my grammar handbook - teachers%27 production ocr

8/15/2019 My Grammar Handbook - Teachers%27 Production OCR

1/68

Lower

Primary

Written illustratect by Zencta eu

VERBS

I D I O M S · ~ · ADVERBS ...

®

~

ANTONYMS ·; . PROVERBS

1.....--1'


2/68

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Teachers ' Produc ti

on

~ 2 r t t ~ n t · · ~

p ge

Parts of Speec h

I

l

,._

_ . _

_

.

_ _ ,,

._.

_

.. . _ . ,_ , ,_ ._ ,,

- ··-·.-·-·...-...- - -

Nouns 2

- · - ··

· -

·

· -··

-···-·

·-

· -

....- .- ·-·-·

·-·-··-

··

·-··- · · · -

Comm

on/ Proper Nouns 3

_

_

_

_

.

_

_

_

_

_ ,

_

,_

_

l

_

_ ,

_

.

_ .

,_

_

_

Gender Nouns 4

-

5

.

_ _ .

_

.

_ _ _. _ _ _. _ ._.

I

.

_ _ _ _ _.

_

Singul

ar

/Plural No

un

s 6

-

l

0

_ _ _ _

_

_ _

_

..

,,_,,

_

_

_

_ _

_

_ _ _ ,,,_

Colle

c tive Nouns

l

l

-

l

5

_ _

_

_

_

_

_

..

_

_

_

_ _

_

_

_ _

_ ._

Pronouns l 6

-

l 7

_ ,

_

.. ._ , .

_

.

_

_

..

._

. .

_. ._.

_ .

_ ,

._.

l

_ .

_

_ _..._.

_

. _ _

Adject ives l 8 21

_

_

,

_ ,

_

_

_

..

_

_

,_

,_

,_

.

_

,_

_

_

_

_ .

,_

_

_

Verbs

22

-

25

,_

_

_ . ,

_

.

_

_

,_

_

_

.

,_ ,

.

_

.

,_

..

I

_

_ ,

.

,_

. .

_,

...

_

.

_

.

_

Adverbs 26

-

27

..-

.

- -

- -...-

...-. -

_

. _ . _ . _ .

..

_

.

_

.

,_

. ,,_, .

,_ _

.

_

Prepositions 28

-

30

_ _ _ . _ ...__ ,

·- -

__. ._ _ , -.

-

-...- . __

Conjunctions

I

31

..- ..·- ····- ..··-····- ..··- .. ·- ·.·- ··.·- ···.- ····- .- .. - ···- ·.- ····- ··.-·-

-

Interjections

I

32

·

-·

····-

..

·-

..

-

- ·- ···-···-· ···- ·· -

- ·-

- ···- ..-· .

-·-

Article

s

33

-

35

_

._

.,_ . _

. .

,_ _

_

_

_ ,

.

_

.

,_

.

_

_

_

_

. _ ...,_ ...,_ .

_

_

P

un

c tuat

ion

36

-

37

Adults and their Young 38

Animal Sounds

and Moti

ons

39 -

40

Sounds made by Objects 41

Occ

upations 42 - 43

. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _

Places _ 44 -

45

1---..- ...- ....._ _ ...._ _ _ ._ _ ... _ _ _ .___ _ ._ ..._ ...._ ....._ . _ ..

Ant

onyms

46 - 49

Synonyms 50 - 51

Homop

hones

52 -

53

Sim iles 54 -

55

Proverbs 56 -

59

- - - -·-· ...- -

_

_____

_

...._

_,-

- - - - -·-

-

·· .-

-

-...

Id ioms

6 0 - 64

ISBN: 981 -04-1054-9


3/68

All the words in the English Language have

been

divided into groups . These

word

groups

are

called the

Parts

of

Speech

l Nouns

name a person place thing

an

animal

or

an idea.

2.

Pronouns

/, me you) are

used

in place

of

nouns.

3.

Adjectives

(short, slow,

clever) describe

a

noun

or

pronoun.

4. Verbs is, run, hop) express actions or

state

of

being.

5. Adverbs (slowly, softly,

quickly)

tell

some

thing

about

a

verb

an adjective

or

another adverb.

6.

Prepositions

(on, near, over) show how a noun is

related

to some

other

words

in the sentence .

7. Conjunctions

and,

or,

because)

connect

words or

groups of words.

8. Interjections (Wow, Oh, Yikes ) show emotions or

•

surp rises .

9

rticles (a,

an,

the).

©Teachers

Production Parts

of

Speech


4/68

Nouns

•• ••• •••••••••••••

A

noun s

a

word which names

a

person

,

thing

p l

ace

,

an

animal

or an idea

.

erson nimal Thing

t

Annie

Mr

Wong

carpenter

fi

reman

fri

end

girl

John

nu

r

se

teacher

ant

bird

dinosaur

dog

fish

lizard

monkey

tiger

turtle

Place

London

Japan

bus-

stop

city

home

marke

t

mountain

park

pond

©Teachers

Production

CD

bag

bed

building

car

•

Oin

computer

ribbon

pencil

toy

dea

faith

fear

friendship

happine

ss

•

hope

)

)

•

OY

l

ove

sadne

ss

trouble

C

I

J

ouns


5/68

GQ mm 9 n

Qn

g ~ Q P ~ r ~ n ~

ommon

nouns

are the

gener l

names of people

animals places things or ideas. Common nouns

do

not

start

with

capital letters.

Proper nouns are

the speci l

names of

people

animals

places or

things.

Proper

nouns start

with

capital letters.

ommon

Nouns

boy

car

continent

coun try

day

g irl

holiday

island

lake

language

mon

th

mount

ain

people

place

sea

street

ommon

Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns

Benjamin James

Mercedes Toyota

Asia, Europe

Singapore, Thai land

Sunday Tuesday

Joanna Mary

Christmas

Day

,

National

Day

Sentosa, Bali

Lake Toba Lake Mead

English, Malay

January

July

Mount Everest, Mount Fuji

Singaporean American

Queenstown , Jurong

Red Sea, South China Sea

Shenton Way Amoy Street

-

-

-

©Teachers' Production


6/68

Gender

Nouns

A noun

can

be in one of the four genders

Masculine gender These are words that describe male

crea

tures (

boy

,

bro

ther, rooster).

Feminine gender : These are words that describe female

creatures (girl, sister, hen ).

Common gender : These are words that describe either male

or

female

creatures (child, adu lt, bird).

Neuter

gender

:

These

are

words

that

describe

things

that

are neither male nor female apple, bed).

People

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

actor actress

land

l

ord land

lady

bache lor spinster

male

female

boy girl man woman

boy

scout

girl gui

de

master mistress

bridegroom

bride

monk

nun

fiance fiancee salesm an salesgirl

gentleman lady

•

madamr

god

goddess steward

stewardess

headmaster

headm

istress tai

lor seamstress

hero heroine waiter wa itress

host hostess widower widow

lad

lass

wizard witch

©Teache

rs

'

Production ender Nouns


7/68

Family

Masculine

brother

daddy

father

grandpa

husband

Royalty

count

duke

emperor

heir

n i

mals

boar

billy goat

buck rabbit

buck (deer)

bu ll

cock

colt

dog

drone

drake

fox

©Teachers

Production

eminine

sister

mummy

mother

grandma

wife

countess

duchess

empress

heiress

sow

nanny goat

doe rabbit

doe

cow

hen

filly

bitch

bee

duck

.

vixen

MasculineI emini

ne

nephew

papa

son

step father

uncle

His

Majesty

king

lord

•

prince

gander

he bear

leopard

lion

peacock

ram

stag

stallion

tom

cat

tiger

he-

wolf

I

I

•

niece

mama

daughter

step-

mother

aunt

Her

Majesty

queen

lady

•

princess

goose

she bear

leopardess

lioness

peahen

ewe

hind

mare

tabby cat

tigress

she-wolf

ender Nouns


8/68

A singular noun

is

used for ONE person animal thing

place

or idea.

