Myth & KnowingMyth & Knowing

Scott Leonard and Michael McClureScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of Mythology

The materials given here are based on Leonard & McClure with The materials given here are based on Leonard & McClure with additional notes added by Bill additional notes added by Bill StiflerStifler, Chattanooga State Technical , Chattanooga State Technical

Community College, 2005Community College, 2005

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of Mythology

The 20The 20thth century saw a shift in the study of myth toward century saw a shift in the study of myth toward interdisciplinary approaches and a new emphasis and interdisciplinary approaches and a new emphasis and recognition of the recognition of the functionfunction of myth within societies.of myth within societies.

Landscape with the Fall of Landscape with the Fall of IcarusIcarusPieter Pieter BruegelBruegel

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Anthropological ApproachesAnthropological Approaches

View myth as View myth as ““primarily a primarily a living, oral, culture living, oral, culture preserving phenomenonpreserving phenomenon””

Focus on ways Focus on ways ““in which in which myths myths functionfunction in living in living societiessocieties””

Aeneas plants the golden bough at Aeneas plants the golden bough at the entrance to the Elysian Fieldsthe entrance to the Elysian Fields

Vatican Vatican VergilVergil

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Anthropological ApproachesAnthropological ApproachesThe most significant work of this The most significant work of this approach was Sir James Frazierapproach was Sir James Frazier’’s s 12 volume 12 volume The Golden BoughThe Golden Bough..

•• Death and resurrection of gods Death and resurrection of gods as rituals of slaughter of as rituals of slaughter of ““sacred sacred kingskings”” in agricultural ceremoniesin agricultural ceremonies•• Evolution of myth from magic Evolution of myth from magic to ritual to religionto ritual to religion•• Myth as Myth as ““primitive scienceprimitive science””

Aeneas plants the golden bough at Aeneas plants the golden bough at the entrance to the Elysian Fieldsthe entrance to the Elysian Fields

Vatican Vatican VergilVergil

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Anthropological ApproachesAnthropological Approaches

Key PioneersKey Pioneers

•• Edward B. Edward B. TylorTylor•• Andrew LangAndrew Lang•• Franz BoasFranz Boas•• Sir James George FrazierSir James George Frazier•• Emile Emile DurkheimDurkheim

Aeneas plants the golden bough at Aeneas plants the golden bough at the entrance to the Elysian Fieldsthe entrance to the Elysian Fields

Vatican Vatican VergilVergil

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

MythMyth--andand--Ritual SchoolRitual School

La Jeunesse de Bacchus [1884] La Jeunesse de Bacchus [1884] William William BourguereauBourguereau

““[[M]ythM]yth is a script from which early religious rituals were is a script from which early religious rituals were performed.performed.”” ““[[M]ythsM]yths are derived from rituals and . . . are derived from rituals and . . . were in origin the spoken part of the ritual performancewere in origin the spoken part of the ritual performance””

(Leonard and McClure 14)(Leonard and McClure 14)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

MythMyth--andand--Ritual SchoolRitual School

La Jeunesse de Bacchus [1884] La Jeunesse de Bacchus [1884] William William BourguereauBourguereau

In In The HeroThe Hero, Lord Raglan developed a 22 point scale , Lord Raglan developed a 22 point scale identifying basic archetypal patterns in the lives of mythic identifying basic archetypal patterns in the lives of mythic heroes. His scale became controversial when it was used heroes. His scale became controversial when it was used to separate historical from nonto separate historical from non--historical characters.historical characters.

((AclandAcland))

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Modern AnthropologyModern Anthropology

BronislawBronislaw MalinowskiMalinowski

•• ““Not an Not an ‘‘explanation in satisfaction of explanation in satisfaction of scientific interest.scientific interest.’”’”•• Provides Provides ““primitive faith and moral wisdomprimitive faith and moral wisdom””•• Can be studied in Can be studied in ““oral performance, rituals, oral performance, rituals, and ceremoniesand ceremonies””•• Influences living peopleInfluences living people’’s s ““sociopolitical sociopolitical behaviorbehavior””BronislawBronislaw MalinowskiMalinowski

18841884--19421942

(Leonard and McClure 15)(Leonard and McClure 15)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Modern AnthropologyModern Anthropology

Impact of ApproachImpact of Approach

•• Continues to marginalize as Continues to marginalize as ““primitiveprimitive”” certain certain culturescultures•• Emphasizes field researchEmphasizes field research•• Affirmed the role of myth as defining culture and Affirmed the role of myth as defining culture and societysociety•• Promotes understanding of the Promotes understanding of the ““myths of extinct myths of extinct culturescultures”” through the study of the myths of through the study of the myths of ““living living culturescultures””•• Relates the study of myth to Relates the study of myth to ““lived experiencelived experience””

BronislawBronislaw MalinowskiMalinowski18841884--19421942

(Leonard and McClure 15)(Leonard and McClure 15)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological Approaches

““[[O]urO]ur gods and other gods and other mythic characters, as well mythic characters, as well as our dreams and works as our dreams and works of fiction, are projections of fiction, are projections of that which the of that which the unconscious contains.unconscious contains.””

