my qualitative research
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Qualitative
research
Dr. Mahesh Kundagol
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Usual scene
How is your condition now?
Can you explain how much percent?
Village settings.
Psychiatry
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Quality and quantity
Symptom analysis.
Mild . Quality
Moderate.
Severe.
Grading
103 F Quantity
120/80mmhg
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Research
Understanding the interaction between disease
and society and delivering effective health care
services relies not only understanding the nature
of health and disease, but also on understandingpeople and their beliefs about health, their
health behavior and how they work in
organizations such as health services.
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Qualitative research
A form of social inquiry that focuses on the way
people interpret and make sense of theirexperiences and the world in which they live.
It involves studying the things in their natural
settings. It consists of set of interpretive, and material
practices that makes the world visible.
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Definition
Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, andinterpreting data by observing what people do and say.Qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts,
definitions, characteristics, similes, symbols, anddescriptions of things.
Ex-Rabies, Epilepsy and iron metal.
Qualitative research is subjective and uses very differentmethods of collecting information, including individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this typeof research is exploratory and open-ended.
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Contd..
Its a form of social enquiry that focuses on the
way people interpret and make sense of their
experiences and the world in which they live.
Qualitative research is used in the exploration ofbehavior and the perspective and experience of
people studied.
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Contd..
The basis of qualitative research lies in the
interpretive approach to social reality.
Qualitative research has traditionally been used
predominantly in the social sciences, in the fieldsof sociology, anthropology, and psychology,
business and organizational studies, health
care, and education.
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Contd..
The qualitative research is also called
naturalistic inquiry, field research, case study
approach, interpretive research, participant
observation, interviewing and ethnography. Qualitative researches are sometimes called as
story tellers because their findings are often
presented in the form of story line.
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Purposes of Qualitative methods
To emphasize on quality rather than quantity by
understanding why people do the things they do.
To find out how behaviors, systems and
relationships, are maintained or change. To understand how social organizations function and
ideology behind use of qualitative techniques.
To stimulate action-experience-learning cycle of
participants and community.
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Characters
Qualitative research methods have number of
recognizable characteristics which identify it
from other areas of research, they are as
follows- i) Natural settings- Research is carried out in
everyday life situations.
ii) Primacy of data- Theoretical framework is not
predetermined but derived from data as it is
collected.
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Contd..
iii) Situation BoundResearchers are sensitive
to the situation of research and immerse
themselves in the setting and situation.
iv) Contextualism- Events and actions arestudied as they occur in real life settings.
v) Engagement- Deals with familiarization and
location as far as possible within the action or
within similar situations. This can include
reading of document and by observation.
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Contd..
vi) Thick description- Develops from data and
context, truthful plus theoretical and analytic
description.
Relationship between researcher and
researched aimed at being non-judgemental
where the goal is to pursue knowledge.
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What are the type of questions asked?
Quali: Why? How?
Quanti: How many What
Qualitative versus Quantitative
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Purpose
Quali: To understand & interpretsocial interactions.
Quanti: To test hypotheses, look atcause & effect, & make predictions.
Qualitative versus Quantitative
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Group Studied
Quali: Smaller & not randomlyselected.
Quanti: Larger & randomly selected.
ualitative versus uantitative
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Variables
Quali: Study of the whole, notvariables.
Quanti: Specific variables studied
ualitative versus uantitative
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Type of Data Collected
Quali: Words, images, or objects.
Quanti: Numbers and statistics.
ualitative versus uantitative
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Forms of Data Collected
Quali: Qualitative data such as open -ended responses, interviews,participant observations, field notes,
& reflections.
Quanti: Quantitative data based onprecise measurements using
structured & validated data-collection instruments.
ualitative versus uantitative
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Results
Quali: Particular or specializedfindings that is less generalizable.
Quanti: Generalizable findings thatcan be applied to other populations.
ualitative versus uantitative
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Final Report
Quali: Narrative report with contextualdescription & direct quotations from
research participants.
Quanti: Statistical report with correlations,comparisons of means, & statistical
significance of findings.
Qualitative versus Quantitative
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What is to be observed?
Quali: Qualities Behavior Complexities
Quanti: Quantities Scales Trends
ualitative versus uantitative
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How are the questions are put (methods)?
Quali: Document review Participant
observations Interviews Focus group
Workshops
Quanti: Application forms Questionnaires IQ Tests Measurements
Qualitative versus Quantitative
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How the results are interpreted (analysis)?
Quali: Explore, explain, understand Narrative Particular Mainly inductivereasoning: conclusions can be drawn from
the evidence no matter how incomplete
Quanti: Describe, measure, predict Statistical tables and chart Universal Mainly deductive reasoning: everything is
known before conclusions can be drawn
ualitative versus uantitative
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Types of Qualitative Research
I. Field research.
II. Case Study approach.
III. Ethnography.
IV. Grounded theory.
V. Phenomenology.
VI. Contextualism.
VII.Conversation analysis / Narrative Analysis
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Field research
It is the study and data collection in a natural
setting i.e. outside the labs or libraries. Data
takes the form of field notes on the pattern of
interaction as well as the rules and the ritualsthey observe.
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Case Study approach
A descriptive intensive analysis of an individual,unit, or phenomena selected for its typicality or
uniqueness.
It is the study of a single unit that has clear
boundaries
An event is studied in its context.
Different methods could be used to conduct this
analysis but the focus is on the unit of analysis,like an individual students experiences.
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Ethnography
Ethnography is the research method ofanthropology, studying human society and culture. .
Knowledge is increased rather than application in
practice.
Extensive fieldwork is usually required in order to
give a cultural interpretation of the data.
Description of the culture (the beliefs, traditions,
practices, and behaviors of a group of individuals)and an interpretation of the culture are necessary
components of ethnographies.
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Example:Native American students training to
be teachers were followed through interviews
over a five year period to chart the progress
towards a goal of facilitating the development ofNative American teachers and to better
understand and address their unique problems.
Their beliefs, views about self, and concerns
were presented.
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Grounded theory
Derives a theory from collected data that isgrounded in the data.
Deals with a specific situation like how studentshandle multiple responsibilities or what constitutes
an effective lesson plan. The method involves comparing collected units of
data against one another until categories, properties,and hypotheses that state relations between thesecategories and properties emerge.
These hypotheses are tentative and suggestive, nottested in the study.
It is useful where a little is known about the topic.
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Example:Ten school counselors were givenstructured interviews to help determine how theirprofessional identity is formed.
This data was coded first to form concepts andthen to form connections between concepts.
A core concept emerged and its process andimplications were discussed.
School counselors professional interactionswere identified as defining experiences in theiridentity formation.
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Phenomenology
This is a not a research method but a
philosophical approach to the study of
phenomena, human experience.
Aims to find the essence or structure of anexperience.
The exploration of live experiences of people
which is mainly used in the areas of health,
psychology and education.
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Contextualism
In this the participants are studied in the context.
It is an approach to understand the context.
An understanding of the context helps to locate
the actions and perceptions and hence graspthe meaning to be communicated.
Context includes the economic, political and
cultural framework Attitude of the people according to the context.
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Conversation analysis
It is the examination of the ordinary language. It questions how everyday conversations and
interactions work.
Researches primarily examine speech patterns,facial expressions, gestures and body language.
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Source:
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