n d e g e wa mbeya - in our village · n d e g e wa mbeya kitabu ambacho kimeandikwa na wanachama...
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N d e g e wa MbeyaKitabu ambacho kimeandikwa
na wanachama wa
Roots & Shoots Mbeya, Tanzania
B i rds of Mbeyaa field guide written by
Roots & Shoots members
in Mbeya Town
Lengo langu ni kufanya
ulimwengu ambamo
tunsweza kuishi kwa
amani na vitu vyote asilia.
My mission is to create
a world where we can live
in harmony with nature.
– Jane Goodall, Founder, Roots & Shoots
Ndege wa MbeyaKitabu ambacho kimeandikwa na wanachama wa
Roots & Shoots Mbeya, Tanzania
Birds of Mbeyaa field guide written by
Roots & Shoots members in Mbeya Town
ɴext ɢeɴeʀatɪoɴ pʀessProvidence, Rhode Island
cov2
Shukrani Acknowledgments
Tungependa kutoa shukrani zetu za dhati kwa Barbara Cervone wa Next
Generation Press, Marekani; Gazelle Safari Company ya Mbeya Tanzania;
m ra ti bu wa Roots & Shoots Mkoa wa Mbeya Peter Mwamala, mw a n ach a m a
Leon a rd Bwake , w a l i mu ndugu na marafiki pamoja na wanachama wo te
wa Roots & Shots mkoa wa Mbeya waliosaidia kufanikisha uandaaji wa
k ij i t a bu hiki. – Waandishi
We would like to give our thanks to Ba rb a ra Cervone at What Ki d s
Can Do; the Shinnyo-en Foundation in the United States; Gazelle Safari
Company in Mbeya, Tanzania; Carl Cervone of Technoserve; the regional
coordinator of Roots & Shoots in Mbeya, Peter Mwamala, and volunteer
Leon a rd Bwake . And thank you to our dear te ach ers , f ri en d s , and all
Roots & Shoots mem bers in Mbeya Regi on who hel ped wri te this book.
– The Authors
Waandishi Authors Yaliomo Table of Contents
Iganzo Secondary School
Agustine Elihudi
Ande Matthew
Ilomba Secondary School
Abdulbhary Bashiru
Kasiana Mbeyela
Esperansa Mfikwa
Devotha Ndunguru
Ivumwe Secondary School
Saimoni Adam Shitalima
Shani Musa
Ibrahim Mwampyate
Itende Secondary School
Betha Ezekiel
Nasibu Mbwiga
Emanuel Mwakasumi
Meta Secondary School
Said Hamis
Sospeter Kansapa
Emmanueli Esadi Mrutu
Sangu Secondary School
Lulasamu Daudi
Levocatus D Manego
Beatrice Andrew Mwakyembe
Kively J. Njombo
Editor
Genevieve Edens
Roots & Shoots volunteer
Utangulizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction
Mazingira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
About Mbeya
Kuhusu Ndege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bird Basics
Utafiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Our Research
Maelezo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
About the Guide
Utangulizi Introduction
Sisi wanafunzi 19 tu l i s h i riki kuandika kitabu hiki. Tu n a s oma shule za
s e kon d a ri mbalimbali kwenye viw a n go vya O na A , kuanzia umri wa miaka
16 h adi 22. Tunaishi Mbeya , Tanzania na sisi sote ni wanachama wa Roo t s
& Shoo t s .
Roots & Shoots ni progra mu inay-
o husika na el i mu ya mazingi ra , jamii
na wanyama kwa vijana kuanzia shu l e
za msingi mpaka chuo kikuu. P i a
Roots & Shoots hutoa nafasi kwa
vijana kukaa pamoja na kut a f a k a ri ,
kujifunza na kuel ewa mazingi ra na
u husiano wa viu m be vya asili na
ja m i i . Kwa namna hii Roots & Shoo t s
i n awasaidia vijana kuchukua hatua
za kuboresha dunia kwa bi n ad a mu ,
w a nyama na mazingi ra .
The nineteen students who participated in writing this book are between
the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. We live in Mbeya, Tanzania, where
we study at different schools in both Ordinary (regular secondary) and
Advanced (advanced secondary) levels.
We are all mem bers of Roots & Shoo t s . Roots & Shoots is the Jane Good a ll
Institute’s global, environmental, and humanitarian program for young
people, with members from nursery school to university and beyond. Its
m i s s i on is to fo s ter re s pect and com p a s s i on for all living things , to prom o te
u n derstanding of a ll cultu res and bel i efs , and to inspire each indivi dual to
t a ke acti on to make the world a bet ter place for the envi ron m en t , a n i m a l s ,
and the human com mu n i ty.
1
Utangulizi Introduction
Wanachama waona kikundi cha
ngedere kwenye msitu.
Group members spot a troop of
monkeys moving through the forest.
Utangulizi Introduction
3
Mazingira ya Mbeya About Mbeya
M koa wa Mbeya uko nyanda za ju u
kusini nchini Tanzania huku Af ri k a
Ma s h a ri k i . M koa una wi l aya nane:
M beya Mj i n i , M beya Vij ij i n i , Chu nya ,
Ru n g we , M boz i , Kyel a , Il eje na Mbalali.
M beya mjini ni mch a n ga nyi ko wa
m a k a bila mbalimbali na wageni kuto k a
nje ya mkoa na nje ya nch i . Ka ti k a
wi l aya ya Mbeya Vij ij i n i , k a bila maarufu ni Wa s a f w a ; Chu nya , n i
Wa k i m bu , Wa bu n g u , na Wa g u lu k a ; Ru n g we , ni Wa nya ky u s a ; M boz i , n i
Wa nyi h a ; Kyel a , ni Wa nya kyusa na Wa nya s a ; Il ej e , ni Wa n d a l i . Mali asili
z i n a zop a tikana mkoani ni makaa ya mawe na dhahabu . Kuna kilimo kingi
kama vile kahaw a , m i gom b a , tu m b a k u , ch a i , na ufuga j i . Pia kuna hifad h i
ya wanyama (Ki tulo) na ch em ch em za maji moto (Mbalali, k a tika bon de la
Us a n g u , na Mbeya Vij ij i n i ) . Uvuvi wa samaki unafanyika katika ziwa la
Nyasa na Ru k w a . Aina nyi n gine za mazingi ra zinazop a tikana mkoa wa
M beya ni milima tambara re , milima yenye misitu , na maziwa ya vo l k a n o.
