name: anatomy and physiology ch 10 practice test (p. 2 of...

Name: ___________________________ Anatomy and Physiology Ch 10 Practice Test (p. 1 of )

1. ______________________________ chemical messengers that stimulate the cells that originally secreted it or the same kind of cell.

2. ______________________________ chemical messengers that are secreted into the

Synaptic cleft and influence postsynaptic cells

3. ______________________________chemical messengers that are secreted into the Blood & travel through the blood to target tissues

4. _____________________________ type of stimuli in which hormones are released in

Response to blood level or chemical changes

5. ______________________________ target tissues in which a hormone produces a response

6. ______________________________ process by which one water-soluble hormone

activates a single receptor and that receptor activates thousands of second messengers, increasing the signal.

7. Name the Major Endocrine Organs in the Illustration

A. ___________________________

B. ___________________________ C. ___________________________ D. ___________________________ E. ___________________________ F. ___________________________ G. ___________________________ H. ___________________________ I. ___________________________ J. ___________________________


8. Fill in the following table to compare lipid soluble and water soluble hormones

Water soluble hormones

Lipid Soluble hormones

Do they dissolve in cell membrane? (phospholipid bilayer)

Can they dissolve in blood ?

How rapid is the response?

How long do they last?

The target cell receptors are located on which organelle?

9. Describe how the endocrine system regulates six out of ten of the body systems.

(all ten can be answered for extra credit)


10. Match the Endocrine Organ with its function

(1) __________ hypothalamus A. reproduction, secondary sex characteristics

(2) _________ _ pituitary gland B. metabolism, decreases blood calcium (3) __________ thyroid C. sympathetic system activation, stress response (4) __________ parathyroid gland D. controls the pituitary gland (5) __________ thymus E. immune system development (6) __________ adrenal glands F. controls sleep (7) __________ pancreas G. control of blood sugar

(8) __________ ovary, testes I. increase blood calcium (9) __________ pineal gland J. growth, melanocytes, secretion of milk

Contractions, control over other glands

11. Match the hormone with its effect

(1) __________ calcitonin A. allows glucose to enter cells, decreases blood sugar

(2) __________ thymosin B. increases immune system activity

(3) __________ insulin C. female secondary sex characteristics, reproduction

(4) __________ melatonin D. male secondary sex characteristics, reproduction

(5) __________ estrogen E. increases blood calcium

(6) __________ glucagon F. decreases blood calcium

(7) __________ testosterone G. regulates sleep

(8) __________ PTH H. causes glycogen in the liver to be converted to (parathyroid hormone) glucose, which increases blood sugar

(9) ___________ calcitrol I. prepares the body for stress


12. __________ intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells, important for the Functioning of the nervous system

A. Pheromones C. neurotransmitters B. Hormones D. autocrine agents

13. __________ lipid soluble hormones

A. Bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell B. Dissolve readily in water for easy transport in the blood C. Include hormones that are polar D. All of the items are true of lipid soluble hormones

14. __________ membrane-bound receptors can

A. Open or close membrane channels B. Activate G proteins C. Activate enzymes attached to the cell membrane D. Produce a cascade effect by activating many enzymes inside the cell E. All of the above

15. __________ The structure that makes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control

anterior pituitary hormone secretion. A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Hypothalamus D. Adrenal gland E. Pineal gland

16. __________ Calcitonin

A. Is secreted by the parathyroid glands B. Increases the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestine C. Is synthesized by the thyroid gland D. Increases the rate of calcium release from bone E. Is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low

17. __________ Secretion of which of these hormones would increase shortly after a meal?