(Leonard and McClure (Leonard and McClure 16)16)

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological Approaches

For Freud, For Freud, ““myths are the myths are the unconscious mindunconscious mind’’s strategy for s strategy for making visible and making visible and comprehensible the internal comprehensible the internal forces and conflicts that impel forces and conflicts that impel our actions and shape our our actions and shape our thoughts.thoughts.””

(Leonard and McClure 16)(Leonard and McClure 16)

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological Approaches

For Jung, For Jung, ““the unconscious is the unconscious is not individual but universal not individual but universal [collective]; . . . it has contents [collective]; . . . it has contents and modes of behavior that are and modes of behavior that are more or less the same more or less the same everywhere and in all everywhere and in all individuals.individuals.””

(Jung (Jung qtdqtd. in Leonard and McClure 16). in Leonard and McClure 16)

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological Approaches

““Jung defined Jung defined ““the contents of the contents of the collective unconscious . . . the collective unconscious . . . as archetypes,as archetypes,”” ““projected and projected and therefore refined images that therefore refined images that symbolize the [psychic content symbolize the [psychic content the unconscious] contains.the unconscious] contains.””

(Leonard and McClure 16)(Leonard and McClure 16)

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological ApproachesExamples of Mythic ArchetypesExamples of Mythic Archetypes

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

•• Wise WomanWise Woman•• HeroHero•• Great MotherGreat Mother•• FatherFather•• Miraculous ChildMiraculous Child•• ShadowShadow

(Leonard and McClure 16)(Leonard and McClure 16)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Psychological ApproachesPsychological Approaches

According to Jung, the gods of According to Jung, the gods of various cultures are various cultures are ““their their respective culturerespective culture’’s elaborations s elaborations of universally available psychic of universally available psychic material.material.”” He called these He called these divinities divinities ““eternal images.eternal images.””

(Leonard and McClure 16)(Leonard and McClure 16)

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud18561856--19391939Carl JungCarl Jung

18751875--19611961

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

A number of literary critics A number of literary critics popularized psychological and popularized psychological and archetypal approaches.archetypal approaches.

The two most important were The two most important were Robert Graves and Northrop Frye.Robert Graves and Northrop Frye.

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17) Mary and ChristMary and Christ

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

GravesGraves’’ most important work was most important work was The White GoddessThe White Goddess. .

Graves argues in Graves argues in The White The White Goddess Goddess that originally religions that originally religions were matriarchal and that vestiges were matriarchal and that vestiges of this practice can be found in of this practice can be found in literature and art.literature and art.

((““Robert (von Robert (von RankeRanke) Graves,) Graves,”” par. 6)par. 6)

Mary and ChristMary and Christ

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

Northrop Frye in Northrop Frye in Anatomy of Anatomy of CriticismCriticism argues that argues that ““four basic four basic motifs [recurring elements] motifs [recurring elements] corresponding to the seasons corresponding to the seasons (spring(spring--comedy, summercomedy, summer--romance, romance, autumnautumn--tragedy, and wintertragedy, and winter--satire) satire) give shape to all literature.give shape to all literature.””

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)Mary and ChristMary and Christ

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

Joseph Campbell did more than Joseph Campbell did more than any other person to popularize any other person to popularize the study of myth due to his the study of myth due to his television appearances, television appearances, especially his 1980s series especially his 1980s series The The Power of MythPower of Myth with Bill with Bill MoyersMoyers..

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

““George Lucas freely George Lucas freely acknowledges the influence of acknowledges the influence of reading . . . [Campbell] . . . on reading . . . [Campbell] . . . on his science fiction epic, his science fiction epic, Star Star WarsWars..