M beya is in the sout h ern highlands of Ta n z a n i a , East Af ri c a . M beya Regi on
has ei ght distri ct s : M beya Town , M beya Ru ra l , Chu nya , Ru n g we , M boz i ,
Kyel a , Il ej e , and Mbalali. The pop u l a ti on of M beya Town (8 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n h a bi-
tants) is a mix of m a ny ethnic gro u p s , i n cluding people from out s i de the
regi on and out s i de the co u n try. In Mbeya Ru ra l , the most com m on et h n i c
group is the Sa f w a ; o t h er distri cts inclu de people of the Ki m bu , Bu n g u ,
Gu lu k a , Nya ky u s a , Nyi h a , Nya s a , and Ndali gro u p s .
Natural resources in the region include coal and gold; the area is suitable
for farming coffee, banana, tobacco, and tea, as well as keeping livestock.
Due to its position on the Rift Valley, there are many hot springs, as well
as Lakes Nyasa and Ru k w a . Ki tu l o, k n own for its ra re orch i d s , was recen t ly
gazetted as a National Park. Biomes found in Mbeya Region are montane
forest, montane grassland, and volcanic lakes
Mandhari kutoka Mlimani Loleza.
The view from Mount Loleza.
2
Sisi wanafunzi tuliandika kitabu hiki kwa kuwa tu l i ona umu h i mu wa
k u f a h a mu vi z u ri zaidi ndege wanaoishi Mbeya Mj i n i . Tu m ejifunza aina za
n dege wanaoonekana katika mazingi ra mbalimbali, s eh emu zinazovuti a
n dege kwa wi n gi , v yakula vya o, na jinsi wanav yo husiana na bi n ad a mu .
Tu m ef a nya ut a f i ti wa ndege ili kuel ewa aina za ndege , namna wanav yoi s h i ,
n a , s eh emu wanapoi s h i , bali pia kuel ewa vi z u ri zaidi mazingi ra yetu kwa
u ju m l a . Tu n a k u sudi ut a f i ti wetu ut ach ochea vijana kufikiria zaidi kuhu su
dunia inayow a z u n g u k a .
Ki t a bu hiki, k i l i ch oandikwa kwa Kiswahili na Ki i n gere z a , k i m e a n d a l iw a
kwa ajili ya shu l e , m a k t a b a , ja m i i , na hasa wanachama wa Roots & Shoo t s .
Our group dec i ded to wri te this book in order to ex p l ore the lives of bi rd s
that live in Mbeya Town . We discovered wh i ch kinds of bi rds live in differen t
h a bi t a t s , wh i ch places su pport large nu m bers of bi rd s , as well as inform a ti on
su ch as what bi rds eat and how human soc i ety affects bi rds in Mbeya .
We think it is important to con du ct this re s e a rch not on ly to understand wh a t
kinds of bi rds live here , wh ere they live , and what they eat, but also to bet ter
u n derstand the envi ron m ent as a wh o l e . Our re s e a rch is a way for yo uth
to think more deep ly abo ut the natu ral world that su rrounds us every day.
This boo k , wri t ten in both Kiswahili and English, is for use in schools,
libraries, and anyone interested in M beya’s bi rd s .
The youth of Roots & Sh oots Mbeya
and Genevieve Edens, Roots & Shoots volunteer
October 2007
Utangulizi Introduction
5
Maeneo tulioyofanyia utafiti ni yafuatavyo: Loleza, Ivumwe, na Songwe.
Vitu tulivyoviona huko ni mapango, vilima, mito, majimoto, chemchem,
misitu, na mashamba. Baadhi ya mimea tuliyoona ni mahindi, maharage
na ngano, pamoja na miti milingoti, pine, maembe, na miti ya asili. Pia
tuliona maua mengi, majani, na majani marefu (ferns). Baadhi ya mifugo
tulioona ni mbuzi, kondoo, punda, ng’ombe, na mabwawa ya samaki.
Pia tuliona wanyama pori kama nyoka, panzi, vipepeo, na ngedere.
The areas where we did research are Loleza, Ivumwe and Songwe. There
we saw cave s , m o u n t a i n s , rivers , hot spri n gs , w a ter source s , fore s t s , gra s s-
l a n d , and agri c u l tu re . Plants in these areas inclu de corn , be a n s , and wh e a t ;
t h ere are exotic tree species like eucalyptus, pine, and mango, and also
native trees like acacia. There are also many flowers, grasses, and ferns.
Some animals that we saw, besides birds, are domestic animals like goats,
sheep, donkeys, and cows. We also saw snakes, bugs like grasshoppers
and butterflies, and a troop of vervet monkeys.
Chini ya Mlima Loleza. Maua haya yavutia
songosori wengi.
Study spot below Loleza's peak. The orange
flowers here attract many sunbirds.
Barabara kubwa Mbeya mjini.
A main street in downtown Mbeya.
4
Mbeya Mjini iko kwenye Bonde la Ufa. Baadhi ya milima huku ni Mlima
Mbeya na Mlima Loleza kwa upande wa Kaskazini, na Mlima Ugali kwa
u p a n de wa Ma gh a ri bi . Ba adhi ya mito inaanzia milimani na mito mingi n e
huwa na maji kwenye kipindi cha mvua. Kwa mfano, mto wa Nzovwe
unaanzia kwenye milima, na mto wa Meta hutegemea mvua na ch em ch em .
