myers ch. 7a. encodingstorageretrieval sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory outdated,...
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Myers Ch. 7A
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Outdated, but still a useful starting point
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Iconic—250 milliseconds
Echoic—2 seconds Tactile Taste Olfaction
Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form
If we attend to it, it is encoded in short-term memory
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Automatic processing• Describe your day
so far… Effortful processing Parallel processing
—dejavu (theory)
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What you do all of the time for school
Serial position effect• Primacy effect• Recency effect • Mnemonic devices
Methods and demonstration
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Uncertain conclusions—some argue we convert sensory stimuli into verbal information others argue we convert it to an image…others believe it is something more abstract
Rule of 7 Info is gone in 30-60
seconds if not attended to.
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Demonstration #1• Two groups• Whatever group remembers the most words
wins.
Demonstration #2• Remember the list of words in order• Two rounds
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Rehearsal—Verbal • Best for phone #s,
passwords, SS #s, learning alphabet, etc…
Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) connection to something you already know
1) Relatively permanent
2) Assumed to be unlimited
3) Contains different types of memories
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1) Explicit/Declarative• Semantic—meaning• Episodic—personal
2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (nondeclarative) • Procedural--(i.e.,
riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…)
• Emotional—love, hate, fear, anxiety, etc…
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Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections
LTP—Long term potentiation
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Hippocampus /Frontal Lobe= explicit/declarative
Cerebellum /Amygdala= implicit/ nondeclarative
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ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term
Clive Wearing
50 First Dates
Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
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ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE
Context matters! This is why you stare at
me while taking a test sometimes
Don’t study in your bed!!!!!
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1) Transience • Proactive interference—when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.
•Retroactive interference—when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier
•P: proactive•O: old•R: retroactive•N: new
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2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure
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3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is available—tip of the
tongue phenomenon
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4) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
New Jersey SC Elizabeth Loftus Eyewitness Testimony
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Try to remember the list of words I read aloud to you.
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#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from
external sources into personal recollections
false memories 1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam
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#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings
We remember the good and forget the bad
We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance
Confirmation Bias
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#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually
tied to a heightened level of emotion
Embarrassing Moments
Flashbulb Memories
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Mnemonics Massed vs. distributed practice Overlearning Imagery
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Autobiographical Memory
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Alfred Adler• Present determines
past• What is your earliest
memory—write it down or draw it in detail…
Are memories based on present mood and situation?
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What does it mean to lose your memory? Are you still the same person to yourself and to others? Do you still have your identity?
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