The unconscious mind:

It consists of the primitive, instinctual wishes as

well as the information that we cannot access.

Although our behaviours might indicate the

unconscious forces that drive them, we don‟t

have easy access to the information stored in the

unconscious mind. During our childhood, we

acquire countless memories and experiences that

form who we are today. However, we cannot

recall most of those memories. They are

unconscious forces (beliefs, patterns, subjective

maps of reality) that drive our behaviours.

This image brings back some

cherished memories!

Old photos help trigger memories in people suffering from dementia

• Pictures taken by a little-known photographer Joseph Hardman, between the 1930s and 1960s have found a new use helping to trigger memories and reminiscences among people with dementia.

• When Joseph Hardman died in 1972, his wife donated almost 5,000 glass negatives to the Museum of Lakeland Life and Industry in Kendal, Cumbria.

• The stunning images document decades of daily life from all over the Lake District - from antiquated farming techniques to beautiful landscapes.

• And now they've been used to help a group of people living with dementia in the region - taking their own versions of his images and using them as a catalyst to reminisce about their lives.

• One such place was Dora's Field in Rydal, made

famous by the poet William Wordsworth.

• "That was also a trigger for Wordsworth's poetry,

tapping into people's deep long-term memory –

• Human Behavior

• Cognitive Processes

Psychology has four basic goals in regard to Human Behaviour:

To describe,

To explain,

To predict,

and to change behavior and

mental processes

Psychological disorders are patterns

of behavioural or

psychological symptoms that impact

normal functioning or day to day life

of an individual as a result of

conscious actions and due to

subconscious mind.

Common Psychological Disorders Anxiety Symptoms

It is an extreme apprehension

and worry, is a normal reaction

to stressful situations. But in

some cases, it becomes

excessive and can cause

sufferers to dread everyday

situations. This type of steady,

all-over anxiety is called

Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

•Constant worrying or obsession

about small or large concerns

•Restlessness and feeling keyed up or

on edge

•Fatigue

•Difficulty concentrating or mind

“going blank”

•Muscle tensions or muscle aches

•Trembling, feeling twitchy or being

easily startled

•Trouble sleeping

•Sweating, nausea or diarrhea

•Shortness of breath or rapid heart

beat

Depression Symptoms

A depressive disorder is

an illness that involves

the body, mood, and

thoughts. It interferes

with daily life, normal

functioning.

•Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and

making decisions

•fatigue and decreased energy

•Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or

helplessness, hopelessness and/or pessimism

•Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or

excessive sleeping

•Irritability, restlessness

•Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once

pleasurable

•Overeating or appetite loss

•Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or

digestive problems that do not ease even with

treatment

•Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings

•Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts

Psycho-Technology on Indian Railways:

An overview …

• Conducts

• Revises

• Enriches

Personality Tests

Cognitive Tests

Aptitude Tests

Psycho-motor Tests

Genesis

Set up in 1964 in Railway Board in pursuance of the recommendation of Railway Accident Committee in 1962 (Kunzru Committee) “use of Psycho-technology as an aid to selection of operating personnel would go a long way in improving the quality of man-power connected with traffic safety, whose lapses and failings account for about 70% of the total accidents on the Indian Railways”

Transferred to RDSO in 1970 and attached to Traffic Research Wing.

Made a full-fledged Directorate in 1989 in RDSO Lucknow.

