mutation: an overview
DESCRIPTION
Mutation: An Overview. Salwa Hassan Teama . M.R.C. Ain Shams University/ Cairo/ Egypt. Mutation. A mutation is a change n genetic material. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence or arrangement of DNA. Mutation. Hereditary mutation ( G ermline mutations) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mutation: An OverviewSalwa Hassan Teama .
M.R.C. Ain Shams University/ Cairo/ Egypt
![Page 2: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mutation
A mutation is a change n genetic material.
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence or arrangement of DNA.
![Page 3: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mutation
Hereditary mutation (Germline mutations) Acquired (somatic Mutations)
![Page 4: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Germline Mutation
A heritable change in the DNA Occurred in a germ cell and incorporated in
every cell of the body. Can be transmitted to the next generation. Germline mutations play a key role in
inherited genetic diseases.
![Page 5: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Somatic Mutation
Alterations in DNA that occur after conception.
Occur in any of the cells of the body except germ cell.
Can not transmitted to the next generation.These alterations can (but do not always) cause
cancer or other diseases.
![Page 6: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mutation Spontaneous/ Induced
Affect DNA nucleotide sequence or chromosomal alteration.
![Page 7: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spontaneous Mutation
Spontaneous lesions can occur during normal cellular processes, such as; DNA replication (replication error), DNA repair, Chemical alteration of the DNA molecule.
![Page 8: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Source: bsw3.naist.jp
![Page 9: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nucleotide Mismatch can result from:
Formation of apurinic or apyrimidinic sites following depurination or depyrimidination reaction.
Necleotide conversions involving deamination reactions.
Presence of a tautomeric form of an individual nucleotide in replicating DNA.
![Page 10: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Deamination Reaction
One of the most frequent is the loss of an amino group resulting, for example, in a C being converted to a U.
Source: http://www.atdbio.com/content/56/Epigenetics:
![Page 11: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Induced Mutation
Caused by mutagenic agents (Mutagens) Radiation, Chemicals, or Viruses……
![Page 12: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044579X04000537
![Page 13: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Source: http://scienceofacne.com/how-do-bacteria-become-resistant-to-antibiotics/dna-damage-and-mutations-from-uv-exposure-friedberg
![Page 14: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mutation
Gene Mutation
Point Mutation
Insertion/
Deletion
Chromosomal
Alteration
Structural Numerical
![Page 15: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gene Mutation
![Page 16: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Point MutationDeletion/Insertion
n
![Page 17: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Point Mutation
Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation
![Page 18: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Point Mutation
Base substitutions are those mutations in which one base pair is replaced by another.
Transition: The replacement of a base by the other base of the same chemical category (purine/ purine; pyrimidine/ pyrimidine).
Transversion: The replacement of a base of one chemical category by a base of the other (pyrimidine/ purine; purine/ pyrimidine).
![Page 19: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Silent Mutation
Single substitution mutation when the change in the DNA base sequence results in a new codon still coding for the same amino acid.
Source: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/disease/genes5.html
![Page 20: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Missense mutation
One triplet codon altered, results in one wrong codon and one wrong amino acid.
Source: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/disease/genes5.html
![Page 21: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Missense Mutation
Acceptable missense: This occur when single base change results in replacement of one A.A by another with rather same function.
Non acceptable missense: This occur when single base change result in the replacement of one amino acid with another with completely different function.
![Page 22: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nonsense Mutation
Change a codon that specifies an amino acid into a termination codon lead to shortened protein because translation of the mRNA terminate prematurely.
Source: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/disease/genes5.html
![Page 23: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sickle Cell Disease
It results from a single base change in the gene for B-globin. The altered base cause insertion of the wrong amino acid into one position of B globin protein.
These altered protein results in distortion of red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.
![Page 24: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Insertion/ Deletion
Insertion/deletion can disrupt the grouping of the codons, resulting in a completely different translation.
Deletions: Remove information from the gene. A deletion could be as small as a single base or as large as the gene itself.
Insertions: Occur when extra DNA is added into an existing gene.
![Page 26: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Insertion/ Deletion
Multiple of 3 (codon)
Deletion or insertion of amino acids in protein.
Not multiple of 3
![Page 27: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Not multiple of 3
Altered reading frame or fram-shift, altered amino acid sequence, often premature termination of protein through generation of termination codon with loss of function/activity.
Source: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/disease/genes5.html
![Page 28: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Source: http://homepage.usask.ca/~vim458/advirol/SPCV/evolution/evolution.html
![Page 29: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chromosomal Mutation
![Page 30: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Structural Abnormalities
Result from: Misrepair of chromosome breaks or Malfunction of the recombination system.
Balanced: no net gain or loss of chromosomal material, Example: Translocation, inversion, ring chromosome.
UnBalanced: net gain or loss of chromosomal materialExample: Loss or duplication of whole chromosome arms or tiny.
![Page 31: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Source: http://www.ceessentials.net/article3.html
![Page 32: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Source: http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/19%20Applied%20Genetics/00%20Applied%20Genetics--WHOLE.htm
![Page 33: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Numerical Abnormalities
Variations in the chromosome number (heteroploidy) can be mainly of two types:Euploidy Aneuploidy
![Page 34: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Variation in Chromosome Number
Euploidy: Change in whole chromosome sets. Monoploidy Diploidy Polyploidy
Aneuploidy: Changes in part of chromosome sets. An additional or missing chromosome.Hypoploidy: Monosomy, nullisomyHyperploidy: Trisomy, Tetrasomy
![Page 35: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The most common mechanism for aneuploidy is meiotic non-disjunction, the failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during one of the two meiotic divisions, usually Meiosis I.
Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.
Triploidy may occur due to dispermy or failure of one of the meiotic divisions.
Tetraploidy results mainly from a mitotic error in
early cleavage of the zygote.
![Page 36: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Source: http://superphotoscannerwallpaper.blogspot.com/2012/10/chromosomal-disorders.html
![Page 37: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Effect of Mutation
No effect (silent mutation)
Beneficial
Harmful effect that leads to outright disease or death.
Mutation that occur in utero are incompatible with life.
Enencephaly.
![Page 39: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
On rare occasions, a mutation results in a new characteristic which can help the organism survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. The new characteristic will be passed to its offspring who can survive where others may die.
![Page 40: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DNA Damage and Mutation
![Page 41: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590910007071
![Page 42: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
DNA Damage
The various forms of spontaneous and induced DNA damage give rise to a different types of molecular mutation:
Nucleotide mismatchLarge deletionAddition Translocation…
![Page 43: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Source: http://mulicia.pixnet.net/blog/post/24418728-sources-and-consequences-of-dna-damage
![Page 44: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
References& Further Reading
Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter. Molecular Biology of the cell. ISBN. 9780815341055
Daniel H. Farkas. DNA Simplified: The Hitchhiker's Guide to DNA. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 1996, ISBN 0-915274-84-1.
Robert F. Weaver. Molecular Biology. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill International Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-110216-2
Robert F. Mueller,Ian D. Young. Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics: ISBN. 044307125X
Griffiths AJF, Gelbart WM, Miller JH, et al. Modern Genetic Analysis. (Internet). New York: W. H. Freeman; 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21322/table/A998/?report=objectonly
![Page 47: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ALL IMAGES BELONG TO THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS THANK YOU
![Page 48: Mutation: An Overview](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56814325550346895daf8df5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
THANK YOU