is difficult for some to imagine how a secret fraternity that had survived for centuries and engrained itself into every feature of Indian society could have been eliminated in so short a time. Certainly, the mass killings are a distant memory, and India no longer lives in fear of its shadow. But in some remote areas, rumors still linger about the yellow-sashed strangers who welcome travelers with open arms and a friendly smile.

It was dark when Subhani and his new friends had finished eating. For a time they sat in comfortable silence, with only an occasional quiet exchange passing between men seated across the fire next to one another. But no one had yet turned in for sleep.

Moklal turned from the fire to Subhani. “Perhaps a smoke before bed?” he offered. The Lieutenant nodded gratefully.

Moklal smiled, then looked up at someone apparently standing behind Subhani.

“Bring the tobacco.”

Source E: from Scots in Canada, J. Calder (2003).

As Scottish communities became established in Canada, many of them founded St. Andrews, Caledonian and Highland societies, or societies taking their name from a specific Scottish place of origin. A key function of these societies was the support of needy Scots, helping newly-arrived emigrants with cash, information or advice. Commemoration and ritual were also features of these societies’ activities, and tartan and music took on a symbolic importance. Even those who felt most positively about their new lives in Canada did not necessarily want to lose their Scottishness. All this provided an easy and often enjoyable way of maintaining a Scottish identity among immigrants.

Task 15 – Evaluate the usefulness of Source E for investigating the impact of Scots on culture around the Empire? 6

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Section 3 – Impact on Native Societies

Source 2 – Education Scotland

In 1788, when the First Fleet of British convicts arrived, around 500,000 Aboriginal people lived in Australia. Today there are only around 270,000; most live in cities and towns. The Britons that colonised Australia throughout the 18th and 19th centuries brought sheep and cattle, and took land from Indigenous people. If Aboriginal people took livestock they were often hunted down and killed. Settlers and former convicts, including Scots, were responsible for murders of Indigenous Australians.

As Tom Devine, Professor of Scottish History at the University of Edinburgh says:Scots pioneers in Victoria were often land-grabbers and squatters who were notorious for their ruthlessness, and played a full part in the harsh treatment of the Aboriginal peoples. It was ironic that some of those most notoriously involved were Highlanders who had themselves suffered clearance...

The British brought new diseases to Australia. A year after the arrival of the First Fleet almost half of the Aborigines around Sydney died during a smallpox epidemic. Accounts tell of dead bodies floating in the harbour and lying in rock shelters along the coast.

Governor Macquarie, a Scot, believed he could ‘improve’ the Aboriginal people. He set up the Native Institution, a school for Aboriginal children, to provide ‘Civilisation, Education and Morals’. In 1815 a number of Aboriginal children were placed in the school. Their parents would only be allowed to see their children on one day a year. In 1816, parents kept their children away. British soldiers were sent out to capture Aboriginal children and take them to

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the school. Fifteen boys and girls were taken by force to the school. The Native Institution was closed in 1833 when many of the children died from smallpox.

Source 3 –

The Hornet Bank massacre of eleven Europeans, including seven members of the Fraser family, took place in the morning of the 27 October 1857 at a station on the upper Dawson River in Queensland, Australia. It unfortunately spurred a much greater counter-massacre (led by William Fraser). It is believed that as many as 300 Aborigines may have been shot in retaliation. This retaliation resulted in the extermination of the entire Yeeman tribe and language group by 1858.

The stations on the Dawson River were on the land of the Yeeman people who bitterly resented the invasion of the European settlers with their flocks of sheep and herds of cattle while, to the Europeans, the Yeeman were a barrier to owning more land. Cruelty towards the Yeeman people inflamed their already overwhelming sense of injustice at being forced off the land that had been theirs back to the broken, scrubby gorge country and they made the country dangerous for the European invaders.

The Yeeman attacked the Fraser homestead on the morning of the 27 October 1857. Those in the house were Martha Fraser, eight of her nine children, Henry Neagle (their tutor), two white station hands, who lived in a hut 1km from the station and Jimmy, an Aboriginal servant. The evening before the attack, Jimmy, persuaded to collaborate, had killed all the station dogs. By all accounts, the Yeeman initially intended to kidnap one of the Fraser women but things got out of hand after John Fraser confronted them and was killed. The attackers killed the men, castrated Neagle, raped the three oldest women, clubbed them and the remaining children to death and speared to death the two station hands.

The only survivor was 14 year-old Sylvester Fraser who, after being hit on the head with a club had fallen between the wall and bed. The Aboriginals were distracted by the arrival of the two station hands, allowing Sylvester to crawl under his mattress and he was forgotten. Sylvester later ran 12 miles to nearby Cardin Station and raised the alarm.

Station hands immediately formed a posse and located a large mob of Aboriginals sleeping some 10 miles from the Fraser property. They showed them no mercy, the first of many massacres to occur. The most ruthless avenger was William Fraser who was away at the time of the massacre. He returned to Hornet Bank. Allowed to ride with the Police, William Fraser had 'every opportunity to murder’. He continued killing randomly wherever he found Aborigines. He shot an Aboriginal jockey at a racetrack and after two Aboriginals accused of being involved in the massacre were found not guilty he shot both dead as they left the courthouse. It was reported that after Fraser shot an Aboriginal woman in the main street of Toowoomba because he claimed she was wearing his mother's dress, two policemen spoke with him briefly before saluting and walking away. This incident reinforced a local belief that the Government had given him twelve months' immunity from prosecution, during which he was free to avenge the massacre of his family. William Fraser almost certainly killed over 100 members of the tribe making him the greatest mass murderer in Australian history. Task 16 – To what extent did the Scots have a positive impact on the native peoples of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and India?

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Source F

How fully does Source F describe the impact that Scots had on Native Societies around the Empire?

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The impact on the First Nations of Canada by Scots is less documented. Overall most Native Peoples lost land, numbers and their traditional way of life due to the arrival of Europeans. In Canada, many Scots moved west and interacted with Natives, some marrying into tribes. However other Scots simply took land from the Natives and made it their own. On the prairies Scots were involved, with others, in the slaughter of the buffalo, destroying the way of life of tribes like the Blackfoot. The tribes were left starving and weakened by epidemics that usually came from immigrants.

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