A. Glucagon B. Growth hormone C. Epinephrine D. Melatonin E. Insulin


18. ___________ Melatonin A. Is secreted by the thymus gland B. Is thought to increase the secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus C. Increases epinephrine and calcitonin D. May be controlled by changes in day length E. All of the above

19. __________ insulin is secreted by

A. Anterior pituitary gland B. Posterior pituitary gland C. Adrenal cortex D. Adrenal medulla E. Pancreas

20. __________ The adrenal medulla

A. Is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system B. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine C. Is stimulated when a person is physically excited D. Produces the “fight-or-flight” response. E. Has all of these properties

21. __________ Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A. Increases calcium level in the blood B. Inhibits the formation of active vitamin D in the kidneys C. Decreases the rate of bone breakdown D. Has an effect similar to that of calcitonin E. All of the above

22. __________ A hormone is traditionally described as a molecule that is

A. Produced in varying amounts by collections of cells B. Enters interstitial fluid and/or blood and transported some distance C. Acts on specific tissues called target tissues D. All of the above

23. __________ Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

A. Secrete only into the bloodstream B. Secrete only local hormones C. Secrete through ducts or tubes to the body’s exterior D. Only secrete salts E. Secrete only into the urine.


24. __________ Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the _____ and the _____. A. Liver; kidney B. Spleen; kidney C. Spleen; liver D. Bone marrow; spleen E. Bone marrow; liver

25. __________ Secretion of hormones is controlled by

A. The concentration of mineral ions in the blood B. Neural input C. Tropic hormones D. The concentration of mineral ions in the blood and tropic hormones E. All of these things.

26. ___________ the tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor

and not to others is called A. Agonism B. Antagonism C. Specificity D. Complementarity E. None of the above

27. __________ Gigantism can be the result of a tumor causing excessive secretion from

which gland? A. Pineal Gland B. Pituitary C. Hypothalamus D. Adrenal Gland E. None of the Above

28. __________ Grave’s disease has symptoms like agitation, chronic fatigue, and the

Inability to gain weight. What can cause these symptoms? A. Hypothyroidism B. Hyperthyroidism C. Overactive adrenal glands D. Overactive pituitary gland E. None of the above


29. __________ Addison’s disease is most commonly diagnosed due to unusual pigmentation of the skin, joint pain, weight gain, fatigue, and depression. What can cause these symptoms?

A. Insufficient secretion of growth hormone B. Excess secretion of calcitonin C. Insufficient secretion of calcitonin D. Excess secretion of cortisol E. Insufficient secretion of cortisol

30. __________ if this gland is overactive, the patient will have difficulty concentrating, be Sensitive to light, and might be irritable and have trouble concentrating.

A. Pituitary B. Hypothalamus C. Thymus D. Thyroid E. None of the above

31. Describe a negative feedback loop in detail and give an example. Then,

Describe a positive feedback loop in detail and give an example.


32. (A) Describe the symptoms of diabetes. (B) Describe the cause of type one diabetes and the types of individuals that are normally diagnosed with the disorder. (C) Describe the cause of type two diabetes and the types of individauls that are normally diagnosed with the disorder.

Ch10 Practice Test Answer Key

1. Autocrine chemical messengers 2. Neurotransmitters 3. Endocrine chemical messengers (hormones) 4. Humoral stimuli 5. Effector cells 6. Amplification 7. A. Pineal gland

B. Hypothalamus C. Pituitary D. Thyroid gland E. Parathyroid glands F. Thymus G. Adrenal glands H. Pancreas I. Ovary J. Testis

8. Water soluble hormones

Lipid Soluble hormones

Do they dissolve in cell membrane? (phospholipid bilayer)

No

Yes

Can they dissolve in blood ?

Yes

No

How rapid is the response?

Extremely Rapid

Slower

How long do they last?

Removed Rapidly, within Minutes or hours

Can last days or even weeks

The target cell receptors are located on which organelle?