Every individual is unique and they differ in physical and

psychological make up

Requirement of every Job also differs with respect to

certain psychomotor capabilities and cognitive

attributes(especially for ALP, Motorman and Train

Operator) personality characteristics (especially for the

job of ASMs Customer Relation Assistants and Section

Controllers) who deal with public and later become

independent supervisors and become the face of Indian

Railways and Mass Rapid Transport Systems)

Compatibility of the above two is essential for

enhancement of individual‟s productivity leading to

organisational efficiency

Basic tenets of Aptitude Testing:

Present Organizational Tree

ED/Traffic/Psycho-Tech

JSO JSO (Vacant)

4 SS/SA (7 Vacant)

ER (Vacant)

SCR

WR (Vacant)

NR

NER

NFR

CR

Director General

RDSO Railways

SR (vacant)

SCSER Director/Joint Director (Vacant)

*Vacancy Position: SSO/JSO: 04

Supervisors/Assistant:07

In Railways we deal with

Cognitive,

Personality,

Psycho-motor and

Counseling Psychology

Role/Mandate of Psycho-Technical

Directorate, RDSO

In terms of Board‟s letter No. E. (RRB)/2003/25/7, dated 04.06.2003, 21.03.2005 and 09.06.2005 Aptitude tests are prescribed for Direct Recruitment as well as in-service promotions:

The direct selection of safety category staff (ASM, ALP & Motorman)

Recruitment through RRB and RRC

Departmental promotions by Divisions and Zonal Railways including High Speed Train Drivers

Selection related activities :

Compassionate Ground(CG), Liberalized Active Retirement scheme for Guaranteed Employment for Safety Staff (LARGESS) appointments etc. by Divisions of Railways

Consultancy to KRCL and 14 Metro Rails on Psycho-Technical matters and Aptitude Testing for selection of Train Operators, Station Controllers and Customer Relation Assistant staff.

Selection related activities :

Job analysis of ASM, ALP and Motormen

Conducting Research Studies regarding the behaviour/fatigue patterns of above staff so that they can be made more safety conscious and sound

Stress management

Development, enrichment and revision of Aptitude tests

Accident analysis due to human errors and SPAD cases

Counseling of Safety Category Staff

Aptitude Testing

Introduction of Aptitude tests of Safety Categories on Indian Railways

Direct recruitment through RRBs

Assistant Station Master (1971)

Assistant Loco Pilot (1975)

Motorman (1975)

Last selection held in 2009 through RRB Mumbai

Departmental Selection/Promotions

Assistant Station Master (1994)

Assistant Loco Pilot (1994)

Motorman (1975)

High Speed Train Drivers (1989)

Other categories

Group Departmental Competitive Exam(GDCE),

Limited Departmental Competitive

Exam(LDCE) , Compassionate Ground(CG) etc.

•Earlier the Aptitude tests were qualifying in nature and were called „Psycho tests‟ but according to letter No. E(RRB)/2003/25/7 dated 04-06 2003, in direct recruitment Weight age of written test to Psycho test is in the ratio of 70:30. According to letter No. E(NG)I/2002/PM1/31 Dated 22.08.2003 in promotion (in-service) Weight age of written test to Aptitude test is in the ratio of 80:20.

Decentralisation of computerised aptitude testing of LPs for their screening as High Speed Train Drivers

The Computer Aided Drivers‟ Aptitude Test (CADAT) System was developed in 2006 and the LPs from all the Zonal Railways were tested at RDSO only. This caused a lot of inconvenience besides loss of man-days.

The testing was therefore decentralised under technical guidance of the Directorate after taking approval of Railway Board as per the following arrangement:

Railways Railways

served

With effect

from

ER ER, ECR,

ECOR, NFR,

SER

15.4.2010

NR NR, NWR 15.4.2010

SCR SR, SECR,

SCR, SWR

15.4.2010

WR CR, WCR, WR 15.4.2010

RDSO NCR,

NER

•September

2006 (all

the

Railways)

• 15.4.2010

(NCR, NER)

Railways Railways

served

With effect

from

Test battery for Assistant Station Masters

Attributes Tests for ASM (RRB

and also in-service/

GDCE/ (LDCE)/CG)

Intelligence: Inductive reasoning and

cognitive ability based on abstract

information with time bound performance

Intelligence Test:

Classification type

(ICT)

Concentration: Ability to concentrate on a

task without any distraction which covers

selective awareness with respect to

targeted stimulus

Selective Attention

Test (SAT)

Ability to accurately and quickly survey a

spatial field/pattern and identify a path

through the visual field/pattern.

