Name: AP World Enlightenment

Directions: Fill in the appropriate information for each Enlightened philosopher. Philosoph

erWork Key Ideas/Importance to Global History

John Locke

Two Treatises of Civil Government

- natural rights:

-

Voltaire Letters on the English

Baron de Montesquieu

The Spirit of Laws

- Separation of power:

- Checks and balances:

Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations

- laissez-faire capitalism:

- free market:

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan - absolutism:

What revolutions were influenced by these Enlightened Thinkers?

What documents were influenced by these Enlightened Thinkers?

What is an Enlightened Despot? Give examples.

The French Revolution

Describe why the reasons below led to the French Revolution. (STEAK and FAMINIE) – Causes Social Inequality: 1st Estate: 2nd Estate: 3rd Estate:

American Revolution:

Taxes: King Louis XVI:

Enlightenment: Famine:

Directions: Fill in the blank spaces using your notes on the events of the French Revolution.

Outbreak and Major Developments of the French Revolution1. A meeting of the _______________________________ was called by Louis XVI to solve

the nation’s economic problem. Each estate had ______ vote.2. The third estate was locked out of the meeting and declares themselves the

______________________________ claiming that they are the true representative body of France. They took the ___________________________________ pledging not to leave until they wrote a new constitution for France.

3. On July 14, 1789, the __________________________________ marks the beginning of the Revolution in which an angry mob attacked the prison that they saw as a symbol of the Old Regime.

4. After this event, fighting broke out through the city in a period known as the _______________________, where peasants attacked nobles and destroyed their homes.

5. The National Assembly assumed power and began carrying out reforms.6. They passed the ____________________________________________________ (similar to the

Declaration of Independence) guaranteeing natural rights to all. 7. The slogan of the revolution became __________________________________________.8. The _____________________________________________ established a limited or

constitutional monarchy and established a separate legislative, executive, and judicial branch. Louis XVI did not abide by this new constitution and tried to flee France.

9. Radicals soon take over France led by _____________________________ and declared France a _____________________.

10. The _________________________________________ was soon formed in 1793 and executed King Louis XVI for treason. This event marked the beginning of the _______________________________ in which tens of thousands of people were executed who were believed to be enemies of the revolution. People of all estates were killed.

11. The Reign of Terror ended when ________________________ was executed in 1794. 12. Moderates soon return to power. A five-men government known as the

____________________ held this power but were weak and inefficient. 13. Soon after, this 5-men rule was replaced by the military dictatorship of

_______________________________.

Napoleon—Congress of Vienna—Latin American Revolutions

Directions: Answer the questions that follow the information.

The Age of NapoleonHis Achievements

Economy: Napoleon controlled prices, taxes for all citizens, supported new industry, built roads and canals, created Bank of France

Education: Napoleon established public schools for all Napoleonic Code: Guaranteed equality under the law and religious toleration

How does the Napoleonic Codes reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution?

Napoleon’s Downfall

How did the battle in Russia lead to Napoleon’s downfall?

What battle ended Napoleon’s rule?

Effects of the French Revolution

Democratic Ideals: Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideals of democracy throughout Europe. People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs and unjust governments.

Nationalism: Among the French, the revolution and the conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride. The conquests of Napoleon also increased nationalistic feelings across Europe and around the world.

What areas in the world did nationalism spread to?

The Congress of Vienna: “Turing Back the Clock”

Directions: Use the terms in the word box to match the description below. (not all terms are used)

1. This person dominated the Congress of Vienna and his principles influenced many decisions in European countries. ___________________

2. This key principle refers to the restoration of former absolute rulers to the throne. ________________________

3. This meeting took place from 1814-1815. The purpose was to “turn back the clock” prior to the French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. __________________________________

4. This group was composed of kings and noble landowners who supported a monarchy as their system of government. _____________________________

5. He was the leader before the Congress of Vienna who was forced to abdicate and go into exile on St. Helena Island. ______________________

6. This was a key principle stating that the map of Europe should be redrawn so that no country can dominate all of Europe again. _____________________________

7. Many European monarchs wanted to stop the spread of this for fear that they would lose their power. ______________________________________

8. This group included members of the middle class and many of their ideas came from the Enlightenment. This group stressed a more democratic government. ___________________

9. What were the major political, social, and economic differences between conservatives and liberals?

Congress of Vienna Liberals Metternich

Conservatives Legitimacy

Balance of Power Napoleon nationalism

Latin American Independent Movements Directions: Complete the chart of the social structure below and then fill in the blanks with the correct people or term that it describes.