Masika huku Mbeya huanzia mwezi wa kumi na moja na kuendelea hadi
wa mwezi wa nne; w a k a ti wa kiangazi unaanzia mwezi wa tano na kuen del e a
hadi mwezi wa kumi. Pia, kuna kipindi cha baridi huanzia mwezi wa sita
na kwisha mwezi wa nane. Katika kipindi hichi, ubaridi unaweza kufikia
hata kiwango cha joto 2o selsiusi kwa siku.
M beya Town is loc a ted on the Rift Va ll ey. Mountains su ch as Mount Mbeya
and Mount Loleza to the nort h , and Mount Ugali to the we s t , su rround the
c i ty. Ma ny rivers run thro u gh town , s ome that start in the mountains and
o t h ers that are ra i n - fed and on ly exist du ring the ra i ny season . For ex a m p l e,
the source for River Nzov we is at Mt Mbeya , while the River Meta is season a l
with the ra i n s . The ra i ny season starts in Novem ber and lasts until Apri l . Th e
dry season lasts from May to October. The cold season lasts from June to
Au g u s t , wh en the tem pera tu res drop, but it does not get cold en o u gh to free ze .
Kuhusu Ndege Bird Basics
Kuna aina 1088 za ndege katika nchi ya Ta n z a n i a . M koani Mbeya kuna ndege
wa aina thelathini na tatu (33) walioonekana katika muda wa utafiti wetu.
Mara nyingi ndege wanajitokeza katika kipindi cha masika kwa kuwa ni
kipindi ambacho ndege wanazaliana. Ndege kama mayera huwa ana tabia
ya kuhamahama kwa kufuatana na majira . Ma ra nyi n gi ndege hawa wana-
hama kutoka nchi za mbali na kuingia nchini Tanzania hasa kwenye wakati
wa masika. Katika kipindi hiki ndege hawa hujipatia chakula mbalimbali
kama samaki, panzi, na panya.
Tuliweza kuwatazama vizuri ndege hawa kwa kutumia hadubini. Hivyo
ilikuwa rahisi sana kuwaona kwa sura na rangi. Ndege hawa hutofautiana
kwa namna nyingi, kama sauti, maumbile, na vyakula wanavyokula.
Unapowatazama ndege unashauriwa kukaa kimya ili wasishtuke. Vilevile
unapofanya uchunguzi wa ndege ni bora upange muda maalum wa
kuwatazama katika eneo moja na kisha uende sehemu nyingine ili uweze
kuwatazama ndege wa aina mbalimbali.
There are 1088 different bird species in Tanzania. During our research in
Mbeya, we identified 33 of these.
Some birds are only found in Tanzania during the rainy season, which is
the period with the largest number of birds present. In Mbeya, birds like
herons come during the rainy season and then leave during the dry season
to far away countries in Europe and elsewhere, following their food. In the
dry season, they can’t find things like fish and grasshoppers as easily.
While birdwatching, it is good to use binoculars in order to see clearly the
birds’ details and colors. There are also other ways to identify them, for
example by their calls, their shape, and the food they eat. When you are
birdwatching, you are advised to stay quiet so the birds do not fly away.
Also when you are surveying birds, it is good to set a designated length of
time in one spot and then another, in order to see different kinds of birds.
76
Kadiri idadi ya watu inavyozidiinaathiri mazingira kutokana nakuongezekwa makazi na shughulikama ujenzi, ufugaji, kilimo,
uchomaji wa mkaa, na shughulinyingine za nyumbani. Idadi yandege huko imekuwa ikipunguakutokana na ongezeko la
binadamu ambao huharibumazingira kwa kukata miti kwaajili ya mkaa, ujenzi na kilimo. Piauwindaji wa ndege kwa ajili ya
uchawi umeongezeka, kwa mfano,uaji wa bundi. Vilevile, makelelekutokana na watu, magari, muziki na vitu vingine vimekuwa kero kwandege. Hivyo, mambo mengi yamelazimisha ndege kuhama eneo hilo.
M beya’s expanding human pop u l a ti on has affected the natu ral envi ron m en t
in many ways , e s pec i a lly thro u gh activi ties like con s tru cti on , f a rm i n g, l ive-s tock keep i n g,c ut ting trees for firewood and ch a rcoal produ cti on , and otherdomestic activities. The number of birds has noticeably decreased as theirhabitats are altered by the deforestation that comes with increased popu-
lation. Also bird hunting – and killing owls because of belief in witchcraft– has risen tremendously. Noise pollution from people, cars, and musichas disturbed birds, too. For these reasons, many birds have left the area.
Tuliona viota vingi vya ndege korobindo kwenye
matawi ya mti huu, Songwe.
We saw dozens of weavers’ nests hanging
from the branches of this tree in Songwe.
Watu wengi wachunga
mifugo wao kwenye
Mlima Loleza.
Many people graze their
livestock on the slopes
of Mount Loleza.
Utafiti Our Research
Maeneo ya utafiti
Tulifanya utafiti wetu katika sehemu tatu: Loleza, Ivumwe na Songwe.
Loleza iko pembeni kidogo na jiji la Mbeya na ni eneo lenye milima,
mashamba na misitu. Milima hii ina misitu ya kupandikizwa pamoja na
ya asili, na pia ni chanzo cha maji kwa jiji la Mbeya.
E n eo la juu tu l i pof a nya ut a f i ti ni seh emu wazi na yenye maja n i . Huku
tu l ipata ndege wa aina ch ach e . E n eo la pili tulipata ndege wen gi lakini
w a l i k uw a wa aina tatu tu. Sehemu hii ina maua na majani marefu (ferns),
na iko karibu na chemchem ya maji. Pia eneo hili liko karibu na msitu
wa miti mirefu na mifupi. Eneo la tatu liliko bondeni , lina miti mirefu
na mimea ya aina tof a uti . Seh emu hii ni baridi kiasi kutokana na kivuli
cha miti . Huku kulikuwa na aina tofauti tofauti za ndege ambao wengine
hawakuweko kwenye sehemu nyingine yoyote (kwa mfano Schalow’s
Turaco). Eneo la nne ni seh emu iliyo ko bon deni yenye uw a z i , m a ja n i
m a refu na miti mifupi.