A plural noun is

used

for MORE THAN ONE

person

animal thing , place

or idea.

Re

ular Plural Nouns

1. By dding

n

's' to the singular nouns

Singular Plural Singular

Plural

apple

apples

hand

hands

bag bags

leg

legs

banana bananas pencil

pencils

book books school sc hool

s

cake cakes stamp

stamps

cow

cows

street

st

reets

girl

girls

table

tables

2

By

dding 'es' to

nouns

ending in ch, sh, s nd x':

batch batches match matches

beach

beaches

patch

patches

bench

benches peach

peaches

branch

branches

punch

punches

brooch brooches sandwich sandwiches

bunch

bunches stitch stitches

church

churches torch torches

couc

h

couc

hes

watch watches

Singular Plural ouns ©Teachers' Production


9/68

Singular

ash

brush

bush

boss

bus

class

dress

box

fox

Plural

ashes

brushes

bushes

bosses

buses

classes

dresses

boxes

foxes

Singular

dish

flash

wish

g s

glass

guess

kiss

sex

t x

3.

y adding es to nouns ending in o :

Plural

dishes

flashes

wishes

g ses

glasses

guesses

kisses

sexes

t xes

~

buff lo

buff loes

m ngo

c rgo

echo

hero

c rgoes

echoes

heroes

mosquito

pot to

tom to

m ngoes

mosquitoes

pot toes

tom toes

ome nouns

do

not follow this rule. y

adding

an 's' to nouns

such as musical terms, words of Spanish origin or nouns ending

in o (with a vowel

just

before the o):

b njo

b njos stud

io

studios

dyn mo

dyn mos t co t cos

photo

photos zoo

zoos

• •

cuc

koo cuckoos

i no

pi nos

piccolo

picco l

os

igloo igloos

r dio r dios t

ttoo

t ttoos

©Teachers'

Production Singular Plural ouns


10/68

4.

By

changing

nouns

ending in f or fe to v

es :

Singular Plural Singular

c lf c lves

shelf

elf

elves

thief

h lf

h lves

wolf

le f

l

e ves

kni

fe

lo f lo ves

lite

sc rf sc rves wife

There

re

some exceptions:

chef

chefs

proof

chief

chiefs puff

cliff cliffs reef

gir ffe

gir ffes r

oof

h ndkerchief h ndkerchiefs

s te

5.

By

changing

nouns

ending

in

y

to

ies :

rmy

b by

body

c ity

enemy

l bor tory

l dy

library

Singular Plural ouns

.

rmies

b bies

bodies

cit

ie

s

•

enem

ies

l bor t ories

l dies

libraries

lorry

pony

puppy

story

cry

fly

fry

sky

Plural

shelves

thieves

wo

lves

knives

lives

•

wives

proofs

puffs

reefs

roofs

sates

lorries

•

pon ies

•

puppies

sto ries

•

cries

flies

fries

skies



11/68

yadding

an 's'

if

the letter before 'y ' is a vowel:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

day days donkey

donkeys

way

ways

key

keys

boy

boys

monkey

monkeys

• •

OY

OYS

storey

storeys

toy

toys

turkey

turkeys

chim

ney

chim

neys valley

va lleys

Irregular Plural Form

- - ~ . . . . _

-

1 . Some plural nouns are formed by changing the vowels :

foot feet

policeman pol

icemen

goose

geese tooth teeth

man

men woman wom en

2 Some plural nouns

do

not follow

any

rules:

cac t

us

cact i louse

lice

fungus f

ungi

.

mo

use mice

child

child

r

en ox oxen

3. Compound nouns form their plurals by adding an 's' to the

most important word in the compound:

ma

id -

se

rvant

man of war

mother-in-law

mouse trap

passer-

by

st

ep son

©Teachers'

Production

m

aid serva

n

ts

men of war

mo thers-

in law

mouse traps

p a

sse

rs-by

step-sons

Singular Plural Nouns


12/68

4. Compound nouns that are used as adjectives do

not

have

an 's' added

to

them:

a five day week

a

seve

n-storey bui ld ing

a

six

year

old child

a

te

n-

dollar no

te

a thirty

cent

stamp

a

twenty

cent coi

n

5. Some nouns have their singular and plural form alike:

ingular

lural

ingular

lural

ai

rcraf

t

airc

ra ft fish fish fishes

cattle

catt le fru it fruit fruits

Ch

inese

Chinese sheep sheep

deer deer trou

t

trou

t

6. Some nouns are used only in

the

plural form:

'

I

~ ~

chops ticks mumps shorts

clothes

pants slacks

drawe

rs

•

Jeans

meas les

•

p incers

•

pyjamas

•

scissors

spec

t

acles

tongs

trousers

7. Some nouns are used only in the singular form:

advice

c lothi

ng

fun

furniture

help

Singular Plural Nouns

info rmation

luggage

machi

nery

poetry

scenery

silver

statio

n

ery

traffic

water

young



13/68

ollective Nouns

•

• •

A collec t ive noun is a word used to group people,

animals, p

laces, thi

ngs or ideas.

e

o

p

e

~

~

~

~

l v

~

r

an

rmy

of

soldiers #' '

Jl

a b nd

of

musicians robbers

a bevy of beauties

ladies

a choir

of

singers

a class

of

pupils

students

a comp ny of actors actresses

a crew

of

sailors

a crowd

of

spectat ors

a flood

of

visit

ors

a

g ng

of

thieves

robbers labourers

a

host

of ange

ls

a

p nel

of

docto rs judges

a staff

of

servants teachers

a te m

of players

\

a troupe of acrobats dancers performers

assembly

udience

congregation

crowd

queue

spectators

©Teachers

Production

peop

le

at

a hall

or

meeting

people at a concert, lecture or play

people in a place of worship, like a church

a large

number

of people together

people

lin

ing

up

to enter a place, to

ge

t on a

bus

or

to

buy

something

people watching a game or an event

Collective

Nouns

-

People


14/68

nim ls

n

ambush

of

tigers

n

army

of

ants

a brood of chickens

a flight

of

swallows

a flock of birds sheep

a gaggle

of geese

a herd

of buff

loes c ttle

e leph nts

reindeer

zebras

a

litter

of

kittens

puppies

a nest of r bbits m i

ce

ants

a

pack

of wolves

a parcel

of penguins

a plague

of

insects locusts

a

pod

of wh les seals

a

pride

of

lions

a school of wh les fish

a sho l

of herr

i

ng

fish

a

stud of horses

a

swarm of

bees flies insects

a

team

of oxen

a troop

of

monkeys k ng roos

0

·

..