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

CampbellCampbell’’s books includes books include

•• The Power of MythThe Power of Myth•• The Hero with a Thousand FacesThe Hero with a Thousand Faces•• The Masks of GodThe Masks of God

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

Although influenced by Freud Although influenced by Freud and Jung, Campbell emphasizes and Jung, Campbell emphasizes the the ““story of the rugged story of the rugged individualindividual who realizes his true who realizes his true nature through heroic strugglenature through heroic struggle””

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

Campbell identifies a heroic Campbell identifies a heroic mythic pattern which he calls mythic pattern which he calls the the monomythmonomyth (from a novel by (from a novel by James Joyce).James Joyce).

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

““[[M]ythologyM]ythology is ultimately and is ultimately and always a vehicle through which always a vehicle through which the individual finds a sense of the individual finds a sense of identity and place in the world.identity and place in the world.””

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Literary and Cultural ApproachesLiterary and Cultural Approaches

The The monomythmonomyth is a cycle of is a cycle of birth and rebirth, an adventure birth and rebirth, an adventure from innocence to mature from innocence to mature awareness which transforms awareness which transforms the hero and helps the hero the hero and helps the hero find his/her place in the world.find his/her place in the world.

Joseph CampbellJoseph Campbell19041904--19871987

(Leonard and McClure 17)(Leonard and McClure 17)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

The Search for The Search for ““Deep StructureDeep Structure””

In similar fashion to abstract artists, In similar fashion to abstract artists, structuralism looks for structuralism looks for ““the the undergirdingundergirdingsteel that holds up the building of all steel that holds up the building of all human artifacts and endeavors.human artifacts and endeavors.””

Claude LClaude Léévivi--StraussStrauss

(Leonard and McClure 18)(Leonard and McClure 18)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

Claude LClaude Léévivi--StraussStrauss

LLéévivi--Strauss, using the linguistic Strauss, using the linguistic model of model of SaussureSaussure, searched for , searched for the objective universal patterns of the objective universal patterns of relationships in myth. relationships in myth.

(Leonard and McClure 19)(Leonard and McClure 19)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

Claude LClaude Léévivi--StraussStrauss

He identified certain He identified certain ““codescodes”” which which operated through operated through ““binary binary oppositions,oppositions,”” and these codes help and these codes help people manage the conflicts within people manage the conflicts within their lives and societies.their lives and societies.

(Leonard and McClure 19)(Leonard and McClure 19)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

Freud and Jung saw these hidden Freud and Jung saw these hidden conflicts as the basis for the conflicts as the basis for the development of an individualdevelopment of an individual’’s s character. Lcharacter. Léévivi--Strauss saw these Strauss saw these conflicts as the inherent foundation conflicts as the inherent foundation for how stories are told.for how stories are told.

Claude LClaude Léévivi--StraussStrauss

(Leonard and McClure 19)(Leonard and McClure 19)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

Vladimir Vladimir ProppPropp looked for looked for commonalities in Russian folktales commonalities in Russian folktales and identified 31 functions that he and identified 31 functions that he believed characterized fairy tales.believed characterized fairy tales.

Vladimir Vladimir ProppPropp18951895--19701970

(Leonard and McClure 19)(Leonard and McClure 19)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

MirceaMircea EliadeEliade19071907--19861986

MirceaMircea EliadeEliade suggests that the suggests that the world can be viewed in two world can be viewed in two distinct ways: the sacred and the distinct ways: the sacred and the profane. profane.

(Leonard and McClure 20)(Leonard and McClure 20)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

That which is sacred serves a That which is sacred serves a religious function that connects the religious function that connects the person who enters the sacred person who enters the sacred space with the transcendent world space with the transcendent world of the eternal. Sacred space is of the eternal. Sacred space is characterized by ritual and characterized by ritual and religious activity.religious activity. MirceaMircea EliadeEliade

19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 20)(Leonard and McClure 20)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

That which is profane belongs to That which is profane belongs to the everyday world of space and the everyday world of space and time, the historical time, the historical ““ordinaryordinary””world in which we live. Profane world in which we live. Profane space is space is ““available to people available to people without special ceremony or without special ceremony or ritual.ritual.””

MirceaMircea EliadeEliade19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 20)(Leonard and McClure 20)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

According to According to EliadeEliade, entering into , entering into the sacred space results in a the sacred space results in a return to the cosmic time of return to the cosmic time of creation itself, allowing people to creation itself, allowing people to renew a connection with the renew a connection with the eternal and transcendent in order eternal and transcendent in order to to ““begin their lives anew.begin their lives anew.”” MirceaMircea EliadeEliade

19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 20)(Leonard and McClure 20)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

In In EliadeEliade’’ss view, archaic people view, archaic people had a deeper and closer had a deeper and closer connection to the world of connection to the world of transcendence than modern transcendence than modern people who live out their lives in people who live out their lives in the profane world of time and the profane world of time and space.space. MirceaMircea EliadeEliade

19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 20(Leonard and McClure 20--21)21)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

For For EliadeEliade, myth serves a , myth serves a ““religious functionreligious function”” and and ““facilitates facilitates the putting to death of stale, the putting to death of stale, profane consciousness, restoring profane consciousness, restoring the participants to the virgin the participants to the virgin possibilities of creation.possibilities of creation.””