Study Areas
We conducted research in three areas: Loleza, Ivumwe and Songwe.
Loleza is on the outskirts of downtown Mbeya; it is a mountainous area
with farms, forest, and grassland. Mount Loleza has two kinds of forest:
tree plantations of pine forest and natural forest with native trees that
are preserved to protect water sources for Mbeya Town.
The first spot wh ere we did re s e a rch was an open area with grasses and
brush, where we saw only few birds. The second spot included open gra s s-
land bel ow us and flowering bushes and short trees above . Here we saw many
bi rd s , but on ly a few spec i e s . The third spo t, wh i ch is in the eastern va ll ey, is a
forest with tall trees and bu s h e s . This area was cold because the sun does not
reach through the canopy. We saw several different bird species that on ly
were iden ti f i ed in this spo t , l i ke Sch a l ow ’s Tu raco. The fo u rth spot is furt h er
up in the va ll ey wh ere the forest meets the open gra s s l a n d .
9
Kwa kuangalia sura ya ndege unaweza kugundua anachokula. Kwa mfano,
mdomo ukiwa mrefu unamaanisha kwamba ndege huyu anapendelea
kula chakula cha aina ya asali na wadudu wapatikanao kwenye maua, na
pia nyama na samaki, kama songosori, mayela, na wengine. Ndege wenye
midomo mifupi hupendelea kula vyakula vya nafaka. Kwa mfano, ndege
wanaoitwa Passeriformes (jina la oda la kisayansi) ni kama dundulusi,
jokolilo na chekechea; ndege hawa wanafanana kwa maumbile, wana
midomo na miguu mifupi, wana rangi tofauti, vyakula vyao vinafanana,
na pia wanafanana kwa mikia, huwa wanamikia mipana na mifupi.
By simply observing a bird, it is possible to discover many things about it.
For example, the shape of its beak can tell you what it eats. If it has a long,
curved beak, it eats nectar and insects and it will like to be in areas with
many flowers. Birds with short beaks, like those in the order passeriformes
(such as finches, bulbuls and mannikins), eat seeds and are similar in
appearance and behavior.
8
Wanachama wanatumia hadubini kwa mara ya kwanza.
Group members use binoculars for the first time.
E n eo la pili liko kando na bara b a ra , pia kuna mahali ambako maji ya n a k u-
s a ny w a na kusambazwa kwa sehemu tofauti jijini Mbeya. Eneo hili ni
chepechepe, lina mikokwa, mitete na mimea mingine tofauti. Ndege wap-
atikanao katika eneo hili ni wa aina tofauti.
The second spot is close to a large road, where the river water is collected
and dispersed to different parts of Mbeya Town. This spot is a wetland
area, with a tree called mkokwa, species of reeds, and other plants. We saw
several different bird species here.
11
Pia eneo hilo lina maua, foto kiafi, na ndege wa aina nne tofauti. Eneo
la tano liko kwenye mwanzo wa mlima. Eneo hili lina mashamba na
miti michache kama vile milingoti na miti ya maua na majani. Ndege
waliopatikana huku walikuwa wa aina sita tofauti. Eneo la sita liliko
kwenye mwanzo wa mlima pia. Eneo hili lina ndege wa aina tano tofauti;
lina miti ya maua na matunda iliyozunguka eneo la nyasi. Kando yake
ni eneo la maji.
Sehemu ya pili tulikofanya utafiti ilikuwa Ivumwe; huku kuna vyanzo
vya maji ya mto Nzovwe; limezungukwa na makazi ya watu na mashamba
kwa shughuli za kilimo. Eneo liko kwenye upande wa kusini-mashariki
kutoka jiji la Mbeya. Tulifanya utafiti kwenye maeneo mawili: Eneo la
kwanza liko mwanzoni kwa chanzo cha maji na lina aina tofauti za mimea
ambayo ni miti yenye miba, maua, na mipogoro. Eneo lina maji na
ndege wengi wa aina tofauti. Pembeni na mito kuna miti iliyopandwa
na isiyofyonza maji mengi.
In this area, there are flowers; we saw four different bird species here.
The fifth spot, at the foot of the mountain, is cultivation and grassland
with scattered trees, including eucalyptus. There were six kinds of
birds here. The sixth spot was also at the foot of the mountain. This
space was an open field surrounded by flower and fruit trees, pine,
and eucaplyptus. There was also a river nearby; we saw six different
species.
Ivumwe, southeast of Mbeya Town center, was the second area where
we conducted research at the source of the River Nzovwe. The place is
surrounded by human settlement and cultivation. We did surveys in
two spots. The first spot was right at the river’s source. Surrounding the
water are plants like flowers and Ana trees. Along the banks of the river
are exotic tree species that do not absorb much water. Here we saw large
flocks of birds and several species.
10
Mji mzima waonekana kwenye njia ya kupanda kileleni Loleza.
The entire city is visible from the path we used to reach Mount Loleza.
Matokeo
Matokeo yalikuwa kama yafuatavyo: ndege wanaoonekana kwa wengi ni
j o ko l i l o, s on go s ori , du n du lu s i , k u n g u ru , na ch e kech e a . N dege wanaop a ti k a n a
kwa uchache ni sele, mile, duwai, magugu, turaco na olive pigeon. Ndege
kama dundulusi, jokolili na njiwa pori pamoja na aina tofauti ya ndege
wanaokula mbegu walionekana kwenye manen eo ya mashamba. Son go s ori
pe ke ya ke alionekana kwenye maen eo ya miti ya maua. Kwenye maen eo ya
miti mingi ndege wanaopatikana ni kunguru, jokolilo, shalow’s turaco,
songosori, njiwa pori, na lead colored flycatcher.