Collective

Nouns

-

nima

ls

~

0 •

©Teachers

Production


15/68

hings

n

lbum of photogr phs

st mps

a

b ll of thre d

str

ing

a b le

of

cotton

wool

a

block of

flats

wood

a bouquet of f lowers

a

bowl of rice

soup

a

bunch of

g r

pes

keys

a

bundle of

rags sticks

a

c rton

of

drinks

c nned

food

a

ch in of events

isl nds shops

a

chest of

dr wers

a cluster

of di monds

stars trees

a collection

of ntiques books

p i

ctures st mps

a

comb

of b n n s

a cr te

of

fruit

crockery

a

fleet

of b uses cars ships

a flight

of

e ropl nes stairs steps

a flood

of

ide s lights tears

a

forest

of

trees

a

he p of

rubbish ruins stones

©Teachers

Production

ollective

Nouns

-

Things


16/68

hings

a kit of tools

a libr ry

of

books

a list

of

n mes words

a lo f of bre d

a p ck of c rds lies

a p cket

of

sug r sweets

a p ir

of

socks shoes trousers scissors

a

piece

of

c ke me t

cloth

a pile of books money

rubbish

stones

a pot of coffee

te

honey

a puddle of w ter

a series of books events lectures talks

a quiver

of

arrows

a set of books chin furniture tools

a shelf of books

a shower

of

blessings praises

a st ck of books money h y sticks

a

string

of

be ds

pearls

a suit

of

clothes

a suite

of furniture rooms

a tr y

of

eggs

a tuft

of

grass

h ir

a volley

of

bullets stones

a w d

of

b nk notes

ollective

Nouns

-

Things

©Teachers

Production


17/68

Things in Small mounts

-

a

beam of light

a blade

of

g rass

a blob

of

paint

a

crumb of

bread

a dab

of colour

a

dash of

pepper

I sauce

a dollop of jam

a

drop of water I ra

in

I tear

a grain

of rice

I sugar

a lock of

hair

a lump of butter

an

ounce

of

energy

a piece

of

paper

a

pinch of

salt

a puff

of perfume

a ray

of

l

ight

a scrap of food I paper

a

shred of cloth

a sip o f water

a speck

of

dirt

I dust

a

splinter of

wood

a spoonful of sugar I salt I medic ine

a whiff

of

air I wind

a wisp

of smoke

©Teachers ' Production

•

a

lock

of

hair

a sip of

water

ollective

Nouns - Things


18/68

Pronouns

.•. . .

A pronoun is a word used in

place

of

a noun.

The tables below are

some examples of

pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

ossessive

Reflexive

Subject bject

Pronouns Pronouns

-

-

I

•

myself

e

m i

ne

you

you yours

yourse lf

__

he him his himself

she her hers herself

we us ours

ourselves

I ·

they

them theirs themselves

~

Personal Pronouns

are

used

for

people:

hey re look

i

ng tor you

~

Possessive Pronouns

are

used

to

indicate who

owns

the objects or ideas:

hese coins

re yours

~ Reflexive Pronouns are used

to

re fer

to the

personal

pronouns : e

did

the

w

or

k ourselves

Demonstrative Pronouns

~ b

this

What

is

this

This

is

a

ball.

·. ~

_ r-....

\

{ ( 7

l

;

(

:

that

What

is that

That

is a

monkey.

·

_s

- - j

these

What are these These are mangoes .

those What

a re

those Those

are

tadpoles

.

~

This and

these

are

used for people things or a ni

ma

ls

which

are

near

the speake

r.

~

That

and

those

are

used

for people

th

ings or

animals

which

are further away

from the

speaker.

Pronouns @

©Teachers

Production


19/68

nterrogative Pronouns

are

used to

ask questions.

What What

are

you ho

l

ding

in you r hands?

Which

Which

of these shir

ts s

hi

s

Who

Whom

Whose

Who

s

in

th

e

room?

For whom are you

baking

the cakes?

Whose are these?

Relative Pronouns take the place

of nouns. They

are

used

to join

two sentences

into

one

Who

Which

That

Whose

Whom

What

Note:

I know the boy who

s

waiting

outside

our

house

.

My

fa

t

her

bought

a shirt

which cost

a

hundred

dollars .

This is

the

toy

that

my

brother

wanted

She

s

the

gi

rl

whose

pa

rents

are teachers

That

s

the neighbour

wi

th

whom we shared

the garden.

He has

not decided what to buy for his

mother.

/ Who s

usually

used for persons.

/ Which s

used

for animals and things .

/ That s used for persons

animals

and things.

/ What

refers

to things only

.

©Teachers

Production Pronouns


20/68

An

adjective s

a

describing

word

.

It tells

you more about

a noun.

~

We compare

adjectives in different

ways

.

/ ositive form

When

we do not compare

a

noun or an object with

anyone or

anything

we

use the positive

form:

Jason

s

a

t ll

boy

/ omparative form

When

we compare

t

wo

persons, places things or

ideas

we use the comparative

form:

Chee

eng

is

t ller than

Jason

/ Superlative

form

When we

compare

more

than

two

persons, p

laces

things or

ideas we

use the

superlative form:

Raj is the

t llest

of them all

ositive omparative

brave

braver

l

arge

l

arger

l

ate later

safe safer

simple simpler

whi

te whiter

wide

wider

•

•

wise wiser

djectives

Superlative

bravest

largest

latest

safest

simplest

wh

itest

wides

t

wisest

©Teachers

Production


21/68

ositive

bl ck

bright

cle n

clever

cold

d rk

de r

deep

f ir

fast

gre t

green

h rd

high

kind

light

l

ong

low

n rrow

ne r

new

old

poor

proud

quick

rich

sh rp

short

slow

©Teachers

Production

omparati

ve

bl cker

brighter

cle ner

cleverer

colder

d rker

de rer

deeper

f irer

f ster

gre ter

greener

h rder

higher

kinder

lighter

longer

lower

n rrower

ne rer

newer

ol

der

poorer

prouder

quicker

richer

sh rper

shorter

slower

®

Superlative

bl ckest

brightest

cle nest

cleverest

coldest

d rkest

de rest

deepest

fairest

fastest

gre test

greenest

h rdest

highest

kindest

lightest

longest

lowest

n rrowest

ne rest

newest

o ldest

poores t

proudest

quickest

richest

sharpest

shortest .

slowest r

djectives


22/68

ositive omparative Superlative

small smaller smallest

smooth smoother smoothest

strong stronger strongest

sweet sweeter

sweetest

tall taller tallest

thick thicker thickest

w rm

w rmer

w rmes

t

you

ng younger youngest

busy busier busiest

dirty dirtier dirtiest

dry drier driest

•

easiest

asy

easier

funny

funnier funniest

h ppy h ppier

h ppiest

he lthy

he lthier

he lthiest

he vy

he vier he viest

l zy

lazier laziest

lucky l

uckier

luckiest

n ughty n ughtier

n ughtiest

•

•

•

noisiestoisy

no s er

pretty prettier prettiest

tiny tinier tiniest

ugly uglier ugliest

we

lthy we lthier we lthiest

Adjectives

©Teachers

Production


23/68

os t

ive

big

fat

hot

mad

red

sad

thin

wet

beautiful

carefu l

comfortable

courteous

difficult

•

expensive

honest

important

interesting

powerful

useful

wonderful

bad

good

little

many much

©Teachers

Production

omparative

bigger

fatter

hotter

madder

redder

sadde r

thinner

wetter

more beaut

ifu l

more careful

more comfortable

more courteous

more difficult

•

more expensive

more honest

more important

more interesting

more powerful

more

useful

more wonderful

worse

better

less

more

uperlative

biggest

fattest

hottest

maddest

reddest

saddest

thinnest

wettest

most

beau

t iful

most

careful

most comfortable

most courteous

most

difficult

most

expensive

most honest

most important

most interesting

most

powerful

most useful

most

wonderful

worst

best

least

most

djectives


24/68

Verbs

•• ••• ••

A verb s a doing word. A verb tells

us

what a

person

or

thing does.

orms of Verbs

Simple Present

Albert

eats

an egg every day.