Cell membrane

Nuclear envelope

9. Any six of the following:

Regulates the rate of metabolism Regulates the level of satiety and breakdown of food Regulates tissue development Regulates the ion solute concentration of the blood Regulates water balacnce by controlling solutes in the blood Regulates heart rate and blood pressure Regulates the levels of blood glucose in the blood Controls the development and functions of the reproductive system Regulates uterine contractions in labor and stimulates milk release from the breast of nursing mothers. Helps regulate the production of immune cells

10. (1) hypothalamus D. controls the pituitary gland

(2) pituitary gland J. growth, melanocytes, secretion of milk, contractions, control over other glands (3) thyroid B. metabolism, decreased blood calcium (4) parathyroid gland I. increase blood calcium (5) thymus E. immune system development (6) adrenal glands C. sympathetic system activation, stress response (7) pancreas G. control of blood sugar (8) ovary, testes A. reproduction, secondary sex characteristics (9) pineal gland F. controls sleep

11. (1) calcitonin F. decreases blood calcium

(2) thymosin B. increases immune system activity (3) insulin A. allows glucose to enter cells, decreases blood sugar (4) melatonin G. regulates sleep (5) estrogen C. female secondary sex characteristics, reproduction (6) glucagon H. causes glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose, which increases blood sugar (7) testosterone D. male secondary sex characteristics, reproduction (8) PTH (parathyroid hormone) E. increases blood calcium (9) calcitrol I. prepares the body for stress

12. C. neurotransmitte4rs 13. A. bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell 14. E. all of the above 15. C. hypothalamus 16. C. is synthesized by the thyroid gland 17. E. insulin 18. D. may be controlled by changes in day length 19. E. Pancreas

20. E. has all of these properties 21. A. increases calcium level in the blood 22. D. all of the above 23. C. secrete through ducts or tubes to the body’s exterior 24. A. liver; kidney 25. E. all of these things 26. C. specificity 27. B. pituitary 28. B. hyperthyroidism 29. E. insufficient secretion of cortisol 30. E. None of the above (the gland is the pineal gland)

31. A negative feedback loop is the most commonly used feedback system in the body and

causes a decrease in the function of an organ. It is a self-limiting system because the end product of the enzyme cascade causes the originally secreting organ to stop secreting that hormone. Negative feedback systems help stabilize body systems. One example of negative feedback is regulation of blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, signals are sent to the brain from the blood vessels. The brain sends signals to the heart and kidneys. The heart slows and the kidneys remove more water from the blood. When the blood pressure decreases, the blood vessels no longer send the signal to the brain and the brain no longer sends messages to the heart and kidneys. (other examples are blood sugar, body temperature, red blood cell production) A positive feedback loop is used more rarely in the body. It is a self-propogating system because the end product of the enzyme cascade causes the originally secreting organ to secrete even larger amounts of hormone. Positive feedback systems help body systems by enhancing an effect. One example of posi9tive feedback occurs when a woman goes into labor. The stretching of the cervix sends signals to the brain. The brain responds by the signals by sending hormones that cause contractions. The contractions cause the cervix to stretch more and this sends additional signals to the brain. The brain sends more hormone to increase the strength of the contractions. This continues until childbirth stops the stretching of the cervix, ending the loop. Another example of positive feedback is blood clotting.

32. Common symptoms of diabetes are extreme fatigue, blurry vision, feeling very thirst

and hungry, and weight loss. In some cases numb or tingling hands or feet are symptoms. (These symptoms are caused by the inability of tissue to import glucose, which causes the cells to lack energy molecules and cells that might store energy molecules lack the glucose to make them. The excess glucose in the blood causes thirst as well because there is much more solute in the blood. This causes an osmotic gradient in the kidney that triggers thirst receptors.) Type 1 diabetes is also called juvenile diabetes because it is the type seen in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin or the pancreas produces insulin that does not function properly. In this case there is not enough insulin being produced to meet the needs of the body. Type 2 diabetes is also called adult onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a result of cells having insufficient receptors for the insulin. The pancreas produces enough insulin but the cells cannot recognize it in large enough amounts due to the lack of receptors. In this case, there is enough insulin being produced but the body cells do not respond to it.

name: anatomy and physiology ch 10 practice test (p. 2 of...

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