Results
The most com m on species we ob s erved in our re s e a rch areas were Com m on
Bulbul, Sunbirds, Red-Billed Firefinch, Pied Crow, and Black and White
Mannikins. The least common bird species were Hammerkop, Widow-
bird, Schalow’s Turaco and Olive Pigeon. Areas of cultivation had a fairly
high diversity of species of seed-eating birds, including Common Bulbul
and Mannikin. In areas with flowering bushes and trees we saw mosly
Sunbirds. In forested areas were mainly birds that we identified in only
one spot, for example Schalow’s Turaco and Lead Colored Flycatcher.
13
Sehemu ya tatu ni Songwe iliyoko magharibi kutoka jiji la Mbeya. Eneo
la kwanza liko kingoni na mto, lina nyasi ndefu mitete na miti ya aina
tofauti. Ndege wachache wanaonekana huku kwa sababu ya uhaba wa
chakula. Maji ya moto na ya baridi ya n a p a ti k a n a . Eneo la pili lina maji na
miti mirefu na mifupi pamoja na nyasi fupi ziotazo juu ya maji. Miti hii
ni ya miba na matu n d a ; pem beni kuna pango la asili. N dege wanaoon e k a n a
huku ni wa aina nane tofauti.
Namna
Tu l i f a nya ut a f i ti kwa kutumia namna moja ambav yo tulikaa kwenye seh emu
fulani na kuhesabu ndege kwa muda wa dakika ishirini tu. Tuliandika kila
aina ya ndege tuliyemuona na jumla ya idadi ya ndege tuliowaona katika
kila sehemu. Tulifanya utafiti kuanzia tarehe 17-06-2007 hadi tarehe 29-
07-07 na hata siku za jumapili. Tulichagua sehemu za kutembelea kuwa na
ndege wengi na mazingira yanayotofautiana. Baada ya utafiti, tulitunza
kumbukumbu kwenye ngamizi.
The third spot where we conducted research was Songwe, west of Mbeya
Town. The first spot is on the banks of a river, close to the hotsprings,
with tall reeds and different tree species. We saw few bird species because
of a scarc i ty of food there . The second spot has water, trees and bu s h e s , a n d
s h ort grasses that grow on water. Th ere are fruit trees and a large cave .
We identified eight species of birds there.
Methods
Our point-count surveys were taken over twenty-minute periods in each
spot. We recorded every species of bird that we saw, as well as the total
nu m ber of i n d ivi dual bi rds spo t ted . All data was taken on Su n d ay morn i n gs
between June 17, 2007 and July 29, 2007. We chose spots for a range of
habitats and favored those with a large number of birds at first sight.
We recorded all our data in the computer to create charts and graphs.
12
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Frequency of Bird Species
15
Majadiliano
Tuliona ndege wengi kwenye maeneo ya mashamba na karibu na makazi
ya watu. Hii ni kwa sababu kuna chakula kingi katika maeneo kama
hayo na pen gine ndege husika wamezoea bi n ad a mu , h iv yo haw a k u s h tu k a
tulipowakaribia. Jokolilo wanaonekana sehemu nyingi kutokana na
u p a tikanaji wa mbegu za nafaka na miti ya matu n d a . Maen eo yenye maua
w a n avutia ndege wen gi hasa wale wanaof yonza asali ya maua na wanaokula
w adu du kama vile son go s ori .
Pia maen eo yenye nyasi ndefu na miti mich ache kuna aina ch ache ya ndege
kutokana na upungufu wa chakula; ndege walioonekana huku ni wale
wanaokula wanyama au wadu du . Tu l i s h i n dwa kuona ndege wen gi kwenye
sehemu za misitu kwa kuwa ni ngumu kuwaona kati ya miti na majani,
walijificha au walikuwa juu sana. Hata hivyo, tuliweza kusikia sauti zao.
Discussion
We saw a high number of birds in cultivated areas and places near human
habitation. We believe this is because there are many sources of food in
these areas, or perhaps because the birds there are used to humans and
did not fly away when we approached the study site. The most common
birds, like bulbuls and crows, live in several different habitats because they
are omnivores; they will be where there are seeds, trees with fruit, crops
like corn and, in the case of crows, trash.
Similarly in areas with many flowers, we saw birds such as sunbirds
that eat nectar or the insects that live in high numbers there. Spots with
long grasses and few trees tend to provide little food for birds, so there
were fewer birds. The ones we did see were birds of prey and those that
eat insects. According to our data, forested areas have the fewest number
of birds, but these numbers were affected by our ability to see them.
We heard many birds, but they were difficult to spot through the thick
vegetation and high up in the tree canopy.
14
Katika eneo hili, karibu na kileleni, tuliona
ndege wachache kwa sababu iko juu na
tupu, bila miti mingi.
At this study area, near the summit, we
only saw a few birds because the spot is
high up and open with few trees.
Panzi tulimwona Mlimani Loleza.
One of the grasshoppers that we
saw on Mount Loleza.
Utangulizi Introduction
17
Sele
Fundichama
Hammerkop
Ana rangi ya kahawia, kichwa
chenye umbo la nyundo, mdomo
mrefu, miguu mirefu mpaka 56
cm. Hupatikana maeneo yenye
mabwawa, mito, mabwawa ya
samaki na maeneo yenye maji.
Sele wanakula samaki na vyura.
This large (56 cm) brown bird has
a distinctive hammer-shape head,
a long beak and long legs. It prefers
areas with swamps, rivers, fish-
ponds, and all places with water –
although some have been known
to inhabit urban areas of Mbeya.
Hammerkops eat fish and frogs.
Tai Mwekundu
Brown Snake Eagle
Ni ndege wanaokula nyama, tai
huyu ana rangi ya kahawia wilimz-
ima na rangi ya kijivu chini ya
mabawa pindi arukapo. Pia ana
kichwa kipara na macho ya njano
yaliyofanana na ya bundi. Tai huyu
wa kahawia ana mdomo mfupi
uliojikunja mweusi. Mkiani ana fio
nyembamba za rangi ya kijivu.
Miguu yake ina rangi ya kijivu iliy-
opauka.