. ...

. .

1

Simple Past Albert ate an

egg

yesterday.

0

_ .

Past Participle

Albert has eaten a n egg.

•

I

able

of Verbs

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle

•

beenm 1s was

are were been

does

do

did done

has, have

had had

become became beco

me

begin began

begun

bend ben

t bent

bite bit bitten

blow b l

ew

blown

break

broke

broke

n

bring brought brought

build built built

buy

bought

bought

catch caught caught

choose

chose chosen

come

came come

dig dug

dug

draw drew drawn

Verbs

©Teachers

roduction


25/68

Simple resent

drink

drive

e t

fall

feed

feel

figh

t

find

fly

forge t

forgive

get

•

give

go

grow

he r

hide

keep

know

l

e ve

lose

m ke

meet

p y

r

ide

•

r

ing

•

rise

run

©Teachers

roduction

Simple ast

dr nk

drove

ate

fell

fed

felt

fought

f

ound

flew

f

orgo

t

forg ve

got

g ve

went

grew

h

e

rd

hid

kept

knew

left

lost

m de

met

p id

rode

r

ng

rose

r n

ast articiple

drunk

driven

e ten

f

l

len

fed

felt

fought

found

flown

forgot ten

forgiven

got

•

given

gone

grown

he rd

hidden

kept

known

left

lost

m de

met

p id

ridden

rung

•

risen

run

Verbs


26/68

Simple resent

say

see

sell

send

sew

sh ke

shine

shoot

show

•

sing

sink

sit

sleep

spe k

spend

st nd

steal

•

swim

•

swing

t

ke

te ch

te r

tell

think

throw

w ke

we r

write

Verbs

Simple ast

said

s w

sold

sent

sewed

shook

shone

shot

showed

s ng

sank

sat

slept

spoke

spent

st

ood

stole

sw m

swung

took

t ught

tore

told

thought

threw

woke

wore

wrote

ast articiple

said

seen

sold

sent

sewn

sh ken

shone

shot

shown

sung

sunk

sat

slept

spoken

spent

stood

sto len

swum

swung

t ken

t ught

torn

told

thought

thrown

w ked

woken

worn

written

©Teachers

roduction


27/68

In

the

follow ing t ble ,

the

Simple Past nd Past Partic iple of the

verbs end in ed or ied .

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle

dd dded dded

ask

sked sked

look

looked looked

t

lk

t lked

t

l

ked

w it w ited w ited

c rry

c rried c rried

copy copied copied

cry

cried

cried

hurry hurried hurried

m rry

m rried

m rried

study

studied studied

In the followi

ng

t b le, the Simple Present, Simple Past nd

a

st

Participle

h

ve the s meform.

cost

cost

cost

cut cut cut

hit hit hit

hurt hurt hurt

let let let

put put put

re d re d re d

set set set

shut shut shut

©Teachers

roduction Verbs


28/68

dverbs

An adve rb tells

us

how

when

or

where an action takes

place

How?

When?

Where?

She sings

beautifully

The storm began

suddenly

He searched everywhere for

his

dog

Comparison

of

Adverbs

Positive form

Comparative

form

Superlative form

Table

of

Adverbs

Positive

early

fast

hard

near

l

ate

l

ong

soon

dverbs

Hassan

came

late

.

Harry

came

later than Hassan.

Ghani

cam e

latest.

Comparative

Superlative

earlier earliest

fa

ster fastest

harder hardest

nearer

nearest

l

ater latest

l

onge

r

longest

sooner soonest

©Teachers

Production


29/68

Usually adverbs end ing with ly form

the

comparative by

adding

more

and

superlative

by adding most.

Positive

I

omparative

Superlative

angri

ly more

angrily most angri

ly

brave

ly

more bravely

most

bravely

care fully more

carefully most carefully

clear

ly

more

clearly

most

clearly

easily more easily

most

easily

loudly more

loudly most loudly

neat

ly

more neatly

most

neatly

quickly more quickly

I•

most

quickly

happily

more happily

most happily

sadly

more

sadly most

sad ly

merrily

more

merrily

most merri

ly

These

comparative

and

superlative

forms of adverbs

do

not

follow any rules.

Positive

omparative Superlative

badly

worse worst

far

farther

farthest

l

ate later

latest last

little l

ess

least

much

more

most

well

better best

There are some adverbs which have

no comparison

form:

almost

not

then

©Teachers

Production

everywhere

now

there

half

once

twice

here

seldom

very

dverbs


30/68

J

A

D

G

/

Cat

A

and

Cat

B

are

on

the table

.

/ Cat F is n the drawer

/

Cat

Dis

etween Cat C

and Cat E .

/ Cat E s

eside

the

table

.

/ Cat

G

s

under

the table

/ Cat His ehind

the

table

/ Cat J jumps

over

the table

B

H

Where

The words on

n

etween

eside under

ehind

and

over

show the relation

between

the cats

and

the table

Such words are called prepositions.

repositions ©Teachers

roduction


31/68

Here are

some

prepositions t

hat show Position

bove Look The

plane is

flying

bove

the

clouds.

g inst

Please don t

lean g inst

the

ladd

er.

mong

round

t

behind

bene th

beside

between

•

In

n

front of

ne r

on

over

under

I

found

a

watch

mong

the

bushes.

He

put up

a

fence

round the farm .

He

is

waiting

t

the door.

Malcom is

hiding

behind

the tree .

There is a

bag

bene th

his

chair.

is

house

is

beside

the

pond.

John sits

between

his two sisters

in the car.

She

is

waiting

n

the room .

My

school is

n

front of

a

park.

s there a post-office

ne r your home?

The

book

is

on

the

shelf.

The dog

jumped

over the

drain.

The

farmer is

resting

under

the shelter.

©Teachers'

Production

Prepositions


32/68

Here

are

some

prepositions t

hat show Direction

across

The

deer ran

swiftly

across the

field.

along The boys

were running

along

the

beach .

down

Chee Beng

got

down

the

bus in a hurry.

from

into

off

through

to

up

He

walks

home

from school every day .

He rushed

into the

office

without knocking.

The

man

fell

o

the

bus

before

it

cou

ld

stop.

He threw a

ball

through the

window.

Can

you

show

m e

the

way

to

the tax

i

stand?

Jack

and ill went

up the hill.

\11

\II \ \

..

\lei

'

•

\ \ J

It

Here

are

some

prepositions

that

show Time

after I

had

a

stomachache

after

eating

the food .

t

She was

home

t

three o clock.

before

She

arrived

here

before

noon.

y The boys wil l be back y tonight.

for

Polly

stayed with her grandma for

a week.

in

She usually jogs

in

the morning.

on Michael

did

not come to school on Monday.

ti

I s ept

ti

Iu n

ch ime

.

upon

The

old

man

lived here once upon a ti

me

.