Spatial Scanning Test

(SST)

Information ordering:Ability to

follow a set of rules to come to a

conclusion

Information

Ordering Test

(IOT)

*G factor (Rule-conscious,

Dutiful, Conscientious,

Conforming, Rule bound) and

Q3 factor (Perfectionist,

Organized, Self-disciplined,

Socially Precise, Exacting Will

power, Control)

Personality

test (PQA)

consisting of

16 factors

*The two personality factors along with other attributes have

been selected through the Job Analysis of ASM category

Test Attribute Test items

Intelligence

Selective Attention

Spatial Scanning

Information Ordering

Personality

16 factors of personality test

•Warmth, which is considered to indicate friendliness towards others and willingness to participate.

•Reasoning, which is thought to be indicative of cognitive ability and intellect;

•Emotional Stability, which refers to the candidate‟s ability to adapt while under stress and whether they are easily upset.

•Dominance, which ascertains to levels of aggression, assertiveness and co-operation.

• Liveliness, which tends to indicate whether the candidate is likely to be cheerful or expressive as opposed to introverted or serious.

• Rule-Consciousness, which generally conveys attitudes towards authority and likelihood of obedience.

• Social Boldness, which refers to whether an individual is likely to be timid or shy as opposed to being uninhibited or out-going.

• Sensitivity, which considers whether the candidate is compassionate and sympathetic to others or if they tend to be more objective.

16 factors of personality test

• Vigilance, which specifies how trusting, accepting or suspicious the individual may be around others.

• Abstractedness, which can refer to being imaginative or solution orientated but at the higher level can also suggest being impractical.

• Privateness, which can indicate how forthright or non-disclosing an individual might be.

• Apprehension, which is descriptive of whether someone may be more self-assured or insecure.

16 factors of personality test

•Openness to Change, which is regarded as flexibility and a liberal attitude as opposed to being attached to the familiar. •Self-Reliance, which identifies how

self-sufficient or group orientated an individual might be. •Perfectionism, which refers to self-

discipline and precision as opposed to impulsiveness. •Tension, which conveys the likelihood

of being time driven or impatient instead of being relaxed and patient.

16 factors of personality test

Test battery for Assistant Loco Pilots

Attributes Tests for ALP (In-

service/ LDCE/CG)

Memory: Ability of

associative/sequential/short term memory

both for verbal and non-verbal

Picture Number Test

(PN)

Building Memory

(BM)

Information Ordering: Ability to act

according to given directions in a

systematic manner

Following Directions

Test ( FD)

Depth Perception: Ability to measure

perception of three dimensions and apply

mental visualization in 3D space.

Depth Perception Test

(DP)

Attributes Tests for ALP (In-

service/ LDCE/CG)

Power of Observation: Ability to

observe in visually complicated

spatial field.

Number Search Test (NS) ,

Number Matching Test

(NM)

Perceptual Speed: Ability of quick

and correct perception of objects.

Perceptual Speed Test (PS)

Mechanical Comprehension:

Ability to apply mechanical and

physical concepts to everyday life.

Mechanical Comprehension

Test (MCT) (Apart from

this test all other tests are

the same for RRB/Direct

recruitment)

All the attributes have been selected through the Job Analysis of

ALP category

Test Attribute Test items

Memory

Information

Ordering

Test Attribute Test item

Depth Perception

Power of

Observation

Perceptual Speed

Test battery for Motorman

Attributes Tests for MM (RRB-(not held

after 2009) and in-service/GDCE/

LDCE/CG)

Intelligence: Inductive

reasoning and cognitive ability

based on abstract information

with time bound performance

Form Board Test (FB)

Memory: Ability of

associative/sequential/short

term memory both for verbal

and non-verbal stimuli

Test of Memory (MM)

Numerical ability: Speed test to

judge the basic arithmetic

ability without computing

device

Test of Number operations(TNO)

Reaction Time: Ability of quick and

correct response to stimulus

Discriminative

reaction test

(DRT)

Field dependence/independence: Ability

to find, apprehend and identify a

known visual pattern embedded in a

complex visual array

Group embedded

figure test (GEFT)

Restraint: It is the ability to be able to

remain unemotional, dispassionate

having self control.