A hunting bird, this eagle is brown,
with gray under its wings, visible
when it flies. It has a baldhead and
yellow eyes that look like an owl’s.
Its short, sharp beak is black. Most
often you will see it circling above
valleys.
Scopus umbretta Ciraetus cinereusKuhusu Maelezo About the guide
Maelezo haya yanahusika na
ndege wa aina 20 walioko
Mbeya Mjini na Vij ij i n i . Ba adhi
ya ndege , kama Ku n g u ru , ni
wa kaw a i d a , na wen gi n e , k a m a
Shorobo Kibwenzi, wanaonekana
mara moja moja.
Kwa kila ndege , ya m e a n d i k w a
majina matatu : jina la kisaya n s i ,
jina la Ki i n gere z a , na jina la
k i enyej i . Pen gine hili jina la tatu ni
la Kiswahili na mara nyi n gine hili
jina linato kea lu gha ya kabila kama
Kisafwa au Ki nya ky u s a.
The guide that follows includes
20 species of birds that are present
in Mbeya Town and its outskirts.
Some, like the Pied Crow, are
very common, while others, like
S ch a l ow ’s Tu raco, a re less of ten seen .
Each entry includes at least three
names: the scientific name, the
English name, and the name that
people use in Mbeya Town. This
is sometimes Swahili, and other
times the local dialects Kisafwa
or Kinyakusa (in which case we
also include the Swahili name for
clarification.)
Kwa kili ndege pia, kuna alama ya
mchoro mdogo inayoonyesha
urahisi wa kumuona: kwa mfano,
tuliwaona Kunguru wengi, hivyo
ndege huyu anaonyeshwa na
michoro mitatu; tulimuona
Fundichama moja, hivyo ana
alama ya mchoro mmoja tu.
Hiyo mich oro yo te ilich orwa na
wanafunzi Ab du l b h a ry Ba s h i ru ,
Au g u s tine Elihudi, na Emmanuel
Mwakasumi.
The bi rd icons indicate how likely
you are to see the bi rd according to
our data: for ex a m p l e , P i ed Crows
a re very com m on so they have
t h ree bi rd icon s ; we on ly ob s erved
one Ha m m erkop, so we gave it on ly
one bi rd icon .
S tu dents Ab du l b h a ry Ba s h i ru ,
Au g u s tine Elihu d i , and Emmanu el
M w a k a sumi cre a ted the illu s tra-
ti ons in pen , pen c i l , and waterco l or.
16
18
Utangulizi Introduction
Mwewe
Black Kite
Kuna aina tof a uti za mwewe lakini
hakuna kati ya aina hizo mwenye
ra n gi nyeu s i . M wewe wa mad a ga s c a
na jangwa la Sa h a ra wana ra n gi
ya kahawi a , m aen eo ya kifuani na
mkiani wana ra n gi ya kutu . Wo te
wana miguu mifupi ya nja n o.
Wa k a ti wa kuruka mbawa zake
z i n a ten geneza kona kwenda ny u m a .
N dege hawa wanaishi mij i n i , vij i-
j i n i , na pia maen eo ya sava n n a .
M wewe wanakula panya , m iju s i ,
samaki na wadu du wakubw a .
Th ere are different kinds of k i te s
but the one found in Mbeya is a
Bl ack Ki te , com m on ly found from
Mad a gascar to the Sa h a ra De s ert . It
is actu a lly brown , with ru s t - co l ored
breast and wi n gs and yell ow legs .
While in fligh t , the tips of its wi n gs
s tretch back . These bi rds live in
u rban are a s , in vi ll a ge s , and also in
open are a s . Ki tes eat mice , l i z a rd s ,
f i s h , and large bu gs .
Njiwa Mweusi
Olive Pigeon
Njiwa hawa wana rangi ya kijivu
iliyo na madoa meupe. Mdomo
wenye rangi ya njano na ni wa kati.
Macho yaliyozungukwa na mduara
wanjano. Miguu pia ni ya njano.
Sehemu zingine za mwili kuanzia
kifuani. Ni weusi sehemu zote za
mwili Hupendelea kula matunda.
Pa hupendelea sehemu zenye miti
mirefu.
This pigeon is green with black
speckles. Its medium-sized beak
and feet are yellow, and yellow
rings surround its eyes. Its breast
is black. It eats fruit and spends
most of its time in the tree canopy.
Milvus migrans Columba arquatrix Utangulizi Introduction
19
Kuyu Jichonjano
African Mourning Dove
Njiwa hawa waporini wana kichwa
cha kijivu na mgongo wa kaki.
Macho yake ya njano yamezun-
gukwa na rangi nyekundu iliyo
pauka. Njiwa hawa wanapatikana
maeneo ya nyanda za chini,
maeneo yenye michanga, vijijini.
Njiwa hawa wanataga mayai maw-
ili kwenye viota vilivyo jengwa
kwenye maeneo yoliyo jificha.
Wanakula nafaka na wadudu.
These doves have a gray head, a
tan-colored back, and a pale pink
breast. A red ring surrounds their
yellow eyes. They live in lowlands
and villages. The females lay two
eggs and the nests they build are
in hidden areas. These doves eat
insects and crops.
Shorobo Kibwenzi
Schalow’s Turaco
Ndege hawa wana kichwa chenye
manyoya marefu (panki) ya kijani
na madoa meupe nyuma. Macho
yake ya mezungukwa na rangi
nyekundu ambapo chini yake kuna
ufito wa rangi nyeupe. Mabawa
yana rangi ya kijani na bluu kwa
mbali. Mkia wake mrefu una rangi
ya bluu ya kiza.
These bi rds have a head with a
l a r ge green crest and a wh i te throa t .
Red ri n gs su rround their eye s , wi t h
a bl ack stri pe undern e a t h . Th e
Tu raco’s wi n gs are green , and blu e
at the ti p s . Its long tail is dark blu e .
It lives in forests in the tree canopy
and eats mostly fru i t s .