Prepositions

@

©Teachers

Production


33/68

Conjunctions

are joining words.

They

are

also

ca

l

led

linking

words or

connec tors.

Here

is

a

list

of conju

nctions

which

are

commonly

used:

and

Sally

and

Cindy

are

sleeping.

although

He

did not cry although he

was

hurt.

s

bec use

but

s

he

was la

t e, I went without

him.

He

s fat bec use he

eats

too much.

I shout

ed

but

he

did

not hear me.

either ... or You may drink either milk or fruit

juice.

if We

shall

have

a

picn

ic

if

it

does

not rain.

or Does he like

coffee

or t

ea?

since We

shall

forgive her since

she

s

sorry.

so

They

we

re

tired so they

left

early

.

so

that

I shout

ed

so

that he could hea

r me.

then

I brush

my teeth then

I

comb my

hair.

unless You wi ll miss

the

bus unless

you

hurry up.

until

You must

wait

here

until

your

mother comes

.

whenever

The

baby

cries

whenever

she

is hu

ngry.

whether I m not sure whether

he

s sick.

while

The

phone rang while

I

was

cooking.

a

C. '00

©Teachers

Production onjunctions


34/68

An

interjection

s

a

word or

a

group of

words

that

expresses strong feelings or surprise.

It

s

usually added

on to

the

beginning

of a sentence

and

can

be fo

l

lowed

by

a comma or

an exclamat

ion

mark.

Common

Interjections:

Ah Ah

Th

s s much be

tter.

Aha

Good

grief

Hey

Hurray

My

goodness

Oh

Oh

no

Oops

Ouch

Ugh

Whew

Wow

Yes

Interjections

Aha Here

they are

Good

grief

Why

aren't

you

out

of bed?

Hey

,

keep

off the gr

ass

Hurray

, we are

the

champ

ions

My goodness

You

ate up

all the

choco

lates

Oh

,

what

a

lovely

day

Oh no We

' II

never

finish

our

work in

time

Oops

I

have dropped my

ring.

Ouch You

stepped

on

my

toes.

Ugh There is a

worm

in the apple.

Whew ,

t

hat was

close

Wow , look

at those diamonds

Yes You've got

it right

©Teachers'

Production


35/68

rticles

We use a or an for singular coun table

nouns

We use a

before

a word which

begins

with a

consonant

sound

a boy

a cat

a dog

a fan

a g

oat

a h

at

•

OJUg

a k ite

a lion

a m

ug

a nest

•

a pen

guin

a queue

a rat

a song

a tap

a vase

a w

atch

a xyl

ophone

a yolk

a zeb ra

©Teachers

Production

a b rave he ro

a care l

ess

pupil

a delicious ice cream

a f

ierce eagle

a g

ood idea

a hot

pie

a Japanese lantern

a k

ind

nurse

a loving

fa

t

her

a m

orning

wa

lk

a new bed

a p

oor kitten

a quiet mouse

a red apple

a sail i

ng

boat

a ta ll bu ild i

ng

a vain girl

a w eak heart

a X

erox

machine

a yellow bus

•

a zippy ca r

0

0

0

,

,

rticles


36/68

lo> Although

the

following words begin with a vowel,

they

have

a

beginning consonant

sound:

a Eurasian

a European

a

ukelele

•

a unicorn

a uniform

a

unique thing

a university

a

usef

ul too l

a U-turn

;; We use befo re a word which begins with a vowe l

sound or a silent h .

a

e

•

I

0

h

u

e

I

0

h

u

rticles

an

a

pp

le

an

e

gg

an island

an o

range

an hour

an umbrella

an angry

bul

l

an e a rly

reply

an i

ced

drink

an open window

an

ho

no

r

able judge

an

u

gly monster

an x-ray machine

an a

rmy

an

e

agle

an

insect

an oven

an

ho

nest

man

an

uncle

•

©Teachers

Production


37/68

We

use

a or when we refer to something for the

first

time.

We use the when we refer to

t

he same thing again.

I

saw

a

girl with

an

elephant

l

Late0

th girl rode on th

elephant

boy came

with a

banana

r

Q

e fed th banana to th

elephant

II

We

use

the

when

there

is

only

one

such thing.

We

a lso use the before a superl

ative form of

an

adjective.

he sun is hot

Joshua po

ints

to th

moon

his is th

shortest way to

th

airport

, - -----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

·

, '

, '

.

the

equator

the

centre

the

earliest

t

he moon

the

east/wes

t the cleverest

t

he

North Pole the

north/south

the

fat

test

: t

he

sky the

right/

l

eft

the

best/worst

l

• •

.

'

1

t

he

sun the

top/bottom

the

most/least j

.

,

, ,

' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'

We use

the before

the

names

of

rivers,

mountains

,

oceans

and

particular

places

:

,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'

,

'

, '

the

Atlantic Ocean

the

Keppel Harbour

the Bl

ack

Sea the Lido Cinema

the

Himalayas

the Mandarin Hotel

the Singapore River the

National

Library

'

•

\ '

,

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;

©Teachers'

Production rticles


38/68

Punctuation

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• •

~ The

c pit l

letter is used to start a

sentence:

He

is

happy.

All

proper

nouns

also

begin

with

a

capital

letter:

o n d ~ Vincent/

China/ Prime Minister

When we quote

something

we also use a capital

letter:

She

said The dog

is vefY sick.

Titles

of

books

poems

and

newspapers

are written like these:

Three l ittle Pigs/

The

Straits

limes

When we

refer to

ourselves, we use the

cap

ital I :

My sister and went

to

Sentosa last week.

~ The

full stop { . ) is used to

mark the

end

of a

sentence:

She

puts

fresh flowers

into the

vase.

~

The

comm

{ , )

is

used

to separate

words

in a list:

Mother

bought

eggs/ vegetables/

fish

andmeat

t

is also used to

separate

a quotation from the rest

of

the

sentence:

My

aunt

said, Zet/s go shopping.//

When

we want to

show

a

pause

in

passage

or

sentence we also use a comma :

While she was dfYing

her

clothes,

hermother

called.

Punctuation @ ©Teachers Production


39/68

lo> The question

ark

(

? )

is used at

the

end of a

quest

i

on:

Do

y

ou want

to

buy

this

bag

?

49

lo> The postrophe ( ' ) is used in contractions :

can '

t/

couldn '

t/

hasn't won't o 'clock

It is also

used

to show ownership or p ossession:

John

'sbook

the

girls' dolls/ children 's toys

lo> The

exclamation

mark (

)

is used

af

ter inte rjections

or

wo

rds

which

show

surprise:

Wo

w/

Oh

l

Aha

l Hurray/ Help/

Ouch

i

~ \ W ~ r ~ U ~ ~

P

1

\ )

9

lo> The quot tion m rks ( " " )

are

used in direct

speech to

enclose

the

words spoken

by

a pe rson:

Jenn

y said "I would like to have a cup of ea. "

"Stop that thief " said

the policeman

©Teachers'

roduction unctuation


40/68

A g

Y,t g n9 b ~ t ~ 9 ~ I J 9

People

Adult

emperor

empress

father mother

king,

queen

man woman parent

-

. .