Emotional Stability: It’s a mental state

of calmness and composure.

Personality

(PQ-R), (PQ-E)

All the attributes have been selected through the Job Analysis of

Motorman category

Test Attribute Test item

Intelligence

Memory

Numerical

Ability

Test Attribute Test item

Reaction Time Signals of different colors red, yellow and green are shown

randomly on the screen and the candidate has to respond quickly

and accurately to it pressing the corresponding color button.

GEFT

Personality

Aptitude Testing for selection of Safety staff on IR (both direct recruits through RRB and in service promotions)

Calendar

Year

ALP ASM Motormen Total

2008 12561 13501 111 26173

2009 25009 5463 955 31427

2010 10179 1618 - 11797

2011 19992 5346 - 25338

2012 53081 948 293 54322

2013 21781 22152 134 43987

2014 83649 6787 221 98657

2015 73411 581 569 74561

2016 385 32425 322 19797

Calendar Year ALP ASM Motormen Total

Aptitude Testing for selection of Safety staff on IR (both direct recruits through RRB and in service promotions)

Attributes Tests for High

Speed Train Drivers

Reaction Time: Ability of Prompt

response to various stimuli.

Reaction Time Test

Form Perception: Ability of Quick

and timely perception of forms in

working environment.

Form Perception

Concentration: Ability to

concentrate during monotonous

task.

Group Bourden

Test Battery for High Speed Train Drivers

(Tests and the Operational definition of the

attribute measured)

Speed Perception: Ability to

anticipate speed. (for this critical

perceptual ability attention and

focused concentration is

mandatory.

Speed Perception

Test

Vigilance: Ability to stay alert in

monotonous situations where

only once in a while a reaction is

required / to process visual

information at a constant rate

where incidentally an action is

triggered.

Visual

Differentiating

Attention Test

Aptitude Testing for screening of High Speed Train Drivers

Year Total LPs tested

2006 23

2007 339

2008 149

2009 221

2010 202

2011 166

2012 154

2013 96

2014 139

2015 146

2016 279

2017 (upto September) 82

Consultancy to other Railway Systems

• Konkan Railway -2002

• Delhi Metro Rail Corporation-2002

• Delhi Airport Metro Express-2009

• Metro One Operations Pvt Ltd, Mumbai-

2011

• Rapid Metro, Gurgaon-2012

• Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation-

2016

• Chennai Metro Rail Corporation-2013

• Hyderabad Metro-2014

• Kochi Metro-2015

• Lucknow Metro-2016

• Jaipur Metro-2017

Other Metro Railways soon to be in ambit:

• Nagpur Metro

• Bangalore Metro

• Ahmedabad Metro

• Noida Metro

Name of Metro Functional Date

Kolkata Metro 24.10.1984

Konkan Railway

Corporation Limited

26.1.1998

Delhi Metro

24.12.2002

Mumbai metro

08.06.2014

Chennai metro

29.6.2016

Chennai Metro

Kolkata Metro

Konkan Railway

Delhi Metro Mumbai Metro

Name of Metro Functional Date

Hyderabad Metro

To start in Nov 2017

Jaipur Metro

3.6.2015

Kochi Metro 16.6.2017

Lucknow Metro 05.09.2017

Hyderabad Metro

Jaipur Metro

Kochi Metro Lucknow Metro

Consultancy to Metro Railways in selection of Train Operators and Controllers

Year Metro

Railway

Candidate

s tested

Earnings as

Consultancy

charges (in

Rs.)