Streptopelia decipens Turaco schalowi
20
Utangulizi Introduction
Mbayuwayu
Barn Swallow
Kuanzia kichwa, shingo, mgongo
na mkia ni rangi nyeusi. Sehemu za
juu za mbawa ni nyeusi. Sehemu za
chini za mbawa, na kifua na tumbo
ni nyeupe. Mdomo ni mfupi na
mweusi. Hupendelea maeneo ya
mvua. Wanakula wadudu. Kiota
hutengenezwa kwenye nyumba za
binadamu waliohama magofu ya
nyumba pangoni. Hupatikana kwa
misimu pale mvua inapoanza.
The top of this bi rd ’s head , b ack ,
and long tail are blu e - bl ack . In
f l i gh t , the wh i te of its wi n gs , t h roa t ,
and breast are vi s i bl e . Its dark be a k
is short . Ba rn swall ows eat insect s .
Sw a ll ows build their nests in houses
that have been left em pty and in
c ave s . Th ey occur in large flock s
and are most com m on du ring the
ra i ny season ; t h ey migra te nort h
du ring the dry season .
Jokolilo
Shore Tako-Jeupe
Common Bulbul
Ana kichwa ch eu s i , kifua kahawi a ,
chini ya mkia ni nja n o. Ana ukubw a
k a ti , s a uti : “ j o k - l i l o, j o k - l i l o.”
An a pen delea mahali pa misitu n i ,
bu s t a n i , makazi ya watu , s eh emu
zenya maji kama mito. Ch a k u l a
ch a ke ni matunda na mbegu zake
vilevile mapera, songwa, na
m a n g’ a n g’ a ; anakula pia nafaka
kama vile mpunga , m a h i n d i , u l e z i ,
n k . Kwa kawaida hut a ga maya i
m awili hadi matatu . Baba na Ma m a
husaidiana katika kulea wato to.
A med ium sized brown bi rd wi t h
bl ack head , c re a my bre a s t , and
yell ow vent under the tail. Its son g
“ j o k - l i l o, j o k - l i l o” gives it its name
in Mbeya . Found in ga rden s ,
fore s t s , human habi t a ti on , and near
w a ter. Bu l buls eat fruit and seed s
and also crops like ri ce , m i ll et and
corn . Usu a lly the female lays two
to three eggs ; male and female take
tu rns bri n ging food to the ch i ck s .
Hirundo rustica Pycnonotus barbatus Utangulizi Introduction
21
Kurumbiza Michirizimeupe
White Browned Robin Chat
N dege hawa wana ukubwa ukati ,
tu m bo ora n ge na mbawa gray.
Ki chwa ya ke ni nyeu s i , na juu ya
m acho ana seh emu ch eu pe . Wa n a-
p a tikana kwa mahali pa bu s t a n i ,
pem be zoni ya misitu , na mahali ya
m i to. Wanakula wadu du na mbeg u .
This med iu m - s i zed bi rd has an
ora n ge breast and a bl ack head wi t h
a wh i te stri pe . Its wi n gs are dark
gray. It is found in many habi t a t s ,
i n cluding ga rden s , forest ed ge s , a n d
a l ong rivers . It eats insects and seed s .
Magamaga Bawa-Kahawia
Tawny-Flanked Prinia
Nya n ti ti ana mkia mwem b a m b a
m ref u . Ana ra n gi ya kij ivu na
k a h awi a , ra n gi nyeup seh emu za
ch i n i , m acho mekundu , na panki
nyusi kichw a n i . Hu p a tikana kati k a
k i n go za misitu , m a jani maref u ,
vi chakani na maen eo ya kisava n a
p a m oja na maen eo ya ch em i ch em i
na kwenye bu s t a n i . Huten gen e z a
kiota kilicho bonyea kwa juu kwa
k utumia majani katika vi ch a k a
v yenye majani maref u . Pia hut a ga
m ayai 3-4. Hu pen delea kula
m a tu n d a , nafaka kama mpunga ,
uwel e , u l e z i , mtama na mahindi.
This prinia has a long tail. It is gray
with brown on its back and has a
black crest and a white breast. It
appears at forest edges, in tall grass,
in savanna areas and near springs
and in gardens. It builds nests out
of long grasses and lays three to
four eggs. It likes to eat fruits, and
crops like rice, millet and sorghum.
Cossypha heuglini Prinia subflava
22
Utangulizi Introduction
Chozi
Sunbirds
Ni ndege wa umbo dogo (13 to
14 cm), hupatikana sehemu zenye
maua, misituni, kando ya mito au
ya ziwa, na sehemu za kilimo.
Wanakula asali za maua na wadu du ,
kwa hiyo wana mdomo mrefu ulio
pinda na mweu s i . Sa uti ni “p s s i p s s i ”
Hupendelea maeneo yenye miti
mifupi na maua mengi. Huten-
geneza kiota chenye mdomo mrefu
mfano wa kibuyu.
These small birds (13 to 14 cm) live
in places with flowers, in forests,
near rivers, and at high altitudes.
They eat nectar and insects, and
live in areas with many flowers.
They have many calls, including
one that goes, “pssi-pssi.” Sunbirds
build their nest in the shape of a
gourd with a long entrance. Males
of this family are very colorful,
while females are tan, brown, and
cream, and difficult to identify.
Chozi Mweusi
Amethyst Sunbird
Juu ya kishwa ni kijani ya kung’aa;
chini ya shingo ni zambalau;
sehemu zingine zote ni nyeusi.
The Amethyst Sunbird is mainly
black, except the top of the head is
irridescent green and under the
throat it is purple.
Chozi Neli
Malachite Sunbird
Ana kichwa cha nja n o, m b k ijani ya
k iu n g’ a a , m gon go- kahawi a ; chini ya
mbawa ni njano; tumbo ni kijani.
The Ma l ach i te Su n bi rd has a yell ow
head, irridescent green wings, a
brown back , yell ow under the wi n gs ,
and a yellow breast.