Life in Latin America before Independence

This group controlled most of the political, economic, and social power in Latin America

This group consisted of people born in Latin America who had European parents. They were very wealthy and well-educated but had no political power. They led many of the independent movements in Latin America.

This group consists of a mix of people of Native Americans and people of European descent.

This group consists of a mixed of people of African and European descent.

This social group made up the bulk of the population. They had no political rights and had no real social standing.

1. ___________________________________________, a well-educated creole leader, was an admirer of the Enlightenment and French Revolution and was inspired by the American Revolution. He is known as the “Liberator” for helping gain independence for Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish rule.

2. ________________________________________ was a self-educated black slave who led a revolt in __________________________ against French rule.

3. ____________________________ was the economic system in which the mother country benefited from the raw materials and natural resources of the colonies was an economic cause of the independent movements.

4. _______________________________ was a creole priest in Mexico who inspired many Mexicans to fight for freedom against Spanish rule by saying _____________________________, a famous speech calling all Mexicans to fight for “independence and liberty.”

5. _______________________________ was a nationalist creole leader, who received military training in Europe and came back to the colonies to help Argentina and Chile defeat Spanish forces, allowing them to gain their independence from Spain.

6. _________________________ or the idea of self-determination and believing that every country has the right to choose its own government was a major cause of the independent movements.

7. _________________________ was the only colony that had a peaceful independent movement from the European country of _______________________.

8. What are the similarities and differences between the causes of the French Revolution and the Latin American independent movements?

9. What are the major political and economic effects of the Latin American independent movements?

German Unification 1. What are realpolitik and blood and iron?

2. Explain the wars that led to the unification of Germany.

3. What was Otto Von Bismarck’s role in the unification of Germany?

4. What German state led the unification movement?

Italian Unification1. Describe the role Giuseppe Mazzini played in the unification of Italy?

2. Describe the role Camillo Cavour played in the unification of Italy?

3. How is Cavour’s attempt to unite Italy similar to realpolitik?

4. Describe the role Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the unification of Italy?

Industrial Revolution and the Irish Potato Famine

The Industrial Revolution Fill in each letter of the acronym with a brief description of how that ‘letter’ helps Britain cling to Industrialization.

Define Industrial Revolution:

Reason why Britain CLINGS to Industrialization first

Brief description of how that ‘letter’ helps Britain cling to Industrialization.

C_______________L_______________I_______________N_______________G_______________S_______________

How does Britain move from farm to factory? (Define key words) Agrarian Revolution:

o Enclosure Movement: o Seed Drillo Population Growth o Crop Rotation:

The Cottage Industryo Early Capitalism

The Textile Industry and Mass Productiono Spinning Jenny

New Forms of Energyo Steam, Iron and Coal

New Forms of Transportation o Railroad and Steam Boat = cheaper and faster transportation

How does the Second Industrial Revolution differ from the First Industrial Revolution?

How did the Industrial Revolution have both positive and negative effects?

Define the Bold term in the paragraph below.

Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire capitalism. One of the results of this economic system was very harsh living conditions for the working class. The hardships and changes brought by the Industrial Revolution inspired many solutions. Socialists believed that government as a representative of the people should own and operate the means of production. Socialists believed that the government failed to protect the people.

Robert Owen believed in cooperative socialism. He created industrial communities that were self sufficient. Working conditions for workers improved and wages were increased. He was trying to create a utopia or ideal society. Karl Marx rejected this idea and believed that history was a struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. (the have nots and haves). This system is known as communism and was presented by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the book entitled The Communist Manifesto.

Laissez-faire capitalism - Proletariat -

Socialists (Socialism) - Bourgeoisie -

Utopia – Communism -

Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels -

The Communist Manifesto –

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

What was the purpose of the Sadler Committee?

What was the Factory Acts?

Who is Thomas Malthus and what were his beliefs?

Why did the amount of people in labor unions increase during the Industrial Revolution?

Mass Starvation in Ireland

Under British rule, the majority of Irish farmlands had been used to grow crops, such as wheat and oats, which were sent to England. The Irish themselves used the potato as their main food crop. This system supported the Irish population until 1845, when a disease destroyed the potato crop. Other crops were not affected. Still, the British continued to ship the other products out of Ireland. Four year later, 1 million Irish had died of starvation or disease, Millions of others moved to the United States and Canada.

According to the passage above and your knowledge of global history, how did British policy contribute to starvation in Ireland and mass migration from Ireland?

Imperialism, Ottoman Empire and World War One Imperialism

IMPERIALISM:

What were some of the motives/reasons for Europeans to imperialize?