n imals

Adult

1

Young

bear

I

cub

bird

nestling

butterfly

caterpillar

cat

kitten

chicken chick

cow

calf

dog

puppy

duck

duckling

eagle

eaglet

elephant

calf

fish

fry

fox

cub

frog toad

tadpole

dults and their Young

Young

• •

prince

princess

son,

daughter

• •

prince princess

baby child

__..

•

Adult

goat

goose

horse

leopard

lion

moth

mosquito

ow l

•

pig

sheep

swan

tiger

wolf

Young

kid

gosling

foal

cub

cub

ca

t erpillar

wriggler

ow l

et

piglet

lamb

cygnet

cub

cub

©Teachers

Production


41/68

nimal Sounds

nd

Motions

•• ••• •••••• •

••• •

••••• ••• •

•••• •• ••• ••• •• •

•

Anima ls make soun s and motions unique to their kind

nimal Sound Motion

bear

grow ls

lumbers

bee hums buzzes flits

beetle d rones

crawls

bird

chirps flies

bull

bellows

charges

cat

meows

purrs steals

cock crows struts

cow lows moos

wande

rs

crow

caws flaps

dog

barks growls runs

donkey

b rays trots

dove coos flu tters

duck quacks wadd les

eagle screams swoops

elephant trumpets

ambles

fr

og

croaks leaps

hen cackles clucks struts

horse

neighs

gallops

~

J

. . . . 45?4 dfi\J• .....

©Teachers

Production

@

nimals Sounds and Motions


42/68

nimal Sound Motion

hyen

l ughs prowls

l

mb

ble ts frisks

lark

•

sings

soars

l

ion

roars

prowls

monkey ch tters c l

imbs

mouse

sque ks sc mpers

owl hoot

s

swoops

p rrot talks screeches flutters

person

talks

w lks

•

grunts

squeals

t

rotsig

•

flutters

igeon

coos

r bb it

sque

ls

le ps

r

ob

in

chirps

hops

se gul

l

scre ms glides

sn ke

hisses glides slithers

sp rrow

c hirps flits

sw llow twitters dives

turkey gobbles struts

wolf

howls

lopes

f

n imals Sounds and Motions

©Teachers

Production


43/68

~ 9 ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ Y P j ~ f t ~

bject Sound bject Sound

eropl ne zooms hinges cre k

bell pe ls

rings

hoofs

thunder

br ke

grinds

screeches

horn

toots hoots

bugle calls

kettle sings

whist

les

c ne wh cks

le ves

rustle whisper

ch in clanks rattles p per crinkle ru st le

clock ticks chimes r indrops p tter

•

clinksoin wailsiren

jingleoins ste m hisses

-

co

rk

pops telephone rings

door

b ngs

slams thunder c l

ps

roars

drum be ts

rolls train rumbles

•

throbs purrs

ngine trumpet

blares

toots

explosion

blasts w tch ticks

feet shuffle

st mp

w ter

l ps drips

splashes

glass tinkles

whip

cr cks

lashes

guit r strums

whist

le shrieks

gun booms wind howls sighs

he rt throbs be ts wood cre ks

I • -

©Teachers Production Sounds made by Objects


44/68

rchitect

rtist

rtiste

stron ut

uthor

b rber

bellboy

bl cksmith

butcher

c rpenter

chef

cobbler

cur tor

dentist

doctor

explorer

f rmer

fishmonger

florist

fruiterer

grocer

h wker

invigil tor

•

ironmonger

Occupations

draws the designs

of

buildings

draws, paints or

m kes

sculptures

sings,

d nce

or

cts

in

public

travels to

sp ce

writes books

c uts

his

customers hair

works

in

a hotel

nd c r

ries the guests l

ugg ge

m kes

things out of iron

kills

n

im

ls

cuts t

hem up

nd

sells

the

me t

m kes

things

ou

t

of wood

{

-

cooks

in

a res

t ur nt

mends shoes

is in ch rge of a museum or art gallery

ex mines nd

treats people s

teeth

treats

people

who re

ill

m kes journeys of discovery

works on a

f

rm

sells

fish

sells flowers

sells fru it

sells dried

food

, preserved

food nd other

household

products

sells

food

or

goods in the

stree

ts or t

food

centres

w tches over people t king examinations to

prevent che ting

de ls in iron

nd other

met l goods

©Teachers

Production


45/68

journalist

l wyer

librarian

mag c an

mech nic

news gent

plumber

policem n

porter

I

postm n

principal

referee

reporter

sailor

shepherd

soldier

surgeon

tailor

te cher

undert ker

veterinarian

w iter

w rden

zoologist

zookeeper

©Teachers

Production

writes articles

for newsp pers

or m g zines

defends people in a court

of

l

w

is

in ch rge of a library

is

n en

tert iner who performs m gic tricks

repairs motor

vehicles nd

m chines

sells

newsp pers

repairs pipes and fixtures in buildings

m int ins l w nd order

carries

tr veller

s b gs

t

airports, ra

il

w y

stations

nd

hotels

delivers letters nd p rcels

is in ch rge of a schoo l

is

a judge

of

a

g me

writes bout

events for

a

newsp pe

r

r dio

or television

works

on

a ship

looks fter sheep

•

serves n n

rmy

performs

oper tions in a

hospit l

m kes

c l

othes

te ches pupils

m n ges funerals

treats sick

nim ls

serves food nd drinks in a rest ur nt

gu rds

the prisons

: I

is

n

expert

in

nim ls

nd

their

beh viour

looks

fter

nim ls in a zoo

Occupations


46/68

laces

•

pi ry

•

aquarium

auditorium

•

aviary

abattoir

arsenal

art gallery

b kery

barn

barracks

church

•

cinem

creche

den

dock

factory

g r ge

gymnasium

h ng r

laces

I

where

bees

re kept

where

fi

sh

nd other

m rine nim ls re

kept

nd

re red

or

exhibited

where

people go

to

see plays or listen

to

music, lectures, ...