Nectariniidae (Family) Utangulizi Introduction
23
Chozi Mikufumiwili
Eastern Double Collared
Sunbird
Ana kichwa shingo ; s eh emu za ju u
za mbawa ni kija n i ; ndani ya mbaw a
ni nja n o ; kifua ni nye k u n du , k a ti ya
kifua na hsingo ni zambalao.
This bird has a green head, neck,
and wings; under the wings it is
yellow; under the green throat is a
purple ring and a red upper breast.
Chozi Gunda
Scarlet Chested Sunbird
Juu ya kichwa na chini ya mdomo
ni kijani; kifua ni chekundu;
sehemu zingine zote ni nyeusi.
This bi rd is mainly bl ack , except
for the top of the head , wh i ch is
i rri de s cent green , and its red throa t .
Chozi Tumbonjano
Variable Sunbird
Sehemu za juu ya kichwa ni kijani;
kifua ni zambalau; tumbo ni njano,
mkia na mbawa ni kahawia.
This sunbird has a green head and
purple throat. Its breast is yellow
and its wings and tail are brown.
24
Utangulizi Introduction
Kunguru
Pied Crow
Ana rangi nyeusi kichwani, mkiani,
mbawa na miguni pamoja
nashingo, mgongo. Sehemu za
ukosi mpaka tumbo ana rangi nye-
upe. Hupatikana; maeneo ya wazi,
pembezoni mwa bahari na maziwa;
mashambani vijijini na sehemu za
jijini. Hutengeneza viota kwa kutu-
mia vijiti; manyoga, makaratasi,
nk. Pia anapendelea kula nyama.
Ana uwezo wa kutaga mayai 3-7
na huatamia kwa siku 19.
This crow has a black head, tail,
wings, and legs, together with a
black throat and back. It has a
white collar and a white breast.
It appears in open land, developed
land, on lakeshores, and in farms,
villages, and cities. It makes its nest
from twigs and pieces of paper.
It also eats meat. The female lays
three to seven eggs and sits on
them for 19 days.
Bwerenda Domojekundu
Red Billed Fire Finch
Ana rangi ya pinki kwenye
mdomo; ana macho madogo yenye
duara nyeupe; ana mkia mweusi
na pia miguu ya ke ni mifupi. Du m e
ana taji jekundu pia ana rangi ya
kahawia mgongoni, mbawa; pia
ana rangi ya pinki kichwani na
sehemu za chini za kifua. Jike ana
mwili wa kahawia. Wanapatikana
sehemu ya mjini, ya kilima, na
savana. Wanapendelea kula mbegu.
These small birds have a pink
beak and black eyes. The males are
red, apart from brown wings and
a brown-tipped short tail; females
are brown with a small red patch
on their head. They are very com-
mon in cities, cultivated areas, and
open spaces. They eat mostly seeds.
Corvus albus Lagonostica senegala Utangulizi Introduction
25
Chigi Rangimbili
Black and White Mannikin
Ni ndege wadogo na wana rangi ya
kahawia, nyeusi na nyeupi na mkia
mrefu. Wanaishi kwenye maeneo
ya wazi na wanakula mbegu. Viota
vyao vinajengwa kwenye majani
marefu. Chekechea utaga mayai
kati ya nne na kumi.
These are small brown, black, and
white birds with long tails. They
live in open land and eat seeds.
Their nests are built from long
grasses. The female lays between
four and ten eggs.
Kinengenenge Manjano
Kinengenenge Manjano
Yellow White-Eye
Juu ya kichwa, mbawa na mkia
mfupi ni njano-shingo; kifua na
tumbo ni njano. Ana miguu
mifupi. Yello White-eye wanap-
atikana sana kwa flocks. Wanapen-
delea mazingira kama misitu,
bustani, na especially mashamba.
Wanakula matunda na wadudu.
This is a small bird, green-yellow
above and yellow below, with a
white ring around its eye. It is
found in large flocks in many
habitats – in Mbeya especially
in open, cultivated land or forest
edges. It eats fruit and insects.
Lonchura bicolor Zosterops senegalensis
Who we are
Roots & Shoots
Roots & Shoots, part of the Jane Goodall Institute, joins youth in over 100
countries worldwide in projects that help the environment, animals, and
human community. In Tanzania, the Roots & Shoots main office is in Dar
es Salaam, with regional offices in most parts of the country. There are 12
active clubs in Mbeya Town’s primary and secondary schools; they keep
gardens and tree nurseries, visit orphanages and hospitals, clean up their
school grounds, and educate peers about HIV/AIDS.
For more inform a ti on , e-mail the Regi onal Coord i - n a tor at Rootsand-
Shoots [email protected] or visit www.rootsandshoots.org.
What Kids Can Do
What Kids Can Do (W KCD) is a U. S . - b a s ed non profit that bri n gs forw a rd
the voices and vision of youth. WKCD’s website presents the stories and
work of young peop l e , and their te ach ers , making a differen ce in the worl d
a round them . Its non profit publishing arm , Next Gen era ti on Pre s s , i n clu de s
youth authors in all of its books.
For more information, e-mail info@what kidscando.org or visit
www.what kidscando.org
Gazelle Safaris
Gazelle Safaris, which generously contributed to the printing of this pub-
lication, is based in Mbeya Town and of fers trips to Na ti onal Pa rks like
Ruaha and Ka t avi , in Tanzania’s southwest. They also aim to connect to
the Mbeya community with a computer-training center at their office and
a program to take students on field trips to view natural areas otherwise
inaccessible to youth.
For more information about Gazelle Safaris, visit www.gazellesafaris.com
or e-mail [email protected].
Shinnyo-en Foundation
The Shinnyo-en Foundation helps build more caring communities by
supporting educational programs that engage and inspire young people
in meaningful acts of service. The Foundation’s Six Billion Paths to Peace
program focuses on our interconnectedness and the individual contribu-
tions we can make to create a more harmonious world.
For more information, visit www.sef.org.
26