Directions: Define and explain all words that are bolded in the chart below. Africa India

The Dark Continent

Scramble for Africa:

Social Darwinism:

“The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling:

Berlin Conference:

British East India Company

Natural Resources

Hindus and Muslims

The Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion):

Indian National Congress:

Cecil Rhodes:

China Japan Qing Dynasty:

Opium Wars:

Treaty of Nanjing: Taiping Rebellion:

Self-Strengthening Movement:

Spheres of Influence:

Open Door Policy:

Boxer Rebellion:

End of isolation and the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Commodore Matthew Perry:

Meiji Restoration:

Westernization:

Russo-Japanese War:

Japan becomes an Imperialistic Power

Compare the similarities and differences between the Boxer Rebellion and the Sepoy Rebellion?

Effects of Imperialism on the ColoniesShort Term Effects

Large number of Asian and African came under foreign rule Land was lost by African tribes Natural resources were taken by the Europeans Local economies became dependent on industrialized powers (mercantilism) Individuals and groups resisted European domination Tribal and ethnic wars in Africa Western culture spread to new regions Traditional and cultural ties were disrupted and destroyed Famines occurred

Long-Term Effects Western culture continued to influence much of the world Transportation, education, and medical care were improved Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalistic movements for independence

Many economies became based on single cash crops grown for export

Effects of Imperialism on the Europeans and the World The West discovered new crops, foods, and other products Westerners were introduced to new cultural influences Competition for empires created and increased conflict between imperial powers.

These conflicts sometimes led to war The industrial nations controlled a new global economy

Ottoman Empire 1. What are some external reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

2. What are some internal reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

3. Who were the Young Turks? Why are they significant?

World War One Directions: Complete the chart below of the causes of World War I and a specific example.

Causes of World War I Example

M

A

N Balkans – “Powder Keg” -

I

A

A Chain Reaction

After the assassination, the major nations of Europe responded. Each hostile action led to another hostile action:

1- Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.

2- Serbia refused to comply with any of the demands.3- Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28th.4- Russia, a Slavic nation and a friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for

war.5- Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia.6- Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia.7- Germany invaded neutral Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that Germans forces

could enter France more easily.8- Britain declares war on Germany.

Directions: Complete the chart below and define and explain all bold words.

CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS

Fighting during World War IOn the Western Front:

o Trench Warfare:

New Weapons:o Machine guno Tanko Submarineo Airplaneo Poison gas, gas mask

Total War:

Propaganda:

Examples: o Governments drafted men to fight in the war.o Governments raised taxes and borrowed money to pay for the war.o Governments rationed foods at home so that the military could be provided for.o Governments used the press to promote propaganda.o Women at home took jobs that the soldiers had left behind. Some women joined

the armed services. Other women went to the fronts as nurses.

Major Turning Points of the War o United States Entry into war o Russian withdrawal from the war

Costs of the War

On November 11, 1918, an armistice, an agreement to stop fighting was declared. The costs of WWI were enormous:

More than 8.5 million people had died More than 17 million had been wounded Nations had huge war debts Factories, farms, and homes had been destroyed

TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I

Who were the leaders that met at Versailles to create a peace treaty?

What were the harsh provisions for Germany in the Treaty? BE SPECIFIC!!

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

Was the League of Nations successful? Why or why not?

What were some major economic, political and social effects of World War I?

What was the purpose of the mandate system?

The Russian Revolution Directions: Using the acronym below, list the causes of the Russian Revolution.

B

R

O

W

N

S

Major Developments of the Russian Revolution

In 1904-1905, the Russians were getting beat in the ___________________________. They were completely humiliated because they were losing to an Asian nation. Along with this, peasants made up 90% of the population and had no rights. Russia was unindustrialized and needed to change. On January 19th, 1905, workers led by Father George Gapon led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace asking Czar ___________________________ for better working conditions, better pay and hours and an end to the Russo-Japanese War. Although it was a peaceful march soldiers shot and killed many of the marchers, this event known as _____________________________ marks the beginning of the Russian Revolution.

In order to appease the people, Nicholas II created a __________________, a legislative body that had to approve all laws. He also signed _____________________________ in 1905 creating a limited monarchy. However, Nicholas II did not abide by this leading to more discontent among the peasants and workers.

In 1917, things got worse in Russia due to their involvement in ______________________________. 1 out of 5 men had adequate weapons and supplies to fight the Germans. In order to muster support for the troops, Nicholas II went to the front lines. He left his wife Alexandra to rule Russia where she received help from a monk ______________________. Many nobles feared that he had too much power and killed him.