where birds re kept

where nim ls re sl ughtered

where we pons

nd explosives

re

m de

nd

stor

ed

where

rt works

re

exhibited

where

bre d

nd c kes re m de

a

f rm building

whe re crops nd

food

for

nim ls

re stored or for keeping

nim ls

in

where soldiers live

where

Christians worship

where

films re

shown

whe re young children

re

looked fter while

their p rents re t

work

home

of the lions

where

ships

re built

or rep ired

whe re things a re m de

where

cars

re kept

or rep ired

a speci l hall th t has

equipment for

physic l exercises

where

eropl nes

re

kept nd rep ired

©Teachers

roduction


47/68

hospit l

hotel

igloo

inciner tor

j il

kennel

l undry

libr ry

m rket

mint

mosque

museum

orch rd

orph n ge

pound

qu y

rest ur nt

•

reservoir

ty

st ble

the tre

viney rd

zoo

©Teachers

roduction

where sick

people

re tre ted

where

travellers m y stay

for

the

night

the

house

of n Eskimo

where

rubbish

is

burnt

where

prisoners

re locked up

a house

built for

a dog

where clothes re w shed nd ironed

where books a re kep t

for

public re di

ng

where me t nd veget bles re sold

where

coins

re

m de

where Muslims worship

where historical things

of

v lue re exhibited

where

fruit trees

re

grown

a

house for

orph ns

where

stray

nim ls

re kept

where

bo ts re lo ded nd unlo ded

where

people m y buy food nd

dr

i

nks

where

w ter is collected nd

stored

where pigs re kept

a house for a horse

a hall

where

plays

re

cted

on

st ge

a piece of

l nd

p l

ntedwith gr pevines

for

wine

production

where

nim ls

re kept nd exhibited

laces


48/68

n t n Y m

An antonym

is

a

word that me ns the opposite

to

another

word

Description Action

absent present broad narrow

accept reject buy sell

add

subtract cheap

•

expensive

[d irty

live dead clean

all

none clever stupid

answer question coarse fine

asleep awake come

go

•

departrrive common

rare

attack

defend

cool warm

beautiful ugly cry laugh

bad good dangerous safe

before after dark bright

begin end dead

alive

bent straight

deep

j shallow

better worse die live

big small divide multiply

b lack white dry we t

blunt

sharp easy

difficult

bold timid empty fu

borrow

lend

fair dark

bright

dark/dull

false

true

• l

0

•

ntonyms

©Teachers

Production


49/68

Description Action

famous

fat

fertile

few

find

finish

first

foolish

forget

fresh

f

u

generous

•

give

good

happy

hard

hide

high

hot

humble

•

increase

• •

JO

In

•

JOY

• •

un or

kind

lazy

land

lead

light

_

©Teachers

Production

unknown

thin

barren

many

lose

start

last

.

wise

remember

stale

empty

selfish

take

bad

sad

soft

show

low

cold

proud

decrease

separate

sorrow

•

senior

c ruel

hardwo

rking

water

follow

heavy

long

lost

loud

love

most

more

neat

never

new

.

noisy

obey

open

pass

peace

polite

question

quick

rich

right

.

rise

rough

sharp

smile

sober

strong

success

sweet

talk

tall

short

found

soft

hate

least

less

untidy

_

always

old

quiet

command

close

fail

war

rude

answer

slow

_

poor

wrong

fall

smoo

th

blunt

frown

l

drunk

weak

failure

bitter

listen

short

Antonyms


50/68

Description Action

teach learn

these those

t

hick

thin

this

that

tight

loose

tiny

huge

true

false

People

actor audience

adult

child

author reader

competi

tor

s

spectators

doctor

patient

dr

i

ver passenger

employer

employee

everybody nobody

father

son

friend

enemy

foe

giant dwarf

guardian

ward

hero

coward

ntonyms

victory

I

defeat

white f black

wide

nar

r

ow

wild

tame

•

Win

•

wise

work

host

leader

male

master

•

miser

motorist

mother

parent

policeman

shopkeeper

speaker

teacher

young

I

lose

foo

lish

res

t

guest

follower

female

servant

spendthrift

pedestrian

daughter

child

thief

customer

li

stener

pupil

old

©Teachers Production


51/68

irection

bove

below

.

outn

•

dep rt inside outsiderrive

come go

left

right

e st

west north

south

entr nce

exit

nowhere

somewhere

f r

ne r over

under

forw rd

b ckw rd

top

bottom

front b ck up down

here there

upper

lower

Time

before fter

• •

morning evening

d y night now

then

d wn dusk often seldom

e rly

l te

present p st

__

ever

never summer winter

©Teachers

Production ntonyms


52/68

1 9 D Y m

~

A

synonym s

a

word with

the

s me

me ning or nearly

the

same

meaning as another

word

affectionate

loving

comprehend

understand

aid help conceal

hide

ally friend conc l

ude

end

ancien t

old constable policeman

annual

ly yea rly

conversation

talk

attire clothes courage bravery

assemble

gather

courteous polite

astonish

• •

sly

urprise cunning

bad

evil

daring

brave

beautiful

attractive

dangerous risky

begin start

dear

•

expensive

behaviour conduct deceive cheat

beverages

drinks

decrease

reduce

blank

empty

demonstrate

show

big

large difficult hard

bottom

Ibase

disease sickness

bright shining eager keen

brief

Ishort

•

earn gain

broad wide

educate teach

cautious carefu l emperor king

cease stop enemy foe

centre

middle

enormous

huge

choose

select

fall drop

clever

intelligent

famous

well

-known

close

near

fatal

deadly

coarse rough fault error

Synonyms

©Teachers

roduction


53/68

feeble

weak peculiar strange

fight battle profit

•

gain

gather

collec

t powerful strong

gay cheerful protect guard

glance

look purchase

buy

habit

custom

quantity amount

halt stop quiet silent

help

assist

rank

position

heroic

brave rapid quick

home residence

remedy

cure

imitate copy

remember

recollect

• •

ask

reluctant

unwillingnqu1re

intention purpose reveal

show

interior inside rich

wealthy

• •

unite

I

wander

O

In

roam

large

huge

robust strong

lean thin sadness sorrow

loya l

true

safe secure

mad angry c razy slender slim

•

border small littleargin

•

most smell scentaximum

• •

least

squander waste

n mum

modern new stern strict

moist

damp

stubborn obstina te

narrate tell

summit

top

obey respect

thief

burglar

odour

smell

tiny

small

often

frequent

trust

believe

option choice vacant empty

©Teachers

Production Synonyms


54/68

A

homophone

s

a

word that sounds the s me as

another word

but

s different n spelling

nd me ning

•

heirir

foo

l tu II

aloud allowed fou l fowl

ate

eight fou r tore

bare

bear

grown

groan

-

bean

been hair

hare

blew

blue

hall

haul

board bored hea l hee l

boy

buoy

hear

here

brake break

higher

hire

buy by, bye him hymn

cent sent scent hole

whole

cheap cheep hour

our

coarse course

key quay

•

crews cruise knew new

dear

deer knight night

die dye knot not

fair tare

loan lone

flea flee

made

maid

hare

a ir

omophones

©Teachers

Production


55/68

mail

•

main

mea

t

muscle

none

pail

•

pain

.

pair

pause

peace

principal

•

ring

road

root

rose

sail

sea

sew

-

male

mane

meet

mussel

nun

pale

pane

pear

paws

•

piece

principle

.

wring

rode

route

rows

s

ale

see

so, sow

\ I

:o -

o

0

,

\

sun

©Teachers

Production

0 0

sight

sole

son

soot

stair

stationary

tail

their

throne

too

•

vain

wa

ist

wait

weak

won

wood

write

you

son

site

soul

sun

suit

stare

stationery

tale

there

th rown

two

•

vein

waste

weight

week

one

would

right

ewe

omophones


56/68

imiles

•• •

•

Similes

compare

2 things with similar

qualities.

nimals

as

agile

as a

monkey

as blind

as

a bat

as brave

as

a lion

as busy as

an ant I

bee

as crafty I

cunning

as

a fox

as fast I swift as a deer

as fat

as

a

pig

as fierce as a lion

as gent le as a

lamb/

dove

as

graceful

as a swan

as greedy

as

a pig

as

hairy as

a gorilla

as happy as a lark

as heavy as

an elephant

as hungry as a

wolf

I bear

as

playful

as a puppy

as

poor

as a

church

mouse

as

proud

as a

peacock

as quie t

as

a

mouse

as slippery as

an eel

as s

low

as a snail

I tortoise

as

strong

as

an

ox

as stubborn

as

a mu le I donkey

as

timid

as a

mouse

as wise as an owl

Similes

:s

I

• ....

...

.

..

' '

.

.

.

' .:

.

· ..

..

- ·

, .

'

..

.'

I

\ .

:; ./ .

i

\ • d

,

rn

;

11

• , ...._,,,

I

/

,

..._.,,,,,

•

©Teachers'

Production


57/68

eople

as happy as a

king

as helpless as a baby

as ki

nd

as a mother

as

mad

as a hatter

.