MirceaMircea EliadeEliade19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 21)(Leonard and McClure 21)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

StructuralistStructuralist ApproachesApproaches

Principal Works:Principal Works:

••The Sacred and the ProfaneThe Sacred and the Profane••Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal ReturnCosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return••Myth, Dreams, and MysteriesMyth, Dreams, and Mysteries••Myth and RealityMyth and Reality

MirceaMircea EliadeEliade19071907--19861986

(Leonard and McClure 20)(Leonard and McClure 20)

Myth & KnowingMyth & KnowingScott Leonard and Michael McClure

Chapter 1: Purposes and DefinitionsChapter 1: Purposes and Definitions2020thth Century Views of MythologyCentury Views of MythologyScott Leonard and Michael McClure

The Problem with 20The Problem with 20thth Century ApproachesCentury Approaches

•• Reduced myths to Reduced myths to ““analytical schemaanalytical schema””•• Ignored the literary Ignored the literary character of mythcharacter of myth•• Failed to see the Failed to see the historical and cultural historical and cultural contexts of mythcontexts of myth

Celtic ForestCeltic Forest(Leonard and McClure 21(Leonard and McClure 21--23)23)

BibliographyBibliographyAclandAcland, Abigail. , Abigail. ““Lord RaglanLord Raglan’’s Scale.s Scale.”” 19971997--2005.2005.Tam Lin BalladryTam Lin Balladry. 26 Sep. 2005 . 26 Sep. 2005

<<http://www.tamhttp://www.tam--lin.org/abby/raglan.htmllin.org/abby/raglan.html>.>.carljung.jpgcarljung.jpg. Image. . Image. ““Carl Jung.Carl Jung.”” Answers.comAnswers.com. 21 Sep. 2005 . 21 Sep. 2005

<<http://www.answers.com/topic/carlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/carl--jungjung>.>.celtic_forest.jpgceltic_forest.jpg. Image. . Image. ““Celtic Mythology.Celtic Mythology.”” Celtic Mythology BookstoreCeltic Mythology Bookstore. 26 Sep. . 26 Sep.

2005 <http://2005 <http://www.datadesignsb.com/books/celtic_myth_bks.htmlwww.datadesignsb.com/books/celtic_myth_bks.html>.>.CousineauCousineau, Phil. Campbell3.jpg. Image. , Phil. Campbell3.jpg. Image. ““Joseph Campbell.Joseph Campbell.”” Mythos and LogosMythos and Logos. .

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Leonard, Scott and Michael McClure. Leonard, Scott and Michael McClure. Myth & Knowing: An Introduction to Myth & Knowing: An Introduction to World MythologyWorld Mythology. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004.. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004.

maryfrt.jpgmaryfrt.jpg. Image. . Image. ““The Nemesis of the White Goddess.The Nemesis of the White Goddess.”” Garden of Eden Garden of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia.Diversity Encyclopedia. 21 Sep. 2005 21 Sep. 2005 <http://<http://www.dhushara.com/book/diana/diana.htmwww.dhushara.com/book/diana/diana.htm>.>.

““Robert (von Robert (von RankeRanke) Graves.) Graves.”” TwentiethTwentieth--Century Romance and Historical Writers. Century Romance and Historical Writers. 3rd ed. St. James Press, 1994. 3rd ed. St. James Press, 1994. Biography Resource CenterBiography Resource Center. Gale Group. . Gale Group. KolwyckKolwyck Library. 21 Sep. 2005 <http://Library. 21 Sep. 2005 <http://galenet.galegroup.comgalenet.galegroup.com>.>.

SchSchäärferfe, , HenrikHenrik. . propp.jpgpropp.jpg. Image. . Image. ““Vladimir Vladimir ProppPropp..”” The The NarratologyNarratology IndexIndex. 26 . 26 Sep. 2005 <http://Sep. 2005 <http://www.hum.aau.dk/~scharfe/narratology/propp.htmwww.hum.aau.dk/~scharfe/narratology/propp.htm>.>.

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