In March 1917, military defeats, shortages of food, fuel and housing sparked revolt. The czar’s soldiers sympathized with the demonstrators and refused to fire on them. With no control over his country, Nicholas II was forced to ________________________ (give up) his throne. This is known as the March or February Revolution of 1917.

After the removal of the czar, the _______________________________ was set up and promised democratic reforms. The leader ____________________________________ felt that democratic reforms would help the people, but most Russians wanted an end to WWI which they did not end. The unpopular decision to stay in war led to the failure of the provisional government.

Following the March Revolution, an exiled Russian revolutionary _______________________________ returned home. He headed the ______________________ party in which he believed that a small group of party professionals would lead Russia through a successful revolution.

Lenin gained the support of the people by making promises of “___________________________________.” He promised ________________ to the soldiers, ___________________ to the homeless peasants, and ____________________ to the starving factory workers.

The second revolution of 1917, known as the _____________________________________, overthrew the Provisional Government and Lenin and his communists took control of the government. Russia becomes the first communist nation in history.

Once in power, Lenin ends Russia’s involvement in World War I, distributed land to peasants and gave workers control of the factories. However, a ________________________ broke out in Russia between the _____________________ who were Communists loyal to Lenin and the _________________________ who were loyal to the czar and wanted him back in power. To eliminate a potential rallying symbol for the Whites, Communists executed Czar Nicholas II and his entire family. Lenin then had complete control over the Soviet Union.

In 1921, Lenin created the __________________ or New Economic Policy to restore the economy. With this policy, government controlled large industries and banks but people could own small private businesses to make a profit.

After Lenin’s death, a power struggle occurred between _________________________ and ________________________. Stalin became the new Soviet leader and ruled through terror and brutality. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a _____________________________________________. In this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of the citizens.

Stalin establishes a ________________ economy, in which government officials make all economic decisions. Under Stalin, the government controlled all factories, businesses and farms.

One of Stalin’s chief goals was to make the Soviet Union strong by turning it into a modern industrial power. In 1928, Stalin launched the ______________________________ to build industry and increase farm output. He placed emphasis on heavy industry.

Stalin also forced peasants to give up their small farms and live on state-owned farms known as _____________________________, which were large farmed owned and operated by peasants as a group. The government controlled prices and farms prices and set production quotas. Many peasants resisted collectivization leading to a forced famine killing millions of Russians.

Inter-War Years – The Rise of Dictators 1. What are the economic, political, and social causes for the rise of dictators after

WWI?

2. What is fascism?

3. What are the causes for Benito Mussolini coming to power?

4. Was Mussolini a successful leader based upon the changes he made?

5. What problems existed throughout the Weimar Republic that allowed Hitler to gain popularity?

1. ______________________________ This type of government was rooted in extreme nationalism and militarism, headed by a dictator, and was anti-communist.

2. ______________________________ This book translated as My Struggle discusses Hitler’s obsession of extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism.

3. ______________________________ This man fought in World War I and despised the Weimer Republic which was seen as weak and ineffectual. He joined a small group of right-wing extremists and then became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.

4. ______________________________ Due to reparation payments, this economic cycle occurred where the government printed huge quantities of paper money but because of that the German mark became worthless.

5. ______________________________ This man with the backing of veterans and other discontented people marched to Rome in 1922 to make a bid for power. Out of fear the king asked this man to become the Prime Minister.

6. ______________________________ This government was despised by the Germans because they were associated with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and with the rise of unemployment and poverty in the nation.

7. ______________________________ This name for the Night of Broken Glass occurred in 1938 where Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities marking the beginning of Hitler’s campaign against the Jews.

8. ______________________________ Hitler saw the SA men and its leader Rohm as a threat, so this event occurred where the SS men arrested leaders of the SA and executed Rohm and others.

9. ______________________________ These laws passed in 1935 clarified who was able to be a citizen in the Third Reich.

10. ______________________________ This legislative house was burned down to the ground and Hitler blamed Communists to gain support.

World War II 1. Why is the Spanish Civil War seen as a “little world war” or the “prelude to WWII”?

Directions: Complete the chart below of the causes of World War II and a specific example.

Causes of World War II Example

D

R

A Munich Conference-

F

T

I

N

G

Directions: Complete the chart below and define and explain all bold words.

AXIS POWERS ALLIED POWERS

Fighting during World War IIBlitzkrieg-

What new technology was used?

Why are the following battles seen as turning points in the war? o Battle of Britain

o Battle of Stalingrad

o Battle of El Alamein

o Battle of Midway

o D-Day (Invasion of Normandy)

Why was the use of the atomic bombs significant during the war?

What was the purpose of the Yalta conference and who was involved?

What was the purpose of the Potsdam Conference and who was involved?