A

;

,

,

as strong as Hercules Samson

as tal l as a giant

-

as w ise as olomon

Things

as

alike as

two peas

as

bitter as

med

icine

as

black

as

coal soot

as brown as a berry

as

clea

r as glass a bell

as cold as ice

as

cool as a cucumbe r

as

coun t

less

as the stars

as dry

as

a bone

as

easy

as ABC

as fat as

butter

as fit as a fiddle

as

flat

as a

pancake

as fresh as paint a daisy

as

good

as

gold

as

green

as

grass

©Teachers

Production

as

hard

as iron

nail

s rocks

as

hot

as fire

as light as a feather

as loud as thu

nder

as old as the hills

as

pa

le as death

as quick as

lightning

as

regular

as the

clock

as

round

as a

ball

as sharp as a razor need le

•

as sour as vinegar

as straight as an

arrow

as

sweet

as

honey

as tough

as

le

ather

as

warm

as

wool

as white as snow

Similes


58/68

Proverbs

•• ••• ••

Proverbs

are

short well known statements

that contain

advice about

life in

general.

action

pple

bed

begg r

bird

blood

broom

c ke

c t

charity

chicken

cloud

de f

dog

Proverbs

Actions

speak

louder

than

words.

An apple

a day keeps the doctor away.

Early to

bed early

to rise. Make a

man

healthy and

wise.

Beggars must

not

be chooser

s.

A

bird

in

the

hand

is

worth

two

in t

he

bush

.

Birds

of

the

same fea ther

flock

togethe r.

The

early

bird catches

the

worm.

Blood is

thicker

than

water.

New

brooms

sweep c lean.

You

cannot eat you

r

cake and have

it.

When

the

cat is away the mice w ill

play.

Charity begins at home.

Don t count you r

chickens

betore

they are

hatched.

Eve ry c

loud

has a si

lver

lining.

None

so

deaf as those

who

will

no

t

hear.

Barking

dogs

seldom bite .

Let

sleeping

dogs lie.

z . Z-

• • • • •

©Teachers

Production


59/68

eggs Don

t put all

your eggs

in one

basket.

exch nge

Fair

exchange s no robbery.

f ther

Like fa ther, like son.

fire

first

frien

fruit

h ste

h y

he ds

he rt

honesty

hungry

invention

l te

le k

leop rd

lo f

©Teachers

Production

ire

s

a

good

servant

but

a

bad

master.

There

s no smoke

without fire .

Out of the frying pan i

nto

the fire.

irst

come

first

served

.

A

friend

in

need is

a

friend

indeed

.

Forbidden

fruit tastes

sweet.

More haste

less

speed.

Make hay while the

sun shines.

Two heads are

better

than one .

Absence makes the

heart

grow

fonder.

Honesty s the best policy.

A hungry

man is

an angry man.

Necessity

s

the mother of invention.

Better

late

than never.

A small

leak

will sink a great ship .

A

leopard

does

not change

i

ts

spots.

Half a loaf s

better than

none.

Proverbs


60/68

look

me t

mind

•

m ss

money

needle

news

penny

•

piper

pot

pr ctice

pride

ro

rod

see

shy

silence

slow

Proverbs

Look before

you leap .

One man

1

s

meat

is another man s poison.

Great

minds think

alike

.

Out

of

sight,

out

of

mind

.

A miss is as good as a

mile

.

A

fool and his

money

are soon parted

.

Look

for a needle in a

haystack

.

No news is good news.

A

penny

saved

is

a

penny

gained.

He who pays the piper, calls the tune .

Let no t

the

pot call

the

kettle black.

Practice

makes perfec

t .

Pride goes before a fa ll

Rob Peter to pay Pau

l

Spa

re

the

rod

and

sp oil

the

child.

Seeing is bel ieving.

Once bi

tt

en twice shy.

Silence means

conse

nt.

Speech

is silver,

silence

is go lden .

Slow and

steady

wins

the race.

©Teachers

Production


61/68

soup

stitch

stone

str w

sw llow

time

tool

tr des

tur

•

union

vessel

w it

w ter

well

will

work

worth

Too many

cooks

spoil the soup.

A

stitch

in time saves

nine.

A rolling stone gathers no moss.

A

drown

i

ng man

will c l

utch at

a

straw

.

T

he

last straw breaks a camel s back.

One

swa llow

does

not make

a

summer.

Lost time s

never

found .

A

bad workman

quarrels

with his too

l

s

Jack of

all

trades,

master

of none.

One

good

turn deserves

another

.

Union is

strength

Empty

vessels

make

the

most

noise.

Time and tide wait

for no

man.

We

neve

r

miss

the

water

till the

well

ru

ns

dry.

Still wate rs run deep.

All s

well

t

hat

ends well.

Where

there s a will the re s a

way.

All work

and no play makes Jack

a dull

boy

.

What s worth

do

ing

is

worth

doing

well .

©Teachers

Production Proverbs


62/68

dioms

n idiom

s

a fixed group of words with a

special

meaning which s

diffe

rent

from

the meanings of the

individu

a l words.

Keyword diom

eaning

air

build castles in

the

air

day

dr

eam

arm receive with

open

arms

to

welcome

heartily

bad

ball

beat

behind

black

book

bucket

carry

cat

chicken

dioms

a

bad

egg

keep the

ball

rolling

beat abou t the bush

ta

lk

behind

one

1

s

back

put it in

black and

white

a

bookworm

to kick

the

bucket

carry

on

let the

ca t

out

of

the

bag

ch icken-hearted

a

bad

person

keep

things

going

on

talk

about

a thing in

an indirect manner

talk about a person

without

him

knowing

put it in writing

a great reade r

to die

continue

let out the

secret

timid

or

cow

ardly

©Teachers

Production


63/68

Keyword

coat

cock

colour

crocodile

dead

down

diom

cut you r co t

ccording

to

your

cloth

a cock nd bull story

pass with flying colours

shed

crocodile tears

de d broke

ups nd downs

elephant a white

eleph nt

eleven

t

the

eleventh hour

eye

feet

fence

©Teachers

Production

n eye for

an

eye

keep n eye

on

see eye to

eye

stand on

one

s own

feet

sit on the fence

eaning

spend on ly wh t you

c n

fford

n unbeliev ble

story

do

very we ll in a test

• • •

ns ncere

expression

of sorrow

no

money

good times nd b d

times

a useless object

which

is

expensive

to

upkeep

t

the

last

moment

to

retu

rn

evil for evil

w tch or supervise

c refully

gree entirely

be

independent

t ke

no sides in a

deb te or qu rrel

Idioms


64/68

Keyword diom

finger

at

one

s finger tips

foot

fire

good

goat

green

hand

hard

,_

hat

heels

dioms

foot the bil l

put one

s

foot

down

put your foot in your

mouth

play with fire

a

good for nothing

be a

scapegoat

to

have green eyes

live from hand

to

mouth

hard and fast rule

hard of hearing

pass

the hat round

take

to one s heels

eaning

know

thoroughly

pay the bill

put a stop to

something

say something without

thinking

do a thing

which

may

be

dangerous

a useless person

get blamed

for

other

people s mistakes

to

be jealous

with

enough money

to live from day to

day only

very strict rule

quite deaf

ask

for donation

from

people around

flee or run away

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