2011-12 DMRC 75 60,505

DAME 22 86,900

KRCL 245 99,051

MOOPL 277 1,38,487

2012-13 DMRC 2823 7,17,994

DAME 17 49,300

MOOPL 812 3,81,088

KRCL 07

29,295

Rapid Metro

59 90,275

2013-14 DMRC 40 90,275

CMRL 1173 3,68,307

HYB L&T

Metro 285 4,94,071

KRCL 254 2,73,239

Year Metro

Railway

Candidates

tested

Earnings as

Consultancy

charges (in

Rs.)

Year Metro

Railway

Candidates

tested

Earnings as

Consultancy

charges (in

Rs.)

2014-15

DMRC 1074 9,33,657

MOOPL 304 2,67,184

HYB L&T

Metro 708 8,78,673

2015-16

HYB L&T

Metro 200 2,86,583

Kochi 163 2,86,583

KRCL 21 1,14,259

2016-17 Hyderabad 3209 16,37,418

LMRC 498 9,00,229

Kochi 179 3,46,078

CMRL 380 5,16,506

MOOPL 300 4,11,570

DFCCIL 91 1,73,176

DMRC 2725 38,33,840

Year Metro

Railway

Candidates

tested

Earnings as

Consultancy

charges

Recently Completed Project: Computer based Aptitude Test (CBT) of ASMs

On the recommendation of Member Staff in the 31st

GCM held on 17th July 2015 at RDSO and reiterated in

the 32nd GCM to look at feasibility of conducting on-

line psychological testing, the Psycho-technical

Directorate put up an enormous effort to comply with

the recommendation and achieved a milestone in

successfully accomplishing the task of conducting on-

line Aptitude Test of 34118 Assistant Station Masters

on 30th of June 2017 in 13 cities and in up to 3 shifts,

for filling up of 5349 vacant posts of ASMs and Traffic

Assistant.

Advantage of CBT mode of testing

• Date of notice: Centralised Employment notice no. 3/2015 dated 26.12.15

• Number of candidates who applied: 8186880

• Number of candidates who qualified in stage-I: 273250

• Number of candidates who qualified in Stage-II: 43382

• Number of candidates who appeared for Aptitude test: 34118

• Number of candidates who passed the Aptitude test: 16247

• The Psycho-technical Directorate was able to achieve a milestone in shifting from paper-pencil mode to on-line mode of testing as directed by Railway Board.

•Savings in terms of question paper and OMR sheet: Rs. 525000/-

•Savings of A4 size paper: 122500

•Saving of Man days : 177

•Generating awareness about the on-line mode of testing through website thereby saving time and effort of candidates

•Saving of TA and DA of Scientific Officer and Supervisors

Savings done through CBT

The Psycho-technical Directorate has achieved a milestone in shifting from paper-pencil mode to on-line mode of testing as directed by Railway Board in the direct recruitment process through RRB.

Total 10 tests have been developed for two Safety Category Staffs of Indian Railways i.e. Assistant Loco Pilots and High Speed Train Drivers in computerized mode. Reliability and Validity studies are being conducted.

In progress project:

Development of Computerized Tests for

Safety Category Staffs of Indian

Railways

On-line testing of ALP and Motorman will

also lead to savings as mentioned in the

previous slides.

Assistance required There has been acute shortage of technical

manpower in the directorate and in the units under the administrative control of Railways. The post of SSO/JSO on SR has been lying vacant for the last 8 years.

• Total 04 posts of SSO is lying vacant.

• Posts of 03 JSO‟s in Zonal Railways and 01 in RDSO are vacant.

• 06 posts of Scientific Supervisor and 01 post of Artist is also lying vacant from past 07 years.

Thank youFor any further queries/suggestions

my mail id is edpsychotech@gmail.com

Mobile no: +919794863017